CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bungi dialect - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"09772bca-7e4d-4088-a085-bcd4640d88d9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bungi_dialect","wgTitle":"Bungi dialect","wgCurRevisionId":1272082429,"wgRevisionId":1272082429,"wgArticleId":2484663,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from October 2024","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2024","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Language articles with speaker number undated","Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code", "Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code","Articles containing Ojibwe-language text","Articles containing Cree-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024","Languages of Canada","Métis culture","Endangered pidgins and creoles","Culture of Manitoba","Dialects of English","Scots dialects","Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic","Indigenous languages of the North American Plains","Scottish English","Scottish-Canadian culture","Cree language","Anishinaabe languages","English-based pidgins and creoles","Métis in Manitoba"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bungi_dialect","wgRelevantArticleId":2484663,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q35114","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Geographical_distribution_of_Bungee_creole_speakers.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="927"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Geographical_distribution_of_Bungee_creole_speakers.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="618"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="495"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bungi dialect - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungi_dialect"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungi_dialect"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bungi_dialect rootpage-Bungi_dialect skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bungi+dialect" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bungi+dialect" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bungi+dialect" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bungi+dialect" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name_of_communication_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_of_communication_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name of communication system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name_of_communication_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Name of communication system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Name_of_communication_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_of_a_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_of_a_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Name of a people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_of_a_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_context_and_extinction_of_Bungi_as_a_spoken_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_context_and_extinction_of_Bungi_as_a_spoken_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Social context and extinction of Bungi as a spoken dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_context_and_extinction_of_Bungi_as_a_spoken_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_Bungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_Bungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples of Bungi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_Bungi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of Bungi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_Bungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example_from_J._J._Moncrieef_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_from_J._J._Moncrieef_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Example from J. J. Moncrieef article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_from_J._J._Moncrieef_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_from_Osborne_Scott's_Red_River_Dialect_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_from_Osborne_Scott's_Red_River_Dialect_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Examples from Osborne Scott's <i>Red River Dialect</i> article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_from_Osborne_Scott's_Red_River_Dialect_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_from_letters_in_support_of_Osborne_Scott" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_from_letters_in_support_of_Osborne_Scott"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Examples from letters in support of Osborne Scott</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_from_letters_in_support_of_Osborne_Scott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_from_discussion_of_Victoria_Cottage_(Bunn_House)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_from_discussion_of_Victoria_Cottage_(Bunn_House)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Example from discussion of Victoria Cottage (Bunn House)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_from_discussion_of_Victoria_Cottage_(Bunn_House)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Shtory_of_Little_Red_Ridin_Hood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Shtory_of_Little_Red_Ridin_Hood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>The Shtory of Little Red Ridin Hood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Shtory_of_Little_Red_Ridin_Hood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blain's_thesis_The_Bungee_Dialect_of_the_Red_River_Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blain's_thesis_The_Bungee_Dialect_of_the_Red_River_Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Blain's thesis <i>The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blain's_thesis_The_Bungee_Dialect_of_the_Red_River_Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walters'_Bungi_audio_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walters'_Bungi_audio_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Walters' Bungi audio collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walters'_Bungi_audio_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Bungi_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Bungi_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Bungi speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Bungi_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bungi dialect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungi" title="Bungi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bungi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungi" title="Bungi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bungi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungee_(Sprache)" title="Bungee (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bungee (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ole_bungi" title="Créole bungi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Créole bungi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungi_(c%C3%A0nan)" title="Bungi (cànan) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bungi (cànan)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Банги (язык, Канада) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банги (язык, Канада)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungee_leid" title="Bungee leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bungee leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B2%B3%E8%A9%B1" title="紅河話 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紅河話" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35114#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bungi_dialect" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bungi_dialect" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bungi_dialect" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&oldid=1272082429" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bungi_dialect&id=1272082429&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBungi_dialect"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBungi_dialect"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bungi_dialect&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35114" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Moribund English dialect of Manitoba, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bungi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bungi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bungi (disambiguation)">Bungi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bungi_dialect" title="Special:EditPage/Bungi dialect">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bungi_dialect" title="Talk:Bungi dialect">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bungi_dialect" title="Special:EditPage/Bungi dialect">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bungi+dialect%22">"Bungi dialect"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bungi+dialect%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bungi+dialect%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bungi+dialect%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bungi+dialect%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bungi+dialect%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Bungi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>Bungee, Bungie, Bungay, Bangay, the Red River Dialect</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assiniboia" title="Assiniboia">Assiniboia</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5,000 in 1870; fewer than 200 in 1993; potentially <a href="/wiki/Language_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Language extinction">extinct</a><sup id="cite_ref-bungee-canada_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bungee-canada-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Bungi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bung1271">bung1271</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_Bungee_creole_speakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Geographical_distribution_of_Bungee_creole_speakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="238" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographical distribution of Bungee</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Bungee is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i>.