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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bus hijacking event in the Soviet Union</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilyushin_Il-76T,_Aeroflot_AN1362925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ilyushin_Il-76T%2C_Aeroflot_AN1362925.jpg/220px-Ilyushin_Il-76T%2C_Aeroflot_AN1362925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ilyushin_Il-76T%2C_Aeroflot_AN1362925.jpg/330px-Ilyushin_Il-76T%2C_Aeroflot_AN1362925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ilyushin_Il-76T%2C_Aeroflot_AN1362925.jpg/440px-Ilyushin_Il-76T%2C_Aeroflot_AN1362925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The aircraft involved in the incident in 1994</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Ordzhonikidze, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br />(Now <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1–2 December 1988</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Bus_Factory" title="Lviv Bus Factory">LAZ</a>-687 bus with schoolchildren</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Hijacking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a> taking</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Pavel Yakshiyants</li> <li>Vladimir Muravlev</li> <li>German Vishnyakov</li> <li>Vladimir Anastasov</li> <li>Tofiy Jafarov</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 1 December 1988, a <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Bus_Factory" title="Lviv Bus Factory">LAZ</a>-687 bus carrying around thirty pupils and one teacher<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from school 42 in Ordzhonikidze, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a> in Russia) was <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijacked</a> by five armed criminals, led by Pavel Yakshiyants. </p><p>The local authorities conceded to the hijackers' demands and provided an <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> aircraft to fly the hijackers to Israel. Upon landing at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport" title="Ben Gurion Airport">Ben Gurion Airport</a> however, the hijackers surrendered to local troops and police without resistance. They were <a href="/wiki/Extradited" class="mw-redirect" title="Extradited">extradited</a> to the Soviet Union and sentenced to prison terms, although at that time Israel and the Soviet Union had no extradition treaty as relations were still severed. All hostages were released. The <a href="/wiki/Defense_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Minister of Israel">Defense Minister of Israel</a> at the time, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, criticized Soviet authorities for providing the hijackers with an aircraft and flying them to Israel in exchange for the release of the hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetrators">Perpetrators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Ordzhonikidze_bus_hijacking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Perpetrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The five hijackers were Pavel Levonovich Yakshiyants, Vladimir Alexandrovich Muravlev, German Lvovich Vishnyakov, Vladimir Robertovich Anastasov, and Tofiy Jafarov.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yakshiyants and Muravlev were already ex-convicts before the incident. Yakshiyants, an Armenian, was first convicted at age 17 and sentenced to two years in prison for theft. Later, he was sentenced to four years in prison for robbery. In 1972, he was sentenced to ten years, again for robbery, but released on parole in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-specnaz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specnaz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hijacking">Hijacking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Ordzhonikidze_bus_hijacking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hijacking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The group of 30–31<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> schoolchildren had finished a <a href="/wiki/Field_trip" title="Field trip">field trip</a> to a local printing plant when a man approached them saying he was the driver sent to take them home. Subsequently, the teacher and her 10- and 11-year-old pupils boarded the bus to find themselves the hostages of five armed people. The children were used as a <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shield</a> and bargaining chip.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hijackers rode to the local <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Lower_levels" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">obkom</a> and demanded about 2 million <a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">rubles</a> (about <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>3.3 million at the time)<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an aircraft. The bus windows were curtained so that the law enforcement units could not see what was happening inside.<sup id="cite_ref-specnaz_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specnaz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authorities conceded, but the airport of Ordzhonikidze was unable to handle the large Ilyushin Il-76 cargo aircraft that was sent. The hijackers drove to the airport of <a href="/wiki/Mineralnye_Vody" title="Mineralnye Vody">Mineralnye Vody</a> with free passage. Russia's <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha Group</a> was mobilized for a possible hostage rescue. It was learned that the hijackers were planning to land in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> to pick up a friend then fly to Pakistan, but changed their mind and chose Israel instead.