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Iridiu - Wikipedia
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</nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Conteníu" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Conteníu</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">despintar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Entamu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Carauterístiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carauterístiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Carauterístiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Carauterístiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Carauterístiques</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Carauterístiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carauterístiques_principales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carauterístiques_principales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Carauterístiques principales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carauterístiques_principales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propiedaes_físiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propiedaes_físiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Propiedaes físiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propiedaes_físiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propiedaes_químiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propiedaes_químiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Propiedaes químiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propiedaes_químiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compuestos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compuestos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Compuestos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compuestos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isótopos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isótopos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Isótopos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isótopos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bayura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presencia_na_llende_K-T" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presencia_na_llende_K-T"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Presencia na llende K-T</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presencia_na_llende_K-T-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producción" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producción"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Producción</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producción-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicaciones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicaciones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aplicaciones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplicaciones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Aplicaciones</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aplicaciones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrial_y_melecinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_y_melecinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Industrial y melecinal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_y_melecinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Científiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Científiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Científiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Científiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Históriques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Históriques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Históriques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Históriques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procuros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procuros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Procuros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procuros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_tamién" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_tamién"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ver tamién</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_tamién-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Referencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaces_esternos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaces_esternos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Enllaces esternos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaces_esternos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteníu" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iridiu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 145 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">145 llingües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኢሪዲየም – amháricu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢሪዲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amháricu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरीडियम – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इरीडियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إريديوم – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إريديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إيريديوم – árabe de Marruecos" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيريديوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="árabe de Marruecos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="اريديوم – árabe d’Exiptu" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريديوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="árabe d’Exiptu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irdel" title="Irdel – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Irdel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ridium" title="İridium – azerbaixanu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İridium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaixanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridyo" title="Iridyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iridyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ірыдый – bielorrusu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірыдый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Ірыд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірыд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – búlgaru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरीडियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इरीडियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইরিডিয়াম – bengalín" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরিডিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་རི་ཌིམ། – tibetanu" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་རི་ཌིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiom" title="Iridiom – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iridiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artículos destacaos"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridij" title="Iridij – bosniu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Iridij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – cebuanu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%B4%E1%8E%BB" title="ᎠᎢᎵᏗᏴᎻ – cheroqui" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎢᎵᏗᏴᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroqui" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئیریدیۆم – kurdu central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیریدیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdu central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu – corsu" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iridiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – checu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiwm" title="Iridiwm – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iridiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artículos destacaos"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ιρίδιο – griegu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="griegu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriidium" title="Iriidium – estoniu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iriidium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – vascu" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="vascu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایریدیم – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایریدیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriidium" title="Iriidium – frisón del norte" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iriidium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón del norte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – friulianu" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiam" title="Iridiam – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iridiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – gaélicu escocés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélicu escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – gallegu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallegu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઈરિડીયમ – guyaratí" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈરિડીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guyaratí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriddjum" title="Iriddjum – manés" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Iriddjum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – chinu hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chinu hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אירידיום – hebréu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירידיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebréu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरीडियम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इरीडियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridij" title="Iridij – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iridij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – altu sorbiu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="altu sorbiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridy%C3%B2m" title="Iridyòm – haitianu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Iridyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ADdium" title="Irídium – húngaru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irídium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Իրիդիում – armeniu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրիդիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – indonesiu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irid%C3%ADn" title="Iridín – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Iridín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – italianu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="イリジウム – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イリジウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrdiridi" title="jinmrdiridi – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrdiridi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ირიდიუმი – xeorxanu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირიდიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%96r%C9%A9d%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Ɩrɩdɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɩrɩdɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – kazaquistanín" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaquistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಿಡಿಯಮ್ – canarés" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಿಡಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%90" title="이리듐 – coreanu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이리듐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Er%C3%AEdy%C3%BBm" title="Îrîdyûm – curdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îrîdyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiom" title="Iridiom – córnicu" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iridiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnicu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – kirguistanín" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – llatín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – luxemburgués" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirediyaamu_(Irdium)" title="Yirediyaamu (Irdium) – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Yirediyaamu (Irdium)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – ligurianu" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – lombardu" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridis" title="Iridis – lituanu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iridis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%ABdijs" title="Irīdijs – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irīdijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ириди – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ириди" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иридиум – macedoniu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иридиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഇറിഡിയം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറിഡിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ириди – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ириди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯏꯔꯤꯗꯤꯌꯝ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯔꯤꯗꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरिडियम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इरिडियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – malayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အိုင်ရီဒီယမ် – birmanu" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်ရီဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरिडियम – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इरिडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_(element)" title="Iridium (element) – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iridium (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – noruegu Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegu Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – noruegu Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegu Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – occitanu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridii" title="Iridii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Iridii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – oséticu" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="oséticu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਇਰੀਡੀਅਮ – punyabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰੀਡੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punyabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरिडियम – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="इरिडियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iryd" title="Iryd – polacu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iryd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – piamontés" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piamontés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اریڈیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اریڈیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ارېډيوم – pashtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارېډيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ADdio" title="Irídio – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irityu" title="Irityu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Irityu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu – rumanu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iridiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu – aromanianu" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Iridiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – rusu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरिडियम – sánscritu" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इरिडियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sánscritu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ACdiu" title="Irìdiu – sardu" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Irìdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ACdiu" title="Irìdiu – sicilianu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Irìdiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridijum" title="Iridijum – serbo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iridijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ADdium" title="Irídium – eslovacu" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irídium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridij" title="Iridij – eslovenu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iridij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiyaam" title="Iridiyaam – somalín" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Iridiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumi" title="Iridiumi – albanu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iridiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иридијум – serbiu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иридијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – frisón de Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="frisón de Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – suecu" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suecu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – suaḥili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaḥili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரிடியம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரிடியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఇరీడియం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇరీడియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – taxiquistanín" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxiquistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อิริเดียม – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิริเดียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiyo" title="Iridiyo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iridiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ridyum" title="İridyum – turcu" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İridyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – tártaru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئىرىدىي – uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىرىدىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Іридій – ucraín" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іридій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اریڈیم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اریڈیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiy" title="Iridiy – uzbequistanín" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iridiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbequistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridii" title="Iridii – vepsiu" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Iridii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – vietnamín" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridyo" title="Iridyo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iridyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱 – chinu wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinu wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иридиум – calmuco" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Иридиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmuco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אירידיום – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אירידיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artículos destacaos"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱 – chinu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%A5" title="銥 – chinu lliterariu" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinu lliterariu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – chinu min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chinu min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%A5" title="銥 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbidi" title="Imbidi – zulú" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imbidi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q877#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar los enllaces d'interllingua" class="wbc-editpage">Editar los enllaces</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacios de nome"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Ver la páxina de conteníu [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Páxina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alderique:Iridiu&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Alderique tocante al conteníu de la páxina (la páxina nun esiste) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Alderique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar variante de idioma" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">asturianu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iridiu"><span>Lleer</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit" title="Editar el códigu fonte d'esta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar la fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=history" title="Versiones antigües d'esta páxina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramientes de páxina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramientes" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramientes</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramientes</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">despintar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Más opciones" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aiciones </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iridiu"><span>Lleer</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit" title="Editar el códigu fonte d'esta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar la fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=history"><span>Ver historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Xeneral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:LoQueEnlazaAqu%C3%AD/Iridiu" title="Llista de toles páxines wiki qu'enllacien equí [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lo qu'enllaza equí</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:CambiosEnEnlazadas/Iridiu" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recientes nes páxines enllazaes dende esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios rellacionaos</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ast" title="Xubir ficheros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Xubir ficheru</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginasEspeciales" title="Llista de toles páxines especiales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páxines especiales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&oldid=4254177" title="Enllaz permanente a esta revisión de la páxina"><span>Enllaz permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=info" title="Más información sobro esta páxina"><span>Información de la páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Iridiu&id=4254177&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Información tocante a cómo citar esta páxina"><span>Citar esta páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Acortador_de_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fast.