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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of late-night low-budget films</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the film genre. For the screwball comedy starring <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Midnight_(1939_film)" title="Midnight (1939 film)">Midnight (1939 film)</a>. For the Los Angeles–based band, see <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Movies" title="Midnight Movies">Midnight Movies</a>. For the 2008 horror film, see <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Movie_(film)" title="Midnight Movie (film)">Midnight Movie (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreaksPoster2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/FreaksPoster2.jpg/300px-FreaksPoster2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/FreaksPoster2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a></i> (1932) can be considered an example of the sort of (then) obscure horror film shown on late-night TV beginning in the 1950s; in the 1970s and early 1980s it was a staple of midnight screenings at theaters around the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <b>midnight movie</b> is rooted in the practice that emerged in the 1950s of local television stations around the United States airing low-budget genre films as late-night programming, often with a host delivering ironic asides. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">cinematic</a> phenomenon, the midnight screening of offbeat movies began in the early 1970s in a few urban centers, particularly in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> with screenings of <i><a href="/wiki/El_Topo" title="El Topo">El Topo</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Theater" title="Elgin Theater">Elgin Theater</a>, eventually spreading across the country. The screening of non-mainstream pictures at midnight was aimed at building a <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult film</a> audience, encouraging repeat viewing and social interaction in what was originally a <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultural</a> setting. </p><p>The national success of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</a></i> and the changing economics of the film exhibition industry altered the nature of the midnight movie phenomenon; as its association with broader trends of cultural and political opposition dwindled in the 1980s, the midnight movie became a more purely <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camp</a> experience—in effect, bringing it closer to the television form that shares its name. The term <i>midnight movie</i> is now often used in two different, though related, ways: as a synonym for <i><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></i>, reflecting the relative cheapness characteristic of late-night movies both theatrically and on TV, and as a synonym for <i>cult film</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midnight_movie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_television">On television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midnight_movie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: On television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1953, the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a> agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Residual_(entertainment_industry)" title="Residual (entertainment industry)">residuals</a> payment plan that greatly facilitated the distribution of B movies to television.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of local television stations around the United States soon began showing inexpensive genre films in late-night slots; these late-night slots were after the <a href="/wiki/Watershed_(broadcasting)" title="Watershed (broadcasting)">safe-harbor time</a>, meaning they were largely exempt from <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> regulations on indecent content. In the spring of 1954, Los Angeles TV station <a href="/wiki/KABC-TV" title="KABC-TV">KABC</a> expanded on the concept by having an appropriately offbeat host introduce the films: for a year on Saturday nights, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vampira_Show" title="The Vampira Show">The Vampira Show</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Maila_Nurmi" title="Maila Nurmi">Maila Nurmi</a> in her newly adopted persona of a sexy bloodsucker ("Your pin-down girl"), presented low-budget movies with black humor and a low-cut black dress. The show—which ran at midnight for four weeks before shifting to 11 p.m. and, later, 10:30 p.m.—aired horror pictures like <i>Devil Bat's Daughter</i> and <i>Strangler of the Swamp</i> and suspense films such as <i>Murder by Invitation</i>, <i>The Charge Is Murder</i>, and <i>Apology for Murder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The format was echoed by stations across the country, who began showing their late-night B movies with <a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">in-character hosts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Zacherle" title="John Zacherle">Zacherley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morgus_the_Magnificent" title="Morgus the Magnificent">Morgus the Magnificent</a> offering ironic interjections. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvira_promoting_Knott%27s_Berry_Farm%27s_Halloween_Haunt_(35896710711).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Elvira_promoting_Knott%27s_Berry_Farm%27s_Halloween_Haunt_%2835896710711%29.jpg/170px-Elvira_promoting_Knott%27s_Berry_Farm%27s_Halloween_Haunt_%2835896710711%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Elvira_promoting_Knott%27s_Berry_Farm%27s_Halloween_Haunt_%2835896710711%29.jpg/255px-Elvira_promoting_Knott%27s_Berry_Farm%27s_Halloween_Haunt_%2835896710711%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Elvira_promoting_Knott%27s_Berry_Farm%27s_Halloween_Haunt_%2835896710711%29.jpg/340px-Elvira_promoting_Knott%27s_Berry_Farm%27s_Halloween_Haunt_%2835896710711%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2429" data-file-height="3658" /></a><figcaption>As Elvira, Mistress of the Dark, <a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Peterson" title="Cassandra Peterson">Cassandra Peterson</a> presented late-night movies on the <i>Movie Macabre</i> series.