CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Unification of Italy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5a177a2a-58fa-44d7-b727-8d9d775b69b7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Unification_of_Italy","wgTitle":"Unification of Italy","wgCurRevisionId":1258573356,"wgRevisionId":1258573356,"wgArticleId":59642,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2022","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles with dead external links from July 2024", "CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Articles containing Italian-language text","Pages with Italian IPA","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Italian unification","Modern history of Italy","National unifications","19th century in Italy","History of Savoy","1810s in Italy","1820s in Italy","1830s in Italy","1840s in Italy","1850s in Italy","1860s in Italy","1870s in Italy","Anti-Catholicism in Italy","1815 in Italy","1871 in Italy","19th century in Europe","19th century in politics","Italian nationalism","Unionism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Unification_of_Italy","wgRelevantArticleId":59642,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Italian_unification","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Unification_of_Italy","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q51122","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/1200px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1712"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/800px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1142"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/640px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="913"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Unification of Italy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Italy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Italy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Unification_of_Italy rootpage-Unification_of_Italy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Unification+of+Italy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Unification+of+Italy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Unification+of+Italy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Unification+of+Italy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_ancient_times_to_early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_ancient_times_to_early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>From ancient times to early modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_ancient_times_to_early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>French Revolution and Napoleonic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_(1815–1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_(1815–1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reaction (1815–1848)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_(1815–1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbonari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbonari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Carbonari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbonari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giuseppe_Mazzini_and_Giuseppe_Garibaldi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giuseppe_Mazzini_and_Giuseppe_Garibaldi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giuseppe_Mazzini_and_Giuseppe_Garibaldi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_revolutionary_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_revolutionary_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early revolutionary activity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_revolutionary_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early revolutionary activity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_revolutionary_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exiles_and_European_and_masculine_ideals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exiles_and_European_and_masculine_ideals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exiles and European and masculine ideals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exiles_and_European_and_masculine_ideals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_Sicilies_insurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_Sicilies_insurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Two Sicilies insurrection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_Sicilies_insurrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piedmont_insurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piedmont_insurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Piedmont insurrection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piedmont_insurrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1830_insurrections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1830_insurrections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1830 insurrections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1830_insurrections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutions_of_1848–1849_and_First_Italian_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutions_of_1848–1849_and_First_Italian_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revolutions of 1848–1849 and First Italian War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolutions_of_1848–1849_and_First_Italian_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revolutions of 1848–1849 and First Italian War of Independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revolutions_of_1848–1849_and_First_Italian_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cavour_and_prospects_for_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavour_and_prospects_for_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cavour and prospects for unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavour_and_prospects_for_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Towards the Kingdom of Italy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Towards the Kingdom of Italy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pisacane_fiasco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pisacane_fiasco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pisacane fiasco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pisacane_fiasco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Italian_Independence_War_of_1859_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Italian_Independence_War_of_1859_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Second Italian Independence War of 1859 and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Italian_Independence_War_of_1859_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_of_the_Thousand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_of_the_Thousand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Expedition of the Thousand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_of_the_Thousand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Defeat of the Kingdom of Naples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_repercussions_on_diplomatic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_repercussions_on_diplomatic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>The repercussions on diplomatic relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_repercussions_on_diplomatic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Roman Question</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_War_of_Independence_(1866)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_War_of_Independence_(1866)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Third War of Independence (1866)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_War_of_Independence_(1866)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rome</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rome subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mentana_and_Villa_Glori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mentana_and_Villa_Glori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mentana and Villa Glori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mentana_and_Villa_Glori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Capture of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Problems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Problems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Problems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruling_and_representing_southern_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_and_representing_southern_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ruling and representing southern Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_and_representing_southern_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risorgimento_and_Italian_irredentism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risorgimento_and_Italian_irredentism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Risorgimento and Italian irredentism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risorgimento_and_Italian_irredentism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Risorgimento and Italian irredentism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Risorgimento_and_Italian_irredentism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_Italian_irredentism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_Italian_irredentism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Origins of Italian irredentism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_Italian_irredentism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irredentism_and_the_World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irredentism_and_the_World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Irredentism and the World Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irredentism_and_the_World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Italian_irredentism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Italian_irredentism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>End of Italian irredentism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Italian_irredentism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anniversary_of_the_unification_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anniversary_of_the_unification_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Anniversary of the unification of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anniversary_of_the_unification_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_Risorgimento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_Risorgimento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Culture and Risorgimento</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_Risorgimento-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and Risorgimento subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_Risorgimento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps_of_Italy_before_and_during_Italian_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps_of_Italy_before_and_during_Italian_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Maps of Italy before and during Italian unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps_of_Italy_before_and_during_Italian_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unification of Italy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unifikasie_van_Itali%C3%AB" title="Unifikasie van Italië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Unifikasie van Italië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="توحيد إيطاليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توحيد إيطاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unificaci%C3%B3n_d%27Italia" title="Unificación d'Italia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Unificación d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorcimento" title="Risorcimento – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Risorcimento" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_th%C3%B3ng-it" title="Italia thóng-it – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Italia thóng-it" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рысарджымента – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рысарджымента" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рысарджымэнта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рысарджымэнта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Рисорджименто – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рисорджименто" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unificaci%C3%B3_italiana" title="Unificació italiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unificació italiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia_%C3%BChinemine" title="Itaalia ühinemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia ühinemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ιταλική ενοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλική ενοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unificaci%C3%B3n_italiana" title="Unificación italiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unificación italiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unui%C4%9Do_de_Italio" title="Unuiĝo de Italio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unuiĝo de Italio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaren_bateratzea" title="Italiaren bateratzea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italiaren bateratzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="وحدت ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وحدت ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risuriment" title="Risuriment – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Risuriment" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aont%C3%BA_na_hIod%C3%A1ile" title="Aontú na hIodáile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aontú na hIodáile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%86%8C%EB%A5%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%A9%98%ED%86%A0" title="리소르지멘토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리소르지멘토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Ռիսորջիմենտո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիսորջիմենտո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="इतालवी एकीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इतालवी एकीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjenje_Italije" title="Ujedinjenje Italije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ujedinjenje Italije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unigo" title="Italian unigo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Italian unigo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyatuan_Italia" title="Penyatuan Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyatuan Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameining_%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADu" title="Sameining Ítalíu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sameining Ítalíu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="איחוד איטליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איחוד איטליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="იტალიის გაერთიანება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალიის გაერთიანება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Рисоржименто – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рисоржименто" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unificatio_Italiae" title="Unificatio Italiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unificatio Italiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risord%C5%BEimento" title="Risordžimento – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Risordžimento" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijos_suvienijimas" title="Italijos suvienijimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italijos suvienijimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorsgiment" title="Resorsgiment – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Resorsgiment" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia_egyes%C3%ADt%C3%A9se" title="Itália egyesítése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Itália egyesítése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Обединување на Италија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обединување на Италија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="इटलीचे एकत्रीकरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इटलीचे एकत्रीकरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyatuan_Itali" title="Penyatuan Itali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyatuan Itali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="इटालीको एकीकरण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इटालीको एकीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="イタリア統一運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア統一運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italias_samling" title="Italias samling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Italias samling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samlinga_av_Italia" title="Samlinga av Italia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samlinga av Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorjimento" title="Risorjimento – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Risorjimento" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اٹلی دا اتحاد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اٹلی دا اتحاد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="د ايټالیا اتحاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ايټالیا اتحاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjednoczenie_W%C5%82och" title="Zjednoczenie Włoch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zjednoczenie Włoch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unificarea_Italiei" title="Unificarea Italiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Unificarea Italiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Рисорджименто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рисорджименто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkimi_i_Italis%C3%AB" title="Bashkimi i Italisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkimi i Italisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risurgimentu" title="Risurgimentu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Risurgimentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unification" title="Italian unification – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Italian unification" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" title="Risorgimento – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Risorgimento" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEitev_Italije" title="Združitev Italije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Združitev Italije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Уједињење Италије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уједињење Италије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjenje_Italije" title="Ujedinjenje Italije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ujedinjenje Italije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_yhdistyminen" title="Italian yhdistyminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian yhdistyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiens_enande" title="Italiens enande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italiens enande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-iisa_ng_Italya" title="Pag-iisa ng Italya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-iisa ng Italya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இத்தாலிய ஐக்கியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இத்தாலிய ஐக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="การรวมชาติอิตาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรวมชาติอิตาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talya%27n%C4%B1n_birle%C5%9Fmesi" title="İtalya'nın birleşmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalya'nın birleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Рісорджименто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рісорджименто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اطالیہ کا اتحاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اطالیہ کا اتحاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorzimento" title="Resorzimento – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Resorzimento" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%91ng_nh%E1%BA%A5t_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C3%9D" title="Thống nhất nước Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thống nhất nước Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctidse_Itaalia_luumin%C3%B5" title="Ütidse Itaalia luuminõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ütidse Itaalia luuminõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-urusa_han_Italya" title="Pag-urusa han Italya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pag-urusa han Italya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="意大利统一 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="意大利统一" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="意大利統一 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意大利統一" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="意大利統一 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意大利統一" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51122#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Unification_of_Italy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Unification_of_Italy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Unification_of_Italy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&oldid=1258573356" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Unification_of_Italy&id=1258573356&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnification_of_Italy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnification_of_Italy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Unification_of_Italy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Italian_Risorgimento" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51122" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_unification&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1848–1871 consolidation of Italian states into a single state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 19th century consolidation of Italian states into a single state. For the Roman unification of the Italian Peninsula, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Risorgimento" redirects here. For the 2011 opera by Lorenzo Ferrero, see <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento!" title="Risorgimento!"><i>Risorgimento!