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to see Link/Page Citation info" href="javascript:toggleLayer('Citation');">Link/Page Citation</A></div> <script>LikeHP()</script> </div> <div id="Citation" style="display:none"> <P><b>Page/Link:</b></P> Page URL: <input type="Text" style="width:100%" title="This box contains the URL to this page" ReadOnly size="100" value="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Education%2c+Training+and+Discrimination%3a+The+Collected+Essays+of+Orley...-a020312677" /> <P></P> HTML link: <textarea style="width:100%" title="This box contains HTML specifying a link to this page" ReadOnly cols="100" rows="2"><a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Education%2c+Training+and+Discrimination%3a+The+Collected+Essays+of+Orley...-a020312677</a></textarea> <P></P> <b>Citations:</b> <ul> <li><span title="MLA style citation for this page"><b>MLA style:</b> "Education, Training and Discrimination: The Collected Essays of Orley Ashenfelter, vol. 2.." <u>The Free Library</u>. 1997 Emerald Group Publishing, Ltd. 21 Feb. 2025 <a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Education%2c+Training+and+Discrimination%3a+The+Collected+Essays+of+Orley...-a020312677">https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Education%2c+Training+and+Discrimination%3a+The+Collected+Essays+of+Orley...-a020312677</a></span></li> <li><span title="Chicago Manual of Style citation for this page"><b>Chicago style:</b> <em>The Free Library</em>. S.v. Education, Training and Discrimination: The Collected Essays of Orley Ashenfelter, vol. 2.." Retrieved Feb 21 2025 from <a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Education%2c+Training+and+Discrimination%3a+The+Collected+Essays+of+Orley...-a020312677">https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Education%2c+Training+and+Discrimination%3a+The+Collected+Essays+of+Orley...-a020312677</a></span></li> <li><span title="APA style citation for this page"><b>APA style:</b> Education, Training and Discrimination: The Collected Essays of Orley Ashenfelter, vol. 2.. (n.d.) <em>>The Free Library.</em> (2014). Retrieved Feb 21 2025 from <a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Education%2c+Training+and+Discrimination%3a+The+Collected+Essays+of+Orley...-a020312677">https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Education%2c+Training+and+Discrimination%3a+The+Collected+Essays+of+Orley...-a020312677</a></span></li> </ul> </div> This book is one of three volumes of Ashenfelter's work edited by Hallock. The others bear the titles "Economic Institutions and the Demand and Supply of Labour" and "Employment, Labour Unions and Wages". The three volumes together form part of Edward Elgar's series of books on "Economists of the Twentieth Century". In common with some (but not all) of the other books in the series, the contents consist mainly of articles photographically reproduced from their original sources. (This does not, unfortunately, afford the author the opportunity to correct irritating and potentially misleading typographical errors in the original - such as the sign error in equation 6 on page 42, or "casual" for "causal" on page 283.)<BR><BR>Few economists have not, at some time or another, been enchanted by Orley Ashenfelter's work. He is a total economist, with the ability to spot market failures in places that most people would not even think of looking and to regard them with a wonderment which is contagious. He thus observes strikes and courtrooms as institutions which result from market failure. He attends a sale of old wines and sees the law of one price "repealed" as prices for identical lots fall as the auction proceeds. But, despite such wide interests, Ashenfelter is probably best known for his work in the area of labour economics.<BR><BR>Many of his papers concern the use of refined estimation methods in the attempt to evaluate the labour market effects of an individual's education. Ashenfelter's particular concern in this area has been to minimize bias in the estimation of key coefficients. Indeed, his early work included aptitude as well as schooling as determinants of earnings even though this pre-dated the development of sorting models and popular scepticism about the more naive variants of the human capital model. More recently, his interest in natural experiments has significantly extended the literature on measuring the rate of return to schooling. His work in this area has been extremely influential, teaching us that we have, in the past, "underestimated the economic returns to schooling".<BR><div class="tt" id="tt8"></div><BR>On discrimination, Ashenfelter claims - with considerable justification - that there has never been a completely satisfactory theory of the economics of discrimination...<BR><BR>Discrimination is... a taste or a preference which somehow the forces of the market do not discipline sufficiently to keep from appearing in the form of wage differences or employment differences... The question of why the market doesn't discipline these preferences enough is still an important puzzle.<BR><BR>It is a puzzle on which Ashenfelter's own empirical work promises to throw much light.<BR><BR>Those parts of the book which concern discrimination and education are closely linked by the theme of estimating wage equations. A third part of the book, which concerns "data and statistics", does not fit in terribly well with the rest and presumably appears here because it would not fit in well in volumes I or 3 of the series either.