</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Bungi</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-gold-stobie-2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-stobie-2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also called <b>Bungee</b>, <b>Bungie</b>, <b>Bungay</b>, <b>Bangay</b>, or the <b>Red River Dialect</b>) is a dialect of English with <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (linguistics)">substratal</a> influence from <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orcadian_dialect" title="Orcadian dialect">Orcadian dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Western Ojibwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bakker-papen-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakker-papen-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bakker-papen-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakker-papen-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain198914_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain198914-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was spoken by the Scottish <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Red River Métis</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada, and formerly in areas of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, United States. </p><p>Bungi has been categorized as a <a href="/wiki/Post-creole_continuum" title="Post-creole continuum">post-creole</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain198915_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain198915-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the distinctive features of the language gradually <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">abandoned</a> by successive generations of speakers in favour of standard <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>. In 1870, about 5,000 Métis were native speakers of Bungi, but by the late 1980s, only a handful of elderly speakers were known. Today, Bungi has very few if any speakers and is potentially extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-bungee-canada_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bungee-canada-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bungi was spoken in the Lower <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> in the area from <a href="/wiki/The_Forks,_Winnipeg" title="The Forks, Winnipeg">The Forks</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_River" title="Assiniboine River">Assiniboine River</a> meet in what is now downtown Winnipeg) to the mouth of the Red River at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a>. This is the area where the English/Scottish retired <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> servants generally settled.<sup id="cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stobie-1967-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain19895_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain19895-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_of_communication_system">Name of communication system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name of communication system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling">Spelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years, Bungi has been spelled many different ways by many different people, and was often referred to simply as the Red River Dialect. Expanded scholarship has preferred "Bungi" as the preferred spelling over "Bungee" and other spellings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect">Dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name derives from either <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>: <i lang="oj">bangii</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>: <i lang="cr">pahkī</i>, both words meaning <i>a little bit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain19892_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain19892-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these colloquial uses the term may have mildly pejorative connotations, even when used by speakers to describe themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain198933_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain198933-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bungi is unusual as a dialect in that for the Scottish immigrants and the First Nations who developed the dialect, English was often a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stobie-1967-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Others, such as Brian Orvis, a Bungi-speaker from Selkirk, Manitoba, argued that Bungi is a language unto its own. He asserted that Bungee-speakers do not like to be recorded speaking the language because the First Nations values are that one should not call attention to oneself. It is because of this, he argues, that it is difficult to document Bungi, and the speakers will often deny knowledge of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan1991133_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan1991133-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_of_a_people">Name of a people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Name of a people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the being the name of a dialect, the word Bungi might have referred to a specific group of Métis of Scottish ancestry. The earliest records report that the name "Bungee" was used by the British, and especially <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> employees to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stobie-1967-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime around the turn of the 20th century, the word Bungi began to be used to refer to people of Scottish and First Nations ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-bakker-papen-1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakker-papen-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bakker-papen-2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakker-papen-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stobie-1967-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain19892_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain19892-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language" title="History of the Scots language">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Scots" title="Modern Scots">Modern Scots</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Scots" title="Insular Scots">Insular Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Scots" title="Northern Scots">Northern Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Scots" title="Central Scots">Central Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Scots" title="Southern Scots">Southern Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_dialect_(Scotland)" title="Doric dialect (Scotland)">Doric Scots</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scots_language" title="Template:Scots language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scots_language" title="Template talk:Scots language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scots_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scots language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most notable particularity of Bungi is its <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> (sound system and pronunciation). <a href="/wiki/Voice_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice quality">Voice quality</a> differences are also apparent. The lexicon is mostly English with <a href="/wiki/Borrowing_(linguistics)" title="Borrowing (linguistics)">borrowings</a> from Gaelic, Cree, Ojibwa, and other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain1989-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several researchers have studied Bungi. Margaret Stobie studied Bungi and visited several communities where Bungi was spoken. In her 1971 article, <i>The Dialect Called Bungi</i>, Stobie reported that Bungi was the English dialect spoken by the descendants of Gaelic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands#Culture" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gold-stobie-2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-stobie-2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stobie-1971_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stobie-1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blain conducted one of the most thorough academic studies of Bungi in her thesis and other publications, <i>The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement</i> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain1989-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blain-1987_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blain-1987-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blain's research found extremely negative attitudes to Bungi among the population which had spoken it in previous generations, a factor which likely contributed to its near extinction by the time of her research. The study records the dialect in its final phase, when considerable <a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">levelling</a> towards standard <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> was present.<sup id="cite_ref-barkwell-bungi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkwell-bungi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain1989-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bungi was spoken with a distinctive rhythm with a Gaelic fall, including the way that syllables are stressed, repetition of both nouns and pronouns in a sentence (e.g. "My brother is coming, him."<sup id="cite_ref-barkwell-bungi_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkwell-bungi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), changes in the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> (e.g. the phonemic distinction between [s] and [š] in not present in Western Cree dialects, and were reversed in Bungi from the standard English), etc. The third-person pronouns in Cree do not distinguish between masculine and feminine, which resulted in the interchangeable use of he and she in Bungi without regard for gender (e.g. "My wife he is going to the store."<sup id="cite_ref-barkwell-bungi_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkwell-bungi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Bungee borrowed words and structures from the parent languages (e.g. the standard Bungee greeting of "I'm well, you but?" came directly from Cree).