</i></a> For the newspaper, see <a href="/wiki/Il_Risorgimento_(newspaper)" title="Il Risorgimento (newspaper)"><i>Il Risorgimento</i> (newspaper)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Unification of Italy</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/240px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/360px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/480px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a>, 18–22 March 1848</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span> Risorgimento</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">1848–1871</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carboneria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand#The_Red_Shirts" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Red Shirts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand#The_Red_Shirts" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Hungarian legion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand#The_Red_Shirts" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Southern Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> becomes the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy" title="Category:History of Italy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of <span class="fn org label">Italy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old map of Italian peninsula"><img alt="Old map of Italian peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> (18th–3rd c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> (12th–6th c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (8th–3rd c. BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> (27 BC–286 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> (286 AD–476 AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer's</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 476–493</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 493–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 568–774</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Frankish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 774–962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 962–1801</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine reconquest of Italy</a> (6th–8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> in southern Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (14th–16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> (1494–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic revival</a> (1545–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> Italy (1801–1814)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Risorgimento</a></i> (1815–1871)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy</a> (1861–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy in World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascism</a> (1922–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy in World War II</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li>Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> (1946–<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> (1970s–1980s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (1986–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–<i>present</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline</a><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Italy" title="Template talk:History of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>unification of Italy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Unità d'Italia</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[uniˈta<span class="wrap"> </span>ddiˈtaːlja]</a></span>), also known as the <b>Risorgimento</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[risordʒiˈmento]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Resurgence</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), was the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> that in 1861 ended in the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">annexation</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">various states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> and its outlying isles to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, resulting in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the unification process was precipitated by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, and reached completion in 1871 after the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">capture of Rome</a> and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals who played a major part in the struggle for unification and liberation from foreign domination included King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borrowing from the old <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> title <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> gave to King Victor Emmanuel II the epithet of <i><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the Fatherland">Father of the Fatherland</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Padre della Patria</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-raicultura_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raicultura-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after 1871, many ethnic Italian-speakers (<a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adigan</a> Italians, <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoyard Italians">Savoyard Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfiot Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Italians">Swiss Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsican Italians">Corsican Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese Italians">Maltese Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>) remained outside the borders of the Kingdom of Italy, planting the seeds of <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a>. </p><p>Italy celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_unification_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniversary of the unification of Italy">anniversary of the unification</a> on 17 March (the date of <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>). Some of the states that had been envisaged as part of the unification process (<i>terre irredente</i>) did not join the Kingdom until after Italy defeated <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> in 1920. Some historians see the Risorgimento as continuing to that time, which is the view presented at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Museum_of_the_Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Museum of the Risorgimento">Central Museum of the Risorgimento</a> at <a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnaldi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnaldi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-museo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_ancient_times_to_early_modern_era">From ancient times to early modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From ancient times to early modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> was unified by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in the latter part of the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a <i>de facto</i> territorial extension of the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a>, and for a long time experienced a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">privileged status but was not converted into a province</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the previous differences in municipal and political rights were abolished and Roman Italy was subdivided into administrative regions ruled directly by the Roman Senate. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> remained united under the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> and after 568 was disputed between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire</a>, losing its unity for centuries. Following conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>, the title of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">King of Italy</a> merged with the office of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>; however, the emperor was an absentee <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>-speaking foreigner who had little interest in governing Italy and indeed never controlled the entire peninsula. As a result, Italy gradually developed into a system of <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">city-states</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> was governed by the long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, which had been established by the Normans. Central Italy was governed by the pope as a temporal kingdom known as the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. </p><p>This situation persisted through the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> but began to deteriorate with the rise of modern <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. Italy, including the Papal States, then became the site of <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> between the major powers, notably the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>. Harbingers of national unity appeared in the treaty of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_League" title="Italic League">Italic League</a>, in 1454, and the 15th century foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>. Leading Renaissance Italian writers <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a> expressed opposition to foreign domination. Petrarch stated that the "ancient valour in Italian hearts is not yet dead" in <i>Italia Mia</i>. Machiavelli later quoted four verses from <i>Italia Mia</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i>, which looked forward to a political leader who would unite Italy "to free her from the <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> saw 65 years of French attacks on some of the Italian states, starting with <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII's</a> invasion of Naples in 1494. However, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis">Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis</a> (1559) saw parts of Italy fall under the direct or indirect control of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish Habsburgs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648 formally ended the rule of the Holy Roman Emperors in Italy. However, the Spanish branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, which ruled the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, continued to rule southern Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> until the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–14). Following this war the Austrian Habsburgs struggled for dominance with the Spanish Bourbons until the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. </p><p>A sense of Italian national identity was reflected in <a href="/wiki/Gian_Rinaldo_Carli" title="Gian Rinaldo Carli">Gian Rinaldo Carli</a>'s <i>Della Patria degli Italiani</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in 1764. It told how a stranger entered a café in Milan and puzzled its occupants by saying that he was neither a foreigner nor a Milanese. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Then what are you?' they asked. 'I am an Italian', he explained."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_era">French Revolution and Napoleonic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French Revolution and Napoleonic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Cispadana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Cispadana.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Cispadana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Cispadana.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Cispadana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Cispadana.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Cispadana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>, which was the first <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian tricolour</a> adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Habsburg rule in Italy came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">campaigns of the French Revolutionaries</a> in 1792–97 when a series of <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client republics</a> were set up. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by the last <a href="/wiki/Roman-German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-German Emperor">Roman-German Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a>, after its defeat by Napoleon at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>. French rule destroyed the old structures of feudalism in Italy and introduced modern ideas and efficient legal authority; it provided much of the intellectual force and social capital that fueled unification movements for decades after the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> collapsed in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French Republic spread republican principles, and the institutions of republican governments promoted citizenship over the rule of the Bourbons and Habsburgs and other dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction against any outside control challenged <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s choice of rulers. As Napoleon's reign began to fail, the rulers he had installed tried to keep their thrones (among them <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Viceroy of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">King of Naples</a>) further feeding nationalistic sentiments. Beauharnais tried to get <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> approval for his succession to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, and on 30 March 1815, Murat issued the <a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a>, which called on Italians to revolt against their Austrian occupiers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Flags of Napoleonic Italy">During the Napoleonic era</a>, in 1797, the first official adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian tricolour</a> as a national flag by a sovereign Italian state, the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>, a Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">sister republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a>, took place, on the basis of the events following the French Revolution (1789–1799) which, among its ideals, advocated the national <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event is celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Day" title="Tricolour Day">Tricolour Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-miolegale_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miolegale-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_national_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian national colours">Italian national colours</a> appeared for the first time on a <a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">tricolour cockade</a> in 1789,<sup id="cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli_|p._662_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli_|p._662-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anticipating by seven years the first green, white and red Italian military <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a>, which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Legion" title="Lombard Legion">Lombard Legion</a> in 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_(1815–1848)"><span id="Reaction_.281815.E2.80.931848.29"></span>Reaction (1815–1848)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reaction (1815–1848)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/220px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/330px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/440px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>, highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement</figcaption></figure> <p>After Napoleon fell (1814), the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1814–15) restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments. Italy was again controlled largely by the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they directly controlled the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> and indirectly the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Modena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. </p><p>With the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist monarchical regimes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_tricolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian tricolour">Italian tricolour</a> went underground, becoming the symbol of the patriotic ferments that began to spread in Italy<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian tricolour waved for the first time in the history of the Risorgimento on 11 March 1821 in the <a href="/wiki/Cittadella_of_Alessandria" title="Cittadella of Alessandria">Cittadella of Alessandria</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">revolutions of 1820s</a>, after the oblivion caused by the restoration of the absolutist monarchical regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important figure of this period was <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Melzi_d%27Eril" title="Francesco Melzi d'Eril">Francesco Melzi d'Eril</a>, serving as vice-president of the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a> (1802–1805) and consistent supporter of the Italian unification ideals that would lead to the Italian Risorgimento shortly after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, artistic and literary sentiment also turned towards nationalism; <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Vittorio Alfieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Tommaseo" title="Niccolò Tommaseo">Niccolò Tommaseo</a> are generally considered three great literary precursors of <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a>, but the most famous proto-nationalist work was <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)"><i>I promessi sposi</i> <i>(The Betrothed)</i></a>, widely read as thinly veiled allegorical criticism of Austrian rule. Published in 1827 and extensively revised in the following years, the 1840 version of <i>I Promessi Sposi</i> used a standardized version of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Tuscan dialect</a>, a conscious effort by the author to provide a language and force people to learn it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three ideals of unification appeared. <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a>, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under the leadership of the pope in his 1842 book <i>Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> at first appeared interested but he turned reactionary and led the battle against liberalism and nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a> wanted the unification of Italy under a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a>, which proved too extreme for most nationalists. The middle position was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a> (1789–1853) as a confederation of separate Italian states led by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbonari">Carbonari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Carbonari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian-unification.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Italian-unification.gif/220px-Italian-unification.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Italian-unification.gif/330px-Italian-unification.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Italian-unification.gif/440px-Italian-unification.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most influential revolutionary groups was the <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a>, a secret political discussion group formed in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> early in the 19th century. After 1815, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> in Italy was repressed and discredited due to its French connections. A void was left that the Carbonari filled with a movement that closely resembled Freemasonry but with a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> and no association with Napoleon and his government. The response came from middle-class professionals and businessmen and some intellectuals. The Carbonari disowned Napoleon but nevertheless were inspired by the principles of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> regarding liberty, equality and fraternity. They developed their own rituals and were strongly anticlerical. The Carbonari movement spread across Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative governments feared the Carbonari, imposing stiff penalties on men discovered to be members. Nevertheless, the movement survived and continued to be a source of political turmoil in Italy from 1820 until after unification. The Carbonari condemned <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> (who, as a young man, had fought on their side) to death for <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III#Italian_Campaign" title="Napoleon III">failing</a> to unite Italy, and the group almost succeeded in assassinating him in 1858, when <a href="/wiki/Felice_Orsini" title="Felice Orsini">Felice Orsini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Andrea_Pieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Andrea Pieri (page does not exist)">Giovanni Andrea Pieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_DeRudio" title="Charles DeRudio">Carlo Di Rudio</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Gomez_(revolutionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Gomez (revolutionary) (page does not exist)">Andrea Gomez</a> threw three bombs at him. Many leaders of the unification movement were at one time or other members of this organization. The chief purpose was to defeat tyranny and to establish constitutional government. Although contributing some service to the cause of Italian unity, historians such as Cornelia Shiver doubt that their achievements were proportional to their pretensions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giuseppe_Mazzini_and_Giuseppe_Garibaldi">Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_meeting_between_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/First_meeting_between_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg/200px-First_meeting_between_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/First_meeting_between_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg/300px-First_meeting_between_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/First_meeting_between_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg/400px-First_meeting_between_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The first meeting between <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a> at the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a> in 1833</figcaption></figure> <p>Many leading Carbonari revolutionaries wanted a republic,<sup id="cite_ref-Galt_1994_785–807_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galt_1994_785–807-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two of the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>. Mazzini's activity in revolutionary movements caused him to be imprisoned soon after he joined. While in prison, he concluded that Italy could − and therefore should − be unified, and he formulated a program for establishing a free, independent, and republican nation with <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> as its capital. Following his release in 1831, he went to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> in France, where he organized a new political society called <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy"><i>La Giovine Italia</i> (Young Italy)</a>, whose mottos were "<i>Dio e Popolo</i>" ('God and People') and "<i>Unione, Forza e Libertà</i>" ('Union, Strength and Freedom"),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which sought the unification of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garibaldi, a native of <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> (then part of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>), participated in an uprising in Piedmont in 1834 and was sentenced to death. He escaped to South America, although, spending fourteen years in exile, taking part in several wars, and learning the art of guerrilla warfare before his return to Italy in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_revolutionary_activity">Early revolutionary activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early revolutionary activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exiles_and_European_and_masculine_ideals">Exiles and European and masculine ideals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exiles and European and masculine ideals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the key intellectual and political leaders operated from exile; most Risorgimento patriots lived and published their work abroad after successive failed revolutions. Exile became a central theme of the foundational legacy of the Risorgimento as the narrative of the Italian nation fighting for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exiles were deeply immersed in European ideas, and often hammered away at what Europeans saw as Italian vices, especially effeminacy and indolence. These negative stereotypes emerged from <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> notions of national character that stressed the influence of the environment and history on a people's moral predisposition. Italian exiles both challenged and embraced the stereotypes and typically presented gendered interpretations of Italy's political "degeneration". They called for a masculine response to feminine weaknesses as the basis of national regeneration and fashioned their image of the future Italian nation firmly in the standards of European nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_Sicilies_insurrection">Two Sicilies insurrection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Two Sicilies insurrection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Pepe_Illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guglielmo_Pepe_Illustration.jpg/170px-Guglielmo_Pepe_Illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guglielmo_Pepe_Illustration.jpg/255px-Guglielmo_Pepe_Illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guglielmo_Pepe_Illustration.jpg/340px-Guglielmo_Pepe_Illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Pepe" title="Guglielmo Pepe">Guglielmo Pepe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1820, liberal Spaniards successfully <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">revolted</a>, demanding a Constitution, which influenced the development of a similar movement in Italy. Inspired by the Spaniards, a regiment in the army of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Two Sicilies">Kingdom of Two Sicilies</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Pepe" title="Guglielmo Pepe">Guglielmo Pepe</a>, a Carbonaro (member of the secret republican organization),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mutinied, conquering the peninsular part of Two Sicilies. The king, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I</a>, agreed to enact a new constitution. The revolutionaries, although, failed to court popular support and fell to Austrian troops of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>. Ferdinand abolished the constitution and began systematically persecuting known revolutionaries. Many supporters of revolution in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, including the scholar <a href="/wiki/Michele_Amari" title="Michele Amari">Michele Amari</a>, were forced into exile during the decades that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piedmont_insurrection">Piedmont insurrection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Piedmont insurrection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arresto_di_Silvio_Pellico_e_Piero_Maroncelli_-_Carlo_Felice_Biscarra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arresto_di_Silvio_Pellico_e_Piero_Maroncelli_-_Carlo_Felice_Biscarra.jpg/220px-Arresto_di_Silvio_Pellico_e_Piero_Maroncelli_-_Carlo_Felice_Biscarra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arresto_di_Silvio_Pellico_e_Piero_Maroncelli_-_Carlo_Felice_Biscarra.jpg/330px-Arresto_di_Silvio_Pellico_e_Piero_Maroncelli_-_Carlo_Felice_Biscarra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arresto_di_Silvio_Pellico_e_Piero_Maroncelli_-_Carlo_Felice_Biscarra.jpg/440px-Arresto_di_Silvio_Pellico_e_Piero_Maroncelli_-_Carlo_Felice_Biscarra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><i>The Arrest of Silvio Pellico and Piero Maroncelli</i>, <a href="/wiki/Saluzzo" title="Saluzzo">Saluzzo</a>, civic museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The leader of the 1821 revolutionary movement in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont</a> was <a href="/wiki/Santorre_di_Santarosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Santorre di Santarosa">Santorre di Santarosa</a>, who wanted to remove the Austrians and unify Italy under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>. The Piedmont revolt started in <a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a>, where troops adopted the green, white, and red <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy"><i>tricolore</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I" title="Victor Emmanuel I">Victor Emmanuel I</a> abdicated in response, and the regent for the new king, Prince <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert</a>, approved a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> to appease the revolutionaries, but when King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Felix_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Felix of Sardinia">Charles Felix</a> returned he disavowed the constitution and requested assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>. Di Santarosa's troops were defeated, and the would-be Piedmontese revolutionary fled to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a> and Pietro Maroncelli organized several attempts to weaken the hold of the Austrian despotism by indirect educational means. In October 1820, Pellico and Maroncelli were arrested on the charge of carbonarism and imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1830_insurrections">1830 insurrections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1830 insurrections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a> argues: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Few people in 1830 believed that an Italian nation might exist. There were eight states in the peninsula, each with distinct laws and traditions. No one had had the desire or the resources to revive Napoleon's partial experiment in unification. The settlement of 1814–15 had merely restored regional divisions, with the added disadvantage that the decisive victory of Austria over France temporarily hindered Italians in playing off their former oppressors against each other. ... Italians who, like <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Rossetti" title="Gabriele Rossetti">Gabriele Rossetti</a>, harboured patriotic sentiments, were driven into exile. The largest Italian state, the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with its 8 million inhabitants, seemed aloof and indifferent: Sicily and Naples had once been ruled by Spain, and it had always been foreign to the rest of Italy. The common people in each region, and even the intellectual elite, spoke their mutually unintelligible dialects, and lacked the least vestiges of national consciousness. They wanted good government, not self-government, and had welcomed Napoleon and the French as more equitable and efficient than their native dynasties,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of which had died out in the 18th century.