<BR><BR>Several papers in this volume stand out, these in the main being papers with which readers of this journal will be well familiar. A case in point is the 1979 JPE article, written with John Ham, which attributes to unemployment the measured difference in the impact of schooling and experience on earnings (on the one hand) and wages (on the other). The same paper also provides a method (albeit one which makes some strong assumptions) for evaluating the proportion of a typical worker's experience of unemployment which may be regarded as being part of the worker's offer to sell labour (and which is not therefore a manifestation of a choice constraint): the empirical estimates attached to this are intriguing and provocative. The 1986 QJE paper on labour market sex discrimination and product market concentration in the banking industry, co-authored with Timothy Hannan, is another example of a near-seminal paper; this provides telling evidence to support the view that discrimination occurs where the market fails, the source of failure in this instance being the imperfect nature of competition. Another fine and familiar contribution included in the volume is the 1994 AER paper, co-authored with Alan Krueger, which uses data on monozygotic twins to estimate a fixed effects model which controls for innate ability in the estimation of returns to education.<BR><BR>Nine of the 24 papers are more than 20 years old. Some of the older papers notably those on race and union membership and on ability bias in human capital earnings functions - are still important, but others have become less so as other research has developed. Hence there are studies of discrimination here which pre-date Oaxaca's development of the decomposition approach and there are analyses of wage equations which pre-date both the Mincerian earnings function and the work of Arrow and Spence on signalling and screening. This is not to deny the importance of these papers in the history of our science. But the editor might have done Ashenfelter a favour by being more discriminating in choosing which papers to include - in effect by giving more thought as to why the volume was being compiled in the first place.<BR><div class="tt" id="tt9"></div><BR>Taken as a whole, I enjoyed more those papers which are of more recent vintage. Even so, the impression remains that insufficient thought was given by the editor about why certain papers should be included. For instance, the 1987 AER paper on discrimination and the courtroom was fine in context essentially a tribute, presented at the AEA annual meetings, to Gary Becker's early work but what contribution does it make which justifies its reproduction here? My difficulty in this respect is exacerbated by the lack of a proper introduction to the volume - one which would grant perspective by moulding the oeuvre into a coherent whole. In place of such an introduction appears an interview which the editor conducted with Ashenfelter. This interview is extremely interesting and represents a true item of added value, but it should have been supplemental to an introduction rather than a substitute for one. As an extension to the interview idea, it would have been interesting to read, at the end of each chapter, the author's views on how he now regards the chapter in relation to the subsequent literature.<BR><BR>Of the 24 papers in the book, 10 are culled from core journals and several more would be easily accessible in an average university library. Nevertheless, a substantial minority might be difficult to obtain and one (a lesson in elementary applied economics aimed at lawyers) has not been published before.<BR><BR>Greatest hits compilations are getting increasingly common in economics. They are most useful where the focus of an economist's life work has been narrowly defined, that is, more narrowly than is the case with Ashenfelter's oeuvre. Perhaps publishers are compensating for the preference of academics to write for journals rather than books these days. I find it hard not to regard as cynical the decision to produce three (rather expensive) volumes of reprints rather than a single volume with a more concentrated focus on the truly great and lasting contributions which Ashenfelter has undeniably made - though the contents of such a volume might be just too uncohesive. All in all, the Impression one IS left with looks more like the Beatles "Anthology" than the "double red and blue" albums. By offering less, the editor and publishers could have given us much more.<BR><BR>In the interview-come-introduction, Ashenfelter defines a really good paper as one which "addresses an important question, lays out a model of behaviour that's being explored and then provides a really convincing empirical test of the question involved". In spite of my reservations about the editorial process involved in compiling this volume, there can be no doubt that it contains several really good papers.<BR><BR>Geraint Johnes Centre for Research in the Economics of Education The Management School Lancaster University <div id="article_footer"> <div class="separator1"></div> <div id=copy_publisher>COPYRIGHT 1997 Emerald Group Publishing, Ltd.<br> No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder. </div> <div id=copy_gale>Copyright 2023 Gale, Cengage Learning. 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