<sup id="cite_ref-specnaz_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specnaz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Army">Israeli Army</a> commander Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Amram_Mitzna" title="Amram Mitzna">Amram Mitzna</a>, the hijackers believed they would be safe in Israel because they had heard that <a href="/wiki/1988_Israeli_legislative_election" title="1988 Israeli legislative election">recent Israeli elections</a> had produced an <a href="/wiki/Anticommunist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunist">anticommunist</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Israel">government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aircraft, escorted by Israeli <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>, landed on a remote darkened runway. It was surrounded by army and police vehicles and ambulances. According to an Ilyushin Il-76 crew member, the hijackers asked whether they had landed in Israel or Syria, and if it was Israel they would stay. Mitzna told that the hijackers demanded proof that they were actually in Israel, wanting to hear <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> or see a <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>. When a soldier on the runway spoke a few words in Yiddish, the hijackers left the aircraft with their hands in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostages were flown back to Ordzhonikidze.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1989, Yakshiyants was sentenced by the Supreme Court of Russia to 15 years in prison, and Murlav to 14 years. The remaining defendants received sentences ranging from three to fourteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Ordzhonikidze_bus_hijacking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1990 film <i><a href="/wiki/Frenzied_Bus" title="Frenzied Bus">Frenzied Bus</a></i> was based on the hijacking.<sup id="cite_ref-2008-12-12_Russian_Special_Forces_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008-12-12_Russian_Special_Forces-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2024 biographical film <i><a href="/wiki/Komandir" title="Komandir">Komandir</a></i> was based on the hijacking.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Ordzhonikidze_bus_hijacking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrankel1988" class="citation news cs1">Frankel, Glenn (3 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/12/03/soviet-hijackers-give-up-quietly-in-israel/0fc9c9c0-2806-45f7-adf1-56124f3476db/">"SOVIET HIJACKERS GIVE UP QUIETLY IN ISRAEL"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=SOVIET+HIJACKERS+GIVE+UP+QUIETLY+IN+ISRAEL&rft.date=1988-12-03&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1988%2F12%2F03%2Fsoviet-hijackers-give-up-quietly-in-israel%2F0fc9c9c0-2806-45f7-adf1-56124f3476db%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Ordzhonikidze+bus+hijacking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-12-02-mn-1234-story.html">"5 Hijack Soviet School Bus, Get Plane, Land in Israel : Bandits Paid Ransom of $3.3 Million"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 2 December 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=5+Hijack+Soviet+School+Bus%2C+Get+Plane%2C+Land+in+Israel+%3A+Bandits+Paid+Ransom+of+%243.3+Million&rft.date=1988-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-12-02-mn-1234-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Ordzhonikidze+bus+hijacking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeta.ru/science/2018/12/01_a_12079231.shtml">"«Кололись и угрожали»: как захватывали автобус со школьниками"</a> ["They injected and threatened": how a bus with schoolchildren was seized] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Gazeta.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazeta.ru">Gazeta.ru</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=4+Hijackers+of+Soviet+School+Bus+Sentenced+to+Up+to+15+Years&rft.date=1989-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-03-18-mn-131-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Ordzhonikidze+bus+hijacking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2008-12-12_Russian_Special_Forces-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2008-12-12_Russian_Special_Forces_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvdokimov2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Evdokimov, Pavel (12 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specnaz.ru/article/?1377"><bdi lang="ru">Взбесившийся Автобус-2</bdi></a> [Running Bus-2]. <i>Russian Special Forces</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801114312/http://www.specnaz.ru/article/?1377">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Special+Forces&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81-2&rft.date=2008-12-12&rft.aulast=Evdokimov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specnaz.ru%2Farticle%2F%3F1377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Ordzhonikidze+bus+hijacking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/news/y2023/5-18/31260/">"Кирилл Зайцев создаст группу «Альфа» в «Командире»"</a>. 18 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111141721/https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/news/y2023/5-18/31260/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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