</p></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assalto_alla_casa_di_Ciro_Menotti_e_arresto_del_Grande_Patriotta_e_dei_suoi_compagni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Assalto_alla_casa_di_Ciro_Menotti_e_arresto_del_Grande_Patriotta_e_dei_suoi_compagni.jpg/220px-Assalto_alla_casa_di_Ciro_Menotti_e_arresto_del_Grande_Patriotta_e_dei_suoi_compagni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Assalto_alla_casa_di_Ciro_Menotti_e_arresto_del_Grande_Patriotta_e_dei_suoi_compagni.jpg/330px-Assalto_alla_casa_di_Ciro_Menotti_e_arresto_del_Grande_Patriotta_e_dei_suoi_compagni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Assalto_alla_casa_di_Ciro_Menotti_e_arresto_del_Grande_Patriotta_e_dei_suoi_compagni.jpg/440px-Assalto_alla_casa_di_Ciro_Menotti_e_arresto_del_Grande_Patriotta_e_dei_suoi_compagni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Ciro Menotti and his compatriots clashed with the army.</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1830, revolutionary sentiment in favour of a unified Italy began to experience a resurgence, and a series of insurrections laid the groundwork for the creation of one nation along the Italian peninsula. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duke of Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_IV_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis IV of Modena">Francis IV</a>, was an ambitious man, and he hoped to become king of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a> by increasing his territory. In 1826, Francis made it clear that he would not act against those who subverted opposition toward the unification of Italy. Encouraged by the declaration, revolutionaries in the region began to organize. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830 in France, revolutionaries forced King <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> to abdicate and created the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> with encouragement from the new French king, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe I">Louis-Philippe I</a>. Louis-Philippe had promised revolutionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Menotti" title="Ciro Menotti">Ciro Menotti</a> that he would intervene if Austria tried to interfere in Italy with troops. Fearing he would lose his throne, Louis-Philippe did not, however, intervene in Menotti's planned uprising. The Duke of Modena abandoned his Carbonari supporters, arrested Menotti and other conspirators in 1831, and once again conquered his duchy with help from the Austrian troops. Menotti was executed, and the idea of a revolution centred in Modena faded. </p><p>At the same time, other insurrections arose in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Legations" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Legations">Papal Legations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>. These successful revolutions, which adopted the <i>tricolore</i> in place of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Papacy" title="List of flags of the Papacy">Papal flag</a>, quickly spread to cover all the Papal Legations, and their newly installed local governments proclaimed the creation of a united Italian nation. The revolts in Modena and the Papal Legations inspired similar activity in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a>, where the <i>tricolore</i> flag was adopted. The Parmese duchess <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise of Austria">Marie Louise</a> left the city during the political upheaval. </p><p>Insurrection provinces planned to unite as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a>, which prompted <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> to ask for Austrian help against the rebels. Austrian Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> warned Louis-Philippe that Austria had no intention of letting Italian matters be and that French intervention would not be tolerated. Louis-Philippe sent a naval expedition to Ancona, which restored Papal authority there and even arrested Italian patriots living in France. In early 1831, the Austrian army began its march across the Italian peninsula, slowly crushing resistance in each province that had revolted. This military action suppressed much of the fledgling revolutionary movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutions_of_1848–1849_and_First_Italian_War_of_Independence"><span id="Revolutions_of_1848.E2.80.931849_and_First_Italian_War_of_Independence"></span>Revolutions of 1848–1849 and First Italian War of Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revolutions of 1848–1849 and First Italian War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fratelli_Bandiera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fratelli_Bandiera.jpg/220px-Fratelli_Bandiera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fratelli_Bandiera.jpg/330px-Fratelli_Bandiera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Fratelli_Bandiera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Execution of the <a href="/wiki/Bandiera_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandiera Brothers">Bandiera Brothers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1844, two brothers from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandiera_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandiera Brothers">Attilio and Emilio Bandiera</a>, members of <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a>, planned to make a raid on the <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabrian</a> coast against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Two Sicilies">Kingdom of Two Sicilies</a> in support of Italian unification. They assembled a band of about twenty men ready to sacrifice their lives and set sail on their venture on 12 June 1844. Four days later they landed near <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>, intending to go to <a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a>, liberate the political prisoners, and issue their proclamations. Tragically for the Bandiera brothers, they did not find the insurgent band they were told awaited them, so they moved towards <a href="/wiki/La_Sila" title="La Sila">La Sila</a>. They were ultimately betrayed by one of their party, the <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsican</a> Pietro Boccheciampe, and by some peasants who believed them to be Turkish pirates. A detachment of <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmes</a> and volunteers were sent against them, and after a short fight, the whole band was taken prisoner and escorted to Cosenza, where a number of Calabrians who had taken part in a previous rising were also under arrest. The Bandiera brothers and their nine companions were executed by firing squad; some accounts state they cried "<i>Viva l'Italia!</i>" ('Long live Italy!') as they fell. The moral effect was enormous throughout Italy, the action of the authorities was universally condemned, and the martyrdom of the Bandiera brothers bore fruit in the subsequent revolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg/170px-Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg/255px-Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg/340px-Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Holograph">Holographic</a> copy of 1847 of <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a></i>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> since 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>In this context, in 1847, the first public performance of the song <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a></i>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> since 1946, took place.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Il Canto degli Italiani</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a> set to music by <a href="/wiki/Michele_Novaro" title="Michele Novaro">Michele Novaro</a>, is also known as the <i>Inno di Mameli</i>, after the author of the lyrics, or <i>Fratelli d'Italia</i>, from its <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">opening line</a>. </p><p>On 5 January 1848, the revolutionary disturbances began with a civil disobedience strike in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, as citizens stopped smoking cigars and playing the <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">lottery</a>, which denied Austria the associated tax revenue. Shortly after this, revolts began on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. In Sicily the revolt resulted in the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Kingdom of Sicily</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a> as chairman of the independent state until 1849, when the Bourbon army took back full control of the island on 15 May 1849 by force.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruggero_Settimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ruggero_Settimo.jpg/170px-Ruggero_Settimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ruggero_Settimo.jpg/255px-Ruggero_Settimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ruggero_Settimo.jpg/340px-Ruggero_Settimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1848, there were revolts in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a> that were relatively nonviolent, after which Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Leopold II</a> granted the Tuscans a constitution. A breakaway republican provisional government formed in Tuscany during February shortly after this concession. On 21 February, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> granted a constitution to the Papal States, which was both unexpected and surprising considering the historical recalcitrance of the Papacy. On 23 February 1848, King Louis Philippe of France was forced to flee <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Republic">Second French Republic</a> was proclaimed. By the time the revolution in Paris occurred, three states of Italy had constitutions—four if one considers Sicily to be a separate state. </p><p>Meanwhile, in Lombardy, tensions increased until the Milanese and Venetians rose in revolt on 18 March 1848. The insurrection in Milan succeeded in expelling the Austrian garrison after five days of street fights—18–22 March (<a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Cinque giornate di Milano</a>). An Austrian army under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josef_Radetzky" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Radetzky">Josef Radetzky</a> besieged Milan, but due to the defection of many of his troops and the support of the Milanese for the revolt, they were forced to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a> fortresses. </p><p>Soon, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert</a>, the King of Sardinia (who ruled Piedmont and <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>), urged by the Venetians and Milanese to aid their cause, decided this was the moment to unify Italy and declared war on Austria (<a href="/wiki/First_Italian_Independence_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italian Independence War">First Italian Independence War</a>). After initial successes at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goito" title="Battle of Goito">Goito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera</a>, he was decisively defeated by Radetzky at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_(1848)" title="Battle of Custoza (1848)">Battle of Custoza</a> on 24 July. An armistice was agreed to, and Radetzky regained control of all of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy–Venetia</a> save <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> itself, where the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> was proclaimed under <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniele_Manin_Repubblica_di_Venezia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Daniele_Manin_Repubblica_di_Venezia.jpg/220px-Daniele_Manin_Repubblica_di_Venezia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Daniele_Manin_Repubblica_di_Venezia.jpg/330px-Daniele_Manin_Repubblica_di_Venezia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Daniele_Manin_Repubblica_di_Venezia.jpg/440px-Daniele_Manin_Repubblica_di_Venezia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Tommaseo" title="Niccolò Tommaseo">Niccolò Tommaseo</a> after the proclamation of the Republic of San Marco</figcaption></figure> <p>While Radetzky consolidated control of Lombardy–Venetia and Charles Albert licked his wounds, matters took a more serious turn in other parts of Italy. The monarchs who had reluctantly agreed to constitutions in March came into conflict with their constitutional ministers. At first, the republics had the upper hand, forcing the monarchs to flee their capitals, including Pope Pius IX. </p><p>Initially, Pius IX had been something of a reformer, but conflicts with the revolutionaries soured him on the idea of constitutional government. In November 1848, following the assassination of his Minister <a href="/wiki/Pellegrino_Rossi" title="Pellegrino Rossi">Pellegrino Rossi</a>, Pius IX fled just before <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and other patriots arrived in Rome. In early 1849, elections were held for a Constituent Assembly, which proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a> on 9 February. On 2 February 1849, at a political rally held in the Apollo Theater, a young Roman priest, the Abbé <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Arduini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Arduini (page does not exist)">Carlo Arduini</a>, had made a speech in which he had declared that the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power of the Holy See</a> was a "historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early March 1849, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> arrived in Rome and was appointed Chief Minister. In the Constitution of the Roman Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> religious freedom was guaranteed by article 7, the independence of the pope as head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was guaranteed by article 8 of the <i>Principi fondamentali</i>, while the death penalty was abolished by article 5, and free public education was provided by article 8 of the <i>Titolo I</i>. </p><p>Before the powers could respond to the founding of the Roman Republic, Charles Albert, whose army had been trained by the exiled Polish general <a href="/wiki/Albert_Chrzanowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Chrzanowski">Albert Chrzanowski</a>, renewed the war with Austria. He was quickly defeated by Radetzky at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1849)" title="Battle of Novara (1849)">Novara</a> on 23 March 1849. Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>, and Piedmontese ambitions to unite Italy or conquer Lombardy were, for the moment, brought to an end. The war ended with a treaty signed on 9 August. A popular revolt broke out in <a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Brescia</a> on the same day as the defeat at Novara, but was suppressed by the Austrians ten days later. </p><p>There remained the Roman and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Venetian</a> Republics. In April, a French force under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oudinot" title="Charles Oudinot">Charles Oudinot</a> was sent to Rome. Apparently, the French first wished to mediate between the pope and his subjects, but soon the French were determined to restore the pope. After a two-month siege, Rome capitulated on 29 June 1849 and the pope was restored. Garibaldi and Mazzini once again fled into exile—in 1850 Garibaldi went to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Meanwhile, the Austrians besieged Venice, which was defended by a volunteer army led by <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Pepe" title="Guglielmo Pepe">Guglielmo Pepe</a>, who were forced to surrender on 24 August. Pro-independence fighters were <a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">hanged en masse in Belfiore</a>, while the Austrians moved to restore order in central Italy, restoring the princes who had been expelled and re-establishing Papal control over the Legations. The revolutions were thus completely crushed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavour_and_prospects_for_unification">Cavour and prospects for unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cavour and prospects for unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldiecavour.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Garibaldiecavour.JPG/170px-Garibaldiecavour.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Garibaldiecavour.JPG/255px-Garibaldiecavour.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Garibaldiecavour.JPG/340px-Garibaldiecavour.JPG 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi and Cavour making Italy in a satirical cartoon of 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>Morale was of course badly weakened, but the dream of Risorgimento did not die. Instead, the Italian patriots learned some lessons that made them much more effective at the next opportunity in 1860. Military weakness was glaring, as the small Italian states were completely outmatched by France and Austria. </p><p>France was a potential ally, and the patriots realized they had to focus all their attention on expelling Austria first, with a willingness to give the French whatever they wanted in return for essential military intervention. As a result of this France received Nice and Savoy in 1860. Secondly, the patriots realized that the pope was an enemy, and could never be the leader of a united Italy. Thirdly, they realized that republicanism was too weak a force. Unification had to be based on a strong monarchy, and in practice that meant reliance on Piedmont (the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>) under King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> (1820–1878) of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a> (1810–1861) provided critical leadership. He was a modernizer interested in agrarian improvements, banks, railways and free trade. He opened a newspaper as soon as censorship allowed it: <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Risorgimento_(newspaper)" title="Il Risorgimento (newspaper)">Il Risorgimento</a></i> called for the independence of Italy, a league of Italian princes, and moderate reforms. He had the ear of the king and in 1852 became prime minister. He ran an efficient active government, promoting rapid economic modernization while upgrading the administration of the army and the financial and legal systems. He sought out support from patriots across Italy. </p><p>In 1855, the kingdom became an ally of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, which gave Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy">Towards the Kingdom of Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Towards the Kingdom of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/139px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/209px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/278px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuminello,_Lodovico_(1824-1907)_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg/158px-Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a> (right), leading figures in the Italian unification, became respectively the first king and first Prime Minister of unified Italy.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pisacane_fiasco">Pisacane fiasco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pisacane fiasco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1857, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a>, an aristocrat from Naples who had embraced Mazzini's ideas, decided to provoke a rising in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>. His small force landed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ponza" title="Ponza">Ponza</a>. It overpowered guards and liberated hundreds of prisoners. In sharp contrast to his hypothetical expectations, there was no local uprising and the invaders were quickly overpowered. Pisacane was killed by angry locals who suspected he was leading a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> band trying to steal their food.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Italian_Independence_War_of_1859_and_aftermath">Second Italian Independence War of 1859 and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Second Italian Independence War of 1859 and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></div> <p>The Second War of Italian Independence began in April 1859 when the Sardinian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Count Cavour</a> found an ally in <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>. Napoleon III signed a secret alliance and Cavour provoked Austria with military maneuvers and eventually led to the war in April 1859. Cavour called for volunteers to enlist in the Italian liberation. The Austrians planned to use their army to beat the Sardinians before the French could come to their aid. Austria had an army of 140,000 men, while the Sardinians had a mere 70,000 men by comparison. However, the Austrians' numerical strength was outweighed by an ineffectual leadership appointed by the Emperor on the basis of noble lineage, rather than military competency. Their army was slow to enter Piedmont, taking almost ten days to travel the 80 kilometres (50 mi) to <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. By this time, the French had reinforced the Sardinians, so the Austrians retreated. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Fermo_1859_Gaildrau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/San_Fermo_1859_Gaildrau.jpg/220px-San_Fermo_1859_Gaildrau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/San_Fermo_1859_Gaildrau.jpg/330px-San_Fermo_1859_Gaildrau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/San_Fermo_1859_Gaildrau.jpg/440px-San_Fermo_1859_Gaildrau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fermo" title="Battle of San Fermo">Battle of San Fermo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Austrians were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Battle of Magenta</a> on 4 June and pushed back to <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>. Napoleon III's plans worked and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Battle of Solferino</a>, France and Sardinia defeated Austria and forced negotiations; at the same time, in the northern part of Lombardy, the Italian volunteers known as the <a href="/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps" title="Hunters of the Alps">Hunters of the Alps</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, defeated the Austrians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varese" title="Battle of Varese">Varese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fermo" title="Battle of San Fermo">Como</a>. On 12 July, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villafranca" title="Armistice of Villafranca">Armistice of Villafranca</a> was signed. The settlement, by which Lombardy was annexed to Sardinia, left Austria in control of the Veneto and <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>. The final arrangement was ironed out by "back-room" deals. This was because neither France, Austria, nor Sardinia wanted to risk another battle and could not handle further fighting. All of the sides were eventually unhappy with the outcome of the Second War of Italian Unification and expected another conflict in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Napoleon III and Cavour were mutually indebted: the first because he had withdrawn from the Second Italian War of Independence before the expected conquest of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, the second because he had allowed the uprisings to spread to the territories of central-northern Italy, thus going beyond what was agreed with the <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg/220px-Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg/330px-Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg/440px-Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Italian protests in Nice, 1871, during the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sardinia annexed Lombardy from Austria; it later occupied and annexed the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a>, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> and the Papal Legations on 22 March 1860. Sardinia handed Savoy and Nice over to France at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a>, a decision that was the consequence of the Plombières Agreement, on 24 March 1860, an event that caused the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a>, which was the emigration of a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a> to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> was elected in 1871 in Nice at the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> where he tried to promote the annexation of his hometown to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">newborn Italian unitary state</a>, but he was prevented from speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this denial, between 1871 and 1872 there were riots in Nice, promoted by the Garibaldini and called "<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which demanded the annexation of the city and its area to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifteen Nice people who participated in the rebellion were tried and sentenced.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_of_the_Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Expedition of the Thousand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/220px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/330px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/440px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<sup id="cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led to the unification of Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Thus, by early 1860, only five states remained in Italy—the Austrians in Venetia, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (now minus the Legations), the new expanded Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a>, the son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand II</a> (the infamous "King Bomba"), had a well-organized army of 150,000 men. But his father's tyranny had inspired many secret societies, and the kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a> were unexpectedly recalled home under the terms of a new Swiss law that forbade Swiss citizens to serve as mercenaries. This left Francis with only his mostly unreliable native troops. It was a critical opportunity for the unification movement. In April 1860, separate insurrections began in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> in Sicily, both of which had demonstrated a history of opposing Neapolitan rule. These rebellions were easily suppressed by loyal troops. </p><p>In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, a native of Nice, was deeply resentful of the French annexation of his home city. He hoped to use his supporters to regain the territory. Cavour, terrified of Garibaldi provoking a war with France, persuaded Garibaldi to instead use his forces in the Sicilian rebellions. On 6 May 1860, Garibaldi and his cadre of about a thousand Italian volunteers (called <i><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">I Mille</a></i>), steamed from <a href="/wiki/Quarto_dei_Mille" title="Quarto dei Mille">Quarto</a> near <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, and, after a stop in <a href="/wiki/Talamone" title="Talamone">Talamone</a> on 11 May, landed near <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a> on the west coast of Sicily. </p><p>Near <a href="/wiki/Salemi" title="Salemi">Salemi</a>, Garibaldi's army attracted scattered bands of rebels, and the combined forces defeated the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Army of the Two Sicilies">Army of the Two Sicilies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calatafimi" title="Battle of Calatafimi">Battle of Calatafimi</a> on 13 May. Within three days, the invading force had swelled to 4,000 men. On 14 May Garibaldi proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">dictator of Sicily</a>, in the name of Victor Emmanuel. After waging various successful but hard-fought battles, Garibaldi advanced upon the Sicilian capital of Palermo, announcing his arrival by beacon-fires kindled at night. On 27 May the force began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Palermo" title="Siege of Palermo">Siege of Palermo</a>, while a mass uprising of street and barricade fighting broke out within the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calatafimi" title="Battle of Calatafimi">Battle of Calatafimi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With Palermo deemed insurgent, Neapolitan general <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Lanza" title="Ferdinando Lanza">Ferdinando Lanza</a>, arriving in Sicily with some 25,000 troops, furiously bombarded Palermo nearly to ruins. With the intervention of a British admiral, an armistice was declared, leading to the Neapolitan troops' departure and surrender of the town to Garibaldi and his much smaller army. </p><p>This resounding success demonstrated the weakness of the Neapolitan government. Garibaldi's fame spread and many Italians began to consider him a national hero. Doubt, confusion, and dismay overtook the Neapolitan court—the king hastily summoned his ministry and offered to restore an earlier constitution, but these efforts failed to rebuild the people's trust in <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Bourbon</a> governance. </p><p>Six weeks after the surrender of Palermo, Garibaldi attacked Messina. Within a week, its citadel surrendered. Having conquered Sicily, Garibaldi proceeded to the mainland, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a> with the Neapolitan fleet at hand. The garrison at <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> promptly surrendered. As he marched northward, the populace everywhere hailed him, and military resistance faded: on 18 and 21 August, the people of <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, two regions of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, independently declared their annexation to the Kingdom of Italy. At the end of August, Garibaldi was at <a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a>, and, on 5 September, at <a href="/wiki/Eboli" title="Eboli">Eboli</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> had declared a state of siege, and on 6 September the king gathered the 4,000 troops still faithful to him and retreated over the <a href="/wiki/Volturno" title="Volturno">River Volturno</a>. The next day, Garibaldi, with a few followers, entered by train into Naples, where the people openly welcomed him.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples">Defeat of the Kingdom of Naples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Defeat of the Kingdom of Naples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg/220px-Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg/330px-Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg/440px-Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>People cheering as Garibaldi enters Naples</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion <i>en masse</i>, holding firm along the River Volturno. Garibaldi's irregular bands of about 25,000 men could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a> without the help of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army" title="Royal Sardinian Army">Royal Sardinian Army</a>. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Ignoring the political will of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, Garibaldi announced his intent to proclaim a "Kingdom of Italy" from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> for those who supported such an effort. Afraid that Garibaldi would attack Rome, Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Christophe_L%C3%A9on_Louis_Juchault_de_Lamorici%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière">Louis Lamoricière</a>, a French exile. </p><p>The settling of the peninsular standoff now rested with Napoleon III. If he let Garibaldi have his way, Garibaldi would probably end the temporal sovereignty of the pope and make Rome the capital of Italy. Napoleon, however, may have arranged with Cavour to let the King of Sardinia free to take possession of Naples, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> and the other provinces, provided that Rome and the "<a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a>" were left intact.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in this situation that a Sardinian force of two army corps, under generals <a href="/wiki/Manfredo_Fanti" title="Manfredo Fanti">Manfredo Fanti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Cialdini" title="Enrico Cialdini">Enrico Cialdini</a>, marched to the frontier of the Papal States, its objective being not Rome but Naples. The Papal troops under Lamoricière advanced against Cialdini, but were quickly defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castelfidardo" title="Battle of Castelfidardo">Battle of Castelfidardo</a> and besieged in the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, finally surrendering on 29 September. On 9 October, Victor Emmanuel arrived and took command. There was no longer a Papal army to oppose him, and the march southward proceeded unopposed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/220px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/330px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/440px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel</a> meets Garibaldi near <a href="/wiki/Teano" title="Teano">Teano</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi distrusted the pragmatic Cavour since Cavour was the man ultimately responsible for orchestrating the French annexation of the city of Nice, which was his birthplace. Nevertheless, he accepted the command of Victor Emmanuel. When the king entered <a href="/wiki/Sessa_Aurunca" title="Sessa Aurunca">Sessa Aurunca</a> at the head of his army, Garibaldi willingly handed over his dictatorial power. After greeting Victor Emmanuel in <a href="/wiki/Teano" title="Teano">Teano</a> with the title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>, Garibaldi entered Naples riding beside the king. Garibaldi then retired to the island of <a href="/wiki/Caprera" title="Caprera">Caprera</a>, while the remaining work of unifying the peninsula was left to Victor Emmanuel. </p><p>The progress of the Sardinian army compelled Francis II to give up his line along the river, and he eventually took refuge with his best troops in the fortress of Gaeta. His courage boosted by his resolute young wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Sophie_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Sophie of Bavaria">Marie Sophie</a>, Francis mounted a stubborn defence that lasted three months. But European allies refused to provide him with aid, food and munitions became scarce, and disease set in, so the garrison was forced to surrender. Nonetheless, ragtag groups of Neapolitans loyal to Francis fought on against the Italian government for years to come. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corteo_Reale_all%27_Apertura_del_Parlamento_del_Regno_d%27_Italia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Corteo_Reale_all%27_Apertura_del_Parlamento_del_Regno_d%27_Italia.jpg/220px-Corteo_Reale_all%27_Apertura_del_Parlamento_del_Regno_d%27_Italia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Corteo_Reale_all%27_Apertura_del_Parlamento_del_Regno_d%27_Italia.jpg/330px-Corteo_Reale_all%27_Apertura_del_Parlamento_del_Regno_d%27_Italia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Corteo_Reale_all%27_Apertura_del_Parlamento_del_Regno_d%27_Italia.jpg/440px-Corteo_Reale_all%27_Apertura_del_Parlamento_del_Regno_d%27_Italia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bossoli" title="Carlo Bossoli">Carlo Bossoli</a>: the royal procession at the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy">Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The fall of Gaeta brought the unification movement to the brink of fruition—only <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venetia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetia (region)">Venetia</a> remained to be added. On 18 February 1861, Victor Emmanuel assembled the deputies of the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy">Italian Parliament</a> in Turin. On 17 March 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy</a>, and on 27 March 1861 Rome was declared capital of Italy, although it was not yet in the new kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borrowing from the old <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> title <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> gave to King Victor Emmanuel II the epithet of <i><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the Fatherland">Father of the Fatherland</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Padre della Patria</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-raicultura_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raicultura-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three months later Cavour died, having seen his life's work nearly completed. When he was given the last rites, Cavour purportedly said: "Italy is made. All is safe."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_repercussions_on_diplomatic_relations">The repercussions on diplomatic relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The repercussions on diplomatic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The disapproval of the various European states culminated in the direct participation of the Sardinian army in the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gnosis_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnosis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reaction, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> interrupted diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Sardinia, while the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, which had not maintained relations with this country since 1859, after the Second Italian War of Independence,<sup id="cite_ref-gnosis_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnosis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sent its troops to the <a href="/wiki/Mincio" title="Mincio">Mincio</a> border. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> made no hostile statements, but recalled its ambassador. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and her prime minister <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell</a> convinced the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> not to hinder the ongoing process of Italian unification.<sup id="cite_ref-cr_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 October 1860, the same day as the meeting in Teano between the king and Garibaldi, Austria organized a congress in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> to apply measures against the Kingdom of Sardinia, without success; held back by this crisis, Cavour was unable to be present at Teano.<sup id="cite_ref-gnosis_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnosis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the creation of the Kingdom of Italy, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> were the first to recognize the new state (30 March 1861), followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on 13 April.<sup id="cite_ref-gnosis_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnosis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a150_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a150-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France negotiated the presence of French troops in Rome and recognized the Kingdom of Italy on 15 June, shortly after Cavour's death. It will then be <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>'s turn on 27 June, followed by <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> countries. The recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> occurred in two phases: they recognized the new title of Victor Emmanuel II in July, then the kingdom in November, after a long clash between conservatives and liberals in the Belgian parliament over the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-a150_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a150-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Question">Roman Question</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Roman Question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy.jpg/220px-Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy.jpg/330px-Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy.jpg/440px-Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mazzini was discontented with the perpetuation of monarchical government and continued to agitate for a republic. With the motto "Free from the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>", the unification movement set its gaze on Rome and Venice. There were obstacles, however. A challenge against the pope's temporal dominion was viewed with profound distrust by Catholics around the world, and there were French troops stationed in Rome. Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking the Papal States, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed that the government would support him if he attacked Rome. Frustrated at inaction by the king, and bristling over perceived snubs, he came out of retirement to organize a new venture. In June 1862, he sailed from Genoa and landed again at Palermo, where he gathered volunteers for the campaign, under the slogan <i>o Roma o Morte</i> ('either Rome or Death'). The garrison of Messina, loyal to the king's instructions, barred their passage to the mainland. Garibaldi's force, now numbering two thousand, turned south and set sail from <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>. Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. He landed at <a href="/wiki/Melito_di_Porto_Salvo" title="Melito di Porto Salvo">Melito</a> on 14 August and marched at once into the <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabrian</a> mountains. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_(oil_on_canvas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg/220px-The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg/330px-The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg/440px-The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption><i>The Injured Garibaldi in the <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte Mountains</a></i> (oil on canvas), credited to <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Induno" title="Gerolamo Induno">Gerolamo Induno</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Far from supporting this endeavour, the Italian government was quite disapproving. General Cialdini dispatched a division of the regular army, under Colonel Pallavicino, against the volunteer bands. On 28 August the two forces met at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspromonte" title="Battle of Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a>. One of the regulars fired a chance shot, and several volleys followed, but Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the Kingdom of Italy. The volunteers suffered several casualties, and Garibaldi himself was wounded; many were taken prisoner. Garibaldi was taken by steamer to <a href="/wiki/Varignano,_La_Spezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Varignano, La Spezia">Varignano</a>, where he was honorably imprisoned for a time, but finally released.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Victor Emmanuel sought a safer means to the acquisition of the remaining Papal territory. He negotiated with the Emperor Napoleon for the removal of the French troops from Rome through a treaty. They agreed to the <a href="/wiki/September_Convention" title="September Convention">September Convention</a> in September 1864, by which Napoleon agreed to withdraw the troops within two years. The pope was to expand his own army during that time so as to be self-sufficient. In December 1866, the last of the French troops departed from Rome, in spite of the efforts of the pope to retain them. By their withdrawal, Italy (excluding Venetia and Savoy) was freed from the presence of foreign soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seat of government was moved in 1865 from <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, the old Sardinian capital, to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. This arrangement created such disturbances in Turin that the king was forced to leave that city hastily for his new capital.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_War_of_Independence_(1866)"><span id="Third_War_of_Independence_.281866.29"></span>Third War of Independence (1866)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Third War of Independence (1866)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Veneto_of_1866" title="Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866">Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrated_London_News_-_11_agosto_1866._Combattimento_fra_garibaldini_e_austriaci_a_Bezzecca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Illustrated_London_News_-_11_agosto_1866._Combattimento_fra_garibaldini_e_austriaci_a_Bezzecca.jpg/220px-Illustrated_London_News_-_11_agosto_1866._Combattimento_fra_garibaldini_e_austriaci_a_Bezzecca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Illustrated_London_News_-_11_agosto_1866._Combattimento_fra_garibaldini_e_austriaci_a_Bezzecca.jpg/330px-Illustrated_London_News_-_11_agosto_1866._Combattimento_fra_garibaldini_e_austriaci_a_Bezzecca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Illustrated_London_News_-_11_agosto_1866._Combattimento_fra_garibaldini_e_austriaci_a_Bezzecca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bezzecca" title="Battle of Bezzecca">Battle of Bezzecca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866, Austria contested with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> the position of leadership among the German states. The Kingdom of Italy seized the opportunity to capture <a href="/wiki/Venetia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetia (region)">Venetia</a> from Austrian rule and allied itself with Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria tried to persuade the Italian government to accept Venetia in exchange for non-intervention. However, on 8 April, Italy and Prussia signed an agreement that supported Italy's acquisition of Venetia, and on 20 June Italy issued a declaration of war on Austria. Within the context of Italian unification, the Austro-Prussian war is called the <i>Third Independence War</i>, after the <i>First</i> (1848) and the <i>Second</i> (1859).