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIridiu"><span>Llograr la URL encurtiada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fast.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIridiu"><span>Xenerar códigu QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprentar/esportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Iridiu"><span>Crear un llibru</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iridiu&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descargar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&printable=yes" title="Versión imprentable d'esta páxina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión pa imprentar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> N'otros proyeutos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iridium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q877" title="Enllaz al elementu del depósitu de datos coneutáu [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elementu de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramientes de páxina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apariencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover a la barra llateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">despintar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-tradubot" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/iridio" title="Esti artículu foi traducíu automáticamente y precisa revisase manualmente"><img alt="Esti artículu foi traducíu automáticamente y precisa revisase manualmente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robot_icon.svg/16px-Robot_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robot_icon.svg/24px-Robot_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robot_icon.svg/32px-Robot_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ast" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22.7em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align:left; padding:.23em;width: 22em; font-size: 88%;;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" class="cabecera cabecera física" style="text-align:center;background-color:transparent;color:black;font-size:125%;;"><span style="font-size:75%"><a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Osmiu</a></span> ← <b>Iridiu</b> → <span style="font-size:75%"><a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%ADn" title="Platín">Platín</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xenu" title="Hidróxenu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;">  </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"> <br />77</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><b>Ir</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Boru" title="Boru"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xenu" title="Nitróxenu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Ox%C3%ADxenu" title="Oxíxenu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Ne%C3%B3n" title="Neón"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesiu" title="Magnesiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforu" title="Fósforu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Azufre" title="Azufre"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Cloru" title="Cloru"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Arg%C3%B3n" title="Argón"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Escandiu" title="Escandiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cromu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganesu" title="Manganesu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobaltu" title="Cobaltu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; 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style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteniu" title="Einsteniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermiu" title="Fermiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mendeleviu" title="Mendeleviu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nobeliu" title="Nobeliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Laurenciu" title="Laurenciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiu" title="Rutherfordiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubniu" title="Dubniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborxu" title="Seaborxu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohriu" title="Bohriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitneriu" title="Meitneriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadiu" title="Darmstadiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentxeniu" title="Roentxeniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Ununtriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununtriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Fleroviu" title="Fleroviu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Ununpentiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununpentiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#fcfecc;"><a href="/wiki/Ununseptiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Ununoctiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununoctiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Tabla_peri%C3%B3dica_de_los_elementos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabla periódica de los elementos">Tabla completa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tabla_peri%C3%B3dica_enantada" title="Tabla periódica enantada">Tabla enantada</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Ir,77.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ir%2C77.jpg/260px-Ir%2C77.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ir%2C77.jpg/390px-Ir%2C77.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ir%2C77.jpg/520px-Ir%2C77.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="322" /></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:95%;">Blancu platiáu <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Iridium-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg/260px-Iridium-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg/390px-Iridium-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg/520px-Iridium-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFC0C0;;">Información xeneral</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Llist%C3%A1u_d%27elementos_por_nome" class="mw-redirect" title="Llistáu d'elementos por nome">Nome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llist%C3%A1u_d%27elementos_por_s%C3%ADmbolu" class="mw-redirect" title="Llistáu d'elementos por símbolu">símbolu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llist%C3%A1u_d%27elementos_por_n%C3%BAmberu_at%C3%B3micu" class="mw-redirect" title="Llistáu d'elementos por númberu atómicu">númberu</a></th><td colspan="2"> Iridiu, Ir, 77</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Serie_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Serie química">Serie química</a></th><td colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n" title="Metal de transición">Metales de transición</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grupu_de_la_tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupu de la tabla periódica">Grupu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodu_de_la_tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Periodu de la tabla periódica">periodu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloque_de_la_tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque de la tabla periódica">bloque</a></th><td colspan="2"> 9, 6, d</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Masa atómica">Masa atómica</a></th><td colspan="2"> 192,217 <a href="/wiki/Unid%C3%A1_de_masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Unidá de masa atómica">u</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica">Configuración electrónica</a></th><td colspan="2"> [<a href="/wiki/Xen%C3%B3n" title="Xenón">Xe</a>] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d⁷ 6s²</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón">Electrones</a> per <a href="/wiki/Nivel_d%27enerx%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivel d'enerxía">nivel</a></th><td colspan="2"> 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFC0C0;;">Propiedaes atómiques</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativid%C3%A1" title="Electronegatividá">Electronegatividá</a></th><td colspan="2"> 2,20 <span style="font-size:smaller">(<a href="/wiki/Escala_de_Pauling" title="Escala de Pauling">Pauling</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Radiu_at%C3%B3micu" title="Radiu atómicu">Radiu atómicu</a> <span style="font-size:smaller">(calc)</span></th><td colspan="2"> 136 <a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B3metru" title="Picómetru">pm</a> <span style="font-size:smaller">(<a href="/wiki/Radiu_de_Bohr" title="Radiu de Bohr">Radiu de Bohr</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Radiu_covalente" title="Radiu covalente">Radiu covalente</a></th><td colspan="2"> 141±6 <a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B3metru" title="Picómetru">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_d%27oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estáu d'oxidación">Estáu(aos) d'oxidación</a></th><td colspan="2"> −3,−1, 0, 1, 2, <b>3</b>, <b>4</b>, 5, 6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFC0C0;;">Propiedaes físiques</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Densid%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Densidá">Densidá</a></th><td colspan="2"> 22 560<sup id="cite_ref-PlatRev_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlatRev-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quilogramu_por_metru_c%C3%BAbicu" title="Quilogramu por metru cúbicu">kg/m³</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puntu_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Puntu de fusión">Puntu de fusión</a></th><td colspan="2"> 2739 K (2466 °C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puntu_de_bullidura" title="Puntu de bullidura">Puntu de bullidura</a></th><td colspan="2"> 4701 K (4428 °C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa_de_vaporizaci%C3%B3n" title="Entalpía de vaporización">Entalpía de vaporización</a></th><td colspan="2"> 563 <a href="/wiki/Quiloxuliu_por_mol" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiloxuliu por mol">kJ/mol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Entalpía de fusión">Entalpía de fusión</a></th><td colspan="2"> 41,12 <a href="/wiki/Quiloxuliu_por_mol" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiloxuliu por mol">kJ/mol</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFC0C0;;">Varios</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redes_de_Bravais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redes de Bravais (la páxina nun esiste)">Estructura cristalina</a></th><td colspan="2"> Cúbica centrada nes cares tao = sólidu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmberu_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Númberu CAS">Nᵘ CAS</a></th><td colspan="2"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~magnus/cas.php?language=en&cas=7439-88-5&title=">7439-88-5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Conductivid%C3%A1_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Conductividá térmica">Conductividá térmica</a></th><td colspan="2"> 147 <a href="/wiki/Vatiu_por_metru_kelvin" title="Vatiu por metru kelvin">W/(m·K)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3dulu_el%C3%A1sticu" title="Módulu elásticu">Módulu elásticu</a></th><td colspan="2"> 528 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Velocid%C3%A1_del_son%C3%ADu" title="Velocidá del soníu">Velocidá del soníu</a></th><td colspan="2"> 4825 <a href="/wiki/Metru_por_segundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Metru por segundu">m/s</a> a 293,15 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (20 <a href="/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius">°C</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#FFC0C0;;">Isótopos más estables</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> Artículu principal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Is%C3%B3topos_del_iridiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isótopos del iridiu (la páxina nun esiste)">Isótopos del iridiu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> <div> <table width="100%" rules="all" class="wikitable" style="margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <th valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topu" title="Isótopu">iso</a> </th> <th valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Abondanza_natural" title="Abondanza natural">AN</a> </th> <th valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Periodu_de_semidesintegraci%C3%B3n" title="Periodu de semidesintegración">Periodu</a> </th> <th valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cadena_de_desintegraci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadena de desintegración">MD</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_de_desintegraci%C3%B3n" title="Enerxía de desintegración">Ed</a> </th> <th valign="middle" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Productu_de_desintegraci%C3%B3n" title="Productu de desintegración">PD</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <th>M<a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n-voltiu" title="Electrón-voltiu">eV</a> </th></tr> <tr><td><sup>188</sup>Ir</td><td></td><td>1,73 <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADa" title="Día">d</a></td><td></td><td>1,64</td><td><sup>188</sup><a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Os</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>189</sup>Ir</td><td></td><td>13,2 d</td><td></td><td>0,532</td><td><sup>189</sup><a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Os</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>190</sup>Ir</td><td></td><td>11,8 d</td><td></td><td>2,000</td><td><sup>190</sup><a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Os</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>191</sup>Ir</td><td></td><td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topu_estable" title="Isótopu estable">Estable</a> con 114 <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutrones</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>192</sup>Ir</td><td></td><td>73,827 d</td><td></td><td>1,460<br />1,046</td><td><sup>192<a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%ADn" title="Platín">Pt</a><br /><sup>192</sup><a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Os</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>192<a href="/w/index.php?title=Is%C3%B3mero_nuclear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isómero nuclear (la páxina nun esiste)">m2</a></sup>Ir</td><td></td><td>241 <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1u" title="Añu">a</a></td><td></td><td>0,161</td><td><sup>192</sup>Ir</td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>193</sup>Ir</td><td></td><td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topu_estable" title="Isótopu estable">Estable</a> con 116 <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutrones</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>193<a href="/w/index.php?title=Is%C3%B3mero_nuclear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isómero nuclear (la páxina nun esiste)">m</a></sup>Ir</td><td></td><td>10,5 d</td><td></td><td>0,080</td><td><sup>193</sup>Ir</td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>194</sup>Ir</td><td></td><td>19,3 h</td><td></td><td>2,247</td><td><sup>194</sup><a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%ADn" title="Platín">Pt</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>194<a href="/w/index.php?title=Is%C3%B3mero_nuclear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isómero nuclear (la páxina nun esiste)">m2</a></sup>Ir</td><td></td><td>171 d</td><td></td><td>?</td><td><sup>194</sup>Ir</td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:smaller">Valores nel <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Internacional_d%27Unidaes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema Internacional d'Unidaes">SI</a> y <a href="/wiki/Condiciones_normales_de_presi%C3%B3n_y_temperatura" title="Condiciones normales de presión y temperatura">condiciones normales de presión y temperatura</a>, sacante que se diga lo contrario.</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>[<span class="plainlinks"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877" class="extiw" title="d:Q877">editar datos en Wikidata</a></span>]</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'<b>iridiu</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ye un <a href="/wiki/Elementu_qu%C3%ADmicu" title="Elementu químicu">elementu químicu</a> de <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmberu_at%C3%B3micu" title="Númberu atómicu">númberu atómicu</a> 77 que s'asitia nel grupu 9 de la <a href="/wiki/Tabla_peri%C3%B3dica_de_los_elementos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabla periódica de los elementos">tabla periódica</a>. El so símbolu ye <b>Ir</b>. Trátase d'un <a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n" title="Metal de transición">metal de transición</a>, del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupu_del_plat%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupu del platín (la páxina nun esiste)">grupu del platín</a>, duru, fráxil, pesáu, de color blancu platiáu. Ye'l segundu elementu más trupu (dempués del <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">osmiu</a>) y ye l'elementu más resistente a la <a href="/wiki/Escomiu" title="Escomiu">escomiu</a>, inclusive a temperatures tan altes como 2000 °C. Solo dalgunos <a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xenu" title="Halóxenu">halóxenos</a> y sales fundíes son corroyentes pal iridiu en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Est%C3%A1u_s%C3%B3lidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estáu sólidu (la páxina nun esiste)">estáu sólidu</a>, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulvimetalurgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulvimetalurgia (la páxina nun esiste)">iridiu en polvu</a> ye muncho más reactivu y puede aportar a inflamable.<sup id="cite_ref-insht.es_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insht.es-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foi afayáu en <a href="/wiki/1803" title="1803">1803</a> ente les impureces insolubles del platín natural. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smithson_Tennant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smithson Tennant (la páxina nun esiste)">Smithson Tennant</a>, el primer descubridor, llamó al metal iridiu n'honor a la diosa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iris_(mitolox%C3%ADa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iris (mitoloxía) (la páxina nun esiste)">Iris</a>, la personificación del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arco%C3%ADris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcoíris (la páxina nun esiste)">arcoíris</a>, por cuenta de los diversos y llamativos colores de los sos sales. L'iridiu ye unu de los elementos más raros na <a href="/wiki/Corteza_terrestre" title="Corteza terrestre">corteza terrestre</a>, con una estracción y consumu añal de tan solu trés tonelaes. El <sup>191</sup>Ir y el <sup>193</sup>Ir son los dos <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topos" class="mw-redirect" title="Isótopos">isótopos</a> naturales del iridiu y tamién los sos únicos <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topu_estable" title="Isótopu estable">isótopos estables</a>, el <sup>193</sup>Ir ye'l más abondosu de los dos.