<sup id="cite_ref-stobie-1971_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stobie-1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blain-1987_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blain-1987-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barkwell-bungi_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkwell-bungi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gold-2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bungi speakers also reported that Bungi uses Cree vowels and Scots consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan1991133_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan1991133-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gold-2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It often uses Cree syntax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_context_and_extinction_of_Bungi_as_a_spoken_dialect">Social context and extinction of Bungi as a spoken dialect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social context and extinction of Bungi as a spoken dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1938, people were already expressing concerns about the potential loss of Bungi. In letters to the <i><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Evening_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg Evening Tribune">Winnipeg Evening Tribune</a></i>, Mr. J. J. Moncrief, writing under the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> "Old Timer," and Osborne Scott expressed their concerns about the survival of the Red River dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-old-timer-1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old-timer-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others wrote in letters to the editor of the same newspaper in 1938 that Bungi would be gone in a generation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-old-timer-2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old-timer-2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her thesis, <i>The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement</i> (1989), Blain discusses the ways in which Bungi-speaking families were excluded (whether this was intentional discrimination by the community or because of reluctance on the part of the family is not known), including not having their family history included in local history books, being assigned to wash an enormous amount of dishes away from the festivities at events, people trying to hide their Indigenous ancestry, shame about how they sound when they spoke Bungi, etc. Blain also notes that Bungi was in a constant state of change that was evolving towards the local standard English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain19896–12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain19896–12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swan also reports the prejudice towards Bungi speakers in her thesis, <i>Ethnicity and the Canadianization of Red River Politics</i> (1991).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan1991134–135_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan1991134–135-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She suggests that <a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Anglo-Métis</a> Manitoba Premier <a href="/wiki/John_Norquay" title="John Norquay">John Norquay</a>, who was born near St. Andrews in what was the Red River Colony and would have spoken Bungi, had dropped his accent by the time that he had entered politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan1991138_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan1991138-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social prejudice towards Bungi speakers and the very sensitive linguistic environment ultimately led to the extinction of this dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main linguistic documentation of this dialect were conducted by Eleanor M. Blain (1987,<sup id="cite_ref-blain-1987_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blain-1987-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1989<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain1989-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Francis "Frank" J. Walters (1969–1970,<sup id="cite_ref-walters_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walters-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Margaret Stobie (1967–68,<sup id="cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stobie-1967-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-stobie-1970_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stobie-1970-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1971<sup id="cite_ref-stobie-1971_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stobie-1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Elaine Gold (2007,<sup id="cite_ref-gold-2007_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2009<sup id="cite_ref-gold-2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Osborne Scott also contributed to the understanding of Bungi (1937,<sup id="cite_ref-scott_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1951<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan1951_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan1951-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_Bungi">Examples of Bungi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples of Bungi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_from_J._J._Moncrieef_article">Example from J. J. Moncrieef article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Example from J. J. Moncrieef article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an article titled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1820239"><i>Red River Dialect</i></a> published in 1936 under the pseudonym Old Timer (a nom de plume commonly used by J. J. Moncrieef who was from the Shetland Islands<sup id="cite_ref-scott_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the author provided an excerpt from a letter that had some Bungi. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I met a "nattive" from down the river Clandeboye way yesterday on the streets. We chatted of "ould" times. He relapsed into the lingo and I mentioned the number of fisherman caught on the ice. "Yes," he said, "what a fun the peppers are having about it. I mind when I was a small saver, my faather and some of the byes round out the ice and sate, our nates. Ould One-Button sayed it was going to be cowld. I think me its the awnly time he was wrong, for by gos all quick like a southwaste wind come up and cracked the ice right off, and first thing quick like we were rite out in the lake whatever. It was a pretty ackward place to een, I tell you. The piece we were all on started rite away for the upsit side of the lake, away for Balsam Bay. We put of sales, blankets and buffalo robs to help us get there quicker like. When we hit the sore, we drov rite off the ice. One of the byes went chimmuck, be we got him out alrite. </p><p>We drove up to Selcrick on the cross side and crossed the rivver right at the gutway above St. Peters cherch. Oh yes, bye, we got hom alrite; we had to swim our harses. There was nothing in the pepper about it, whatever. We all had quite a funn about it at the dance that nite. </p> <div style="float:right;">So long bye</div> <p>P.S. I thought this would interest you in your ould age bye. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Old Timer (J. J. Moncrieef), Winnipeg Evening Tribune.<sup id="cite_ref-old-timer-2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old-timer-2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_from_Osborne_Scott's_Red_River_Dialect_article"><span id="Examples_from_Osborne_Scott.27s_Red_River_Dialect_article"></span>Examples from Osborne Scott's <i>Red River Dialect</i> article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples from Osborne Scott's Red River Dialect article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osborne Scott gave a talk on the radio at <a href="/wiki/CKY-FM" title="CKY-FM">CKY</a> on December 7, 1937, about Bungi (the talk was later published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Evening_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg Evening Tribune">Winnipeg Evening Tribune</a></i> on December 12, 1937, with the title <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1829294"><i>Red River Dialect</i></a> and again as a slightly longer article in 1951 in <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_History" title="Canada's History">The Beaver</a>, also with the title of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadashistory.partica.online/canadas-history/the-beaver-december-1951/flipbook/42/"><i>Red River Dialect</i></a>). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>John James Corrigal and WIllie George Linklater were sootin the marse The canoe went apeechequanee. The watter was sallow watefer, but Willie George kept bobbin up and down callin "O Lard save me." John James was topside the canoe souted to Willie and sayed, "Never min the Lard just now, Willie, grab for the willows." </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Osborne Scott, Winnipeg Evening Tribune.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Another story was recounted in the same article. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Willie Brass, Hudson's Bay Co. servant, was an Orkneyman who married an Eskimo woman in the north and retired to the Red River Settlement. He got home from the fort one night a little worse for wear with acute indigestion. He went to bed but kept waking, asking Eliza his wife for a drink of hot water saying "Strick a lite, you'll see I'm dying Eliza, and get me a drink, I'm dying." She did strike a light and got him hot water three or four times. Finally she got fed up and said to him, "Awe Willie I'm just slocked it the lite. Can't you die the daark?" </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Osborne Scott, Winnipeg Evening Tribune.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Scott also recounted a discussion that he had overheard. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I overheard this in our kitchen—the servant next door had come over to visit: </p><p>"Sit down girl Mary; you'll see I'll make a cup a tea." </p><p>"Oh Eliza girl, I'll not can, I'm got to get hom." </p><p>"Keeyam getting hom. Sit down. Take off your saul and I'll put on kettle." </p><p>"Aw Eliza I'll not can—I'm got Jane Mary's bodice on and it'll not can meet." </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Osborne Scott, Winnipeg Evening Tribune.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Scott also recounted a discussion that he had been a part of. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Willie met me at the Selkirk station to drive me to St. Peter's rectory. This conversation ensued: "come on boy, I'm got the horse tied upset the hotel." </p><p>We were no sooner seated in the buggy than he started, "Bye, did you hear about the elecsuns last week?" </p><p>"No Willie, Dominion, provincial or municipal?" </p><p>"Hell no, tsurch. I was runnin' for waarden. The meeting was in tsurch. Your father was in the tsair. Kilpun was running against me. Mind you boy, your faather was in the tsair. He was just about to take the vot when that fellow Kiplun got up. Oh that's Kiplun opting watter from the rivver he lives in that little house with the smok coming out of the chimney now. Yes mind you boy that fella Kiplun got right up in the meeting. Your faather boy was in the tsair and you know what Kiplun sayed? He sayed, 'Willie,' </p><p>" 'Yes, Kiplun.' </p><p>" 'What did you do with that coil oil?' </p><p>" 'What coil oil, Kiplun?' </p><p>" 'The coil oil you took out of the tsurch and barned in yore on hom.' </p><p>"By gos boy I lost the elecsun right there. By Jewpiter I'm got to hurry. Kiplun an me is going to the marse sootin this evening." </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Osborne Scott, Winnipeg Evening Tribune.