</figcaption></figure> <p>A quarter-century later, <a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Peterson" title="Cassandra Peterson">Cassandra Peterson</a> established a persona that was essentially a ditzier, more buxom version of Vampira. As Elvira, Mistress of the Dark, Peterson became the most popular host in the arena of the TV midnight movie. Starting at L.A.'s <a href="/wiki/KCAL-TV" title="KCAL-TV">KHJ-TV</a> in 1981, Elvira's <i>Movie Macabre</i> was soon being syndicated nationally; Peterson presented mostly cut-rate horror films, interrupted on a regular basis for tongue-in-cheek commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some local stations aired the <i>Movie Macabre</i> package in late-night slots. Others showed it during <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> on weekend nights; after a break for the local news, another genre film—a literal midnight movie—might follow, resulting in such virtual double bills as <i>Dr. Heckyl & Mr. Hype</i> and <i>The Night Evelyn Came Out of the Grave</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/USA_Network" title="USA Network">USA Network</a> launched a midnight movie package in 1989—<i><a href="/wiki/USA_Up_All_Night" title="USA Up All Night">Up All Night</a></i>, which showed mainly horror and soft-core <a href="/wiki/Sexploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexploitation">sexploitation</a> films, ran until 1998. In 1993, Buffalo's <a href="/wiki/WKBW-TV" title="WKBW-TV">WKBW-TV</a> began airing a late-night hosted mix of low-budget genre movies, foreign art films and eventually well-known classic films; <i><a href="/wiki/Off_Beat_Cinema" title="Off Beat Cinema">Off Beat Cinema</a></i> later became nationally syndicated (currently through <a href="/wiki/Retro_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Retro Television Network">Retro Television Network</a>) and, as of 2013, originates from <a href="/wiki/WBBZ-TV" title="WBBZ-TV">WBBZ-TV</a>. In the 2000s, horror-oriented late-night movie programming has disappeared from many broadcast stations, though B pictures, mostly of a melodramatic nature, are still widely used in post–prime time slots. The small <a href="/wiki/America_One" title="America One">America One</a> broadcast network distributes the <i>Macabre Theatre</i> movie package hosted by <a href="/wiki/Butch_Patrick" title="Butch Patrick">Butch Patrick</a>, known for his portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Munster" title="Eddie Munster">Eddie Munster</a> on the 1960s show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></i>. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">Turner Classic Movies</a> began airing cult films as part of its new late-night series, <i><a href="/wiki/TCM_Underground" title="TCM Underground">TCM Underground</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> launched a regular late night movie slot on Saturday nights on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>. From Saturday August 20, 1966, BBC Two started to air a "Midnight Movie" every Saturday night on the channel. The first "Midnight Movie" was "Blind Date" starring Hardy Krüger. The Midnight Movie would air every Saturday night on BBC Two, and would continue through the 1970s. The Midnight Movie was an attempt by the BBC to provide a late night alternative, when the two other channels BBC One and ITV would normally end their Saturday programming at around 12-midnight. This was partly due to the restrictions imposed on the broadcasting hours of both BBC and ITV by the British government, normally no more than 8 hours in a given day. As BBC Two did not broadcast a large amount of daytime programming, they had plenty of hours to spare to remain on the air late into the night, especially on a Saturday, thus the creation of the "Midnight Movie" strand was started. Most of the films aired were at least a decade old, but from 1967 nearly all of the films broadcast were made in color, as BBC Two became the first UK channel in 1967 to transmit color television. It is also noted however, that the "Midnight Movie" never actually started at Midnight. The movie was designed to air "through" the midnight hour, and could start as early as 11.15pm. By 1983 the "Midnight Movie" strand was abandoned by BBC Two, with BBC One airing a late night movie on a Friday night instead, usually a horror film. The "Midnight Movie" slot on BBC Two would be replaced with late night sporting coverage or different genre of films on occasions, which would not use the "Midnight Movie" strand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_cinema">In the cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midnight_movie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowie_Theatre,_Midnight_Show_Ad_-_3_January_1958,_Brownwood,_TX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bowie_Theatre%2C_Midnight_Show_Ad_-_3_January_1958%2C_Brownwood%2C_TX.jpg/220px-Bowie_Theatre%2C_Midnight_Show_Ad_-_3_January_1958%2C_Brownwood%2C_TX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bowie_Theatre%2C_Midnight_Show_Ad_-_3_January_1958%2C_Brownwood%2C_TX.jpg/330px-Bowie_Theatre%2C_Midnight_Show_Ad_-_3_January_1958%2C_Brownwood%2C_TX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bowie_Theatre%2C_Midnight_Show_Ad_-_3_January_1958%2C_Brownwood%2C_TX.jpg/440px-Bowie_Theatre%2C_Midnight_Show_Ad_-_3_January_1958%2C_Brownwood%2C_TX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>Midnight screening from 1958 for the double-feature, <i><a href="/wiki/Giant_from_the_Unknown" title="Giant from the Unknown">Giant from the Unknown</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/She_Demons" title="She Demons">She Demons</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since at least as far back as the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitation films</a> had sometimes been presented at midnight screenings, usually as part of independent roadshow operations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Films</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a></i> set off a spate of midnight presentations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What film qualifies as the first true midnight movie in the sense of the term that emerged in the 1970s remains an open question. Critic Jennifer M. Wood points to the Palace Theater in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/North_Beach,_San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="North Beach, San Francisco, California">North Beach</a> district where, in late February 1969, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Art_Institute" title="San Francisco Art Institute">San Francisco Art Institute</a> graduates <a href="/wiki/Steven_Arnold_(Artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Arnold (Artist)">Steven Arnold</a> and Michael Wiese, after a sellout screening of their <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a>-esque thesis film <i>Messages, Messages</i>, were invited