<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Los compuestos d'iridiu más importantes son los sales y ácidos que forma xunto col <a href="/wiki/Cloru" title="Cloru">cloru</a>, anque l'iridiu tamién forma una serie de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compuestos_organomet%C3%A1licos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compuestos organometálicos (la páxina nun esiste)">compuestos organometálicos</a> utilizaos na <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lisis" title="Catálisis">catálisis</a> industrial y n'investigación. L'iridiu metálicu ye usáu cuando se precisa alta resistencia al escomiu a altes temperatures,<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> como nes <a href="/wiki/Bux%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buxía">buxíes</a> de gama alta,<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisol (la páxina nun esiste)">crisoles</a> pa la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recristalizaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recristalización (la páxina nun esiste)">recristalización</a> de los <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductores</a> a altes temperatures, y los <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrodu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrodu (la páxina nun esiste)">electrodos</a><sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pa la producción de cloru por aciu el procesu de cloru-álcali. Los <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiois%C3%B3topos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioisótopos (la páxina nun esiste)">radioisótopos</a> d'iridiu usar en dalgunos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenerador_termoel%C3%A9ctricu_de_radiois%C3%B3topos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenerador termoeléctricu de radioisótopos (la páxina nun esiste)">xeneradores de radioisótopos</a>. </p><p>La bayura inusual d'iridiu na capa de magre na <a href="/wiki/Llende_K/T" title="Llende K/T">llende xeolóxica K-T</a> dio llugar a la hipótesis d'Álvarez<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chicxulub_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicxulub-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> del impautu d'un oxetu supermasivo estraterrestre'l cual sería la causa de la estinción de los dinosaurios y munches otres especies hai 65 millones d'años.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo.es_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo.es-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'iridiu alcuéntrase en meteoritos nuna bayura bien de más alta que na corteza terrestre.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicxulub_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicxulub-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Créese que la cantidá total d'iridiu nel planeta Tierra ye enforma mayor que la reparada nes roques de la corteza, pero como con otros metales del grupu del platín, l'alta densidá y l'enclín d'iridiu pa xunise col fierro,osmiu y el níquel, causa que la mayoría del iridiu baxara debaxo de la corteza, pasando esti metal a formar parte del so nucleu cuando'l planeta entá yera nuevu ya inda taba n'estáu fundíu.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'iridiu tamién s'emplega n'<a href="/wiki/Aleaci%C3%B3n" title="Aleación">aleaciones</a> d'alta resistencia que pueden soportar altes temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ye un elementu pocu abondosu y alcuéntrase na naturaleza n'aleaciones con <a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%ADn" title="Platín">platín</a> y <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">osmiu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emplegar en contactos llétricos, aparatos que trabayen a altes temperatures, y como axente endurecedor del platín.<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insht.es_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insht.es-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carauterístiques"><span id="Carauter.C3.ADstiques"></span>Carauterístiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar seición: Carauterístiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Carauterístiques"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carauterístiques_principales"><span id="Carauter.C3.ADstiques_principales"></span>Carauterístiques principales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar seición: Carauterístiques principales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Carauterístiques principales"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Iridium_pellet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Iridium_pellet.jpg/220px-Iridium_pellet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Iridium_pellet.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gota_d%27agua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gota d'agua (la páxina nun esiste)">gota</a> d'iridiu puru.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ye de color blancu, paecíu al platín, pero presenta una llixera coloración mariella.<sup id="cite_ref-uam_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ye difícil trabayar esti <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, pos ye bien duru y argayadizu.<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uam_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ye'l metal más resistente a la <a href="/wiki/Escomiu" title="Escomiu">escomiu</a>. Nun ye atacáu polos ácidos, nin siquier pol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agua_regia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agua regia (la páxina nun esiste)">agua regia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uam_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pa eslleilo emplégase <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cidu_clorh%C3%ADdrico" title="Ácidu clorhídrico">ácidu clorhídrico</a>, HCl, concentráu con cloratu de sodiu, NaClO<sub>3</sub> a temperatures altes. </p><p>L'iridiu ye consideráu comúnmente un metal <a href="/wiki/Estraterrestre" title="Estraterrestre">estraterrestre</a>, yá que abonda nos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteoritos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteoritos (la páxina nun esiste)">meteoritos</a> y ye raru na <a href="/wiki/Corteza_terrestre" title="Corteza terrestre">corteza terrestre</a>, con namái una pequeña concentración de 0,001 <a href="/wiki/Partes_per_mill%C3%B3n" title="Partes per millón">ppm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ye'l metal más trupo dempués del osmiu.<sup id="cite_ref-corr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sábese que nel nucleu de la Tierra ye precisamente esti metal el qu'acompaña al fierro y al níquel,<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo.es_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo.es-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> los sos componentes más importantes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propiedaes_físiques"><span id="Propiedaes_f.C3.ADsiques"></span>Propiedaes físiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar seición: Propiedaes físiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Propiedaes físiques"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pertenez al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupu_del_plat%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupu del platín (la páxina nun esiste)">grupu del platín</a>. Por cuenta de la so durez, fraxilidá y el so altu puntu de fusión (el novenu más altu de tolos elementos), ye difícil dar forma o trabayar sobre l'iridiu sólidu como se fadría con otros metales, polo que prefier trabayase lo en forma de polvu metálico.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ye l'únicu metal que caltién bones propiedaes mecániques percima de los 1600 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'iridiu tien un puntu de ebullición bien alto (el décimu ente tolos elementos) y conviértese en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superconductor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superconductor (la páxina nun esiste)">superconductor</a> a temperatures debaxo de los 0.14 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constante_el%C3%A1stica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constante elástica (la páxina nun esiste)">módulu d'elasticidá</a> del iridiu ye'l segundu más altu de tolos elementos, superáu namái pol del osmiu;<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> esto, xunto con un altu <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B3dulu_de_cizalladura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Módulu de cizalladura (la páxina nun esiste)">módulu de rixidez</a> y un baxu <a href="/wiki/Coeficiente_de_Poisson" title="Coeficiente de Poisson">coeficiente de Poisson</a>, indiquen l'altu grau de rixidez y resistencia a la deformación que fixeron que la so manipulación seya una cuestión de gran dificultá. A pesar d'estes llimitaciones y del altu costu del iridiu, ye bien pervalible p'aplicaciones onde la resistencia mecánica ye un factor esencial y úsase en delles teunoloxíes modernes qu'operen en condiciones estremes.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La densidá midida del iridiu ye llixeramente inferior (0,1%) a la del osmiu, que ye l'elementu más trupu conocíu.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enantes esistía una ambigüedá al respective de qué elementu yera más trupu, por cuenta de la pequeña diferencia de densidaes ente estos dos elementos y la dificultá pa midir con precisión dicha diferencia.<sup id="cite_ref-crc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Cola mayor precisión nos factores utilizaos pa calcular la densidá <a href="/wiki/Cristalograf%C3%ADa_de_rayos_X" title="Cristalografía de rayos X">cristalográfica por aciu rayos X</a> pudieron calculase les sos densidaes como 22,56 g/cm³ pal iridiu y 22,59 g/cm³ pal osmiu.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propiedaes_químiques"><span id="Propiedaes_qu.C3.ADmiques"></span>Propiedaes químiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar seición: Propiedaes químiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Propiedaes químiques"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'iridiu ye'l metal más resistente al escomiu conocíu:<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nun ye atacáu por casi nengún <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cidu" title="Ácidu">ácidu</a>, el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqua_regia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqua regia (la páxina nun esiste)">aqua regia</a>, metales fundíos o silicatos a altes temperatures. Puede, sicasí, ser atacáu por delles <a href="/wiki/Sal_(qu%C3%ADmica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal (química)">sales</a> fundíes, tales como'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cianuru_de_sodiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cianuru de sodiu (la páxina nun esiste)">cianuru sódicu</a> y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cianuru_de_potasiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cianuru de potasiu (la páxina nun esiste)">cianuru potásicu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> como tamién pol <a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxenu" class="mw-redirect" title="Osíxenu">osíxenu</a> y los <a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xenu" title="Halóxenu">halóxenos</a> (particularmente el <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor">flúor</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-perry_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a altes temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-lagowski_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lagowski-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compuestos">Compuestos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar seición: Compuestos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Compuestos"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Iridium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Iridium2.jpg/220px-Iridium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Iridium2.jpg/330px-Iridium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Iridium2.jpg/440px-Iridium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toma_troy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toma troy (la páxina nun esiste)">toma troy</a> d'iridiu fundíu de 99.99% de pureza.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right"> <caption>Estaos d'oxidación<small><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>−3</td> <td>Ir(CO)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>-3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1</td> <td>[Ir(CO)<sub>3</sub>(P<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupu_fenilo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupu fenilo (la páxina nun esiste)">Ph</a><sub>3</sub>)]<sup>-</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>0</b></td> <td>Ir<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>12</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td>[Ir(CO)Cl(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup id="cite_ref-vaska_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaska-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td>IrCl<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>+3</b></td> <td>IrCl<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>+4</b></td> <td>IrO<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td>Ir<sub>4</sub>F<sub>20</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6</td> <td>IrF<sub>6</sub> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'iridiu forma compuestu n'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_d%27oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estáu d'oxidación">estado d'oxidación</a> ente -3 hasta +6, los más comunes son +3 y +4.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los estaos d'oxidación mayores son pocu comunes, pero inclúin al IrF6 y a dos óxidos mistos, el Sr<sub>2</sub>MgIrO<sub>6</sub> y el Sr<sub>2</sub>CaIrO<sub>6</sub>. El dióxidu d'iridiu, un polvu marrón, ye l'únicu óxidu d'iridiu bien carauterizáu,<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> un sesquióxidu d'iridiu, l'Ir<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, foi descritu como un polvu de color azul-negru'l cual aferrúñase a IrO<sub>2</sub> por esposición al HNO<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamién s'atoparon compuestos d'iridiu y Azufre, como'l IrS<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'iridiu tamién forma compuestos con estaos d'oxidación +4 y +5, como K<sub>2</sub>IrO<sub>3</sub> y KIrO<sub>3</sub>, que puede ser preparáu a partir de la reacción del <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93xidu_de_potasiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Óxidu de potasiu (la páxina nun esiste)">óxidu de potasiu</a> o del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Super%C3%B3xidu_de_potasiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superóxidu de potasiu (la páxina nun esiste)">superóxidu de potasiu</a> con iridiu a altes temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anguaño nun se conocen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidruru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidruru (la páxina nun esiste)">hidruros</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compuestu_binariu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compuestu binariu (la páxina nun esiste)">binarios</a> d'iridiu (Ir<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub>), pero conocen hidruros complexos como'l IrH<sup>-4</sup> <sub>5</sub> y IrH<sup>-3</sup><sub>6</sub>, onde l'iridiu tien un númberu d'oxidación +1 y +3 respeutivamente.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'hidruru ternariu Mg<sub>6</sub>Ir<sub>2</sub>H<sub>11</sub> créese que contienen tanto'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ani%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anión (la páxina nun esiste)">anión</a> IrH<sup>-4</sup><sub>5</sub> como al IrH<sup>-3</sup><sub>6</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nun se conocen monohaluro o dihaluro d'iridiu, sicasí, conócense trihaluros (IrX<sub>3</sub>) d'iridiu con tolos hálogenos.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pa estaos d'oxidación +4 y superiores, namái conócense'l tetrafluoruru, el pentafluoruru y l'hexafluoruru.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>L'hexafluoruru d'iridiu, ye un sólidu mariellu volátil y altamente reactivu, compuestu de molécules octaédriques. Descomponer n'<a href="/wiki/Agua" title="Agua">agua</a> y amenórgase a IrF<sub>4</sub>, un sólidu cristalín d'iridiu negru.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El pentafluoruru d'iridiu tien propiedaes similares pero en realidá ye un tetrámeru, Ir<sub>4</sub>F<sub>20</sub>, formáu por cuatro octaedros que comparten esquines.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Vaska%27s-complex-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vaska%27s-complex-2D.png/220px-Vaska%27s-complex-2D.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vaska%27s-complex-2D.png/330px-Vaska%27s-complex-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vaska%27s-complex-2D.png/440px-Vaska%27s-complex-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>El <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complexu_de_Vaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complexu de Vaska (la páxina nun esiste)">Complexu de Vaska</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>El H<sub>2</sub>IrC<sub>l6</sub>, y el so sal amónica son los compuestos d'iridiu más importantes dende'l puntu de vista industrial.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estos compuestos tán arreyaos na purificación d'iridiu y utilícense como precursores pa la mayoría de los otros compuestos d'iridiu, según na preparación de recubrimientos pa ánodos. El ion IrCl<sup>-2</sup><sub>6</sub> tien un intensu color marrón escuru, y puede ser fácilmente amenorgáu a IrCl<sup>-3</sup><sub>6</sub>, d'un color más claru, y viceversa.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El tricloruru d'iridiu (IrCl<sub>3</sub>), que puede llograse en forma anhidra de la oxidación direuta del polvu d'iridiu por aciu cloru a 650 °C,<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> o en forma hidratada por aciu la disolución d'Ir<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> n'ácidu clorhídrico, ye de cutiu utilizáu como materia primo pa la síntesis d'otros compuestos d'Ir(III).<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otru compuestu que s'utilicen pa sintetizar otros compuestos d'Ir(III) son l'hexacloroiridiu d'amonio ((NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>IrC<sub>l6</sub>). Los compuestos d'Ir(III) son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamagnetismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamagnetismo (la páxina nun esiste)">diamagneticos</a> con una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeometr%C3%ADa_molecular_octa%C3%A9drica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xeometría molecular octaédrica (la páxina nun esiste)">xeometría molecular octaédrica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Los <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compuestos_organoiridicos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compuestos organoiridicos (la páxina nun esiste)">compuestos organoiridicos</a> contienen enllaces iridiu-<a href="/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu">carbonu</a>, onde polo xeneral, el metal atópase nos estaos d'oxidación más baxos, por casu, l'estáu d'oxidación 0 atópase nel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrairidiu_dodecarbolino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrairidiu dodecarbolino (la páxina nun esiste)">tetrairidiu dodecarbolino</a> (Ir<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>12</sub>), que ye'l más común y estable carbonilo binariu d'iridiu,<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nesti compuestu, cada unu de los átomos d'iridiu enllazar a los otros trés, formando asina una estructura tetraédrica. Dellos compuestos organometálicos d'Ir(I) so lo suficientemente importantes como pa llevar el nome de los sos descubridores. Unu d'ellos ye'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complexu_de_Vaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complexu de Vaska (la páxina nun esiste)">complexu de Vaska</a> (IrCl(CO)[P(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sub>2</sub>),<sup id="cite_ref-vaska_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaska-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> el cual tien la rara cualidá de xunise a la molécula d'osíxenu diatómico (O<sub>2</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otra ye la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat%C3%A1lisis_de_Crabtree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catálisis de Crabtree (la páxina nun esiste)">catálisis de Crabtree</a>, una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat%C3%A1lisis_homox%C3%A9nea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catálisis homoxénea (la páxina nun esiste)">catálisis homoxénea</a> llevada a cabu por aciu reacciones de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogenaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogenación (la páxina nun esiste)">hidrogenación</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estos compuestos tienen una estructura cuaternaria planar, d⁸ complexa, con un total de 16 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrones_de_valencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrones de valencia (la páxina nun esiste)">electrones de valencia</a>, lo qu'esplica la so capacidá de reacción.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isótopos"><span id="Is.C3.B3topos"></span>Isótopos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar seición: Isótopos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Isótopos"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4219085">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artículu principal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Is%C3%B3topos_d%27iridiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isótopos d'iridiu (la páxina nun esiste)">Isótopos d'iridiu</a></div> <p>L'iridiu tien dos isotopos naturales estables, el <sup>191</sup>Ir y el <sup>193</sup>Ir, con una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayura_natural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayura natural (la páxina nun esiste)">bayura natural</a> de 37.3% y 62.7%, respeutivamente.