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the same article, Scott provided a few more examples and definitions of words: </p> <ul><li><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Bye me I kakatch [nearly] killed it two ducks with wan sot.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</li> <li><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Keeyam' meaning never mind, let it go. 'Girl Keeyam if you take my neechimos (sweetheart) I'll get me another whatefer!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</li> <li><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Chimmuck," one of those words whose sound suits the sense, represents the sound a stone makes when falling perpendicular into water, for instance, 'he fell off the rock chimmuck in lake.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</li> <li><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'The canoe went apeechequanee and they went chimmuck,' apeechequanee meaning head over heels."</li> <li><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'I know by where there is a fine bus of neepinnans (high bush cranberries).<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</li> <li>"Paper and pepper were pronounced 'pepper,' and you indicated whether it was eating or writing that you wanted."</li> <li>"Some French words were incorporated in the dialect, as for instance, a trunk or box was a 'cassette.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</li> <li>"The Scots word 'byre' was always used instead of stable or cowshead."</li> <li>"They never put out a fire or candle, it was always 'slocked.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</li> <li><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Mooneas' was one Cree word which was used to great effect by the native. It means greenhorn or newcomer."</li></ul> <p>Scott said that First Nations words were used in Bungi most often as "picturesque short words, generally exclamatory". In addition, the names of birds, animals, and plants were commonly First Nations words, as these things were new to the immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a later, updated version of the article in 1951 that included parts of the original radio broadcast that were not in The Winnipeg Evening Tribune article, Osborne also told of a young Canon M. Sanderson learning to pronounce [s] and [š] under the tutelage of Rev. S. P. Matheson. When Sanderson was working with Rev. J. J. Anderson as his assistant, Anderson reported to Matheson that he had overdone it—instead of saying "God save the Queen," Sanderson had said "God shave the Queen."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan195142_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan195142-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Sanderson would discredit this idea in a letter to the editor, called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830471"><i>Canon Sanderson Drops into Red River Dialect</i></a> in response to Osborne's 1937 article ad radio address, and also included some examples of words in Bungi.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_from_letters_in_support_of_Osborne_Scott">Examples from letters in support of Osborne Scott</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples from letters in support of Osborne Scott"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a letter to the editor titled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1820239"><i>Aw, My Fer You, Osborne Scott!</i></a>, an anonymous person using the pseudonym Bung-gay (a nom de plume for Islay Mary (Charles) Sinclair, who was said could not speak Bungi but rather imitate it from having lived in the community for a long time) wrote a letter to the editor in Bungi that Blain named the McBean Letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain198995_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain198995-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter was in response to an irate letter titled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830244"><i>Not Offensive to Red River Descendants</i></a> about Scott's article submitted by Mrs. A. Kipling on January 7, 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kipling felt that Scott had belittled and insulted the Bungi speakers of the Red River, when in fact Osborne and another contributor (likely Mr. J. J. Moncrieff under the pseudonym An Old Timer) were saddened by the vanishing of Bungi and that their children would not know the accents and dialect, and wanted to remember the humour as well.<sup id="cite_ref-old-timer-1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old-timer-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Aw, my fer you, Osborne Scott, ye s'ould be properly as-s'améd of yerself, ye dirty tras', insultin' decent people from the Ruvver, dsust like as if ye aren't one yerself, in yer Englis' s'oes and tseckered suit, an' like as if ye never saw a byre yerself, or slocked a lantern! </p><p>Perhaps even you think ye're smaart, like a stupid ass, but when you to Tsarts on Sunday, you'll-see, the people'll be maarkin' at ye, and ye'll be wis'in' ye could go in hindside farmost, like as if you were insteppéd already! </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">* * *</div> <p>Boy, whatever! When you were sittin' in a bott, fis'in' fer Dsack-fis' among the wullows on the Red Ruvver, you never thought some day ye'd be warkin' fer the P.C.R. an' sittin' opp-site Can-ay-dsens, did you? </p><p>Stop first, ye'll-see, I'm got in my green boax under the baid, pictsers s'owin' you playin' Cricket with a white peak-ed cap on yer heid, dsust like you were a dsentleman. But you got dsust as sock-sweated playin' a "dsentleman's game" as ever ye did kickin' a stinkin'-hide football over a byre! "Dsentleman's Game," indeed! Aw-hoi fer you, Osborne Scott! </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">* * *</div> <p>Lemme-see, you mind the time ye took me to a daance, in a boab-sleigh, an' ye were wearin' a biled sart and yer beef-hide s'oes, an' it was so cauld yer nozz started runnin' like a soogar-tree, an' I had to lawn ye my strippéd sas' to wipe it on! Good thing ye didn't take cauld that night, boy, an' be like Sall-ee, when they tole her ould man s'e died from want o' breath, he says: "Oh, no, Boy!—s'e was breathen' when s'e died!" Or like yer poop Uncle, too, Boy—when he got cauld—one day he was alive, an' the next he was a caark! </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">* * *</div> <p>I'm not got a fifty-cent-bit dsust no, Boy, but I'll bet a s'illin's warth o' sweeties at the karner staure that ye often think long o' th' ould Red Ruvver, an' wis'in' ye was back pickin' Tseepo nuts an' seekin' yer ould red cow 'wid spots-now-an'-agian'! </p><p>Aw-hoi, fer you! Osborne Scott, speakin' on the Raddio. I think me ye're dsust tryin' to s'ow off! </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bung-gay (Islay Mary Sinclair), <i>Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bung-gay_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bung-gay-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In another letters to the editor in support of Scott, called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830483"><i>Oldtimer Appreciates Osborne Scott's Article</i></a>, Mary I. Kennedy contributed examples of Bungi: </p> <ul><li><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'I'll not can do it me, whatever but.' Expressive of utter impossibility."</li> <li>"A man of the country was in the hospital for some time, and a friends called to see him. 'You got a garden, bye?' 'Eh! Eh! A fine garden and suts fine celery. Bye, you never seen suts fine celery. My faather's buried somewhere about here.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</li> <li>"Then John exclaimed 'Tgh high! (pronounced as in light) I nuvvur see such a what fur a ox."</li></ul> <p>She also included a few stories of nicknames, such as a family by the name of Johnstone who were christened with "Teapot" for their addiction to tea, which was more familiar and seen as a distinguishing mark for them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_from_discussion_of_Victoria_Cottage_(Bunn_House)"><span id="Example_from_discussion_of_Victoria_Cottage_.28Bunn_House.29"></span>Example from discussion of Victoria Cottage (Bunn House)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Example from discussion of Victoria Cottage (Bunn House)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another example of Bungi with a standard English translation is provided through Red River North Heritage as a part of their geocache work.