to program offbeat films at midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Gary_Lachman" title="Gary Lachman">Gary Lachman</a> claims that <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anger" title="Kenneth Anger">Kenneth Anger</a>'s short <i><a href="/wiki/Invocation_of_My_Demon_Brother" title="Invocation of My Demon Brother">Invocation of My Demon Brother</a></i> (1969), a mélange of occult symbology intercut with and superimposed on images from a <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a> concert, "inaugurat[ed] the midnight movie cult at the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Theater" title="Elgin Theater">Elgin Theatre</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Elgin, in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan" title="Chelsea, Manhattan">Chelsea</a> neighborhood, would soon become famous as a midnight venue when it gave the U.S. premiere of a very unusual Mexican movie directed and written by a rather Dalí-esque Chilean. </p><p>The movie generally recognized as igniting the theatrical midnight film movement is <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jodorowsky" title="Alejandro Jodorowsky">Alejandro Jodorowsky</a>'s surrealist <i><a href="/wiki/El_Topo" title="El Topo">El Topo</a></i>, which opened in December 1970 at the Elgin. Playing with the conventions of the <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">spaghetti Western</a>, the film was described by one newspaper critic as "full of tests and riddles" and "more phony gore than maybe 20 years of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Bunch" title="The Wild Bunch">The Wild Bunch</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>El Topo</i> regularly sold out every night for months, with many fans returning on a weekly basis. It ran at the theater through June 1971, until at the prompting of <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>—who was reported to have seen the film at least three times—Beatles manager <a href="/wiki/Allen_Klein" title="Allen Klein">Allen Klein</a> purchased the film through his <a href="/wiki/ABKCO_Records" title="ABKCO Records">ABKCO</a> film company and gave it a relatively orthodox rerelease.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Elgin soon came up with another midnight hit in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a>'s spree-killer thriller <i><a href="/wiki/Targets" title="Targets">Targets</a></i> (1968), featuring one of the last performances by horror movie mainstay <a href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</a> and a tale that resonated with the assassinations and other political violence of that era.<sup id="cite_ref-taste-of-cinema_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taste-of-cinema-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 1971, four Manhattan theaters beside the Elgin were featuring regularly scheduled midnight movies: the St. Marks (<i><a href="/wiki/Viva_la_muerte_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viva la muerte (film)">Viva la muerte</a></i>, a blast of surrealism in the Franco-Spanish tradition of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> and another Lennon favorite), the Waverly (<i><a href="/wiki/Equinox_(1970_film)" title="Equinox (1970 film)">Equinox</a></i>, which had just replaced <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i>), the Bijou (both <i><a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a></i> and <i>Night of the Living Dead</i>), and the Olympia (<i><a href="/wiki/Macuna%C3%ADma_(film)" title="Macunaíma (film)">Macunaíma</a></i>, a Brazilian political <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Equinox</i> (1970) and <i>Night of the Living Dead</i> (1968), both low-budget horror pictures, demonstrate the ties between the old, TV brand of midnight movie and the newer phenomenon. <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>'s zombie masterpiece, in particular, highlighted one of the differences: produced completely outside of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> as Romero was making <a href="/wiki/Industrial_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial films">industrial films</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm/220px--Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="167" data-durationhint="128" data-mwtitle="Pink_Flamingos_(1972)_-_Trailer.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pink_Flamingos_(1972)_-_Trailer.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="632" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="950" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1424" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1424" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="190" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="316" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="474" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm/Pink_Flamingos_%281972%29_-_Trailer.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="474" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)" title="Trailer (promotion)">Trailer</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Pink_Flamingos" title="Pink Flamingos">Pink Flamingos</a></i> (1972), showing testimonials from the film after a midnight screening.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shot over the winter of 1971–72, <a href="/wiki/John_Waters_(filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Waters (filmmaker)">John Waters</a>'s "filth epic" <i><a href="/wiki/Pink_Flamingos" title="Pink Flamingos">Pink Flamingos</a></i>, featuring incest and <a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">coprophagia</a>, became the best known of a group of campy midnight films focusing on sexual perversions and <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetishism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filmed on weekends in Waters's hometown of Baltimore, with a mile-long extension cord as a power conduit, it was also crucial in inspiring the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent film</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, the Elgin Theater started midnight screenings of both <i>Pink Flamingos</i> and a crime drama from Jamaica with a remarkable soundtrack. In its mainstream release, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harder_They_Come" title="The Harder They Come">The Harder They Come</a></i> (1972) had been a flop, panned by critics after its U.S. distributor, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_World_Pictures" title="New World Pictures">New World Pictures</a>, marketed it as a <a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">blaxploitation</a> picture. Rereleased as a midnight film, it screened around the country for six years, helping spur the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> in the United States. While the midnight-movie potential of certain films was recognized only some time after they opened, a number during this period were distributed to take advantage of the market from the beginning—in 1973, for instance, <i>Broken Goddess</i>, <i>Dragula</i>, <i>The White Whore and the Bit Player</i>, and <i>Elevator Girls in Bondage</i> (as well as <i>Pink Flamingos</i>) had their New York premieres at midnight screenings.