<sup id="cite_ref-uam_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nubase_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siquier 34 radioisótopos fueron sintetizaos variando ente <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BAmberu_m%C3%A1sico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Númberu másico (la páxina nun esiste)">númberos masicos</a> de 164 a 199. El <sup>192</sup>Ir, que se desintegra nos dos isótopos estables, ye'l radioisótopu más estable con una <a href="/wiki/Periodu_de_semidesintegraci%C3%B3n" title="Periodu de semidesintegración">vida media</a> de 73.827 díes. Otros trés isótopos, el <sup>188</sup>Ir, <sup>189</sup>Ir, <sup>190</sup>Ir, tienen una vida media de siquier un día.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isótopos con númberu de masa debaxo de 191 aparren por aciu una combinación de <a href="/wiki/Desintegraci%C3%B3n_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Desintegración beta">desintegración ß</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegraci%C3%B3n_Alfa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegración Alfa (la páxina nun esiste)">desintegración α</a> y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisi%C3%B3n_de_protones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisión de protones (la páxina nun esiste)">emisión de protones</a>, cola esceición del <sup>189</sup>Ir, qu'aparra per mediu de <a href="/wiki/Captura_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Captura electrónica">captura electrónica</a>, y el <sup>190</sup>Ir, que aparra per mediu d'<a href="/wiki/Emisi%C3%B3n_de_positrones" title="Emisión de positrones">emisión de positrones</a>. Isótopos sintéticos con una masa atómico mayor a 191 aparren por aciu <a href="/wiki/Desintegraci%C3%B3n_beta#Desintegración_β–" class="mw-redirect" title="Desintegración beta">desintegración β<sup>–</sup></a>, anque'l <sup>192</sup>Ir tamién puede aparrar en menor midida por aciu captura d'electrones.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolos isotopos conocíos d'iridiu fueron afayaos ente <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a> y <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, el más recién d'ellos ye'l <sup>171</sup>Ir.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siquier 32 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Is%C3%B3mero_nuclear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isómero nuclear (la páxina nun esiste)">isómeros metaestables</a> fueron carauterizaos, variando en masa atómico ente 164 a 197, el más estable de toos estos ye'l <sup>192m2</sup>Ir, que aparra por aciu <a href="/wiki/Transici%C3%B3n_isom%C3%A9rica" title="Transición isomérica">transición isomérica</a> con una vida media de 241 años,<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> polo que ye más estable que cualesquier de los isótopos sintéticos d'iridiu nos sos estaos fundamentales. El menos estable ye'l <sup>190m3</sup>Ir, con una vida media d'apenes 2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsegundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsegundo (la páxina nun esiste)">µs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'isótopu <sup>191</sup>Ir foi'l primer elementu en que se vio'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efeutu_M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efeutu Mößbauer (la páxina nun esiste)">efeutu Mößbauer</a>, lo que lo fai preséu pa la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_M%C3%B6ssbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espectroscopia Mössbauer (la páxina nun esiste)">espectroscopia Mössbauer</a> n'investigaciones físiques, químiques, bioquímiques, metalúrxiques y mineralogicas.<sup id="cite_ref-ir-191_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ir-191-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar seición: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Historia"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El descubrimientu del iridiu data de la mesma dómina en que s'afayó'l platín y el restu de metales del so grupu. El platín elemental foi usáu polos antiguos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Et%C3%ADopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etíopes (la páxina nun esiste)">etíopes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egypt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> y poles cultures suramericanes,<sup id="cite_ref-preCol_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preCol-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> les cualos siempres tuvieron accesu a una pequeña cantidá de metales del grupu del platín, incluyendo l'iridiu. El platín llegó a Europa col nome de "platina" (pequeña plata), afayáu nel sieglu 17 polos conquistadores españoles na rexón que güei se conoz como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamentu_de_Topet%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamentu de Topetó (la páxina nun esiste)">Departamentu de Topetó</a> en <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pero'l descubrimientu de qu'esti metal yera un elementu nuevu y non una aleación d'elementu conocíos nun se produció hasta <a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">1748</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Guerin_Pierre_Narcisse_-_Morpheus_and_Iris_1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Guerin_Pierre_Narcisse_-_Morpheus_and_Iris_1811.jpg/220px-Guerin_Pierre_Narcisse_-_Morpheus_and_Iris_1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Guerin_Pierre_Narcisse_-_Morpheus_and_Iris_1811.jpg/330px-Guerin_Pierre_Narcisse_-_Morpheus_and_Iris_1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Guerin_Pierre_Narcisse_-_Morpheus_and_Iris_1811.jpg/440px-Guerin_Pierre_Narcisse_-_Morpheus_and_Iris_1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2739" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>La diosa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iris_(mitolox%C3%ADa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iris (mitoloxía) (la páxina nun esiste)">iris</a> nun cuadru de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Narcisse_Gu%C3%A9rin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Narcisse Guérin (la páxina nun esiste)">Pierre-Narcisse Guérin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Los químicos qu'estudiaron el platín atoparon qu'esti eslleir en aqua regia, creando sales solubles. Estos químicos siempres notaben una pequeña cantidá d'una residuu de color escuru insoluble.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Louis_Proust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Louis Proust (la páxina nun esiste)">Joseph Louis Proust</a> pensó qu'esta residuu deber a <a href="/wiki/Grafitu" title="Grafitu">grafitu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los químicos franceses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippolyte_Victor_Collet-Descotils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils (la páxina nun esiste)">Victor Collet-Descotils</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine François (la páxina nun esiste)">Antoine François</a>, el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conde_de_Fourcroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conde de Fourcroy (la páxina nun esiste)">conde de Fourcroy</a>, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (la páxina nun esiste)">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a> tamién repararon la residuu escura en <a href="/wiki/1803" title="1803">1803</a>, sicasí, nun llograron abonda como pa realizar esperimentos.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esi mesmu añu un científicu británicu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smithson_Tennant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smithson Tennant (la páxina nun esiste)">Smithson Tennant</a> analizó la residuu insoluble y concluyó qu'esti debía de contener un nuevu metal. Vauquelin espunxo la residuu en polvu a álcalis y acedos<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> y llogró un nuevu óxidu volátil, que él creía que se trataba del nuevu metal que llamó "ptene", que provenía de la pallabra griega πτηνος (ptènos) y significaba "Aláu".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-griffith_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tennant, que cuntaba con una cantidá muncho más grande de la residuu, siguió la so investigación ya identificó dos nuevos elementos dientro de la residuu negra, l'iridiu y l'osmiu.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llogró cristales de color coloráu escuru (probablemente de Na<sub>2</sub>[IrCl<sub>6</sub>]•nH<sub>2</sub>O)por una serie de reacciones con hidróxidu de sodiu y ácidu clorhídrico.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llamó a unu de los elementu iridiu n'honor a la diosa griega Iris, por cuenta de los colores de los sos sales.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weeks_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weeks-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El descubrimientu de los nuevos elementos foi documentáu nuna carta a la <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> el 21 de xunu de <a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El científicu británicu <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_George_Children&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John George Children (la páxina nun esiste)">John George Children</a> foi'l primeru en fundir una muestra d'iridiu en <a href="/wiki/1813" title="1813">1813</a> cola ayuda de la "meyor batería galvánica qu'enxamás s'haya construyíu" (hasta esa dómina).<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El primeru en llograr iridiu puru foi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hare (la páxina nun esiste)">Robert Hare</a> en <a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a>. Atopó que la densidá del iridiu rondaba los 21.8 g/cm³ y noto que'l metal nun yera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maleabilidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maleabilidad (la páxina nun esiste)">maleable</a> y yera desaxeradamente duru. </p><p>La primer fundición d'una cantidá significativa del metal foi realizada por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Sainte-Claire_Deville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (la páxina nun esiste)">Henri Sainte-Claire Deville</a> y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Henri_Debray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Henri Debray (la páxina nun esiste)">Jules Henri Debray</a> en <a href="/wiki/1860" title="1860">1860</a>. Pa fundir el metal, precisóse más de 300 <a href="/wiki/Llitru" title="Llitru">llitros</a> d'O<sub>2</sub> puru y H<sub>2</sub> per cada quilogramu d'iridiu.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estes dificultaes estremes pa fundir el metal llindaron les posibilidaes de remanar l'iridiu. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Isaac_Hawkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Isaac Hawkins (la páxina nun esiste)">John Isaac Hawkins</a> taba buscando llograr una pluma con un puntu fina y dura, y en <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> llogró crear una pluma d'oru con punta d'iridiu. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1880" title="1880">1880</a>, Jhon Holland y William Lofland Dudley, llograron fundir iridiu añadiendo <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforu" title="Fósforu">fósforu</a>, más tarde patentaríen el procesu nos Estaos Xuníos. La compañía británica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Matthey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnson Matthey (la páxina nun esiste)">Johnson Matthey</a> indicó más palantre que tuviera utilizando un procesu similar dende 1837 y yá presentara iridiu fundíu nuna serie de feries per tol mundu.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El primer usu d'una aleación d'iridiu con <a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">ruteniu</a> foi realizada pa fabricar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termopar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termopar (la páxina nun esiste)">termopares</a> por Otto Feussner en <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>. Esto dexó midir temperatures nel aire d'hasta 2000 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Ludwig_M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Ludwig Mößbauer (la páxina nun esiste)">Rudolf Ludwig Mößbauer</a>, afayó l'efeutu de la resonancia y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrocesu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrocesu (la páxina nun esiste)">retrocesu</a>-llibre y absorción de <a href="/wiki/Rayu_gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayu gamma">rayu gamma</a> n'átomos d'una muestra de sólidu que namái contenía <sup>191</sup>Ir.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Por esti fenómenu, conocíu como'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efeutu_M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efeutu Mößbauer (la páxina nun esiste)">Efeutu Mößbauer</a> (que dende entós se reparó n'otros nucleos como'l del <sup>57</sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hierro (la páxina nun esiste)">Fe</a>), Mößbauer recibió'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiu_nobel_de_f%C3%ADsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiu nobel de física (la páxina nun esiste)">premiu nobel de física</a> nel añu de <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a>, solu trés años dempués de publicar el so descubrimientu<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bayura">Bayura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar seición: Bayura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Bayura"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large black egg)shaped boulder of porous structure standing on its top, tilted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg/220px-Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg/330px-Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg/440px-Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>El <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteoritu_Willamette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteoritu Willamette (la páxina nun esiste)">Meteoritu Willamette</a>, el 6º más grande atopáu nel mundu, contién 4.7 ppm d'iridiu.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>L'iridiu ye unu de los elementos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayura_de_los_elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayura de los elementos químicos (la páxina nun esiste)">menos abondosos</a> na corteza terrestre, en permediu solo alcuéntrase una fracción de masa de 0.001 ppm en tola corteza;<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El <a href="/wiki/Oru" title="Oru">oru</a> ye 40 vegaes más abondosa, el platín 10 vegaes más, y la plata y el <a href="/wiki/Mercuriu_(elementu)" title="Mercuriu (elementu)">Mercuriu</a> unes 80 vegaes más abondoses que l'iridiu.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El <a href="/wiki/Teluriu" title="Teluriu">teluriu</a> ye tan abondosu como l'iridiu. Namái esisten tres elementos tan pocu abondosos como l'iridiu: El <a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu">reniu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">ruteniu</a> y el <a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu">rodiu</a>, l'iridiu ye 10 vegaes más abondosa que los últimos dos.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En contraste cola so escasa bayura na corteza terrestre, l'iridiu ye relativamente común nos meteoritos, con una concentración de 0,5 ppm o más.<sup id="cite_ref-argonne_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-argonne-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'iridiu puede atopase na naturaleza como un elementu ensin combinar o n'aleaciones naturales, especialmente les aleaciones d'osmiu-iridiu, estes aleaciones pueden dixebrase en dos grandes grupos: les aleaciones <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmiridiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmiridiu (la páxina nun esiste)">osmiridiu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> les cualos son más riques n'osmiu, y les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiusmiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridiusmiu (la páxina nun esiste)">iridiusmiu</a><sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que contienen una mayor cantidá d'iridiu que d'osmiu.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamién s'atopa nos depósitos de <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel">níquel</a><sup id="cite_ref-uam_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> y <a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre">cobre</a>, de normal atópense metales del grupu del platín nestos xacimientos en forma de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfuru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfuru (la páxina nun esiste)">sulfuros</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telururos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telururos (la páxina nun esiste)">telururos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimoniuros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimoniuros (la páxina nun esiste)">antimoniuros</a>, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arseniuros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arseniuros (la páxina nun esiste)">arseniuros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dientro de la corteza terrestre, l'iridiu alcuéntrase en concentraciones más altes en tres tipos d'estructura xeolóxica: los depósitos ígneos, los cráteres d'impautu, y depósitos ellaboraos a partir d'una d'estes estructures. La reserva primaria d'iridiu más grande conocida ye la del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complexu_%C3%ADgneu_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complexu ígneu Bushveld (la páxina nun esiste)">complexu ígneu Bushveld</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sud%C3%A1frica" title="Sudáfrica">Sudáfrica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-pt_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anque los grandes depósitos de cobre-níquel cerca de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norilsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norilsk (la páxina nun esiste)">Norilsk</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, y la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuenca_de_Sudbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuenca de Sudbury (la páxina nun esiste)">cuenca de Sudbury</a> en <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá">Canadá</a><sup id="cite_ref-uam_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tamién son importantes fontes d'iridiu. Pequeñes reserves d'esti metal tamién fueron atopaes nos Estaos Xuníos.<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-pt_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'iridiu puede atopase en depósitos secundarios, combináu col platín o otros metales del grupu del platín en depósitos <a href="/wiki/%C3%81banu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ábanu">aluviales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uam_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esti tipu de depósitos fueron esplotaos poles <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_precolombina" title="América precolombina">cultures precolombines</a> nel departamentu del topetó, entá anguaño siguen siendo una fonte de metales del grupu del platín. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presencia_na_llende_K-T">Presencia na llende K-T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar seición: Presencia na llende K-T" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Presencia na llende K-T"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:K-T_boundary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K-T_boundary.jpg/220px-K-T_boundary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K-T_boundary.jpg/330px-K-T_boundary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K-T_boundary.jpg/440px-K-T_boundary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>La flecha colorada señala la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llende_K-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llende K-T (la páxina nun esiste)">Llende K-T</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4219085"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artículu principal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estinci%C3%B3n_masiva_del_Cret%C3%A1cicu_Terciariu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estinción masiva del Cretácicu Terciariu (la páxina nun esiste)">Estinción masiva del Cretácicu Terciariu</a></div> <p>La llende K-T de 65 millones d'años, marca la frontera temporal ente los periodos <a href="/wiki/Cret%C3%A1cicu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretácicu">Cretácicu</a> y el <a href="/wiki/Era_Cenozoica" class="mw-redirect" title="Era Cenozoica">Cenozoicu</a> del <a href="/wiki/Xeolox%C3%ADa_hist%C3%B3rica" title="Xeoloxía histórica">tiempu xeolóxicu</a>, foi identificáu por cuenta de una delgada <a href="/wiki/Estratu" title="Estratu">capa</a> de magre ricu n'iridiu,<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-evs_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la cantidá d'esta capa d'iridiu podría contener 200.000 tonelaes d'esi metal.