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is Rachel Bunn telling the story of how her husband, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bunn_(Manitoba_politician)" title="Thomas Bunn (Manitoba politician)">Thomas Bunn</a>, built a stone house known as Victoria Cottage (which is now a historic site<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). A modern recording of this being spoken is also available on the Red River North Heritage website. The exact origin of this text is not provided. </p> <div style="padding:1em 3em 1em 3em"><div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap; gap:3em"><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">Oh, aye, djust down the road, you know <p>Aloang the ruvver </p><p>Me Thomas thur built ma a hoose so solid he built it. </p><p>Twill aver stand foraver, aim thinkin! </p><p>Siu(r) as me name is Rachel Bunn </p><p>Samuel Taylor put a handle on it een sixta-too ye-naw-see. </p><p>Every marnin back and fore he come across from the stone fort—he worked thur but. </p><p>He built the English tsarts you know on the cross side. </p><p>Loang-headed is my Thomas Bunn is loang-headed. </p><p>Me hoose, mind dese wallis are stone and tree foot tick you know. </p><p>I's taired of the fluudis. </p><p>Aye, so calm this ruvvers bein no, doon be fooled! </p><p>Come sprink this ruvvers hes a- vurra wicket </p><p>Upsouth een Kildonan, and didn't thut ruvver nigh on took our hoose een the big fluud of fifta-too </p><p>Mana people lost everythink. </p><p>Oh ma hairt ake-it! We fled maina males to the paines and had a sweet time. </p><p>Mind, tanks to my Thomas Bunn, fein and coomfortable we are sertently and saiventa foot haigh from the ruvver—we'll not fluid ere. </p> </div><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">Oh, yes, just down the road <p>By the river </p><p>My Thomas built me a solid house. </p><p>I'm sure it will stand forever, I think! </p><p>Sure as my name is Rachel Bunn. </p><p>Samuel Taylor put the finishing touches on it in 1862. </p><p>Every morning back and forth he came across the river from Lower Fort Garry, where he worked. </p><p>He built St Clements Mapleton church across the river. </p><p>My Thomas Bunn is a visionary </p><p>My house, the walls are stone and three feet thick! </p><p>I was tired of the floods. </p><p>So calm this Red River is but don't be fooled! </p><p>Come spring the river is very ill-tempered! </p><p>South of us, when we were upriver in Kildonan, the river nearly took our house in the big flood in 1852. </p><p>Many people lost everything. </p><p>Oh the heart ache! We fled many miles to the high ground at Bird's Hill and had a difficult time. </p><p>Now thanks to Thomas we are certainly comfortable seventy feet above the river and will never flood again! </p> </div></div><p style="clear:left;margin:1em 0 1em 6em;align-self:flex-end">—Rachel Bunn, via Red River North Heritage<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Shtory_of_Little_Red_Ridin_Hood">The Shtory of Little Red Ridin Hood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Shtory of Little Red Ridin Hood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D. A. Mulligan wrote the story of <a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a> as it would have been told in Bungi, titled <i>The Shtory of Little Red Ridin Hood</i>].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan195144–45_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan195144–45-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blain's_thesis_The_Bungee_Dialect_of_the_Red_River_Settlement"><span id="Blain.27s_thesis_The_Bungee_Dialect_of_the_Red_River_Settlement"></span>Blain's thesis <i>The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Blain's thesis The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her thesis, <i>The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement</i>, Eleanor Blain provides an extensive discussion on Bungi, with examples of words and phrases used in Bungi, as well as a transcription of Walters' story <i>This is What I'm Thinkin</i> as part of an appendix (both a linguistic version and a reading version).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain1989-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walters'_Bungi_audio_collection"><span id="Walters.27_Bungi_audio_collection"></span>Walters' Bungi audio collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Walters' Bungi audio collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frank Walters was a historian that was interested in preserving Bungi heritage. He conducted a study of Bungi, and made a series of recordings known as the <i>Bungee Collection</i> (also known as the <i>Walters Collection</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-walters_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walters-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Bungi_speakers">Notable Bungi speakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable Bungi speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manitoba Premier <a href="/wiki/John_Norquay" title="John Norquay">John Norquay</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/30px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/45px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/60px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="299" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Anglo-Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_National_Council" title="Métis National Council">Métis National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Indian_trade" title="Scottish Indian trade">Scottish Indian trade</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bungee-canada-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bungee-canada_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bungee-canada_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810120917/https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/histoirelang-historylang/unique-eng.html">"Bungee: A language unique to Canada"</a>. <i>Language Portal of Canada</i>. Government of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/histoirelang-historylang/unique-eng.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Portal+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Bungee%3A+A+language+unique+to+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca%2Fbien-well%2Ffra-eng%2Fhistoirelang-historylang%2Funique-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVittBarkwell" class="citation web cs1">Vitt, Iris; Barkwell, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/148962.Insights%20Into%20Metis%20History.pdf">"Frank Walters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture</i>. Louis Riel Institute. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Museum+of+M%C3%A9tis+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Frank+Walters&rft.pages=7&rft.aulast=Vitt&rft.aufirst=Iris&rft.au=Barkwell%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metismuseum.ca%2Fmedia%2Fdocument.php%2F148962.Insights%2520Into%2520Metis%2520History.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold-stobie-2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gold-stobie-2010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold-stobie-2010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStobie2010" class="citation book cs1">Stobie, Margaret (2010). "The Dialect Called Bungi". In Gold, Elaine; McAlpine, Janice (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queensu.ca/strathy/apps/OP6v2.pdf"><i>Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dialect+Called+Bungi&rft.btitle=Canadian+English%3A+A+Linguistic+Reader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stobie&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fstrathy%2Fapps%2FOP6v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakker-papen-1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bakker-papen-1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakker-papen-1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerPapen1996" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Peter; Papen, Robert A. (1996). "125. Languages of the Metis". In Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Tryon" title="Darrell Tryon">Tryon, Darrell T.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&q=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific,+Asia,+and+the+Americas"><i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas</i></a>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">1177–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110134179" title="Special:BookSources/9783110134179"><bdi>9783110134179</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=125.+Languages+of+the+Metis&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1177-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9783110134179&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Papen%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFW1BwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAtlas%2Bof%2BLanguages%2Bof%2BIntercultural%2BCommunication%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPacific%2C%2BAsia%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2BAmericas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakker-papen-2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bakker-papen-2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakker-papen-2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerPapen" class="citation web cs1">Bakker, Peter; Papen, Robert A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metismuseum.ca/media/db/00735">"Michif and other languages of the Canadian Métis"</a>. <i>Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture</i>. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Museum+of+M%C3%A9tis+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Michif+and+other+languages+of+the+Canadian+M%C3%A9tis&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Papen%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metismuseum.ca%2Fmedia%2Fdb%2F00735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain198914-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain198914_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain1989">Blain 1989</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentland1985" class="citation speech cs1">Pentland, David H. (9 March 1985). <i>Métchif and Bungee: Languages of the fur trade</i> (Speech). Voices of Rupert's Land: Public Lectures on Language and Culture in Early Manitoba. Winnipeg Art Gallery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9tchif+and+Bungee%3A+Languages+of+the+fur+trade&rft.place=Winnipeg+Art+Gallery&rft.series=Voices+of+Rupert%27s+Land%3A+Public+Lectures+on+Language+and+Culture+in+Early+Manitoba&rft.date=1985-03-09&rft.aulast=Pentland&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain198915-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain198915_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain1989">Blain 1989</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlain2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blain, Eleanor M. (14 December 2013) [16 June 2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bungee">"Bungi"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bungi&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2013-12-14&rft.aulast=Blain&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbungee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stobie-1967-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stobie-1967_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStobie1967–1968" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stobie, Margaret (1967–1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/bungidialect.shtml">"Backgrounds of the Dialect Called Bungi (16 April 1967)"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society</i>. Third Series (24). Manitoba Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Manitoba+Historical+and+Scientific+Society&rft.atitle=Backgrounds+of+the+Dialect+Called+Bungi+%2816+April+1967%29&rft.volume=Third+Series&rft.issue=24&rft.date=1967%2F1968&rft.aulast=Stobie&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhs.mb.ca%2Fdocs%2Ftransactions%2F3%2Fbungidialect.