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples (<a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">albeit animated</a>) during this time were <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi</a>'s 1972 debut feature <i><a href="/wiki/Fritz_the_Cat_(film)" title="Fritz the Cat (film)">Fritz the Cat</a></i> based on the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crumb" title="Robert Crumb">Robert Crumb</a> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_the_Cat" title="Fritz the Cat">comic of the same name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sally_Cruikshank" title="Sally Cruikshank">Sally Cruikshank</a>'s 1975 experimental short <i><a href="/wiki/Quasi_at_the_Quackadero" title="Quasi at the Quackadero">Quasi at the Quackadero</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-flavorwire_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flavorwire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time, the black comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Harold_and_Maude" title="Harold and Maude">Harold and Maude</a></i> (1971) became the first major Hollywood studio movie of the era to develop a substantial cult audience of repeat viewers; though apparently it was not picked up by much of the midnight movie circuit during the 1970s, it subsequently became a late show staple as the phenomenon turned more to camp revivals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The midnight screening phenomenon was spreading around the country. In <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, it began in May 1974, spurred by the sales manager of a local radio station who had already successfully sponsored such screenings in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>. By the following February, four Milwaukee theaters were regularly showing midnight films, and the <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Corporation" title="Marcus Corporation">Marcus chain</a>, the owner of one, had brought the concept to its theaters in four other Midwestern cities. "Films that feature rock concerts draw big", <i><a href="/wiki/Boxoffice_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxoffice (magazine)">Boxoffice</a></i> reported, "as do those dealing with outer space and fantasy". The trade paper noted one popular midnight film by name: <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant_(film)" title="Alice's Restaurant (film)">Alice's Restaurant</a></i> (1969), a comedy with political overtones starring folk singer <a href="/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie" title="Arlo Guthrie">Arlo Guthrie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eraserhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eraserhead.jpg/170px-Eraserhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eraserhead.jpg/255px-Eraserhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eraserhead.jpg/340px-Eraserhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a>'s 1977 feature debut <i><a href="/wiki/Eraserhead" title="Eraserhead">Eraserhead</a></i> found an audience through midnight screenings.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the midnight following April Fool's Day 1976, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</a></i>, which had flopped on initial release the year before, opened at the <a href="/wiki/IFC_Center" title="IFC Center">Waverly Theater</a>, a leading midnight movie venue in New York's <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>. Midnight screenings of the film soon became a national sensation, amassing a cult following all over the United States. Every Friday and Saturday night, audience members would talk back to the screen, dress up as characters in the film, and act out scenes complete with props.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the social aspect had always been a part of the midnight movie's attraction, with <i>Rocky Horror</i> in an exaggerated way it became <i>the</i> attraction. By summer 1979, the film was playing on weekend midnights in twenty-odd suburban theaters in the New York region alone; <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> had approximately two hundred prints of the movie in circulation for midnight shows around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1978, the Waverly developed another midnight success that was much smaller commercially, but more significant artistically: <i><a href="/wiki/Eraserhead" title="Eraserhead">Eraserhead</a></i>, originally distributed the previous year. A model of shoestring surrealism, <a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a>'s feature debut (which played alongside <a href="/wiki/Susan_Pitt" title="Susan Pitt">Susan Pitt</a>'s 1979 animated short <i><a href="/wiki/Asparagus_(film)" title="Asparagus (film)">Asparagus</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reaffirmed the midnight movie's most central traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midnight_movie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The commercial viability of the sort of big-city arthouse cinemas that launched outsider pictures for the midnight movie circuit began to decrease in the late 1970s, as broad social and economic shifts weakened their countercultural base. Leading midnight movie venues were beginning to fold as early as 1977—that year, New York's Bijou switched back permanently to the live entertainment for which it had been built, and the Elgin, after a brief run with gay porn, shut down completely.