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicxulub_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicxulub-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>, un equipu lideráu por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Walter_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Walter Álvarez (la páxina nun esiste)">Luis Walter Álvarez</a>, propunxo un orixe estraterrestre pa tou esti iridiu atopáu na capa; atribuyir a un impautu d'<a href="/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide">asteroide</a> o d'un <a href="/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa">cometa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natgeo.es_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo.es-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esta teoría, conocida como la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hip%C3%B3tesis_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipótesis Álvarez (la páxina nun esiste)">hipótesis Álvarez</a>, ye la más aceptada pa esplicar la estinción de los dinosaurios. Un gran cráter d'impautu soterráu que data de hai 65 millones d'años foi identificáu no que güei se conoz como la <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Península de Yucatán">península de Yucatán</a> (el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cr%C3%A1ter_de_Chicxulub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cráter de Chicxulub (la páxina nun esiste)">cráter de Chicxulub</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey M. McLean y otros científicos argumenten qu'esi iridiu podría tener oríxenes volcánicos por cuenta de que'l nucleu de la tierra ye rica n'iridiu, y entá güei, volcanes activos como'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piton_de_la_Fournaise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piton de la Fournaise (la páxina nun esiste)">Piton de la Fournaise</a> ("picu del fornu") na islla de <a href="/wiki/Reuni%C3%B3n_(departamentu_de_Francia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunión (departamentu de Francia)">Reunión</a> siguen lliberando iridiu.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producción"><span id="Producci.C3.B3n"></span>Producción</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar seición: Producción" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Producción"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right; margin:5px"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Añu</th> <th>Preciu<br />(<a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3lar_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dólar de los Estaos Xuníos">$</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toma_troy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toma troy (la páxina nun esiste)">ozt</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-usgs2008-summary_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-summary-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>415.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>294.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>93.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>185.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>169.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>349.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>440.00 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>L'iridiu llógrase comercialmente como un subproductu de la minería y producción de níquel y cobre. Por aciu la electrorrefinación del cobre y el níquel, metales nobles como la plata, l'oru y los metales del grupu del platín, según el <a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu">seleniu</a> y el teluriu deposítense no fondero de la celda como folla anódico, que constitúi'l puntu de partida pa la so estracción.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs2008-summary_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-summary-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MinYb2006_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinYb2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Col fin de dixebrar los metales, lo primeru que debe faer se ye eslleir la folla nuna solución. Esisten dellos métodos, dependiendo del procesu de separación y la composición del amiestu. Dos métodos bien usaos son fundir con <a href="/w/index.php?title=Per%C3%B3xidu_de_sodiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peróxidu de sodiu (la páxina nun esiste)">peróxidu de sodiu</a> y depués eslleir en aqua regia, l'otru consiste n'eslleir nun amiestu de cloru y ácidu clorhídrico.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kirk-pt_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dempués de que s'esllea, l'iridiu dixebrar d'otros metales del grupu platín pola precipitación de (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>IrCl<sub>6</sub> o por aciu la estracción de IrCl<sup>-2</sup><sub>6</sub> con <a href="/wiki/Amina" title="Amina">amines</a> orgániques.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El primer métodu ye similar al procedimientu de Tennant y Wollaston utilizáu pa la so separación. El segundu métodu puede planiase como una continua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estracci%C3%B3n_l%C3%ADquidu-l%C3%ADquidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estracción líquidu-líquidu (la páxina nun esiste)">estracción líquidu-líquidu</a> y polo tanto más fayadiza pa la producción a escala industrial. Sía que non, el productu amenorgar por aciu l'usu d'hidróxenu, produciendo'l metal en forma de polvu o esponxa que puede tratase con téuniques de metalurxa de polvos.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La producción añal d'iridiu nel añu 2000 foi d'alredor de 3 tonelaes, lo qu'equival a aproximao 100.000 tomes troy (ozt).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El preciu del iridiu algamó en <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a> un preciu de 440 dólares per toma troy,<sup id="cite_ref-usgs2008-summary_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-summary-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pero'l preciu hai fluctuado considerablemente, como s'amuesa na tabla, nel añu <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a> el preciu alzar a más 750 USD/ozt, sicasí, en permediu caltúvose nel rangu de los años 2007-<a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>, esto ye, de $425–$460 USD/ozt.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'alta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volatilid%C3%A1_(finances)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volatilidá (finances) (la páxina nun esiste)">volatilidá</a> nos precios de los metales pertenecientes al grupu del platín atribuyóse a la ufierta, demanda, la especulación y acaparamientu, amplificada pol pequeñu tamañu del mercáu y l'inestabilidá de los países productores.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicaciones">Aplicaciones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar seición: Aplicaciones" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Aplicaciones"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_y_melecinal">Industrial y melecinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editar seición: Industrial y melecinal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Industrial y melecinal"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'altu puntu de fusión, la durez y resistencia al escomiu del iridiu y les sos aleaciones determinen la mayoría de les sos aplicaciones. L'iridiu y especialmente les aleaciones iridiu-platín o osmiu-iridiu tienden a foliase bien pocu y son usaes, por casu, en múltiples fileres de poros, al traviés de les cualos un plásticu fundíu se extruye pa formar fibres, como'l <a href="/wiki/Ray%C3%B3n" class="mw-disambig" title="Rayón">rayón</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les aleaciones d'osmiu-iridiu son usaes en brúxules y balances.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La resistencia al escomiu y al calor faen del iridiu un axente d'aleación importante. Delles pieces de llarga duración en motores d'avión tán feches d'iridiu aleado y en tuberíes p'agües fondes úsase una aleación especial de <a href="/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu">titaniu</a>-iridiu por cuenta de la so resistencia al escomiu.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'iridiu tamién ye llargamente utilizáu como axente endurecedor n'aleaciones de platín. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durez_Vickers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durez Vickers (la páxina nun esiste)">durez Vickers</a> del platín puru ye de 56 HV, ente que la d'una aleación con 50% d'iridiu puede algamar dureces percima de los 500 HV.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De cutiu, dispositivos que tán espuestos a temperatures estremes facer d'iridiu, por casu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisol (la páxina nun esiste)">crisoles</a> d'alto temperatura fechos d'iridiu utilizar nel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procesu_Czochralski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procesu Czochralski (la páxina nun esiste)">procesu Czochralski</a> pa producir óxidu de monocristales (como <a href="/wiki/Zafiru" title="Zafiru">zafiros</a>) pa usar en dispositivos de memoria n'ordenadores y en láseres d'estáu sólidu.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handley_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handley-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La gran resistencia a l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrasi%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abrasión (la páxina nun esiste)">abrasión</a> del iridiu y el so aleaciones fáenlo ideal pa fabricar los contactos llétricos en <a href="/wiki/Bux%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buxía">buxíes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handley_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handley-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compuestos d'iridiu utilícense como catalizadores nel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procesu_Cativa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procesu Cativa (la páxina nun esiste)">procesu Cativa</a> pa la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonilaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbonilación (la páxina nun esiste)">carbonilación</a> del <a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">metanol</a> pa producir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acedu_ac%C3%A9ticu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acedu acéticu (la páxina nun esiste)">acedu acéticu</a><sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-acetic_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-acetic-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'iridiu en si mesmu ye usáu como catalizador nun tipu de motor p'automóvil introducíu en <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a> llamáu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_de_ignici%C3%B3n_direuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor de ignición direuta (la páxina nun esiste)">motor de ignición direuta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El radioisótopu <sup>192</sup>Ir ye una de los dos fontes d'enerxía más importantes pa usu industrial de la radiografía de rayos γ<sup id="cite_ref-insht.es_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insht.es-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensayu_non_destructivu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensayu non destructivu (la páxina nun esiste)">ensayos non destructivos</a> pa metales.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hellier_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellier-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amás, <sup>192</sup>Ir utilízase como una fonte de <a href="/wiki/Rayu_gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayu gamma">radiación gamma</a> pal tratamientu del cáncer por aciu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braquiterapia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braquiterapia (la páxina nun esiste)">braquiterapia</a>, una forma de radioterapia onde s'asitia una fonte radiactiva sellada nel interior o xunto a la zona que rique tratamientu.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Científiques"><span id="Cient.C3.ADfiques"></span>Científiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editar seición: Científiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Científiques"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/220px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/330px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/440px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4232" data-file-height="2781" /></a><figcaption>La barra de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototipu_internacional_de_metro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototipu internacional de metro (la páxina nun esiste)">prototipu internacional de metro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1889" title="1889">1889</a> usóse una aleación de 90% de platín y 10% d'iridiu pa construyir el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototipu_internacional_de_metru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototipu internacional de metru (la páxina nun esiste)">prototipu internacional de metru</a> y <a href="/wiki/Quilogramu" title="Quilogramu">quilogramu</a> realizáu pola <a href="/wiki/Oficina_Internacional_de_Peses_y_Mid%C3%ADes" title="Oficina Internacional de Peses y Midíes">oficina internacional de peses y midíes</a> cerca a <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París">París</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La definición de la barra de metro foi reemplazada de la unidá fundamental de midida en <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> per una llinia del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectru_d%27emisi%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espectru d'emisión (la páxina nun esiste)">espectro atómicu</a> del <a href="/wiki/Kript%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriptón">kriptón</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meter_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meter-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pero'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototipu (la páxina nun esiste)">prototipu</a> de quilogramu sigue siendo l'estándar internacional de masa.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'iridiu foi utilizáu nos xeneradores termoeléctricos de radioisótopos de naves espaciales non tripulaes, como'l <a href="/wiki/Voyager" title="Voyager">Voyager</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programa_Viking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programa Viking (la páxina nun esiste)">Viking</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programa_Pioneer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programa Pioneer (la páxina nun esiste)">Pioneer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassini-Huygens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassini-Huygens (la páxina nun esiste)">Cassini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galileo_(misi%C3%B3n_espacial)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galileo (misión espacial) (la páxina nun esiste)">Galileo</a> y na nave <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a>. L'iridiu foi escoyíu pa encapsular el combustible de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoniu-238&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plutoniu-238 (la páxina nun esiste)">plutoniu-238</a> nel xenerador por cuenta de la gran resistencia del material y les sos capacidaes operatives percima de los 2000 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamién s'utiliza esti metal pa xenerar <a href="/wiki/Rayos_X" title="Rayos X">Rayos X</a> ópticos, cuantimás en telescopios de rayos X.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los espeyos del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Observatoriu_de_rayos_X_Chandra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observatoriu de rayos X Chandra (la páxina nun esiste)">observatoriu de rayos X Chandra</a> tán recubiertos con una capa d'iridiu 60 <a href="/wiki/Nm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nm">nm</a> d'espesura. L'iridiu demostró ser la meyor opción pa reflexar rayos X, superando a metales como'l níquel, l'oru, el platín. La capa d'iridiu, que tuvo que ser de la espesura d'apenes unos cuantos átomos, foi aplicada por aciu altu vacíu depositando iridiu gaseosu nuna capa base de <a href="/wiki/Cromu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromu">cromu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:C-HactnBergGrah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal formula presentation of a chemical transformation. The initial compounds have a C5H5 ring on their top and an iridium atom in the center, which is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and a P-PH3 group or to two C-O groups. Reaction with alkane under UV light alters those groups." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/C-HactnBergGrah.png/450px-C-HactnBergGrah.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/C-HactnBergGrah.png/675px-C-HactnBergGrah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/C-HactnBergGrah.png/900px-C-HactnBergGrah.png 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Adición por oxidación d'hidrocarburos na <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_org%C3%A1nica" title="Química orgánica">química orgánica</a> del iridiu<sup id="cite_ref-RGB_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RGB-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WAGG_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAGG-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>L'iridiu usar na <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_de_part%C3%ADcules" title="Física de partícules">física de partícules</a> pa la producción d'<a href="/wiki/Antiprotones" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotones">antiprotones</a>, una forma d'<a href="/wiki/Antimateria" title="Antimateria">antimateria</a>. Los antiprotones producir al disparar un fexe de protones d'alta intensidá a un <i>oxetivu de conversión</i>, que tien de ser fechu d'un material desaxeradamente trupo. A pesar de que'l <a href="/wiki/Tungsteniu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsteniu">tungsteniu</a> puede utilizase en llugar del iridiu, esti postreru tien la ventaya de que tien una meyor estabilidá so les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onda_de_choque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onda de choque (la páxina nun esiste)">ondes de choque</a> inducíes pol aumentu de la temperatura mientres el rayu incidente.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complexos d'iridiu tán siendo investigaos como catalizadores para <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%ADntesis_asim%C3%A9trica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Síntesis asimétrica (la páxina nun esiste)">hidrogenación asimétrica</a>. Estos catalizadores utilizáronse na síntesis de productos naturales capaces de hidrogenar determinaos sustratos difíciles, tales como alquenos, enantioselectivamente (la xeneración de namái unu de los dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enanti%C3%B3meros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enantiómeros (la páxina nun esiste)">enantiómeros</a> posibles).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'iridiu forma una variedá de complexos d'interés fundamental na recueya de tripletes.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Históriques"><span id="Hist.C3.B3riques"></span>Históriques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Editar seición: Históriques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Históriques"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Fountain-pen-nib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fountain-pen-nib.jpg/175px-Fountain-pen-nib.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fountain-pen-nib.jpg/263px-Fountain-pen-nib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fountain-pen-nib.jpg/350px-Fountain-pen-nib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluma_estilogr%C3%A1fica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluma estilográfica (la páxina nun esiste)">Pluma estilográfica</a> con punta d'iridiu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aleaciones d'iridiu-osmiu usáronse en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluma_estilogr%C3%A1fica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluma estilográfica (la páxina nun esiste)">plumes estilográfiques</a>. El primer usu d'una cantidá importante d'iridiu foi nel añu de 1834 nuna punta d'iridiu montada n'oru.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dende 1944, la famosa pluma estilográfica <i>Parker 51</i> foi fornida con una punta d'una aleación de ruteniu ya iridiu (3.8% d'iridiu). Utilizáronse aleaciones de platín-iridiu nos furacos de ventilación de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n_(artiller%C3%ADa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cañón (artillería) (la páxina nun esiste)">cañones</a>; esta ye una aplicación importante pos evita los gastos causaos pola gastadura d'estos furos cuando tán en serviciu.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El pigmentu "<i>iridiu negru</i>", que consiste n'iridiu estremáu bien finamente, usar pa colorear <a href="/wiki/Porzolana" title="Porzolana">porzolanes</a> d'un color negru intensu.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procuros">Procuros</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Editar seición: Procuros" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Procuros"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'iridiu en forma de metal nun ye peligrosu pa la salú por cuenta de la so poca reactividá colos texíos, namái hai 20 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partes_per_trill%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partes per trillón (la páxina nun esiste)">partes per trillón</a> d'iridiu nos texíos humanos.