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain19895-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain19895_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain1989">Blain 1989</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain19892-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain19892_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain19892_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain1989">Blain 1989</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain198933-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain198933_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain1989">Blain 1989</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan1991133-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan1991133_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan1991133_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan1991">Swan 1991</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain1989-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain1989_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain1989">Blain 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stobie-1971-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stobie-1971_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stobie-1971_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stobie-1971_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStobie1971" class="citation journal cs1">Stobie, Margaret (1971). "The Dialect Called Bungi". <i>Canadian Antiques Collector</i>. <b>6</b> (8): 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Antiques+Collector&rft.atitle=The+Dialect+Called+Bungi&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Stobie&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blain-1987-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blain-1987_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blain-1987_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blain-1987_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlain1987" class="citation journal cs1">Blain, Eleanor (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/933/817">"Speech of the Lower Red River Settlement"</a>. <i>Papers of the 18h Algonquian Conference</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">7–</span>16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+18h+Algonquian+Conference&rft.atitle=Speech+of+the+Lower+Red+River+Settlement&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Blain&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.library.carleton.ca%2Findex.php%2FALGQP%2Farticle%2Fview%2F933%2F817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkwell-bungi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barkwell-bungi_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkwell-bungi_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkwell-bungi_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkwell-bungi_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkwell" class="citation web cs1">Barkwell, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/13482.Bungee%20Language%20(new).pdf">"Bungee (Bungi) Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture</i>. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Museum+of+M%C3%A9tis+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Bungee+%28Bungi%29+Language&rft.aulast=Barkwell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metismuseum.ca%2Fmedia%2Fdocument.php%2F13482.Bungee%2520Language%2520%28new%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold-2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gold-2009_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold-2009_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2009" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Elaine (2009). "7. The Case of Bungi: Evidence of Vernacular Universals". In Filppula, Markku; Klemola, Juhan; Paulasto, Heli (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRaRAgAAQBAJ"><i>Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts</i></a>. New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135850661" title="Special:BookSources/9781135850661"><bdi>9781135850661</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+The+Case+of+Bungi%3A+Evidence+of+Vernacular+Universals&rft.btitle=Vernacular+Universals+and+Language+Contacts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135850661&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRaRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold-2007-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gold-2007_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold-2007_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gold, Elaine (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cla-acl/actes2007/Gold.pdf">"Aspects in Bungi: Expanded Progressives and Be Perfets"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 2007 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistics Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+2007+Annual+Conference+of+the+Canadian+Linguistics+Association&rft.atitle=Aspects+in+Bungi%3A+Expanded+Progressives+and+Be+Perfets&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomes.chass.utoronto.ca%2F~cla-acl%2Factes2007%2FGold.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scott-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scott_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1937" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Osborne (29 December 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1829294">"Red River Dialect"</a>. <i>The Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>. No. 310. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Evening+Tribune&rft.atitle=Red+River+Dialect&rft.issue=310&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1937-12-29&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Osborne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuofm%253A1829294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-old-timer-1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-old-timer-1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-old-timer-1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAn_Old_Timer1938" class="citation news cs1">An Old Timer (12 January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830700">"Letter to the Editor"</a>. <i>The Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>. No. 10. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Evening+Tribune&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Editor&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1938-01-12&rft.au=An+Old+Timer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuofm%253A1830700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushwaup1938" class="citation news cs1">Kushwaup (22 January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830579">"Reproof for a Sour Letter Writer"</a>. <i>The Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>. No. 10. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Evening+Tribune&rft.atitle=Reproof+for+a+Sour+Letter+Writer&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1938-01-22&rft.au=Kushwaup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuofm%253A1830579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonkman1938" class="citation news cs1">Monkman, Alex G. (29 January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830183">"Appreciation for Osborne Scott's Broadcast"</a>. <i>The Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>. No. 25. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Evening+Tribune&rft.atitle=Appreciation+for+Osborne+Scott%27s+Broadcast&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1938-01-29&rft.aulast=Monkman&rft.aufirst=Alex+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuofm%253A1830183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-old-timer-2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-old-timer-2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-old-timer-2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOld_Timer1936" class="citation news cs1">Old Timer (18 December 1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1820239">"Red River Dialect"</a>. <i>The Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>. No. 303. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Evening+Tribune&rft.atitle=Red+River+Dialect&rft.issue=303&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1936-12-18&rft.au=Old+Timer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuofm%253A1820239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain19896–12-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain19896–12_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain1989">Blain 1989</a>, pp. 6–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan1991134–135-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan1991134–135_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan1991">Swan 1991</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan1991138-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan1991138_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan1991">Swan 1991</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walters-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walters_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walters_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Walters, Francis J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metismuseum.ca/browse/index.php/13085"><i>Bungee Collection</i></a> (tape recordings)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bungee+Collection&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metismuseum.ca%2Fbrowse%2Findex.php%2F13085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters1993" class="citation book cs1">Walters, Frank (1993). <i>Pieces of the Past: A Collection of Tales of the Old Red River</i>. Winnipeg: Bindery Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pieces+of+the+Past%3A+A+Collection+of+Tales+of+the+Old+Red+River&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=Bindery+Publishing+House&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stobie-1970-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stobie-1970_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStobie1970" class="citation news cs1">Stobie, Margaret (13 July 1970). "Bungi-Sound of History". <i>Winnipeg Free Press</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winnipeg+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Bungi-Sound+of+History&rft.date=1970-07-13&rft.aulast=Stobie&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan1951-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan1951_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottMulligan1951">Scott & Mulligan 1951</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan195142-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan195142_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottMulligan1951">Scott & Mulligan 1951</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson1938" class="citation news cs1">Sanderson, Canon M. (15 January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830471">"Canon Sanderson Drops Into Red River Dialect"</a>. <i>The Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>. No. 13. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Evening+Tribune&rft.atitle=Canon+Sanderson+Drops+Into+Red+River+Dialect&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1938-01-15&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Canon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuofm%253A1830471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain198995-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain198995_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain1989">Blain 1989</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipling1938" class="citation news cs1">Kipling, A. (7 January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830244">"Not Offensive to Red River Descendants"</a>. <i>The Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>. No. 6. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Evening+Tribune&rft.atitle=Not+Offensive+to+Red+River+Descendants&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1938-01-07&rft.aulast=Kipling&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuofm%253A1830244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bung-gay-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bung-gay_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBung-gay1938" class="citation news cs1">Bung-gay (12 January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830700">"Aw, My Fer You, Osborne Scott!"</a>. <i>The Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>. No. 10. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Evening+Tribune&rft.atitle=Aw%2C+My+Fer+You%2C+Osborne+Scott%21&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1938-01-12&rft.au=Bung-gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuofm%253A1830700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1938" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Mary I. (15 January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1830483">"Oldtimer Appreciates Osborne Scott's Article"</a>. <i>The Winnipeg Evening Tribune</i>. No. 13. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Evening+Tribune&rft.atitle=Oldtimer+Appreciates+Osborne+Scott%27s+Article&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1938-01-15&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Mary+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuofm%253A1830483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redrivernorthheritage.com/historic-sites-activities/experiential-geocache/site-1-bunns-road/"><i>Site 1: Bunn's Road</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808211119/https://redrivernorthheritage.com/historic-sites-activities/experiential-geocache/site-1-bunns-road/">Archived</a> 2020-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=5387">"Bunn House"</a>. <i>Canada's Historic Places</i>. Parks Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada%27s+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=Bunn+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicplaces.ca%2Fen%2Frep-reg%2Fplace-lieu.aspx%3Fid%3D5387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808211119/https://redrivernorthheritage.com/historic-sites-activities/experiential-geocache/site-1-bunns-road/">"Site 01: Bunn's Road"</a>. <i>Red River North Heritage</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redrivernorthheritage.com/historic-sites-activities/experiential-geocache/site-1-bunns-road/">the original</a> on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+River+North+Heritage&rft.atitle=Site+01%3A+Bunn%27s+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredrivernorthheritage.com%2Fhistoric-sites-activities%2Fexperiential-geocache%2Fsite-1-bunns-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan195144–45-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottMulligan195144–45_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottMulligan1951">Scott & Mulligan 1951</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlain1989" class="citation thesis cs1">Blain, Eleanor M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/3572"><i>The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement</i></a> (MA thesis). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Bungee+Dialect+of+the+Red+River+Settlement&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=University+of+Manitoba&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Blain&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmspace.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fhandle%2F1993%2F3572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottMulligan1951" class="citation magazine cs1">Scott, S. Osborne; Mulligan, D. A. (December 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadashistoryarchive.ca/canadas-history/the-beaver-december-1951/flipbook/42/">"The Red River Dialect"</a>. <i>The Beaver</i>. Hudson's Bay Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>45<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Beaver&rft.atitle=The+Red+River+Dialect&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1951-12&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=S.+Osborne&rft.au=Mulligan%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadashistoryarchive.ca%2Fcanadas-history%2Fthe-beaver-december-1951%2Fflipbook%2F42%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Swan, Ruth Ellen (March 1991). <i>Ethnicity and the Canadianization of Red River Politics</i> (MA thesis). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ethnicity+and+the+Canadianization+of+Red+River+Politics&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=University+of+Manitoba&rft.date=1991-03&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABungi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi_dialect_continuum292" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cree_language" title="Template:Cree language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cree_language" title="Template talk:Cree language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cree_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cree language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi_dialect_continuum292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi</a> dialect continuum</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Macrofamily: <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian language</a></i>)</li> <li>Areal group: <a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cree_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cree_language.png/150px-Cree_language.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cree_language.png/225px-Cree_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Cree_language.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western variants<br /> (Cree)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>From west to east: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Cree language">Woods Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Western Swampy Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Eastern Swampy Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern variants<br /> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montagnais-Naskapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagnais-Naskapi (page does not exist)">Montagnais-Naskapi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>From west to east: <a href="/wiki/East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cree language">East Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern East Cree language">Northern East Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern East Cree language">Southern East Cree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu-aimun">Montagnais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contact languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi Creole</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Cree" title="Bible translations into Cree">Bible translations into Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_syllabics" title="Cree syllabics">Cree syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_syllabics" title="Western Cree syllabics">Western version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern version</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;Metis_Flag_Métis_people_24px&#124;Metis_Flag168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metis" title="Template:Metis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metis" title="Template talk:Metis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;Metis_Flag_Métis_people_24px&#124;Metis_Flag168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Blue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metis Flag"><img alt="Metis Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/24px-Metis_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/36px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/48px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> people <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metis Flag"><img alt="Metis Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/24px-Metis_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/36px-Metis_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/48px-Metis_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_British_Columbia" title="Métis Nation British Columbia">Métis Nation British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_of_Alberta" title="Métis Nation of Alberta">Métis Nation of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation%E2%80%94Saskatchewan" title="Métis Nation—Saskatchewan">Métis Nation—Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_of_Ontario" title="Métis Nation of Ontario">Métis Nation of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_M%C3%A9tis_Federation" title="Manitoba Métis Federation">Manitoba Métis Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory_M%C3%A9tis_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Territory Métis Nation (page does not exist)">Northwest Territory Métis Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians">Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis Settlements General Council</a> <small>(Alberta)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia" title="Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia">Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia</a> (1870) <small>(Red River