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In succeeding years, the popularization of the <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a> and the expansion of movieviewing possibilities on cable television meant the closure of many additional independent theaters. While <i>Rocky Horror</i> soldiered on, by then a phenomenon unto itself, and new films like <i><a href="/wiki/House_(1977_film)" title="House (1977 film)">House</a></i> (1977),<sup id="cite_ref-midnightacademy_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-midnightacademy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Up_in_Smoke" title="Up in Smoke">Up in Smoke</a></i> (1978),<sup id="cite_ref-midnightacademy_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-midnightacademy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Warriors_(film)" title="The Warriors (film)">The Warriors</a></i> (1979),<sup id="cite_ref-flavorwire_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flavorwire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Altered_States" title="Altered States">Altered States</a></i> (1980),<sup id="cite_ref-flavorwire_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flavorwire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Zone" title="Forbidden Zone">Forbidden Zone</a></i> (1980, released 1982),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Evil_Dead" title="The Evil Dead">The Evil Dead</a></i> (1981),<sup id="cite_ref-flavorwire_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flavorwire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Metal_(film)" title="Heavy Metal (film)">Heavy Metal</a></i> (1981),<sup id="cite_ref-flavorwire_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flavorwire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mommie_Dearest_(film)" title="Mommie Dearest (film)">Mommie Dearest</a></i> (1981),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Sky" title="Liquid Sky">Liquid Sky</a></i> (1982), <i><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd_%E2%80%93_The_Wall" title="Pink Floyd – The Wall">Pink Floyd – The Wall</a></i> (1982),<sup id="cite_ref-taste-of-cinema_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taste-of-cinema-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Repo_Man_(film)" title="Repo Man (film)">Repo Man</a></i> (1984),<sup id="cite_ref-flavorwire_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flavorwire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hellbound:_Hellraiser_II" title="Hellbound: Hellraiser II">Hellbound: Hellraiser II</a></i> (1988)<sup id="cite_ref-midnightacademy_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-midnightacademy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">Akira</a></i> (1988)<sup id="cite_ref-flavorwire_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flavorwire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—all from mainstream distributors—were picked up by the midnight movie circuit, the core of exhibitors that energized the movement was disappearing. By the time the fabled <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_Cinema" title="Orson Welles Cinema">Orson Welles Cinema</a> in Cambridge, Massachusetts, shut its doors after a fire in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the days of the theatrical midnight movie as a significant countercultural phenomenon were already past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midnight_movie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, film critics <a href="/wiki/J._Hoberman" title="J. Hoberman">J. Hoberman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Jonathan Rosenbaum</a> released a book about midnight movies simply titled <i>Midnight Movies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-midnightacademy_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-midnightacademy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, the midnight movie experience was institutionalized in a new manner with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="Toronto International Film Festival">Toronto International Film Festival</a>'s nightly Midnight Madness section.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years since, new or recent films still occasionally emerge as midnight movie "hits" on the circuit of theaters that continue to show them. The most successful of the 1990s generation were the Oscar-winning Australian drag queen road saga <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Priscilla,_Queen_of_the_Desert" title="The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert">The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert</a></i> (1994) and the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Awards" title="Golden Raspberry Awards">Razzie</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/Stripper" title="Stripper">stripper</a> drama <i><a href="/wiki/Showgirls" title="Showgirls">Showgirls</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-flavorwire_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flavorwire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the theaters to show it regularly at midnight was New York's Waverly (also now closed), where <i>Rocky Horror</i> had played for a house record ninety-five weeks. A celebrated episode of television's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show" title="The Drew Carey Show">The Drew Carey Show</a></i> features a song-and-dance battle between <i>Rocky Horror</i> fans (led by <a href="/wiki/Drew_Carey" title="Drew Carey">Drew Carey</a>) and <i>Priscilla</i> fans (led by <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Kinney" title="Kathy Kinney">Mimi Bobeck</a>). </p><p>Since the turn of the millennium, the most notable successes among newly minted midnight movies have been <i><a href="/wiki/Donnie_Darko" title="Donnie Darko">Donnie Darko</a></i> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Room" title="The Room">The Room</a></i> (2003).<sup id="cite_ref-taste-of-cinema_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taste-of-cinema-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older films are also popular on the circuit, appreciated largely in an imposed <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camp</a> fashion—a midnight movie tradition that goes back to the 1972 revival of the hectoring anti-drug movie <i><a href="/wiki/Reefer_Madness" title="Reefer Madness">Reefer Madness</a></i> (1936).