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victor Emmanuel hastened to lead an army across the <a href="/wiki/Mincio" title="Mincio">Mincio</a> to the invasion of Venetia, while Garibaldi was to <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trentino_(1866)" title="Invasion of Trentino (1866)">invade the Tyrol</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps" title="Hunters of the Alps">Hunters of the Alps</a>. The Italian army encountered the Austrians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_(1866)" title="Battle of Custoza (1866)">Custoza</a> on 24 June and suffered a defeat. On 20 July the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a> was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1866)" title="Battle of Lissa (1866)">Battle of Lissa</a>. The following day, Garibaldi's volunteers defeated an Austrian force in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bezzecca" title="Battle of Bezzecca">Battle of Bezzecca</a>, and moved toward <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Prussian Minister President</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> saw that his own ends in the war had been achieved, and signed an armistice with Austria on 27 July. Italy followed, officially <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cormons" title="Armistice of Cormons">laying down its arms</a> on 12 August. Garibaldi was recalled from his successful march and resigned with a brief telegram reading only "<i>Obbedisco</i>" ('I obey'). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einzug_Vittorio_Emanuels_in_Venedig_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Einzug_Vittorio_Emanuels_in_Venedig_1.jpg/220px-Einzug_Vittorio_Emanuels_in_Venedig_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Einzug_Vittorio_Emanuels_in_Venedig_1.jpg/330px-Einzug_Vittorio_Emanuels_in_Venedig_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Einzug_Vittorio_Emanuels_in_Venedig_1.jpg/440px-Einzug_Vittorio_Emanuels_in_Venedig_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> in Venice</figcaption></figure> <p>Prussia's success on the northern front obliged Austria to cede Venetia (present-day <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>) and the city of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> (the last remnant of the <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></i>). Under the terms of a peace treaty signed in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> on 12 October, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph">Franz Joseph</a> had already agreed to cede Venetia to Napoleon III in exchange for non-intervention in the Austro-Prussian War, and thus Napoleon ceded Venetia to Italy on 19 October, in exchange for the earlier Italian acquiescence to the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Savoy" title="Annexation of Savoy">French annexation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1866)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1866)">Treaty of Vienna</a>, it was written that the annexation of Venetia would have become effective only after a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Veneto_of_1866" title="Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866">referendum</a>—taken on 21 and 22 October—to let the Venetian people express their will about being annexed or not to the Kingdom of Italy. Historians suggest that the referendum in Venetia was held under military pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a mere 0.01% of voters (69 out of more than 642,000 ballots) voted against the annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austrian forces put up some opposition to the invading Italians, to little effect. Victor Emmanuel entered Venice and Venetian land, and performed an act of homage in the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco" title="Piazza San Marco">Piazza San Marco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rome">Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mentana_and_Villa_Glori">Mentana and Villa Glori</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mentana and Villa Glori"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_at_Mentana,_3rd_November_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg/220px-Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg/440px-Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mentana" title="Battle of Mentana">Mentana</a>, 3 November 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>The national party, with Garibaldi at its head, still aimed at the possession of Rome, as the historic capital of the peninsula. In 1867 Garibaldi made a second attempt to capture Rome, but the Papal army, strengthened with a new French auxiliary force, defeated his poorly armed volunteers at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mentana" title="Battle of Mentana">Mentana</a>. Subsequently, a French garrison remained in <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a> until August 1870, when it was recalled following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. </p><p>Before the defeat at Mentana on 3 November 1867,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enrico Cairoli, his brother Giovanni, and 70 companions had made a daring attempt to take Rome. The group had embarked in <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a> and floated down the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>. Their arrival in Rome was to coincide with an uprising inside the city. On 22 October 1867, the revolutionaries inside Rome seized control of the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Colonna" title="Piazza Colonna">Piazza Colonna</a>. Unfortunately for the Cairoli and their companions, by the time they arrived at Villa Glori, on the northern outskirts of Rome, the uprising had already been suppressed. During the night of 22 October 1867, the group was surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Papal_Zouaves" title="Papal Zouaves">Papal Zouaves</a>, and Giovanni was severely wounded. Enrico was mortally wounded and bled to death in Giovanni's arms. </p><p>With Cairoli dead, command was assumed by Giovanni Tabacchi who had retreated with the remaining volunteers into the villa, where they continued to fire at the papal soldiers. These also retreated in the evening to Rome. The survivors retreated to the positions of those led by Garibaldi on the Italian border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial">Memorial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the summit of Villa Glori, near the spot where Enrico died, there is a plain white column dedicated to the Cairoli brothers and their 70 companions. About 200 meters to the right from the Terrazza del Pincio, there is a bronze monument of Giovanni holding the dying Enrico in his arm. A plaque lists the names of their companions. Giovanni never recovered from his wounds and from the tragic events of 1867. According to an eyewitness,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Giovanni died on 11 September 1869: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the last moments, he had a vision of Garibaldi and seemed to greet him with enthusiasm. I heard (so says a friend who was present) him say three times: "The union of the French to the papal political supporters was the terrible fact!", he was thinking about Mentana. He called Enrico many times, that he might help him, then he said: "but we will certainly win; we will go to Rome!"</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Rome">Capture of Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Capture of Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porta_Pia_Pagliari_Vizzotto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Porta_Pia_Pagliari_Vizzotto.JPG/220px-Porta_Pia_Pagliari_Vizzotto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Porta_Pia_Pagliari_Vizzotto.JPG/330px-Porta_Pia_Pagliari_Vizzotto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Porta_Pia_Pagliari_Vizzotto.JPG/440px-Porta_Pia_Pagliari_Vizzotto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1870, the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> began. In early August, the French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> recalled his garrison from Rome, thus no longer providing protection to the Papal State. Widespread public demonstrations illustrated the demand that the Italian government take Rome. The Italian government took no direct action until the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan" title="Battle of Sedan">Battle of Sedan</a>. King Victor Emmanuel II sent Count <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Ponza_di_San_Martino" title="Gustavo Ponza di San Martino">Gustavo Ponza di San Martino</a> to Pius IX with a personal letter offering a face-saving proposal that would have allowed the peaceful entry of the Italian Army into Rome, under the guise of offering protection to the pope. The Papacy, however, exhibited something less than enthusiasm for the plan: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The pope's reception of San Martino (10 September 1870) was unfriendly. Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Throwing the King's letter upon the table he exclaimed, "Fine loyalty! You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith." He was perhaps alluding to other letters received from the King. After, growing calmer, he exclaimed: "I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!". San Martino was so mortified that he left the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a>, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Cadorna" title="Raffaele Cadorna">Raffaele Cadorna</a>, crossed the Papal frontier on 11 September and advanced slowly toward Rome, hoping that a peaceful entry could be negotiated. The Italian Army reached the <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> on 19 September and placed Rome under a state of siege. Although now convinced of his unavoidable defeat, Pius IX remained intransigent to the bitter end and forced his troops to put up a token resistance. On 20 September, after a cannonade of three hours had breached the Aurelian Walls at <a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a> entered Rome and marched down <i>Via Pia</i>, which was subsequently renamed <i>Via XX Settembre</i>. Forty-nine Italian soldiers and four officers, and nineteen papal troops, died. Rome and <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after a plebiscite held on 2 October. The results of this plebiscite were accepted by decree of 9 October. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/220px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/330px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/440px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6965" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Quirinal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> became the official residence (royal residence of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Italy">Kings of Italy</a> and after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitutional_referendum,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitutional referendum, 1946">Italian constitutional referendum, 1946</a> residence and workplace for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Presidents of the Italian Republic</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially the Italian government had offered to let the pope keep the <a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a>, but the pope rejected the offer because acceptance would have been an implied endorsement of the legitimacy of the Italian kingdom's rule over his former domain. Pius IX declared himself a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">prisoner in the Vatican</a>, although he was not actually restrained from coming and going. Rather, being deposed and stripped of much of his former power also removed a measure of personal protection—if he had walked the streets of Rome, he might have been in danger from political opponents who had formerly kept their views private. Officially, the capital was not moved from Florence to Rome until July 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Raffaele de Cesare made the following observations about Italian unification: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Roman question was the stone tied to Napoleon's feet – that dragged him into the abyss. He never forgot, even in August 1870, a month before Sedan, that he was a sovereign of a Catholic country, that he had been made Emperor, and was supported by the votes of the Conservatives and the influence of the clergy; and that it was his supreme duty not to abandon the <a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">Pontiff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For twenty years Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome, where he had many friends and relations…. Without him the temporal power would never have been reconstituted, nor, being reconstituted, would have endured.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unification was achieved entirely in terms of Piedmont's interests. Martin Clark says, "It was Piedmontization all around."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavour died unexpectedly in June 1861, at 50, and most of the many promises that he made to regional authorities to induce them to join the newly unified Italian kingdom were ignored. The new Kingdom of Italy was structured by renaming the old Kingdom of Sardinia and annexing all the new provinces into its structures. The first king was Victor Emmanuel II, who kept his old title. </p><p>National and regional officials were all appointed by Piedmont. A few regional leaders succeeded to high positions in the new national government, but the top bureaucratic and military officials were mostly Piedmontese. The national capital was briefly moved to Florence and finally to Rome, one of the cases of Piedmont losing out. </p><p>However, Piedmontese tax rates and regulations, diplomats and officials were imposed on all of Italy. The constitution was Piedmont's <a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">old constitution</a>. The document was generally liberal and was welcomed by liberal elements. However, its anticlerical provisions were resented in the pro-clerical regions in places such as around Venice, Rome, and Naples—as well as the island of Sicily. Cavour had promised there would be regional and municipal, local governments, but all the promises were broken in 1861. </p><p>The first decade of the kingdom saw <a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">savage insurrections</a> in Sicily and in the Naples region. Hearder claimed that failed efforts to protest unification involved "a mixture of spontaneous peasant movement and a Bourbon-clerical reaction directed by the old authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pope lost Rome in 1870 and ordered the Catholic Church not to co-operate with the new government, <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">a decision fully reversed only in 1929</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people for Risorgimento had wanted strong provinces, but they got a strong central state instead. The inevitable long-run results were a severe weakness of national unity and a politicized system based on mutually hostile regional violence. Such factors remain in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruling_and_representing_southern_Italy">Ruling and representing southern Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ruling and representing southern Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the spring of 1860 to the summer of 1861, a major challenge that the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia">Piedmontese parliament</a> faced on national unification was how they should govern and control the southern regions of the country that were frequently represented and described by northern Italian correspondents as "corrupt", "barbaric", and "uncivilized".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the depictions of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>, the Piedmontese parliament had to decide whether it should investigate the southern regions to better understand the social and political situations there or it should establish jurisdiction and order by using mostly force.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dominance of letters sent from the northern Italian correspondents that deemed southern Italy to be "so far from the ideas of progress and civilization" ultimately induced the Piedmontese parliament to choose the latter course of action, which effectively illustrated the intimate connection between representation and rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, the northern Italians' "representation of the south as a land of barbarism (variously qualified as indecent, lacking in 'public conscience', ignorant, superstitious, etc.)" provided the Piedmontese with the justification to rule the southern regions on the pretext of implementing a superior, more civilized, "Piedmontese morality".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brigantaggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigantaggio">Brigantaggio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Massimo_d%E2%80%99Azeglio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Massimo_d%E2%80%99Azeglio.jpg/220px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Massimo_d%E2%80%99Azeglio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Massimo_d%E2%80%99Azeglio.jpg/330px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Massimo_d%E2%80%99Azeglio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Massimo_d%E2%80%99Azeglio.jpg/440px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Massimo_d%E2%80%99Azeglio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption>Massimo d'Azeglio, a <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party_(Italy)" title="Moderate Party (Italy)">moderate</a> liberal statesman, novelist, and painter (1798–1866)</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian unification is still a topic of debate. According to <a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a>, centuries of foreign domination created remarkable differences in Italian society, and the role of the newly formed government was to face these differences and to create a unified Italian society. Still today the most famous quote of Massimo d'Azeglio is, "L'Italia è fatta. Restano da fare gli italiani" ('Italy has been made. Now it remains to make Italians').<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economist and politician <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a> criticized the newly created state for not considering the substantial economic differences between <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free-market economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>, a state <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> economy, when integrating the two. When the Kingdom of Italy extended the free-market economy to the rest of the country, the south's economy collapsed under the weight of the north's. Nitti contended that this change should have been much more gradual in order to allow the birth of an adequate entrepreneurial class able to make strong investments and initiatives in the south. These mistakes, he felt, were the cause of the economic and social problems which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">southern question</a> (<i>Questione Meridionale</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The politician, historian, and writer <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a> commented that although Italian unification had been a strong opportunity for both a moral and economic rebirth of Italy's <i>Mezzogiorno</i> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>), because of a lack of understanding and action on the part of politicians, corruption and organized crime flourished in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marxist theorist <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> criticized Italian unification for the limited presence of the masses in politics, as well as the lack of modern <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a> produced a clear radicalization of Italy in the mid-20th century, following the fall of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> during World War II. Reviews of the historical facts concerning Italian unification's successes and failures continue to be undertaken by domestic and foreign academic authors, including <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duggan_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Duggan (historian)">Christopher Duggan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Riall" title="Lucy Riall">Lucy Riall</a>. Recent work emphasizes the central importance of nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risorgimento_and_Italian_irredentism">Risorgimento and Italian irredentism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Risorgimento and Italian irredentism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_Italian_irredentism">Origins of Italian irredentism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Origins of Italian irredentism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SetteGiugno2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SetteGiugno2009.jpg/220px-SetteGiugno2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SetteGiugno2009.jpg/330px-SetteGiugno2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/SetteGiugno2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sette_Giugno" title="Sette Giugno">Sette Giugno</a> monument, symbol of the pro-<a href="/wiki/Italian_Maltese" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Maltese">Italian Maltese</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It can be argued that Italian unification was never truly completed in the 19th century. Even after the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a> (1871), the final event of the unification of Italy, many ethnic <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian speakers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adigan</a> Italians, <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoyard Italians">Savoyard Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfiot Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Italians">Swiss Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsican Italians">Corsican Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese Italians">Maltese Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>) remained outside the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and this situation created the <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a>. </p><p>The Corsican revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Paoli" title="Pasquale Paoli">Pasquale Paoli</a> was called "the precursor of Italian irredentism" by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Tommaseo" title="Niccolò Tommaseo">Niccolò Tommaseo</a> because he was the first to promote the Italian language and socio-culture (the main characteristics of Italian irredentism) in his island; Paoli wanted the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> to be the official language of the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Risorgimento</i> refers to the domestic reorganization of the stratified Italian identity into a unified, national front. The word literally means 'rising again' and was an ideological movement which strove to spark national pride, leading to political oppositionalism to foreign rule and influence. There is contention on its actual impact in Italy, some Scholars arguing it was a liberalizing time for 19th century Italian culture, while others speculate that although it was a patriotic revolution, it only tangibly aided the upper-class and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> publics without actively benefitting the lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Italia_irredenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia irredenta">Italia irredenta</a></i> was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> opinion movement that emerged after Italian unification. It advocated irredentism among the Italian people as well as other nationalities who were willing to become Italian and as a movement; it is also known as "Italian irredentism". Not a formal organization, it was just an opinion movement that claimed that Italy had to reach its "natural borders", meaning that the country would need to incorporate all areas predominantly consisting of ethnic Italians within the near vicinity outside its borders. Similar patriotic and nationalistic ideas were common in Europe in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg/220px-Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg/330px-Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg/440px-Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Residents of <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> cheering <a href="/wiki/Impresa_di_Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Impresa di Fiume">Gabriele D'Annunzio and his <i>Legionari</i></a> in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning, Italian irredentism promoted the annexation to Italy of territories where Italians formed the absolute majority of the population, but retained by the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a> in 1866. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_One" class="mw-redirect" title="World War One">World War One</a> the main "irredent lands" (<i>terre irredente</i>) were considered to be the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and, in a narrow sense, irredentists referred to the Italian patriots living in these two areas. </p><p>The term was later expanded to also include multilingual and multiethnic areas, where Italians were a relative majority or a substantial minority, within the northern Italian region encompassed by the Alps, with <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladin people">Ladin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanian</a> population, such as <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorizia_and_Gradisca" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorizia and Gradisca">Gorizia and Gradisca</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>. The claims were further extended also to the city of <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Fiume</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Impresa_di_Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Impresa di Fiume">Impresa di Fiume</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, the island of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Switzerland">Italian Switzerland</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a> looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-corsadelricordo_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corsadelricordo-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a> (1866), when the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a> regions were ceded by the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrians</a> to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Kingdom Italy</a>, Istria and Dalmatia remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a> among many Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> with Italy. The Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slavization" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavization">Slavization</a> of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VenetianDalmatia1797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/VenetianDalmatia1797.jpg/400px-VenetianDalmatia1797.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/VenetianDalmatia1797.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Austrian linguistic map from 1896. In green the areas where <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> were the majority of the population, in orange the areas where <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a> were the majority of the population. The boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Dalmatia" title="Venetian Dalmatia">Venetian Dalmatia</a> in 1797 are delimited with blue dots.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">South Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Littoral</a> for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> were more than 50% of the total population of Istria for centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-iemed_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iemed-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while making up about a third of the population in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalmatia, especially its maritime cities, once had a substantial local ethnic Italian population (<a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>), making up 33% of the total population of Dalmatia in 1803,<sup id="cite_ref-Bartoli_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartoli-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seton-Watson_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seton-Watson-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was reduced to 20% in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Dalmatia there was a constant decline in the Italian population, in a context of repression that also took on violent connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Austrians carried out an aggressive <a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">anti-Italian</a> policy through a forced Slavization of Dalmatia.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Austrian census, the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1910 Austro-Hungarian census, Istria had a population of 57.8% Slavic-speakers (Croat and Slovene), and 38.1% Italian speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a>, (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>), the 1910 numbers were 96.2% Slavic speakers and 2.8% Italian speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian population in Dalmatia was concentrated in the major coastal cities. In the city of <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a> in 1890 there were 1,969 Dalmatian Italians (12.5% of the population), in <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> 7,423 (64.6%), in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a> 1,018 (14.5%), in <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a> 623 (18.7%) and in <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> 331 (4.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other Dalmatian localities, according to Austrian censuses, Dalmatian Italians experienced a sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910, in <a href="/wiki/Rab_(island)" title="Rab (island)">Rab</a> they went from 225 to 151, in <a href="/wiki/Vis_(island)" title="Vis (island)">Vis</a> from 352 to 92, in <a href="/wiki/Pag_(island)" title="Pag (island)">Pag</a> from 787 to 23, completely disappearing in almost all the inland locations. In 1909 the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> lost its <a href="/wiki/Status_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Status (law)">status</a> as the official language of Dalmatia in favor of Croatian only (previously both languages were recognized): thus Italian could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irredentism_and_the_World_Wars">Irredentism and the World Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Irredentism and the World Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png/220px-Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png/330px-Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png/440px-Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Territories promised to Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London (1915)</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> (tan), and the <a href="/wiki/Sne%C5%BEnik_(plateau)" title="Snežnik (plateau)">Snežnik Plateau</a> area (green). Dalmatia, after the WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">entered into the First World War</a> in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, the Italian intervention in the First World War is also considered the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Italian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Italian War of Independence">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a> with the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the post-unification era, some Italians were dissatisfied with the current state of the Italian Kingdom since they wanted the kingdom to include <a href="/wiki/Triest" class="mw-redirect" title="Triest">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Istria" title="Italian irredentism in Istria">Istria</a>, and other adjacent territories as well. This Italian irredentism succeeded in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> with the annexation of Trieste and <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, with the respective territories of <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>. </p><p>The Kingdom of Italy had declared neutrality at the beginning of the war, officially because the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> with Germany and Austria-Hungary was a defensive one, requiring its members to come under attack first. Many Italians were still hostile to Austria's continuing occupation of ethnically Italian areas, and Italy chose not to enter. <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> requested Italian neutrality, while the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> (which included Great Britain, France and Russia) requested its intervention. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a>, signed in April 1915, Italy agreed to declare war against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in exchange for the <i>irredent</i> territories of Friuli, Trentino, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Italia_irredenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia irredenta">Italia irredenta</a></i>). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GovernateOfDalmatia1941_43.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GovernateOfDalmatia1941_43.png/400px-GovernateOfDalmatia1941_43.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GovernateOfDalmatia1941_43.png/600px-GovernateOfDalmatia1941_43.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GovernateOfDalmatia1941_43.png/800px-GovernateOfDalmatia1941_43.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Map of the three Italian provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia" title="Governorate of Dalmatia">Governorate of Dalmatia</a> (1941–1943): <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Zara" title="Province of Zara">province of Zara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spalato_(Italian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalato (Italian province)">province of Spalato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cattaro" title="Province of Cattaro">province of Cattaro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italian irredentism obtained an important result after the First World War, when Italy gained <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> in 1920. Some historians see the Risorgimento as continuing to that time, which is the view presented at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Museum_of_the_Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Museum of the Risorgimento">Central Museum of the Risorgimento</a> at <a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnaldi_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnaldi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-museo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, such Dalmatia, so this outcome was denounced as a "<a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">mutilated victory</a>". The rhetoric of "mutilated victory" was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and led to the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">rise of</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, becoming a key point in the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_Fascist_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda of Fascist Italy">propaganda of Fascist Italy</a>. Historians regard "mutilated victory" as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel <a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism">Italian imperialism</a> and obscure the successes of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Italy">liberal Italy</a> in the aftermath of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, after the Axis attack on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, Italy created the <a href="/wiki/Governatorate_of_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governatorate of Dalmatia">Governatorate of Dalmatia</a> (from 1941 to September 1943), so the Kingdom of Italy annexed temporarily <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a> (Italian <i>Spalato</i>), <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a> (<i>Cattaro</i>), and most of coastal Dalmatia. From 1942 to 1943, <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a> (Italian <i>Nizza</i>) were temporarily annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, nearly fulfilling in those years the ambitions of Italian irredentism. </p><p>For its avowed purpose, the movement had the "emancipation" of all Italian lands still subject to foreign rule after Italian unification. The Irredentists took language as the test of the alleged Italian nationality of the countries they proposed to emancipate, which were <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, Trieste, Dalmatia, Istria, Gorizia, <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, Nice (Nizza), Corsica, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a>. Austria-Hungary promoted <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croatian</a> interests in Dalmatia and Istria to weaken Italian claims in the western <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> before the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_Italian_irredentism">End of Italian irredentism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: End of Italian irredentism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italians_leave_Pola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Italians_leave_Pola.jpg/220px-Italians_leave_Pola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Italians_leave_Pola.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> leave <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola</a> in 1947 during the <a href="/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian-Dalmatian exodus">Istrian-Dalmatian exodus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a> was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> causing the <a href="/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian-Dalmatian exodus">Istrian-Dalmatian exodus</a>, which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a>, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Istrian-Dalmatian exodus started in 1943 and ended completely only in 1960. According to the census organized in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> in 2001 and that organized in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> in 2002, the Italians who remained in the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> amounted to 21,894 people (2,258 in Slovenia and 19,636 in Croatia).<sup id="cite_ref-dzs_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dzs-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stat_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a> disappeared along with the defeated Fascists and the Monarchy of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>. After the Treaty of Paris (1947) and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Osimo" title="Treaty of Osimo">Treaty of Osimo</a> (1975), all territorial claims were abandoned by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations of Italy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian irredentist movement thus vanished from Italian politics. The 1947 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a> established five autonomous regions (<a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>), in recognition of their cultural and linguistic distinctiveness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anniversary_of_the_unification_of_Italy">Anniversary of the unification of Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Anniversary of the unification of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_unification_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniversary of the unification of Italy">Anniversary of the unification of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Victor Emmanuel II Monument</a> in Rome, inaugurated in 1911 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the unification of Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_unification_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniversary of the unification of Italy">anniversary of the unification</a> every fifty years, on 17 March (the date of <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>). The anniversary occurred in 1911 (50th), 1961 (100th), 2011 (150th) and 2021 (160th) with several celebrations throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While remaining a working day, 17 March is considered a "day promoting the values linked to national identity".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a>, celebrated on 4 November, commemorates the end of World War I with the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a>, a war event considered to complete the process of unification of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_Risorgimento">Culture and Risorgimento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Culture and Risorgimento"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S._croce,_tomba_vittorio_alfieri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/S._croce%2C_tomba_vittorio_alfieri.JPG/170px-S._croce%2C_tomba_vittorio_alfieri.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/S._croce%2C_tomba_vittorio_alfieri.JPG/255px-S._croce%2C_tomba_vittorio_alfieri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/S._croce%2C_tomba_vittorio_alfieri.JPG/340px-S._croce%2C_tomba_vittorio_alfieri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Mourning <a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a> on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In art, this period was characterised by the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> that draws inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>. The main Italian sculptor was <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a> who became famous for his <a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">marble sculptures</a> that delicately rendered <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nude</a> flesh. The mourning <a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a> on the tomb to <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Vittorio Alfieri</a> is one of the main works of Risorgimento by Canova. By this time, in sculpture, a veiled woman in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Veiled_Rebecca" title="Veiled Rebecca">Veiled Rebecca</a> of Benzoni had become an allegory for <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-met_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a> was another remarkable artist of this period whose works often contain allegories about Italian unification. His most known painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(Hayez)" title="The Kiss (Hayez)">The Kiss</a></i> aims to portray the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>: the man wears red, white and green, representing the Italian patriots fighting for independence from the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian empire">Austro-Hungarian empire</a> while the girl's pale blue dress signifies France, which in 1859 (the year of the painting's creation) made an alliance with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861) (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia</a> enabling the latter to unify the many states of the Italian peninsula into the new kingdom of Italy. Hayez's three paintings on the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a></i> are an implicit protest against the foreign domination of Italy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Appiani" title="Andrea Appiani">Andrea Appiani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Induno" title="Domenico Induno">Domenico Induno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Induno" title="Gerolamo Induno">Gerolamo Induno</a> are also known for their patriotic canvases. The Risorgimento was also represented by works not necessarily linked to Neoclassicism—as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fattori" title="Giovanni Fattori">Giovanni Fattori</a> who was one of the leaders of the group known as the <a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a> and who soon became a leading Italian <a href="/wiki/En_plein_air" title="En plein air">plein-airist</a>, painting landscapes, rural scenes, and military life during the Italian unification.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/170px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/255px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/340px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="4886" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Portrait of Alessandro Manzoni">Portrait of Alessandro Manzoni</a></i> (1841) by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most well known writer of Risorgimento is <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>, whose works are a symbol of the Italian unification, both for its patriotic message and because of his efforts in the development of the modern, unified <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>. He is famous for the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)">The Betrothed</a></i> (orig. Italian: <i>I Promessi Sposi</i>) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of <a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">world literature</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Vittorio Alfieri</a>, was the founder of a new school in the Italian drama, expressed in several occasions his suffering about the foreign domination's tyranny. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a> describes in his works the passion and love for the fatherland and the glorious history of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian people</a>; these two concepts are respectively well expressed in two masterpieces, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Letters_of_Jacopo_Ortis" title="The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis">The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dei_Sepolcri" title="Dei Sepolcri">Dei Sepolcri</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Monti" title="Vincenzo Monti">Vincenzo Monti</a>, known for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, described in his works both enthusiasms and disappointments of Risorgimento until his death. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Giovanni Berchet</a> wrote a poetry characterized by a high moral, popular and social content; he also contributed to <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Conciliatore" title="Il Conciliatore">Il Conciliatore</a></i>, a progressive bi-weekly scientific and literary journal, influential in the early <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> that was published in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> from September 1818 until October 1819 when it was closed by the Austrian censors; its writers included also <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Breme" title="Ludovico di Breme">Ludovico di Breme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Nicolini_(writer)" title="Giuseppe Nicolini (writer)">Giuseppe Nicolini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a> was one of the most important poets of Risorgimento thanks to works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi#First_Canti" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Canzone all'Italia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi#Il_Risorgimento" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Risorgimento</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_De_Sanctis_ritratto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Francesco_De_Sanctis_ritratto.jpg/170px-Francesco_De_Sanctis_ritratto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Francesco_De_Sanctis_ritratto.jpg/255px-Francesco_De_Sanctis_ritratto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Francesco_De_Sanctis_ritratto.jpg/340px-Francesco_De_Sanctis_ritratto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Sanctis" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco De Sanctis">Francesco De Sanctis</a> (1890) by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Altamura" title="Francesco Saverio Altamura">Francesco Saverio Altamura</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Tommaseo" title="Niccolò Tommaseo">Niccolò Tommaseo</a>, the editor of the <i>Italian Language Dictionary</i> in eight volumes, was a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a> and his works are a rare examples of a metropolitan culture above nationalism; he supported the liberal revolution headed by <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and he will always support the unification of Italy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francesco_de_Sanctis" title="Francesco de Sanctis">Francesco de Sanctis</a> was one of the most important scholars of Italian language and literature in the 19th century; he supported the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolution of 1848</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and for this reason he was imprisoned for three years; his reputation as a lecturer on <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> brought him the appointment of professor at <a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">ETH Zürich</a> in 1856; he returned to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> as Minister of Public Education after the unification of Italy. </p><p>The writer and patriot <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Settembrini" title="Luigi Settembrini">Luigi Settembrini</a> published anonymously the <i>Protest of the People of the Two Sicilies</i>, a scathing indictment of the Bourbon government and was imprisoned and exiled several times by the Bourbons because of his support to Risorgimento; after the formation of the Kingdom of Italy, he was appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Naples">University of Naples</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a> is another main representative of Risorgimento with his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Confessioni d'un italiano</a></i>; he fought with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>. </p><p>The Risorgimento was also depicted in famous novels: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard" title="The Leopard">The Leopard</a></i> written by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tomasi_di_Lampedusa" title="Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa">Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_(novel)" title="Heart (novel)">Heart</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edmondo_De_Amicis" title="Edmondo De Amicis">Edmondo De Amicis</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Piccolo_mondo_antico" title="Piccolo mondo antico">Piccolo mondo antico</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fogazzaro" title="Antonio Fogazzaro">Antonio Fogazzaro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verdi_palermo_bust_200805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Verdi_palermo_bust_200805.jpg/170px-Verdi_palermo_bust_200805.