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sicasí, el polvu finamente estremáu d'iridiu puede ser peligrosu de remanar, yá que ye irritante y puede engafar nel aire.<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-pt_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sábese bien pocu alrodiu de la toxicidá de los compuestos d'iridiu por cuenta de la escasez del metal y a que los sos compuestos utilizar en cantidaes bien pequeñes, pero los sales solubles, tales como los haluros d'iridiu, podríen ser peligrosos por cuenta de los otros elementos que faen parte del compuestu.<sup id="cite_ref-mager_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mager-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insht.es_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insht.es-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sicasí, la gran mayoría de los compuestos d'iridiu son insolubles, lo que fai que l'absorción involuntaria d'estos compuestos pol cuerpu humanu seya difícil.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un radioisótopo d'iridiu, el <sup>192</sup>Ir, ye peligrosu al igual que cualesquier otru isótopu radioactivu. Los únicos reportes rellacionaos con mancadures per iridiu concernen a la esposición accidental de <sup>192</sup>Ir usáu en braquiterapia.<sup id="cite_ref-mager_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mager-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insht.es_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insht.es-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les altes radiaciones de rayu gamma d'alta enerxía pol <sup>192</sup>Ir pueden amontar el riesgu de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cáncer">cáncer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-insht.es_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insht.es-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La esposición esterna puede causar quemadures, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Envelenamientu_por_radiaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Envelenamientu por radiación (la páxina nun esiste)">envelenamientu por radiación</a>, y la muerte. La ingestión de <sup>192</sup>Ir puede quemar el revestimiento del estómagu y de los intestinos.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup>192</sup>Ir, <sup>192m</sup>Ir y <sup>194m</sup>Ir tienden a depositase nel <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9gadu" title="Fégadu">fégadu</a>, y puede plantegar riesgos pa la salú tantu por radiación gamma como por radiación beta.<sup id="cite_ref-argonne_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-argonne-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_tamién"><span id="Ver_tami.C3.A9n"></span>Ver tamién</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Editar seición: Ver tamién" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Ver tamién"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oru" title="Oru">Oru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%ADn" title="Platín">Platín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plata" title="Plata">Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre">Cobre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Editar seición: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Notes"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3503771">@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .llistaref{column-count:1!important}}</style><div class="llistaref" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Los estaos d'oxidación más comunes del iridiu tán en negrina. La columna de la derecha amuesa un compuestu representativu de cada estáu d'oxidación.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>iridiu</i> vien del inglés "Iridium", que significa lliteralmente "de arcoíris".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Como otros metales preciosos, l'iridiu cotiza davezu en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toma_troy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toma troy (la páxina nun esiste)">tomes troy</a>, qu'equivalen aproximao a 31.1 gramos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">La definición del metro foi camudada de nuevu en <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>. Anguaño'l metro ye definíu como la distancia en que viaxa la lluz nel baleró mientres 1⁄299,792,458 d'un segundu.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencies">Referencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Editar seición: Referencies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Referencies"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3503771"><div class="llistaref" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PlatRev-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PlatRev_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Arblaster: <i>Densities of Osmium and Iridium</i>, in: Platinum Metals Review, 1989, 33, 1, S. 14–16; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-014-016.pdf">Volltext</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207064113/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-014-016.pdf">Archiváu</a> 2012-02-07 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Esti términu apaez nel <i><a href="/wiki/Diccionariu_de_la_Llingua_Asturiana" title="Diccionariu de la Llingua Asturiana">Diccionariu de l'Academia de la Llingua Asturiana</a></i>. Ver: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diccionariu.alladixital.org/index.php?pallabra=iridiu">iridiu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insht.es-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insht.es_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insht.es_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insht.es_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insht.es_3-3">3,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insht.es_3-4">3,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insht.es_3-5">3,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insht.es/InshtWeb/Conteníos/Documentacion/TextosOnline/EnciclopediaOIT/tomo2/63.pdf">Metales: Propiedaes químiques y toxicidá, Iridiu, revisáu'l 3 de setiembre de 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-0">4,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-1">4,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-2">4,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-3">4,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-4">4,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-5">4,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-6">4,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-7">4,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-8">4,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-9">4,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-10">4,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-11">4,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-12">4,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evs_4-13">4,13</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/Iridium.pdf">Iridium, revisáu'l 3 de setiembre de 2011 (n'inglés)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_5-2">5,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFÁlvarez,_L._W.;_Álvarez,_W.;_Asaro,_F.;_Michel,_H._V.1980"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Walter_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Walter Álvarez (la páxina nun esiste)">Álvarez, L. W.</a>; Álvarez, W.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H. V. (1980). <i>Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction</i>. 208.  p. 1095–1108. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.208.4448.1095">10.1126/science.208.4448.1095</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17783054">17783054</a></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Sci...208.1095A">1980Sci...208.1095A</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extraterrestrial+cause+for+the+Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary+extinction&rft.aulast=%5B%5BLuis+Walter+%C3%81lvarez%7C%C3%81lvarez%2C+L.+W.%5D%5D%3B+%C3%81lvarez%2C+W.%3B+Asaro%2C+F.%3B+Michel%2C+H.+V.&rft.au=%5B%5BLuis+Walter+%C3%81lvarez%7C%C3%81lvarez%2C+L.+W.%5D%5D%3B+%C3%81lvarez%2C+W.%3B+Asaro%2C+F.%3B+Michel%2C+H.+V.&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=4448&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B1095%E2%80%931108&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.208.4448.1095&rft_id=info:pmid/17783054&rft_id=info:bibcode/1980Sci...208.1095A&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chicxulub-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chicxulub_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chicxulub_6-1">6,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chicxulub_6-2">6,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xtec.es/recursos/astronom/craters/chicxulubs.htm">Iridiu y nos meteoritos, revisáu'l 3 de setiembre de 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo.es-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo.es_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo.es_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo.es_7-2">7,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.es/ciencia/mundo-prehistoricos-/dinosaur-extinction">Iridiu, estinción de los dinosaurios y el nucleu terrestre, revisáu en 3 de setiembre de 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ullmann-pt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-1">8,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-2">8,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-3">8,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_8-4">8,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Renner, H.; Schlamp, G.; Kleinwächter, I.; Drost, Y.; Lüschow, H. M.; Tews, P.; Panster, P.; Diehl, M.; Lang, J.; Kreuzer, T.; Knödler, A.; Starz, K. A.; Dermann, K.; Rothaut, J.; Drieselman, R. (2002). «Platinum group metals and compounds», <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Wiley.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uam-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uam_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uam_9-1">9,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uam_9-2">9,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uam_9-3">9,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uam_9-4">9,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uam_9-5">9,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uam_9-6">9,6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uam.es/docencia/elemento/spV21/sinmarcos/elementos/ir.html">Universidá Autónoma de Madrid, Iridiu, revisáu'l 3 de setiembre de 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corr-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-corr_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ast" dir="ltr">Error de cita: La etiqueta <code><ref></code> nun ye válida; nun se conseñó testu pa les referencies nomaes <code>corr</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-greenwood-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-0">11,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-1">11,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-2">11,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-3">11,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-4">11,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-5">11,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-6">11,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-7">11,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-8">11,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-9">11,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-10">11,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-11">11,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_11-12">11,12</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Greenwood, N. N.;  Earnshaw, A. (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i>, 2nd, Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann, páx. 1113–1143, 1294. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-7506-3365-4" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-7506-3365-4">ISBN 0-7506-3365-4</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-0">12,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-1">12,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-2">12,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-3">12,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-4">12,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-5">12,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-6">12,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-7">12,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-8">12,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-9">12,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-10">12,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-11">12,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-12">12,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_12-13">12,13</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFHunt1987">Hunt, L. B. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v31-i1-032-041"><i>A History of Iridium</i></a>. 31.  p. 32–41<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v31-i1-032-041">http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v31-i1-032-041</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iridium&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rft.au=Hunt%2C%26%2332%3BL.+B.&rft.date=1987&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B32%E2%80%9341&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fdynamic%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fpmr-v31-i1-032-041&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Kittel, C. (2004). <i>Introduction to Solid state Physics, 7th Edition</i>. Wiley-India. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/81-265-1045-5" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/81-265-1045-5">ISBN 81-265-1045-5</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFArblaster,_J._W.1995">Arblaster, J. W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045236/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164"><i>Osmium, the Densest Metal Known</i></a>. 39.  p. 164. Archivado del <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164">original</a> el 2011-09-27<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045236/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164">https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045236/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultáu'l 2015-11-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmium%2C+the+Densest+Metal+Known&rft.aulast=Arblaster%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Arblaster%2C+J.+W.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110927045236%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fdynamic%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fpmr-v39-i4-164-164&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Cotton, Simon (1997). <i>Chemistry of Precious Metals</i>. Springer-Verlag New York, LLC, páx. 78. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780751404135" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780751404135">ISBN 9780751404135</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crc-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-crc_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Lide, D. R. (1990). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th Edn.)</i>. Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFArblaster,_J._W.1989">Arblaster, J. W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207064113/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-014-016.pdf"><i>Densities of osmium and iridium: recalculations based upon a review of the latest crystallographic data</i></a>. 33.  p. 14–16. Archivado del <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-014-016.pdf">original</a> el 2012-02-07<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207064113/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-014-016.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20120207064113/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-014-016.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultáu'l 2015-11-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Densities+of+osmium+and+iridium%3A+recalculations+based+upon+a+review+of+the+latest+crystallographic+data&rft.aulast=Arblaster%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Arblaster%2C+J.+W.&rft.date=1989&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B14%E2%80%9316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120207064113%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fpdf%2Fpmr-v33-i1-014-016.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-0">18,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-1">18,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-2">18,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-3">18,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-4">18,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-5">18,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-6">18,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-7">18,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-8">18,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-9">18,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-10">18,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-11">18,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_18-12">18,12</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Emsley, J. (2003). «Iridium», <i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements</i>. Oxford, England, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, páx. 201–204. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-19-850340-7" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-19-850340-7">ISBN 0-19-850340-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perry-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perry_19-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perry_19-1">19,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Perry, D. L. (1995). <i>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds</i>. CRC Press, páx. 203–204. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-8492-8671-3" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-8492-8671-3">ISBN 0-8492-8671-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lagowski-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lagowski_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> (2004)  Lagowski, J. J.: <i>Chemistry Foundations and Applications</i> <b>2</b>. Thomson Gale, páx. 250–251. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-02-865732-3" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-02-865732-3">ISBN 0-02-865732-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaska-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-vaska_22-0">21,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-vaska_22-1">21,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.uclm.es/profesoráu/afantinolo/QAVANZADA/Complexu%20de%20Vaska/Complexu%20de%20Vaska/Xtras/Estudiu.htm">Universidá de Castiella-La Mancha, complexu de Vaska, revisáu'l 3 de setiembre de 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFGulliver,_D._J;_Levason,_W.1982">Gulliver, D. J; Levason, W. (1982). <i>The chemistry of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum in the higher oxidation states</i>. 46.  p. 1–127. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-8545%2882%2985001-7">10.1016/0010-8545(82)85001-7</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+chemistry+of+ruthenium%2C+osmium%2C+rhodium%2C+iridium%2C+palladium+and+platinum+in+the+higher+oxidation+states&rft.aulast=Gulliver%2C+D.+J%3B+Levason%2C+W.&rft.au=Gulliver%2C+D.+J%3B+Levason%2C+W.&rft.date=1982&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%93127&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0010-8545%2882%2985001-7&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Holleman, A. F.;  Wiberg, Y.; Wiberg, N. (2001). <i>Inorganic Chemistry, 1st Edition</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-12-352651-5" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-12-352651-5">ISBN 0-12-352651-5</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFČernýJoubert,_J.-M.;_Kohlmann,_H.;_Yvon,_K.2002">Černý, R.; Joubert, J.-M.; Kohlmann, H.; Yvon, K. (2002). <i>Mg<sub>6</sub>Ir<sub>2</sub>H<sub>11</sub>, a new metal hydride containing saddle-like IrH<sup>-4</sup><sub>5</sub> and square-pyramidal IrH<sup>-3</sup><sub>6</sub> hydrido complexes</i>. 340.  p. 180–188. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0925-8388%2802%2900050-6">10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00050-6</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mg%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3EIr%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E11%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+a+new+metal+hydride+containing+saddle-like+IrH%3Csup%3E-4%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E+and+square-pyramidal+IrH%3Csup%3E-3%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E+hydrido+complexes&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cern%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=%C4%8Cern%C3%BD%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.au=Joubert%2C+J.-M.%3B+Kohlmann%2C+H.%3B+Yvon%2C+K.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=340&rft.issue=1-2&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B180%E2%80%93188&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0925-8388%2802%2900050-6&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFVaskaDiLuzio,_J.W.1961"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lauri_Vaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lauri Vaska (la páxina nun esiste)">Vaska, L.