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a>'s 1932 horror classic <i><a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a></i>, the original midnight movie revival, is both too dark and too sociologically acute to readily consume as camp.) Where the irony with which <i>Reefer Madness</i> was adopted as a midnight favorite had its roots in a countercultural sensibility, in the latter's place there is now the paradoxical element of <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a>: the leading revivals on the circuit currently include the crème de la crème of the <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(filmmaker)" title="John Hughes (filmmaker)">John Hughes</a> oeuvre—<i><a href="/wiki/The_Breakfast_Club" title="The Breakfast Club">The Breakfast Club</a></i> (1985), <i><a href="/wiki/Pretty_in_Pink" title="Pretty in Pink">Pretty in Pink</a></i> (1986), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off" title="Ferris Bueller's Day Off">Ferris Bueller's Day Off</a></i> (1986)—and the preteen adventure film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goonies" title="The Goonies">The Goonies</a></i> (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of late 2006, <i>Rocky Horror</i> itself continues to play on a weekly basis at thirty-two venues around the country, and at least once a month at about two dozen others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two popular midnight movies made during the phenomenon's heyday have been selected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>: <i>Eraserhead</i> (inducted 2004) and <i>The Rocky Horror Picture Show</i> (inducted 2005). Midnight movie staples <i>Freaks</i> (1932) and <i>Night of the Living Dead</i> (1968) were inducted in 1994 and 1999 respectively. <i>Harold and Maude</i>, a cult film before it was adopted as a midnight movie, was also inducted in 1997. Also in the mix are <i>Quasi at the Quackadero</i> (inducted 2009) and <i>Pink Flamingos</i> (inducted 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midnight_movie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Movies:_From_the_Margin_to_the_Mainstream" title="Midnight Movies: From the Margin to the Mainstream">Midnight Movies: From the Margin to the Mainstream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000" title="Mystery Science Theater 3000">Mystery Science Theater 3000</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RiffTrax" title="RiffTrax">RiffTrax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Arthouse animation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midnight_movie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Conrich (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heffernan (2004), p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milwaukee-horror-hosts.com/VampiraShow.html">The Vampira Show</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818080411/http://www.milwaukee-horror-hosts.com/VampiraShow.html">Archived</a> 2006-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 11/14/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Gibron (2006) for a detailed analysis of the Elvira persona and <i>Movie Macabre</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milwaukee-horror-hosts.com/elvirafilms.html">Elvira's Movie Macabre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112083710/http://www.milwaukee-horror-hosts.com/elvirafilms.html">Archived</a> 2006-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 11/14/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/underground/films/archive.jsp">TCM Underground: Films—Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410002550/http://www.tcm.com/underground/films/archive.jsp">Archived</a> 2007-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 12/19/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaefer (1999), pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heffernan (2004), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lachman (2001), p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenspun (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoberman and Rosenbaum (1983), pp. 80, 95. For a detailed synopsis of the film, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hotweird.com/jodorowsky/peary.html">El Topo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427073138/http://www.hotweird.com/jodorowsky/peary.html">Archived</a> 2006-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (note the film's Elgin premiere is misdated).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taste-of-cinema-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taste-of-cinema_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taste-of-cinema_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taste-of-cinema_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/the-15-best-midnight-movies/">The 15 Best Midnight Movies of All Time - Taste of Cinema</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoberman and Rosenbaum (1983), p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKlawans2018" class="citation web cs1">Klawans, Stuart (13 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/5390-night-of-the-living-dead-mere-anarchy-is-loosed">"Night of the Living Dead: Mere Anarchy Is Loosed"</a>. <i>The Criterion Collection</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Criterion+Collection&rft.atitle=Night+of+the+Living+Dead%3A+Mere+Anarchy+Is+Loosed&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.aulast=Klawans&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criterion.com%2Fcurrent%2Fposts%2F5390-night-of-the-living-dead-mere-anarchy-is-loosed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidnight+movie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waters (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finelinefeatures.com/pink/prodnote.htm">Pink Flamingos Production Notes</a>. Retrieved 11/15/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoberman and Rosenbaum (1983), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flavorwire-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flavorwire_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flavorwire_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flavorwire_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flavorwire_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flavorwire_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flavorwire_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flavorwire_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flavorwire_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flavorwire.com/498744/the-50-greatest-midnight-movies-of-all-time">The 50 Greatest Midnight Movies of All Time - Flavorwire</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/363244032">Midnight Movies (trailer)</a> on Vimeo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cruikshank_sally.htm">Sally Cruikshank - Lambiek Comiclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artofthetitle.com/feature/sally-cruikshank-a-career-retrospective-part-one/">Sally Cruikshank: A Career Retrospective, Part 1 — Art of the Title</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Hoberman and Rosenbaum (1983), p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/boxoffice/docs/boxoffice_020375">"Midnight Shows a Big Success in Milwaukee." <i>Boxoffice</i> Feb. 3, 1975, p. NC-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockyhorror.com/history/howapbegan.php">History