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Verdi_palermo_bust_200805.jpg/255px-Verdi_palermo_bust_200805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Verdi_palermo_bust_200805.jpg/340px-Verdi_palermo_bust_200805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a>'s bust outside the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Massimo" title="Teatro Massimo">Teatro Massimo</a> in Palermo</figcaption></figure> <p>Risorgimento won the support of many leading Italian opera composers.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their librettos often saw a delicate balance between European romantic narratives and dramatic themes evoking nationalistic sentiments. Ideas expressed in operas stimulated the political mobilisation in Italy and among the cultured classes of Europe who appreciated Italian opera. Furthermore, Mazzini and many other nationalists found inspiration in musical discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/L%27italiana_in_Algeri" title="L'italiana in Algeri">L'italiana in Algeri</a></i> ('The Italian Girl in Algiers'), <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a> expressed his support to the unification of Italy; the patriotic line <i>Pensa alla patria, e intrepido il tuo dover adempi: vedi per tutta Italia rinascere gli esempi d’ardir e di valor</i> ('Think about the fatherland and intrepid do your duty: see for all Italy the birth of the examples of courage and value') was censored in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Two Sicilies">Kingdom of Two Sicilies</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a> was a secret member of the Carbonari and in his masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/I_puritani" title="I puritani">I puritani</a> (The Puritans)</i>, the last part of Act 2 is an allegory to Italian unification. Another Bellini opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Norma_(opera)" title="Norma (opera)">Norma</a></i>, was at the center of an unexpected standing ovation during its performance in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in 1859: while the <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chorus</a> was performing <i>Guerra, guerra! Le galliche selve</i> ('War, war! The Gallic forests') in Act 2, the Italians began to greet the chorus with loud applause and to yell the word <i>War!</i> several times towards the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian officers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a> and the Risorgimento is still controversial. Although <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> tried to use some of Donizetti's works for promoting the Italian cause, Donizetti had always preferred not to get involved in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viva_VERDI_grafitti.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Viva_VERDI_grafitti.jpeg/220px-Viva_VERDI_grafitti.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Viva_VERDI_grafitti.jpeg/330px-Viva_VERDI_grafitti.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Viva_VERDI_grafitti.jpeg/440px-Viva_VERDI_grafitti.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Patriots scrawling "Viva VERDI" on walls</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians vigorously debate how political were the operas of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> (1813–1901). In particular, the chorus of the Hebrew slaves (known as "<a href="/wiki/Va,_pensiero" title="Va, pensiero">Va, pensiero</a>") from the third act of the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i> was intended to be an anthem for Italian patriots, who were seeking to unify their country and free it from foreign control in the years up to 1861 (the chorus's theme of exiles singing about their homeland, and its lines such as <i>O mia patria, si bella e perduta—'O my country, so lovely and so lost'—were thought to have resonated with many Italians).<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in Naples in 1859 and spreading throughout Italy, the slogan "Viva VERDI" was used as an acronym for </i><b>Viva V</b>ittorio <b>E</b>manuele <b>R</b>e <i><b>D</b>'<b>I</b>talia ('<a href="/wiki/Vive,_Viva" class="mw-redirect" title="Vive, Viva">Viva</a> Victor Emmanuel King of Italy'), referring to <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Franco Della Peruta argues in favour of close links between the operas and the Risorgimento, emphasizing Verdi's patriotic intent and links to the values of the Risorgimento. Verdi started as a republican, became a strong supporter of Cavour and entered the Italian parliament on Cavour's suggestion. His politics caused him to be frequently in trouble with the Austrian censors. Verdi's main works of 1842–49 were especially relevant to the struggle for independence, including <i>Nabucco</i> (1842), <i><a href="/wiki/I_Lombardi_alla_prima_crociata" title="I Lombardi alla prima crociata">I Lombardi alla prima crociata</a></i> (1843), <i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i> (1844), <i><a href="/wiki/Attila_(opera)" title="Attila (opera)">Attila</a></i> (1846), <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></i> (1847), and <i><a href="/wiki/La_battaglia_di_Legnano" title="La battaglia di Legnano">La battaglia di Legnano</a></i> (1848). However, starting in the 1850s, his operas showed few patriotic themes because of the heavy censorship of the absolutist regimes in power. </p><p>Verdi later became disillusioned by politics, but he was personally active part in the political world of events of the Risorgimento and was elected to the first Italian parliament in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise Marco Pizzo argues that after 1815 music became a political tool, and many songwriters expressed ideals of freedom and equality. Pizzo says Verdi was part of this movement, for his operas were inspired by the love of country, the struggle for Italian independence, and speak to the sacrifice of patriots and exiles.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other side of the debate, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Smart" title="Mary Ann Smart">Mary Ann Smart</a> argues that music critics at the time seldom mentioned any political themes.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise <a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Roger Parker</a> argues that the political dimension of Verdi's operas was exaggerated by nationalistic historians looking for a hero in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_scene_from_the_opera_Risorgimento!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Final_scene_from_the_opera_Risorgimento%21.jpg/220px-Final_scene_from_the_opera_Risorgimento%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Final_scene_from_the_opera_Risorgimento%21.jpg/330px-Final_scene_from_the_opera_Risorgimento%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Final_scene_from_the_opera_Risorgimento%21.jpg/440px-Final_scene_from_the_opera_Risorgimento%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The final scene of the opera <i>Risorgimento!</i> (2011) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero" title="Lorenzo Ferrero">Lorenzo Ferrero</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Giuseppe Verdi's <i>Nabucco</i> and the Risorgimento are the subject of a 2011 opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Risorgimento!_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento! (opera)">Risorgimento!</a></i> by Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero" title="Lorenzo Ferrero">Lorenzo Ferrero</a>, written to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard_(1963_film)" title="The Leopard (1963 film)">The Leopard</a></i> is a film from 1963, based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tomasi_di_Lampedusa" title="Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa">Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa</a>, and directed by <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a>. It features <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a> as the eponymous character, the Prince of Salina. The film depicts his reaction to the Risorgimento, and his vain attempts to retain his social standing. </p><p>There are other movies set in this period: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1860_(film)" title="1860 (film)">1860</a></i> (1934), by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Blasetti" title="Alessandro Blasetti">Alessandro Blasetti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piccolo_mondo_antico" title="Piccolo mondo antico">Piccolo mondo antico</a></i> (1941), by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Soldati" title="Mario Soldati">Mario Soldati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Un_garibaldino_al_convento" class="mw-redirect" title="Un garibaldino al convento">Un garibaldino al convento</a></i> (1942), by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_and_Soul_(1948_film)" title="Heart and Soul (1948 film)">Heart and Soul</a></i> (1948), by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senso_(film)" title="Senso (film)">Senso</a></i> (1954), by <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_(film)" title="Garibaldi (film)">Garibaldi</a></i> (1961), by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1870_(film)" title="1870 (film)">1870</a></i> (1971), by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Giannetti" title="Alfredo Giannetti">Alfredo Giannetti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Love" title="Passion of Love">Passione D'Amore</a></i> (1981), by <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Scola" title="Ettore Scola">Ettore Scola</a> (later adapted by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Lapine" title="James Lapine">James Lapine</a> into the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical <i><a href="/wiki/Passion_(musical)" title="Passion (musical)">Passion</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noi_credevamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Noi credevamo">Noi credevamo</a></i> (2010), by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Martone" title="Mario Martone">Mario Martone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps_of_Italy_before_and_during_Italian_unification">Maps of Italy before and during Italian unification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Maps of Italy before and during Italian unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1494.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italy in 1494"><img alt="Italy in 1494" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italy_1494.svg/100px-Italy_1494.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italy_1494.svg/150px-Italy_1494.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italy_1494.svg/200px-Italy_1494.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="4167" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italy in 1494</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1796.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italy in 1796"><img alt="Italy in 1796" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/100px-Italy_1796.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/150px-Italy_1796.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/200px-Italy_1796.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italy in 1796</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1843.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italy in 1843"><img alt="Italy in 1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_1843.svg/100px-Italy_1843.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_1843.svg/150px-Italy_1843.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_1843.svg/200px-Italy_1843.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italy in 1843</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia1860.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Italy in 1860: orange Kingdom of Sardinia, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), pink United Provinces of Central Italy, red Papal States, pale green Kingdom of Two Sicilies"><img alt="Italy in 1860: orange Kingdom of Sardinia, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), pink United Provinces of Central Italy, red Papal States, pale green Kingdom of Two Sicilies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/120px-Italia1860.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/180px-Italia1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/240px-Italia1860.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italy in 1860: <b>orange</b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, <b>blue</b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire)</a>, <b>pink</b> <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a>, <b>red</b> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, <b>pale green</b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Two Sicilies">Kingdom of Two Sicilies</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RegnoItalia1861.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Italy in 1861: orange Kingdom of Italy, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), red Papal States"><img alt="Italy in 1861: orange Kingdom of Italy, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), red Papal States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/120px-RegnoItalia1861.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/180px-RegnoItalia1861.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/240px-RegnoItalia1861.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italy in 1861: <b>orange</b> Kingdom of Italy, <b>blue</b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire)</a>, <b>red</b> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1870.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Italy in 1870, showing the Papal States, before the Capture of Rome"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy in 1870, showing the Papal States, before the Capture of Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Italy_1870.svg/104px-Italy_1870.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Italy_1870.svg/156px-Italy_1870.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Italy_1870.svg/208px-Italy_1870.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1870, showing the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1871.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Italy in 1871"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy in 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Italy_1871.svg/104px-Italy_1871.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Italy_1871.svg/156px-Italy_1871.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Italy_1871.svg/208px-Italy_1871.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RegnoItalia1919.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Italy in 1919"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy in 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RegnoItalia1919.png/120px-RegnoItalia1919.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RegnoItalia1919.png/180px-RegnoItalia1919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RegnoItalia1919.png/240px-RegnoItalia1919.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kingdom of Italy in 1919</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_unification_of_Italy" title="Timeline of the unification of Italy">Timeline of the unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German unification">German unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCollier2003" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Martin (2003). <i>Italian unification, 1820–71</i>. Heinemann Advanced History (First ed.). Oxford: Heinemann. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32754-5"><bdi>978-0-435-32754-5</bdi></a>. <q>The <i>Risorgimento</i> is the name given to the process that ended with the political unification of Italy in 1871.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+unification%2C+1820%E2%80%9371&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Heinemann+Advanced+History&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-435-32754-5&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiall1994" class="citation book cs1">Riall, Lucy (1994). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italianrisorgime00rial"><i>The Italian Risorgimento: state, society, and national unification</i></a></span> (First ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italianrisorgime00rial/page/n19">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-41234-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-41234-3"><bdi>978-0-203-41234-3</bdi></a>. <q>The functional importance of the Risorgimento to both Italian politics and Italian historiography has made this short period (1815–60) one of the most contested and controversial in modern Italian history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Risorgimento%3A+state%2C+society%2C+and+national+unification&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-203-41234-3&rft.aulast=Riall&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalianrisorgime00rial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lastampa.it/cultura/2016/12/12/news/fratelli-d-italia-divisi-su-tutto-1.34750698">"Fratelli d'Italia, divisi su tutto"</a> (in Italian). 12 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fratelli+d%27Italia%2C+divisi+su+tutto&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2Fcultura%2F2016%2F12%2F12%2Fnews%2Ffratelli-d-italia-divisi-su-tutto-1.34750698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raicultura-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raicultura_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raicultura_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raicultura.it/storia/articoli/2019/04/Vittorio-Emanuele-II-bb3018d0-6851-47f8-bedd-9211db07e064.html">"Vittorio Emanuele II"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vittorio+Emanuele+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raicultura.it%2Fstoria%2Farticoli%2F2019%2F04%2FVittorio-Emanuele-II-bb3018d0-6851-47f8-bedd-9211db07e064.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnaldi-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnaldi_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnaldi_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnaldi, Girolamo. <i>Italy and Its Invaders.</i> Harvard University Press, 2005. p. 194. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01870-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01870-2">0-674-01870-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/index.php?section=museo">"Museo Centrale del Risorgimento di Roma"</a>. <i>Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Istituto+per+la+storia+del+Risorgimento+italiano&rft.atitle=Museo+Centrale+del+Risorgimento+di+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3Dmuseo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHörnqvist2004" class="citation book cs1">Hörnqvist, Mikael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wLY2tlPZqvsC&q=petrarch+l%27antico+valor&pg=PA257"><i>Machiavelli and Empire – Mikael Hörnqvist – Google Books</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139456340" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139456340"><bdi>978-1139456340</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Empire+%E2%80%93+Mikael+H%C3%B6rnqvist+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1139456340&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6rnqvist&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwLY2tlPZqvsC%26q%3Dpetrarch%2Bl%2527antico%2Bvalor%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Trampus, "Gianrinaldo Carli at the centre of the Milanese Enlightenment". <i>History of European ideas</i> 32#4 (2006): 456–476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1971" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Edgar (1971). <i>The Making of Italy: 1815–1870</i>. New York: Murray Printing Company. pp. 22–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Italy%3A+1815%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Murray+Printing+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Grew, "Finding social capital: the French revolution in Italy". <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i> 29#3 (1999): 407–433. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/002219598551760?journalCode=jinh#.WCROKi0rLhs">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Maria Rao, "Republicanism in Italy from the eighteenth century to the early Risorgimento", <i>Journal of Modern Italian Studies</i> (2012) 17#2 pp 149–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiorinoMarchetti_TricamoZagami2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). <i>Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera</i> (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2"><bdi>978-88-04-50946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+degli+italiani.+Storia+avventurosa+della+nostra+bandiera&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-04-50946-2&rft.aulast=Maiorino&rft.aufirst=Tarquinio&rft.au=Marchetti+Tricamo%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Zagami%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm">The tri-coloured standard</a>.Getting to Know Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (retrieved 5 October 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223131121/http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm">Archived</a> 23 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miolegale-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miolegale_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 1 of the law n. 671 of 31 December 1996 ("National celebration of the bicentenary of the first national flag")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli_|p._662-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli_|p._662_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. <i>Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento</i> (in Italian). <b>XII</b> (fasc. III): 662. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=662&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarozziVecchio1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). <i>Gli italiani e il tricolore</i> (in Italian). Il Mulino. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-15-07163-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-15-07163-6"><bdi>88-15-07163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+italiani+e+il+tricolore&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=88-15-07163-6&rft.aulast=Tarozzi&rft.aufirst=Fiorenza&rft.au=Vecchio%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon.org/en/reading_room/articles/files/hicks_napoleon_kingitaly.asp">"How Napoleon became 'King of Italy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Napoleon.org. 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Napoleon+became+%27King+of+Italy%27&rft.pub=Napoleon.org&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon.org%2Fen%2Freading_room%2Farticles%2Ffiles%2Fhicks_napoleon_kingitaly.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villa, Claudio (2010). <i>I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema</i> (in Italian). Comune di Vanzago. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Italy" title="National Library Service of Italy">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/bid/LO11355389">IT\ICCU\LO1\1355389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+simboli+della+Repubblica%3A+la+bandiera+tricolore%2C+il+canto+degli+italiani%2C+l%27emblema&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Comune+di+Vanzago&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiorinoMarchetti_TricamoZagami2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). <i>Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera</i> (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2"><bdi>978-88-04-50946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+degli+italiani.