</a>; DiLuzio, J.W. (1961). <i>Carbonyl and Hydrido-Carbonyl Complexes of Iridium by Reaction with Alcohols. Hydrido Complexes by Reaction with Acid</i>. 83.  p. 2784–2785. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01473a054">10.1021/ja01473a054</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbonyl+and+Hydrido-Carbonyl+Complexes+of+Iridium+by+Reaction+with+Alcohols.+Hydrido+Complexes+by+Reaction+with+Acid&rft.aulast=Vaska&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Vaska%2C%26%2332%3BL.&rft.au=DiLuzio%2C+J.W.&rft.date=1961&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B2784%E2%80%932785&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fja01473a054&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFCrabtree1979"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Crabtree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert H. Crabtree (la páxina nun esiste)">Crabtree, R. H.</a> (1979). <i>Iridium compounds in catalysis</i>. 12.  p. 331–337. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Far50141a005">10.1021/ar50141a005</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iridium+compounds+in+catalysis&rft.aulast=Crabtree&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Crabtree%2C%26%2332%3BR.+H.&rft.date=1979&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B331%E2%80%93337&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Far50141a005&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Crabtree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert H. Crabtree (la páxina nun esiste)">Crabtree, R. H.</a> (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471662569.html">The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals</a></i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-0-471-66256-3" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-0-471-66256-3">ISBN 978-0-471-66256-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nubase-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nubase_29-0">28,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nubase_29-1">28,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nubase_29-2">28,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nubase_29-3">28,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nubase_29-4">28,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFAudi2003">Audi, G. (2003). <i>The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties</i>. 729. Atomic Mass Data Center.  p. 3–128. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+NUBASE+Evaluation+of+Nuclear+and+Decay+Properties&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Audi%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=729&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%93128&rft.pub=Atomic+Mass+Data+Center&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925193446/http://www2.ciemat.es/dyn/bandrripl/ListaRadionuc.ListaRadionucProc?natomico=77">Isótopos del Iridiu en ciemat.es, revisáu'l 3 de setiembre de 2011</a>». Archiváu dende l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ciemat.es/dyn/bandrripl/ListaRadionuc.ListaRadionucProc?natomico=77">orixinal</a>, el 2010-09-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFArblaster,_J._W.2003">Arblaster, J. W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/47-4-167-174"><i>The discoverers of the iridium isotopes: the thirty-six known iridium isotopes found between 1934 and 2001</i></a>. 47.  p. 167–174<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/47-4-167-174">http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/47-4-167-174</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+discoverers+of+the+iridium+isotopes%3A+the+thirty-six+known+iridium+isotopes+found+between+1934+and+2001&rft.aulast=Arblaster%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Arblaster%2C+J.+W.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B167%E2%80%93174&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fdynamic%2Farticle%2Fview%2F47-4-167-174&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ir-191-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ir-191_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Chereminisoff, N. P. (1990). <i>Handbook of Ceramics and Composites</i>. CRC Press, páx. 424. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-8247-8006-X" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-8247-8006-X">ISBN 0-8247-8006-X</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFOgden1976">Ogden, J. M. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3856354"><i>The So-Called 'Platinum' Inclusions in Egyptian Goldwork</i></a>. 62.  p. 138–144. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3856354">10.2307/3856354</a></span></small><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3856354">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3856354</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+So-Called+%27Platinum%27+Inclusions+in+Egyptian+Goldwork&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Ogden%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+M.&rft.date=1976&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B138%E2%80%93144&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F3856354&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3856354&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preCol-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-preCol_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFChaston1980">Chaston, J. C. (1980). <i>The Powder Metallurgy of Platinum</i>. 24.  p. 70–79.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Powder+Metallurgy+of+Platinum&rft.aulast=Chaston&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Chaston%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+C.&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B70%E2%80%9379&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFMcDonald,_M.959">McDonald, M. (959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v3-i4-140-145"><i>The Platinum of New Granada: Mining and Metallurgy in the Spanish Colonial Empire</i></a>. 3.  p. 140–145<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v3-i4-140-145">http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v3-i4-140-145</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Platinum+of+New+Granada%3A+Mining+and+Metallurgy+in+the+Spanish+Colonial+Empire&rft.aulast=McDonald%2C+M.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+M.&rft.date=959&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B140%E2%80%93145&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fdynamic%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fpmr-v3-i4-140-145&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Juan, J.; de Ulloa, A. (1748). <i>Rellación histórica del viaxe a l'América Meridional</i> <b>1</b> (en castellanu), páx. 606.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Thomson, T. (1831). <i>A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies</i>. Baldwin & Cradock, London; and William Blackwood, Edinburgh, páx. 693.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffith-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-griffith_38-0">37,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-griffith_38-1">37,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFGriffith,_W._P.2004">Griffith, W. P. (2004). <i>Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals. Part II: Osmium and iridium – events surrounding their discoveries</i>. 48.  p. 182–189. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1595%2F147106704X4844">10.1595/147106704X4844</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bicentenary+of+Four+Platinum+Group+Metals.+Part+II%3A+Osmium+and+iridium+%E2%80%93+events+surrounding+their+discoveries&rft.aulast=Griffith%2C+W.+P.&rft.au=Griffith%2C+W.+P.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B182%E2%80%93189&rft_id=info:doi/10.1595%2F147106704X4844&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weeks-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-weeks_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Weeks, M. Y. (1968). <i>Discovery of the Elements</i>, 7, Journal of Chemical Education, páx. 414–418. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-8486-8579-2" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-8486-8579-2">ISBN 0-8486-8579-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFTennant1804">Tennant, S. (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/107152"><i>On Two Metals, Found in the Black Powder Remaining after the Solution of Platina</i></a>. 94.  p. 411–418. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0018">10.1098/rstl.1804.0018</a></span></small><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/107152">http://www.jstor.org/pss/107152</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Two+Metals%2C+Found+in+the+Black+Powder+Remaining+after+the+Solution+of+Platina&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Tennant%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.date=1804&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B411%E2%80%93418&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fpss%2F107152&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFMössbauer1958"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Mössbauer (la páxina nun esiste)">Mössbauer, R. L.</a> (1958)<span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);"> (n'alemán)</span>. <i>Gammastrahlung in Ir<sup>191</sup></i>. 151.  p. 124–143. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01344210">10.1007/BF01344210</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ZPhy..151..124M">1958ZPhy..151..124M</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gammastrahlung+in+Ir%3Csup%3E191%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6ssbauer&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=M%C3%B6ssbauer%2C%26%2332%3BR.+L.&rft.date=1958&rft.volume=151&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B124%E2%80%93143&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF01344210&rft_id=info:bibcode/1958ZPhy..151..124M&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Waller, I. (1964). «The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961: presentation speech», <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1961/press.html">Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942–1962</a></i>. Elsevier.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFScott,_Y._R._D.;_Wasson,_J._T.;_Buchwald,_V._F.1973">Scott, Y. R. D.; Wasson, J. T.; Buchwald, V. F. (1973). <i>The chemical classification of iron meteorites—VII. A reinvestigation of irons with Gue concentrations between 25 and 80 ppm</i>. 37.  p. 1957–1983. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2873%2990151-8">10.1016/0016-7037(73)90151-8</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973GeCoA..37.1957S">1973GeCoA..37.1957S</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+chemical+classification+of+iron+meteorites%E2%80%94VII.+A+reinvestigation+of+irons+with+Gue+concentrations+between+25+and+80+ppm&rft.aulast=Scott%2C+Y.+R.+D.%3B+Wasson%2C+J.+T.%3B+Buchwald%2C+V.+F.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Y.+R.+D.%3B+Wasson%2C+J.+T.%3B+Buchwald%2C+V.+F.&rft.date=1973&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B1957%E2%80%931983&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2873%2990151-8&rft_id=info:bibcode/1973GeCoA..37.1957S&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-argonne-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-argonne_45-0">43,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-argonne_45-1">43,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/Iridium.pdf">Iridium</a>». <i>Human Health Fact Sheet</i>.  Argonne National Laboratory. Consultáu'l 20 de setiembre de 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFXiaoLaplante,_A._R.2004">Xiao, Z.; Laplante, A. R. (2004). <i>Characterizing and recovering the platinum group minerals—a review</i>. 17.  p. 961–979. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2004.04.001">10.1016/j.mineng.2004.04.001</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Characterizing+and+recovering+the+platinum+group+minerals%E2%80%94a+review&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Xiao%2C%26%2332%3BZ.&rft.au=Laplante%2C+A.+R.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B961%E2%80%93979&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2004.04.001&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirk-pt-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kirk-pt_47-0">45,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kirk-pt_47-1">45,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kirk-pt_47-2">45,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kirk-pt_47-3">45,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Seymour, R. J.;  O'Farrelly, J. I. (2001). «Platinum-group metals», <i>Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>. Wiley.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFHildebrandPenfield,_Glen_T.;_Kring,_David_A.;_Pilkington,_Mark;_Zanoguera,_Antonio_Camargo;_Jacobsen,_Stein_B.;_Boynton,_William_V.1991">Hildebrand, A. R.; Penfield, Glen T.; Kring, David A.; Pilkington, Mark; Zanoguera, Antonio Camargo; Jacobsen, Stein B.; Boynton, William V. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/9/867"><i>Chicxulub Crater; a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico</i></a>. 19.  p. 867–871. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281991%29019%3C0867%3ACCAPCT%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:CCAPCT>2.3.CO;2</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Geo....19..867H">1991Geo....19..867H</a></small><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/9/867">http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/9/867</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicxulub+Crater%3B+a+possible+Cretaceous%2FTertiary+boundary+impact+crater+on+the+Yucatan+Peninsula%2C+Mexico&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft.au=Hildebrand%2C%26%2332%3BA.+R.&rft.au=Penfield%2C+Glen+T.%3B+Kring%2C+David+A.%3B+Pilkington%2C+Mark%3B+Zanoguera%2C+Antonio+Camargo%3B+Jacobsen%2C+Stein+B.%3B+Boynton%2C+William+V.&rft.date=1991&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B867%E2%80%93871&rft_id=info:doi/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281991%29019%3C0867%3ACCAPCT%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info:bibcode/1991Geo....19..867H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F19%2F9%2F867&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Frankel, C. (1999). <i>The End of the Dinosaurs: Chicxulub Crater and Mass Extinctions</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-521-47447-7" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-521-47447-7">ISBN 0-521-47447-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Ryder, G.; Fastovsky, D. Y.; Gartner, S. (1996). <i>The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History</i>. Geological Society of America, páx. 47. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-8137-2307-8" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-8137-2307-8">ISBN 0-8137-2307-8</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFToutain,_J.-P.;_Meyer,_G.1989">Toutain, J.-P.; Meyer, G. (1989). «Iridium-Bearing Sublimates at a Hot-Spot Volcano (Piton De La Fournaise, Indian Ocean)». <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i> <b>16</b> (12):  páxs. 1391–1394. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2FGL016i012p01391">10.1029/GL016i012p01391</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989GeoRL..16.1391T">1989GeoRL..16.1391T</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iridium-Bearing+Sublimates+at+a+Hot-Spot+Volcano+%28Piton+De+La+Fournaise%2C+Indian+Ocean%29&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.aulast=Toutain%2C+J.-P.%3B+Meyer%2C+G.&rft.au=Toutain%2C+J.-P.%3B+Meyer%2C+G.&rft.date=1989&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp%C3%A1xs.%26nbsp%3B1391%E2%80%931394&rft_id=info:doi/10.1029%2FGL016i012p01391&rft_id=info:bibcode/1989GeoRL..16.1391T&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs2008-summary-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usgs2008-summary_52-0">50,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usgs2008-summary_52-1">50,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usgs2008-summary_52-2">50,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFGeorge,_M._W.2008">George, M. W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/mcs-2008-plati.pdf"><i>Platinum-group metals</i></a>. USGS Mineral Resources Program<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/mcs-2008-plati.pdf">http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/mcs-2008-plati.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platinum-group+metals&rft.aulast=George%2C+M.+W.&rft.au=George%2C+M.+W.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=USGS+Mineral+Resources+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fplatinum%2Fmcs-2008-plati.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFGeorge,_M._W.2006">George, M. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/platimcs06.pdf"><i>Platinum-group metals</i></a>. USGS Mineral Resources Program<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/platimcs06.pdf">http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/platimcs06.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platinum-group+metals&rft.aulast=George%2C+M.+W.&rft.au=George%2C+M.+W.&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=USGS+Mineral+Resources+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fplatinum%2Fplatimcs06.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MinYb2006-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MinYb2006_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">George, M. W.. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/myb1-2006-plati.pdf">2006 Minerals Yearbook: Platinum-Group Metals</a></i> (PDF), United States Geological Survey USGS.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFGilchrist1943">Gilchrist, Raleigh (1943). <i>The Platinum Metals.</i>. 32.  p. 277–372. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60103a002">10.1021/cr60103a002</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Platinum+Metals.&rft.aulast=Gilchrist&rft.aufirst=Raleigh&rft.au=Gilchrist%2C%26%2332%3BRaleigh&rft.date=1943&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B277%E2%80%93372&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fcr60103a002&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFOhriner2008">Ohriner, Y. K. (2008). <i>Processing of Iridium and Iridium Alloys</i>. 52.  p. 186–197. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1595%2F147106708X333827">10.1595/147106708X333827</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Processing+of+Iridium+and+Iridium+Alloys&rft.aulast=Ohriner&rft.aufirst=Y.+K.&rft.au=Ohriner%2C%26%2332%3BY.+K.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B186%E2%80%93197&rft_id=info:doi/10.1595%2F147106708X333827&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFHuntLever,_F._M.1969">Hunt, L. B.; Lever, F. M. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029205825/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf"><i>Platinum Metals: A Survey of Productive Resources to industrial Uses</i></a>. 13.  p. 126–138. Archivado del <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf">original</a> el 2008-10-29<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029205825/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20081029205825/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platinum+Metals%3A+A+Survey+of+Productive+Resources+to+industrial+Uses&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rft.au=Hunt%2C%26%2332%3BL.+B.&rft.au=Lever%2C+F.+M.&rft.date=1969&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B126%E2%80%93138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20081029205825%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fpdf%2Fpmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinum.matthey.com/pgm-prices/price-charts/">Price charts</a>» <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d)">(inglés)</span></span>. Consultáu'l 28 d'ochobre de 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFHagelüken,_C.2006">Hagelüken, C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preciousmetals.umicore.com/publications/articles_by_umicore/xeneral/show_Metal_PGMmarkets_200602.pdf"><i>Markets for the catalysts metals platinum, palladium, and rhodium</i></a>. 60.  p. 31–42<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.preciousmetals.umicore.com/publications/articles_by_umicore/xeneral/show_Metal_PGMmarkets_200602.pdf">http://www.preciousmetals.umicore.com/publications/articles_by_umicore/xeneral/show_Metal_PGMmarkets_200602.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+for+the+catalysts+metals+platinum%2C+palladium%2C+and+rhodium&rft.aulast=Hagel%C3%BCken%2C+C.&rft.au=Hagel%C3%BCken%2C+C.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B31%E2%80%9342&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preciousmetals.umicore.com%2Fpublications%2Farticles_by_umicore%2Fxeneral%2Fshow_Metal_PGMmarkets_200602.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFEgorovaKorotkov,_B._V.;_Yaroshchuk,_Y._G.;_Mirkus,_K._A.;_Dorofeev_N._A.;_Serkov,_A._T.1979">Egorova, R. V.; Korotkov, B. V.; Yaroshchuk, Y. G.; Mirkus, K. A.; Dorofeev N. A.; Serkov, A. T. (1979). <i>Spinnerets for viscose rayon cord yarn</i>. 10.  p. 377–378. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00543390">10.1007/BF00543390</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spinnerets+for+viscose+rayon+cord+yarn&rft.aulast=Egorova&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rft.au=Egorova%2C%26%2332%3BR.+V.&rft.au=Korotkov%2C+B.