of the Rocky Horror Picture Show</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockyhorror.com/history/timeline.php">Rocky Horror Timeline</a>. Retrieved 11/14/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6683-fever-dreamer-suzan-pitt-s-feminist-fantasias">Fever Dreamer: Susan Pitt's Feminist Fantasies|The Current|The Criterion Collection</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardfilmarchive.org/collections/suzan-pitt-collection">Suzan Pitt Collection - Collection - Harvard Film Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mubi.com/en/us/collections/suzan-pitt">MUBI Collection: SUZAN PITT: HER FEMINIST DREAMHOUSE|MUBI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinematreasures.org/theater/2932/">Bijou Theatre</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinematreasures.org/theater/6353/">Elgin Theatre</a>. Retrieved 11/15/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-midnightacademy-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-midnightacademy_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-midnightacademy_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-midnightacademy_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-midnightacademy_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academymuseum.org/en/programs/series/in-the-midnight-hour-a-history-of-late-night-movies">In the Midnight Hour: A History of Late-Night Movies - Academy Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/forbidden-zone-1798199978">Forbidden Zone|AV Club</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collider.com/mommie-dearest-oscars-cult-classic/">How ‘Mommie Dearest’ Went From Oscar Bait to Cult Classic|Collider</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2019/05/09/remembering-orson-welles-cinema-years-later/QK898C2QwlchWqVEZmOVEJ/story.html">Remembering the Orson Welles Cinema, 50 years later - The Boston Globe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corliss and Catto (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/the-new-cult-canon-donnie-darko-1798213361">The New Cult Canon: Donnie Darko|AV Club</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Hoberman and Rosenbaum (1983), pp. 261–262. For their consideration of <i>Freaks</i> as part of the early midnight movie phenomenon, see pp. 3, 95, 99, 295–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beale (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockyhorror.com/participation/showtimes_listings.php?type=r">Rocky Horror Showings List</a>. Retrieved 06/27/08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/descriptions-and-essays/">Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays of National Film Registry Titles|Film Registry|Library of Congress</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midnight_movie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Published</dt></dl> <ul><li>Beale, Lewis (2005). "A New Time for Midnight Movies," <i>International Herald Tribune</i> (June 22) (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/06/21/news/midnight.php">online</a>).</li> <li>Bryant, Edward (2005). "Fantasy and Horror in the Media: 2004," in <i>The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror, Eighteenth Annual Collection</i>, ed. Ellen Datlow, Gavin J. Grant, and Kelly Link (New York: St. Martin's Griffin), pp. lxxiii–xcii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-34194-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-34194-6">0-312-34194-6</a></li> <li>Cagle, Jess (1990). "Video News: News & Notes," <i>Entertainment Weekly</i> (August 3) (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070401014015/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,317883,00.html">online</a>).</li> <li>Canby, Vincent (1972). "<i>Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers</i>: Holly Woodlawn Cast as Small-Town Girl," <i>New York Times</i> (March 17) (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213112850/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/109010/Scarecrow-in-a-Garden-of-Cucumbers/overview">online</a>).</li> <li>Conrich, Ian (2006). "Musical Performance and the Cult Film Experience," in <i>Film's Musical Moments</i>, ed. Ian Conrich and Estella Tincknell (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), pp. 115–131. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-2345-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-2345-0">0-7486-2345-0</a></li> <li>Corliss, Richard, and Susan Catto (2007). "The Freaks Come Out at Night," <i>Time</i> (September 12) (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916050938/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1661430,00.html">online</a>).</li> <li>Greenspun, Roger (1971). "<i>El Topo</i> Emerges: Jodorowsky's Feature Begins Regular Run," <i>New York Times</i> (November 5) (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?_r=1&res=9A00E2DF163EE63ABC4D53DFB767838A669EDE&oref=slogin">online</a>).</li> <li>Heffernan, Kevin (2004). <i>Ghouls, Gimmicks, and Gold: Horror Films and the American Movie Business, 1953–1968</i> (Durham, N.C., and London: Duke University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3215-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-3215-9">0-8223-3215-9</a></li> <li>Hoberman, J., and Jonathan Rosenbaum (1983). <i>Midnight Movies</i> (New York: Da Capo Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80433-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80433-6">0-306-80433-6</a></li> <li>Hutchings, Peter (2004). <i>The Horror Film</i> (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-43794-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-43794-6">0-582-43794-6</a></li> <li>Kaufelt, David A. (1979). <i>Midnight Movies</i> (New York: Delacorte). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-28608-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-28608-2">0-385-28608-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Lachman" title="Gary Lachman">Lachman, Gary</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Turn_Off_Your_Mind" title="Turn Off Your Mind">Turn Off Your Mind: The Mystic Sixties and the Dark Side of the Age of Aquarius</a></i> (New York: Disinformation). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88064-278-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88064-278-5">0-88064-278-5</a></li> <li>Levy, Emanuel (1999). <i>Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film</i> (New York and London: New York University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-5123-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-5123-7">0-8147-5123-7</a></li> <li>Patterson, John (2007). "The Weirdo Element," <i>Guardian</i> (March 2) (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,2024235,00.html">online</a>).