Colony)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_St._Laurent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of St. Laurent (page does not exist)">Council of St. Laurent</a> (1873–1878) <small>(Southbranch Settlement)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exovedate" title="Exovedate">Exovedate</a> (1885) <small>(Southbranch Settlement)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_National_Council" title="Métis National Council">Métis National Council</a> <small>(Canada-wide)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Slave_M%C3%A9tis_Alliance" title="North Slave Métis Alliance">North Slave Métis Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a> <small>(Canada-wide)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_M%C3%A9tis_Federation" title="Alberta Métis Federation">Alberta Métis Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_M%C3%A9tis_Community_Association" title="Vancouver Métis Community Association">Vancouver Métis Community Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_nationale_m%C3%A9tisse_Saint-Joseph_du_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba (page does not exist)">Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Indian trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Indian_trade" title="Scottish Indian trade">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%27%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage 'à la façon du pays'">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_Proclamation" title="Pemmican Proclamation">Pemmican Proclamation</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks" title="Battle of Seven Oaks">Battle of Seven Oaks</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Committee_of_the_M%C3%A9tis" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Committee of the Métis">The National Committee of the Métis</a> (est. 1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> (1869–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbranch_Settlement" title="Southbranch Settlement">Southbranch Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breed_Tract" title="Half-Breed Tract">Half-Breed Tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation" title="Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation">Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v._Powley" class="mw-redirect" title="R v. Powley">Powley ruling</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniels_v_Canada_(Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development)" title="Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)">Daniels ruling</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Canadian Métis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">in Alberta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">US Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Anglo-Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9s" title="Bois-Brûlés">Bois-Brûlés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C3%A9tis_people" title="List of Métis people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Population_Betterment_Act" title="Métis Population Betterment Act">Métis Population Betterment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta#Métis_settlements" title="List of communities in Alberta">List of settlements in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metis_Child_and_Family_Services_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metis Child and Family Services Society (page does not exist)">Metis Child and Family Services Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_Institute" title="Gabriel Dumont Institute">Gabriel Dumont Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivernants" title="Hivernants">Hivernants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_flag" title="Métis flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_buffalo_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis buffalo hunt">Métis buffalo hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Jig" title="Red River Jig">Red River Jig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada269" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">Shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisga'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Southern Tsimshian dialect">Southern</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk%E2%80%93Oowekyala_language" title="Heiltsuk–Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&oldid=1272082429">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&oldid=1272082429</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Canada" title="Category:Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C3%A9tis_culture" title="Category:Métis culture">Métis culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endangered_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Category:Endangered pidgins and creoles">Endangered pidgins and creoles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Manitoba" title="Category:Culture of Manitoba">Culture of Manitoba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialects_of_English" title="Category:Dialects of English">Dialects of English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scots_dialects" title="Category:Scots dialects">Scots dialects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_the_North_American_Subarctic" title="Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic">Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_the_North_American_Plains" title="Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains">Indigenous languages of the North American Plains</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_English" title="Category:Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish-Canadian_culture" title="Category:Scottish-Canadian culture">Scottish-Canadian culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cree_language" title="Category:Cree language">Cree language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anishinaabe_languages" title="Category:Anishinaabe languages">Anishinaabe languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Category:English-based pidgins and creoles">English-based pidgins and creoles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C3%A9tis_in_Manitoba" title="Category:Métis in Manitoba">Métis in Manitoba</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2024">Articles needing additional references from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2024">Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_speaker_number_undated" title="Category:Language articles with speaker number undated">Language articles with speaker number undated</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialects_of_languages_with_ISO_639-3_code" title="Category:Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code">Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_ISO_639-3_code_but_with_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code">Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ojibwe-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ojibwe-language text">Articles containing Ojibwe-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cree-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cree-language text">Articles containing Cree-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 January 2025, at 02:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bungi_dialect&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bungi dialect</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>8 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-9qbfh","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.842","walltime":"1.143","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7296,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":201657,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26311,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":161016,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1007.434 1 -total"," 21.10% 212.569 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.54% 146.466 1 Template:Multiple"," 11.04% 111.174 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 9.50% 95.743 2 Template:Langx"," 9.09% 91.603 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.05% 91.138 6 Template:Cite_web"," 8.02% 80.770 1 Template:Scots_language"," 7.63% 76.911 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.35% 74.046 20 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.516","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18556957,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAn_Old_Timer1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkerPapen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkerPapen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkwell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlain1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlain1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlain2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBung-gay1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKipling1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushwaup1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonkman1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOld_Timer1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentland1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottMulligan1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStobie1967–1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStobie1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStobie1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStobie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVittBarkwell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 7,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 7,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Center\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Cree language\"] = 1,\n [\"External links\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Metis in Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Right\"] = 1,\n [\"Scots language\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Text and translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-868759585b-5bbbc","timestamp":"20250214041656","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bungi dialect","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bungi_dialect","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35114","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35114","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-18T19:49:05Z","dateModified":"2025-01-27T02:18:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/66\/Geographical_distribution_of_Bungee_creole_speakers.jpg","headline":"mixed language spoken by the Red River M\u00e9tis"}</script> </body> </html>