+V.%3B+Yaroshchuk%2C+Y.+G.%3B+Mirkus%2C+K.+A.%3B+Dorofeev+N.+A.%3B+Serkov%2C+A.+T.&rft.date=1979&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B377%E2%80%93378&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00543390&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFDarling1960">Darling, A. S. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v4-i1-018-026.pdf"><i>Iridium Platinum Alloys</i></a>. 4.  p. 18–26<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v4-i1-018-026.pdf">http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v4-i1-018-026.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultáu'l 13 d'ochobre de 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iridium+Platinum+Alloys&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.au=Darling%2C%26%2332%3BA.+S.&rft.date=1960&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=l&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B18%E2%80%9326&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fpdf%2Fpmr-v4-i1-018-026.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFBiggsTaylor,_S._S.;_van_der_Lingen,_Y.2005">Biggs, T.; Taylor, S. S.; van der Lingen, Y. (2005). <i>The Hardening of Platinum Alloys for Potential Jewellery Application</i>. 49.  p. 2–15. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1595%2F147106705X24409">10.1595/147106705X24409</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hardening+of+Platinum+Alloys+for+Potential+Jewellery+Application&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Biggs%2C%26%2332%3BT.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+S.+S.%3B+van+der+Lingen%2C+Y.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B2%E2%80%9315&rft_id=info:doi/10.1595%2F147106705X24409&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFCrookes1908"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Crookes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Crookes (la páxina nun esiste)">Crookes, W.</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/93031"><i>On the Use of Iridium Crucibles in Chemical Operations</i></a>. 80.  p. 535–536. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1908.0046">10.1098/rspa.1908.0046</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1908RSPSA..80..535C">1908RSPSA..80..535C</a></small><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/93031">http://www.jstor.org/pss/93031</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Use+of+Iridium+Crucibles+in+Chemical+Operations&rft.aulast=Crookes&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Crookes%2C%26%2332%3BW.&rft.date=1908&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=541&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B535%E2%80%93536&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspa.1908.0046&rft_id=info:bibcode/1908RSPSA..80..535C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fpss%2F93031&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handley-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Handley_65-0">62,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Handley_65-1">62,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFHandley1986">Handley, J. R. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609195631/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v30-i1-012-013"><i>Increasing Applications for Iridium</i></a>. 30.  p. 12–13. Archivado del <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v30-i1-012-013">original</a> el 2011-06-09<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609195631/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v30-i1-012-013">https://web.archive.org/web/20110609195631/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v30-i1-012-013</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultáu'l 2015-11-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Increasing+Applications+for+Iridium&rft.aulast=Handley&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Handley%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+R.&rft.date=1986&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B12%E2%80%9313&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110609195631%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fdynamic%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fpmr-v30-i1-012-013&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Stallforth, H.; Revell, P. A. (2000). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=I03qepnj2IwC">Euromat 99</a></i>. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-3-527-30124-9" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-3-527-30124-9">ISBN 978-3-527-30124-9</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ullmann-acetic-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-acetic_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Cheung, H.;  Tanke, R. S.; Torrence, G. P. (2000). «Acetic acid», <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Wiley.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFHalmshaw1954">Halmshaw, R. (1954). <i>The use and scope of Iridium 192 for the radiography of steel</i>. 5.  p. 238–243. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F5%2F7%2F302">10.1088/0508-3443/5/7/302</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954BJAP....5..238H">1954BJAP....5..238H</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+use+and+scope+of+Iridium+192+for+the+radiography+of+steel&rft.aulast=Halmshaw&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Halmshaw%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.date=1954&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B238%E2%80%93243&rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F5%2F7%2F302&rft_id=info:bibcode/1954BJAP....5..238H&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellier-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hellier_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Hellier, Chuck (2001). <i>Handbook of Nondestructive Evlaluation</i>. The McGraw-Hill Companies. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780070281219" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780070281219">ISBN 9780070281219</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meter-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-meter_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Penzes, W. B.. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mel.nist.gov/div821/museum/timeline.htm">Time Line for the Definition of the Meter</a>».  National Institute for Standards and Technology. Consultáu'l 16 de setiembre de 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Citaciones xenerales: <i>Recalibration of the U.S. National Prototype Kilogram</i>, R.S.Davis, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, <b>90</b>, Non. 4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">July–August</span> 1985 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/090/4/V90-4.pdf">5.5MB PDF, here</a>); and <i>The Kilogram and Measurements of Mass and Force</i>, Z.J.Jabbour <i>et al.</i>, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. <b>106</b>, 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">25–46</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/106/1/j61jab.pdf">3.5MB PDF, here</a>)<sub></sub></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_73-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFZiegler,Hignette,_O.;_Morawe,_Ch.;_Tucoulou,_R.2001">Ziegler,, Y.; Hignette, O.; Morawe, Ch.; Tucoulou, R. (2001). <i>High-efficiency tunable X-ray focusing optics using mirrors and laterally-graded multilayers</i>. 467–468.  p. 954–957. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-9002%2801%2900533-2">10.1016/S0168-9002(01)00533-2</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NIMPA.467..954Z">2001NIMPA.467..954Z</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High-efficiency+tunable+X-ray+focusing+optics+using+mirrors+and+laterally-graded+multilayers&rft.aulast=Ziegler%2C&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Ziegler%2C%2C%26%2332%3BY.&rft.au=Hignette%2C+O.%3B+Morawe%2C+Ch.%3B+Tucoulou%2C+R.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=467%E2%80%93468&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B954%E2%80%93957&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0168-9002%2801%2900533-2&rft_id=info:bibcode/2001NIMPA.467..954Z&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/press/bios/johnston.html">Face-to-Face with Jerry Johnston, CXC Program Manager & Bob Hahn, Chief Engineer at Optical Coating Laboratories, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA</a>».  Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Chandra X-ray Center. Consultáu'l 24 de setiembre de 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RGB-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RGB_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFJanowicz,_A._H.;_Bergman,_R._G.1982">Janowicz, A. H.; Bergman, R. G. (1982). <i>Carbon-hydrogen activation in completely saturated hydrocarbons: direct observation of M + R-H -> M(R)(H)</i>. 104.  p. 352–354. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00365a091">10.1021/ja00365a091</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbon-hydrogen+activation+in+completely+saturated+hydrocarbons%3A+direct+observation+of+M+%2B+R-H+-%3E+M%28R%29%28H%29&rft.aulast=Janowicz%2C+A.+H.%3B+Bergman%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Janowicz%2C+A.+H.%3B+Bergman%2C+R.+G.&rft.date=1982&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B352%E2%80%93354&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fja00365a091&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAGG-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WAGG_76-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFHoyano,_J._K.;_Graham,_W._A._G.1982">Hoyano, J. K.; Graham, W. A. G. (1982). <i>Oxidative addition of the carbon-hydrogen bonds of neopentane and cyclohexane to a photochemically generated iridium(I) complex</i>. 104.  p. 3723–3725. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00377a032">10.1021/ja00377a032</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxidative+addition+of+the+carbon-hydrogen+bonds+of+neopentane+and+cyclohexane+to+a+photochemically+generated+iridium%28I%29+complex&rft.aulast=Hoyano%2C+J.+K.%3B+Graham%2C+W.+A.+G.&rft.au=Hoyano%2C+J.+K.%3B+Graham%2C+W.+A.+G.&rft.date=1982&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B3723%E2%80%933725&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fja00377a032&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFMöhl1997">Möhl, D. (1997). <i>Production of low-energy antiprotons</i>. 109.  p. 33–41. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1012680728257">10.1023/A:1012680728257</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997HyInt.109...33M">1997HyInt.109...33M</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Production+of+low-energy+antiprotons&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=M%C3%B6hl%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B33%E2%80%9341&rft_id=info:doi/10.1023%2FA%3A1012680728257&rft_id=info:bibcode/1997HyInt.109...33M&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFKällström,_K;_Munslow,_I;_Andersson,_P._G.2006">Källström, K; Munslow, I; Andersson, P. G. (2006). <i>Ir-catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation: Ligands, substrates and mechanism</i>. 12.  p. 3194–3200. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.200500755">10.1002/chem.200500755</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304642">16304642</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ir-catalysed+asymmetric+hydrogenation%3A+Ligands%2C+substrates+and+mechanism&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4llstr%C3%B6m%2C+K%3B+Munslow%2C+I%3B+Andersson%2C+P.+G.&rft.au=K%C3%A4llstr%C3%B6m%2C+K%3B+Munslow%2C+I%3B+Andersson%2C+P.+G.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B3194%E2%80%933200&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fchem.200500755&rft_id=info:pmid/16304642&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFRoseblade,_S._J.;_Pfaltz,_A.2007">Roseblade, S. J.; Pfaltz, A. (2007). <i>Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins</i>. 40.  p. 1402–1411. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Far700113g">10.1021/ar700113g</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17672517">17672517</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iridium-catalyzed+asymmetric+hydrogenation+of+olefins&rft.aulast=Roseblade%2C+S.+J.%3B+Pfaltz%2C+A.&rft.au=Roseblade%2C+S.+J.%3B+Pfaltz%2C+A.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B1402%E2%80%931411&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Far700113g&rft_id=info:pmid/17672517&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFWangAndersson,_M._R.;_Thompson,_M._Y.;_Inganäsa,_O.2004">Wang, X.; Andersson, M. R.; Thompson, M. Y.; Inganäsa, O. (2004). <i>Electrophosphorescence from substituted poly(thiophene) doped with iridium or platinum complex</i>. 468.  p. 226–233. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tsf.2004.05.095">10.1016/j.tsf.2004.05.095</a></span></small>. <small><a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004TSF...468..226W">2004TSF...468..226W</a></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrophosphorescence+from+substituted+poly%28thiophene%29+doped+with+iridium+or+platinum+complex&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Wang%2C%26%2332%3BX.&rft.au=Andersson%2C+M.+R.%3B+Thompson%2C+M.+Y.%3B+Ingan%C3%A4sa%2C+O.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=468&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B226%E2%80%93233&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.tsf.2004.05.095&rft_id=info:bibcode/2004TSF...468..226W&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFTonzetich2002">Tonzetich, Zachary J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029205825/http://sa.rochester.edu/jur/issues/fall2002/tonzetich.pdf"><i>Organic Light Emitting Diodes—Developing Chemicals to Light the Future</i></a>. 1. Rochester University. Archivado del <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sa.rochester.edu/jur/issues/fall2002/tonzetich.pdf">original</a> el 2008-10-29<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029205825/http://sa.rochester.edu/jur/issues/fall2002/tonzetich.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20081029205825/http://sa.rochester.edu/jur/issues/fall2002/tonzetich.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultáu'l 10 d'ochobre de 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Light+Emitting+Diodes%E2%80%94Developing+Chemicals+to+Light+the+Future&rft.aulast=Tonzetich&rft.aufirst=Zachary+J.&rft.au=Tonzetich%2C%26%2332%3BZachary+J.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pub=Rochester+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20081029205825%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fsa.rochester.edu%2Fjur%2Fissues%2Ffall2002%2Ftonzetich.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal" id="CITAREFHolder,_Y.Langefeld,_B._M._W.;_Schubert,_O._S.">Holder, Y.; Langefeld, B. M. W.; Schubert, O. S. (25 d'abril de 2005). <i>New Trends in the Use of Transition Metal-Ligand Complexes for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices</i>. 17.  p. 1109–1121. <small><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.200400284">10.1002/adma.200400284</a></span></small>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Trends+in+the+Use+of+Transition+Metal-Ligand+Complexes+for+Applications+in+Electroluminescent+Devices&rft.aulast=Holder%2C+Y.&rft.au=Holder%2C+Y.&rft.au=Langefeld%2C+B.+M.+W.%3B+Schubert%2C+O.+S.&rft.date=25+d%27abril+de+2005&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B1109%E2%80%931121&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fadma.200400284&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation cita-Journal"> <i>The Paris Exhibition</i>. XV. 1867.  p. 182.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Exhibition&rft.date=1867&rft.volume=XV&rft.pages=%26nbsp%3Bp.%26nbsp%3B182&rfr_id=info:sid/ast.wikipedia.org:Iridiu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Pepper, J. H. (1861). <i>The Playbook of Metals: Including Personal Narratives of Visits to Coal, Lead, Copper, and Tin Mines, with a Large Number of Interesting Experiments Relating to Alchemy and the Chemistry of the Fifty Metallic Elements</i>. Routledge, Warne, and Routledge, páx. 455.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mager-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mager_85-0">81,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mager_85-1">81,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Mager Stellman, J. (1998). «Iridium», <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=nDhpLa1rl44C&pg=PT125">Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety</a></i>. International Labour Organization, páx. 63.19. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-92-2-109816-4" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/978-92-2-109816-4">ISBN 978-92-2-109816-4</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/isotopes/pdf/iridium.pdf">Radioisotope Brief: Iridium-192 (Ir-192)</a>». <i>Radiation Emergencies</i>.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (18 d'agostu de 2004). Consultáu'l 20 de setiembre de 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaces_esternos">Enllaces esternos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Editar seición: Enllaces esternos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridiu&action=edit&section=19" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Enllaces esternos"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="navigation-not-searchable"> </span></p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> tien conteníu multimedia tocante a <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iridium" class="extiw" title="commons:Iridium">iridiu</a></b>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=AMEIr01">Carauterístiques mecániques del iridiu puru</a> (n'inglés) Matweb</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2260362">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_d&#039;autoridaes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_d&#039;autoridaes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ayuda:Control_d%27autoridaes" title="Ayuda:Control d'autoridaes">Control d'autoridaes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Proyeutos Wikimedia</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q877">Q877</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iridium">Iridium</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identificadores</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4162402-6">4162402-6</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068067">sh85068067</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564222">00564222</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300380172">300380172</a></span></li> <li><b>Diccionarios y enciclopedies</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Británica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/iridium">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Identificadores médicos</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007495">D007495</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">UMLS:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncim-stage.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Metathesaurus&code=C0022071">C0022071</a></span></li> <li><b>Identificadores químicos</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmberu_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Númberu CAS">Númberu CAS</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7439-88-5">7439-88-5</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:49666">49666</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChemSpider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChemSpider (la páxina nun esiste)">ChemSpider</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.22367.html">22367</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubChem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubChem (la páxina nun esiste)">PubChem</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23924">23924</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/44448S9773">44448S9773</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMILES&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMILES (la páxina nun esiste)">SMILES</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simolecule.com/cdkdepict/depict/bow/svg?smi=%5BIr%5D&zoom=2.0&annotate=cip">ID</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Chemical_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Chemical Identifier (la páxina nun esiste)">InChI</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?&model=InChI=1S/Ir">ID</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=InChI_key&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="InChI key (la páxina nun esiste)">InChI key</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pccompound&term=%22GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N%22%5BInChIKey%5D">ID</a></span></li> <li><b>Identificadores biolóxicos</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7439-88-5">7439-88-5</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q877">Q877</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iridium">Iridium</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6df7948d6c‐4krnq Cached time: 20241127170838 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.111 seconds Real time usage: 1.306 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 57171/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 437127/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 75150/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 26/100 Expensive parser function count: 21/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 117006/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 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