</li> <li>Schaefer, Eric (1999). <i>"Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!": A History of Exploitation Films, 1919–1959</i> (Durham and London: Duke University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2374-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2374-5">0-8223-2374-5</a></li> <li>Waters, John (2006). "The Kindness of a Stranger," <i>New York Times Book Review</i> (November 19).</li> <li>Wood, Jennifer M. (2004). "25 Great Reasons to Stay Up Late," <i>MovieMaker</i> no. 55 (summer) (available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128123217/http://www.moviemaker.com/magazine/editorial.php?id=47">online</a>).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Online—Authored</dt></dl> <ul><li>Burnett, Adam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040806162303/http://www.indiewire.com/movies/movies_040722darko.html">"<i>Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut</i>: The Strange Afterlife of an Indie Cult Film"</a>, <i>indieWIRE</i> (July 22).</li> <li>Gibron, Bill (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/pm/features/article/5917/the-boob-tube-elvira-mistress-of-the-dark-and-movie-macabre/">"The Boob Tube: Elvira, Mistress of the Dark and Movie Macabre"</a>, <i>PopMatters</i> (October 31).</li> <li>Gray, Brandon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1823&p=.htm">"'Sith' Draws $16.5M at Midnight"</a>, <i>Box Office Mojo</i> (May 19).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Online—Archival</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinematreasures.org/">Cinema Treasures</a> essential resource for information on classic movie theaters</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818080330/http://www.milwaukee-horror-hosts.com/">Milwaukee Horror Hosts</a> historical site administered by Dick Nitelinger</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finelinefeatures.com/pink/">Pink Flamingos!</a> official <a href="/wiki/Fine_Line_Features" title="Fine Line Features">Fine Line Features</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockyhorror.com/">RockyHorror.com</a> official <i>Rocky Horror Picture Show</i> fansite</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/underground/">TCM Underground</a> official Turner Classic Movies site</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midnight_movie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Midnight_movie" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Midnight movie">Midnight movie</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t16OSGtxcrw">Academy Museum's official trailer for <i>In the Midnight Hour</i> program</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Independent_production185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Independent_production" title="Template:Independent production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Independent_production" title="Template talk:Independent production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic_Co-ops" title="Minicomic Co-ops">Co-ops</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention">conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer">printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">shops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">Small press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Record label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netlabel" title="Netlabel">Netlabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source label</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_radio" title="Independent radio">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_culture" title="Cassette culture">Cassette culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Tracker (MOD) music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podsafe" title="Podsafe">Podsafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">Underground music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Amateur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">Home movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_film" title="Amateur film">Amateur film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">Amateur pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(Hollywood_Golden_Age)" title="B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_in_the_1950s" title="B movies in the 1950s">'50s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)" title="B movies (exploitation boom)">'60s–'70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">'80s–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midnight movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave_cinema" title="No wave cinema">No wave cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">Double feature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_coding" title="Cowboy coding">Cowboy coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">Software cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_patch" title="Unofficial patch">Unofficial patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warez_scene" title="Warez scene">Warez scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie game development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indie_game_developers" title="List of indie game developers">developers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_video_game" title="Open-source video game">Open-source video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Food</li><li>Drinks</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_soft_drink" title="Independent soft drink">Independent soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">Microbrewery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_art" title="Indie art">Indie art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Amateur photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_environment" title="Visionary environment">Visionary environment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">Indie RPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_circuit" title="Independent circuit">Independent circuit <span style="font-size:85%;">(wrestling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent TV station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(magazine)" title="Make (magazine)"><i>Make</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(magazine)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maker_Faire" title="Maker Faire">Maker Faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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