+Storia+avventurosa+della+nostra+bandiera&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-04-50946-2&rft.aulast=Maiorino&rft.aufirst=Tarquinio&rft.au=Marchetti+Tricamo%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Zagami%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghisi, Enrico <i>Il tricolore italiano (1796–1870)</i> Milano: Anonima per l'Arte della Stampa, 1931; see Gay, H. Nelson in <i>The American Historical Review</i> Vol. 37 No. 4 (pp. 750–751), July 1932 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1843352">1843352</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villa, Claudio (2010). <i>I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema</i> (in Italian). Comune di Vanzago. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Italy" title="National Library Service of Italy">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/bid/LO11355389">IT\ICCU\LO1\1355389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+simboli+della+Repubblica%3A+la+bandiera+tricolore%2C+il+canto+degli+italiani%2C+l%27emblema&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Comune+di+Vanzago&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicassio2009" class="citation book cs1">Nicassio, Susan Vandiver (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialcityrome00nica"><i>Imperial City: Rome Under Napoleon</i></a></span>. United States: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialcityrome00nica/page/n220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57973-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57973-3"><bdi>978-0-226-57973-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+City%3A+Rome+Under+Napoleon&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-57973-3&rft.aulast=Nicassio&rft.aufirst=Susan+Vandiver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialcityrome00nica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitool.fcla.edu/R/EBBLV18785TVXBTP8VTCSM1AGUFD9JRFEN5LEDSE9H5NAQX8VU-02053?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=3084790&local_base=GEN01&pds_handle=GUEST">"DigiTool – Results – Full"</a>. Digitool.fcla.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DigiTool+%E2%80%93+Results+%E2%80%93+Full&rft.pub=Digitool.fcla.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitool.fcla.edu%2FR%2FEBBLV18785TVXBTP8VTCSM1AGUFD9JRFEN5LEDSE9H5NAQX8VU-02053%3Ffunc%3Ddbin-jump-full%26object_id%3D3084790%26local_base%3DGEN01%26pds_handle%3DGUEST&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Romani, "Liberal theocracy in the Italian risorgimento". <i>European History Quarterly</i> 44#4 (2014): 620–650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales1954" class="citation book cs1">Hales, E.E.Y. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pionono001634mbp"><i>Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. P.J. Kenedy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pio+Nono%3A+A+Study+in+European+Politics+and+Religion+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=P.J.+Kenedy&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=E.E.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpionono001634mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurizio Isabella, "Aristocratic Liberalism and Risorgimento: Cesare Balbo and Piedmontese Political Thought after 1848". <i>History of European Ideas</i> 39#6 (2013): 835–857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRath1964" class="citation journal cs1">Rath, R. John (1964). "The Carbonari: Their Origins, Initiation Rites, and Aims". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 353–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1844987">10.2307/1844987</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1844987">1844987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Carbonari%3A+Their+Origins%2C+Initiation+Rites%2C+and+Aims&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=353-370&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1844987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1844987%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rath&rft.aufirst=R.+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiver1964" class="citation journal cs1">Shiver, Cornelia (1964). "The Carbonari". <i>Social Science</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 234–241. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41885047">41885047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Carbonari&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=234-241&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41885047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shiver&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galt_1994_785–807-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galt_1994_785–807_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalt1994" class="citation journal cs1">Galt, Anthony (December 1994). "The Good Cousins' Domain of Belonging: Tropes in Southern Italian Secret Society Symbol and Ritual, 1810–1821". <i>Man</i>. New Series. <b>29</b> (4): 785–807. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3033969">10.2307/3033969</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3033969">3033969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=The+Good+Cousins%27+Domain+of+Belonging%3A+Tropes+in+Southern+Italian+Secret+Society+Symbol+and+Ritual%2C+1810%E2%80%931821&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=785-807&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3033969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3033969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Galt&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213024/http://www.marcopolovr.gov.it/risorgimento/temi/simboli/tricolore.htm">"Il tricolore"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcopolovr.gov.it/risorgimento/temi/simboli/tricolore.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcopolovr.gov.it%2Frisorgimento%2Ftemi%2Fsimboli%2Ftricolore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613005251/https://www.partecipiamo.it/cultura/mazzini/giuseppe.htm">"Giuseppe Mazzini"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.partecipiamo.it/cultura/mazzini/giuseppe.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giuseppe+Mazzini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.partecipiamo.it%2Fcultura%2Fmazzini%2Fgiuseppe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Mack Smith, <i>Mazzini</i> (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasper Ridley, <i>Garibaldi</i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurizio Isabella, "Exile and Nationalism: The Case of the Risorgimento". <i>European History Quarterly</i> (2006) 36#4 pp 493–520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatriarca2005" class="citation journal cs1">Patriarca, Silvana (2005). "Indolence and Regeneration: Tropes and Tensions of Risorgimento Patriotism". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>110</b> (2): 380–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F531319">10.1086/531319</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/531319">10.1086/531319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Indolence+and+Regeneration%3A+Tropes+and+Tensions+of+Risorgimento+Patriotism&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=380-408&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F531319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F531319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Patriarca&rft.aufirst=Silvana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Carbonaro">"Carbonaro – definition of Carbonaro by The Free Dictionary"</a>. The free dictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carbonaro+%E2%80%93+definition+of+Carbonaro+by+The+Free+Dictionary&rft.pub=The+free+dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FCarbonaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/all/austrohun/ftwosicilies1820.htm">"Austria Two Sicilies Revolt 1820–1821"</a>. Onwar.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austria+Two+Sicilies+Revolt+1820%E2%80%931821&rft.pub=Onwar.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onwar.com%2Faced%2Fnation%2Fall%2Faustrohun%2Fftwosicilies1820.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Broers, "Revolution as Vendetta: Patriotism in Piedmont, 1794–1821". <i>Historical Journal</i> 33#3 (1990): 573–597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gavriel Shapiro, "Nabokov and Pellico: Invitation to a Beheading and My Prisons". <i>Comparative Literature</i> 62#1 (2010): 55–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Mack Smith, "Italy" in J.P.T. Bury, ed., <i>The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 10: The Zenith of European Power, 1830–70</i> (1960) p 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1345637/Bandiera-brothers">"Bandiera brothers"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bandiera+brothers&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1345637%2FBandiera-brothers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiorinoMarchetti_TricamoZagami2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). <i>Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera</i> (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2"><bdi>978-88-04-50946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+degli+italiani.+Storia+avventurosa+della+nostra+bandiera&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-04-50946-2&rft.aulast=Maiorino&rft.aufirst=Tarquinio&rft.au=Marchetti+Tricamo%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Zagami%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quirinale.it/page/inno">"Fratelli d'Italia"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fratelli+d%27Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Fpage%2Finno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/twosicil.htm">"Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 1848–49"</a>. Ohio.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Sicilies%2C+Kingdom+of%2C+1848%E2%80%9349&rft.pub=Ohio.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohio.edu%2Fchastain%2Frz%2Ftwosicil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Jasper. <i>Garibaldi</i>. p. 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi&rft.pages=268&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text of the constitution can be found at: <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209045329/http://www.domusmazziniana.it/materiali/costirep.htm">"Costituzione della Repubblica Romana (1849)"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domusmazziniana.it/materiali/costirep.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Costituzione+della+Repubblica+Romana+%281849%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domusmazziniana.it%2Fmateriali%2Fcostirep.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/r/repubblica_romana_1849/costituzione_della_repubblica_etc/pdf/costit_p.pdf">"Costituzione della Repubblica Romana, 1849"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Liberliber website</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberliber+website&rft.atitle=Costituzione+della+Repubblica+Romana%2C+1849&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberliber.it%2Fmediateca%2Flibri%2Fr%2Frepubblica_romana_1849%2Fcostituzione_della_repubblica_etc%2Fpdf%2Fcostit_p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/manin.htm">"Daniele Manin"</a>. Ohio.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniele+Manin&rft.pub=Ohio.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohio.edu%2Fchastain%2Fip%2Fmanin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective". <i>The Journal of the Civil War Era</i> 3#1 (2013): 85–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Langer, ed., <i>An Encyclopedia of World History</i>. 4th ed. 1968. pp 704–707.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2003" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YG9kZBJdKJwC&pg=PA51"><i>Italian Unification, 1820–71</i></a>. Heinemann. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0435327545" title="Special:BookSources/978-0435327545"><bdi>978-0435327545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Unification%2C+1820%E2%80%9371&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0435327545&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYG9kZBJdKJwC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery" class="citation web cs1">Avery, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/risorgimento/3.html">"The Victorian Web"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Web&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Frisorgimento%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio' in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"</a> (in Italian). 28 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Un+nizzardo+su+quattro+prese+la+via+dell%27esilio%27+in+seguito+all%27unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%2C+dice+lo+scrittore+Casalino+Pierluigi&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montecarlonews.it%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Fnotizie%2Fargomenti%2Faltre-notizie-1%2Farticolo%2Fun-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storage.canalblog.com/76/72/572678/57843167.png">"Times article dated February 13, 1871"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Times+article+dated+February+13%2C+1871&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstorage.canalblog.com%2F76%2F72%2F572678%2F57843167.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philweb.it/i_vespri_nizzardi_del_1871_conferenza_storica_e_annullo_speciale-st1940.html">"I Vespri Nizzardi del 1871: conferenza storica e annullo speciale"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Vespri+Nizzardi+del+1871%3A+conferenza+storica+e+annullo+speciale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philweb.it%2Fi_vespri_nizzardi_del_1871_conferenza_storica_e_annullo_speciale-st1940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Woolf Stuart, <i>Il risorgimento italiano</i>, Turin, Einaudi, 1981, p. 44 (In Italian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe André, <i>Nizza negli ultimi quattro anni</i>, Nice, Editore Gilletta, 1875, pp. 334–335 (In Italian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWK7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PAPA133&q=Garibaldi%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgreatest%2Bgenerals%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Btime">"Scholar and Patriot"</a>. Manchester University Press – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholar+and+Patriot&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWK7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA133%26q%3DGaribaldi%252Bone%252Bof%252Bthe%252Bgreatest%252Bgenerals%252Bof%252Bmodern%252Btime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">"Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226091529/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+%28Italian+revolutionary%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F225978%2FGiuseppe-Garibaldi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbagallo1980" class="citation book cs1">Barbagallo, Francesco (1980). <i>Mezzogiorno e questione meridionale</i>. Napoli: Guida. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mezzogiorno+e+questione+meridionale&rft.place=Napoli&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Guida&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Barbagallo&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaman1980" class="citation book cs1">Seaman, L. C. B. (1980). "Proved Only Negative Propositions". In Delzell, Charles (ed.). <i>The Unification of Italy, 1859–1861: Cavour, Mazzini, or Garibaldi?</i>. New York: Hold, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proved+Only+Negative+Propositions&rft.btitle=The+Unification+of+Italy%2C+1859%E2%80%931861%3A+Cavour%2C+Mazzini%2C+or+Garibaldi%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Hold%2C+Rinehart%2C+and+Winston&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Seaman&rft.aufirst=L.+C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommissione_nazionale_per_la_pubblicazione_dei_carteggi_del_Conte_di_Cavour2005" class="citation book cs1">Commissione nazionale per la pubblicazione dei carteggi del Conte di Cavour (2005). <i>Camillo Cavour: Epistolario</i>. Vol. 17. Firenze: Olschki. p. 2944. <q>La Sicilia sarà una delle più belle gemme della sua corona; ed uno degli elementi più vitali della nazione.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camillo+Cavour%3A+Epistolario&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pages=2944&rft.pub=Olschki&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Commissione+nazionale+per+la+pubblicazione+dei+carteggi+del+Conte+di+Cavour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/spedizione-dei-mille/">"Spedizione Dei Mille nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. <i>Treccani, l'Enciclopedia italiana</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treccani%2C+l%27Enciclopedia+italiana&rft.atitle=Spedizione+Dei+Mille+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fspedizione-dei-mille%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Charles T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his102/notes/garibaldi.html">"Garibaldi and the Risorgimento"</a>. Novaonline.nvcc.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+and+the+Risorgimento&rft.pub=Novaonline.nvcc.edu&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnovaonline.nvcc.edu%2Feli%2Fevans%2Fhis102%2Fnotes%2Fgaribaldi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/regno-delle-due-sicilie/">"Regno Delle Due Sicilie nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. Treccani.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regno+Delle+Due+Sicilie+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft.pub=Treccani.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fregno-delle-due-sicilie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1971" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Edgar (1971). <i>The Making of Italy: 1815–1870</i>. New York: Murray Printing Company. p. 258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Italy%3A+1815%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Murray+Printing+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnosis-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnosis_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnosis_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnosis_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnosis_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210083512/http://www.sisde.it/Gnosis/Rivista26.nsf/ServNavig/57">"Il problema della sicurezza ed il riconoscimento internazionale del Regno d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sisde.it/Gnosis/Rivista26.nsf/ServNavig/57">the original</a> on 10 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+problema+della+sicurezza+ed+il+riconoscimento+internazionale+del+Regno+d%27Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sisde.it%2FGnosis%2FRivista26.nsf%2FServNavig%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cr-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cr_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202132806/http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1860i.htm">"Regno delle Due Sicilie - ultimo atto"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1860i.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regno+delle+Due+Sicilie+-+ultimo+atto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcronologia.leonardo.it%2Fstoria%2Fa1860i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a150-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a150_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a150_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=36&wid=101">"La costruzione dello Stato e i nuovi indirizzi politici, Il difficile riconoscimento diplomatico"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+costruzione+dello+Stato+e+i+nuovi+indirizzi+politici%2C+Il+difficile+riconoscimento+diplomatico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni.it%2Fwebi%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D36%26wid%3D101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, <i>Italy: a modern history</i> (1969) pp 89–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, <i>Italy: a modern history</i> (1969) pp 63–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. Bush, <i>Venetia Redeemed; Franco-Italian Relations, 1864–1866</i> (Syracuse University Press, 1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, <i>Italy: a modern history</i> (1969) pp 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Mack Smith, <i>Italy: a modern history</i> (1969) pp 76–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140930211556/http://www.welcometorome.net/en/about-rome/history/italian-risorgimento">"Italian Risorgimento"</a>. Welcometorome.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometorome.net/en/about-rome/history/italian-risorgimento">the original</a> on 30 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Risorgimento&rft.pub=Welcometorome.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometorome.net%2Fen%2Fabout-rome%2Fhistory%2Fitalian-risorgimento&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickman" class="citation web cs1">Hickman, Kennedy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083944/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/navalbattles1800s/p/lissa.htm">"Battle of Lissa – Third Italian War Battle of Lissa"</a>. <i>About</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/navalbattles1800s/p/lissa.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Lissa+%E2%80%93+Third+Italian+War+Battle+of+Lissa&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Kennedy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fnavalbattles1800s%2Fp%2Flissa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Thaon di Revel: "La cessione del Veneto – ricordi di un commissario piemontese incaricato alle trattative" (translation: "The cession of Veneto – memories of the piedmontese commissary for the negotiations"). Academic Press, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beggiato, E.: "1866: la grande truffa" (translation: "1866: the great deceit"). Venice Academic Press, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/risorgimento/4.html">"The Austro-Prussian War and Third War of Italian Unification (1866)"</a>. Victorian Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Austro-Prussian+War+and+Third+War+of+Italian+Unification+%281866%29&rft.pub=Victorian+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Frisorgimento%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procacci (1973, p. 331)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michele_Rosi" title="Michele Rosi">Michele Rosi</a>, <i>I Cairoli</i>, L. Capelli Ed., Bologna, 1929, pp. 223–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cesare1909" class="citation book cs1">De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft"><i>The Last Days of Papal Rome</i></a>. Archibald Constable & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft/page/444">444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Papal+Rome&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=De+Cesare&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthelastdaysofpap00cesauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410002755/http://www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it/index.php/presa-di-roma">"La breccia di Porta Pia"</a>. 150anni-lanostrastoria.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it/index.php/presa-di-roma">the original</a> on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+breccia+di+Porta+Pia&rft.pub=150anni-lanostrastoria.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni-lanostrastoria.it%2Findex.php%2Fpresa-di-roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cesare1909" class="citation book cs1">De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft"><i>The Last Days of Papal Rome</i></a>. Archibald Constable & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft/page/440">440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Papal+Rome&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=De+Cesare&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthelastdaysofpap00cesauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cesare1909" class="citation book cs1">De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft"><i>The Last Days of Papal Rome</i></a>. Archibald Constable & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft/page/443">443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Papal+Rome&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=De+Cesare&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthelastdaysofpap00cesauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Clark, <i>The Italian Risorgimento</i> (2nd ed. 2009) p 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Hearder, <i>Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870</i> (1980) p 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer2006" class="citation book cs1">Kertzer, David I. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8SESoaxxbJcC&pg=PA59"><i>Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi's Rebels in the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 59–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618619191" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618619191"><bdi>978-0618619191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoner+of+the+Vatican%3A+The+Popes%2C+the+Kings%2C+and+Garibaldi%27s+Rebels+in+the+Struggle+to+Rule+Modern+Italy&rft.pages=59-72&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0618619191&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8SESoaxxbJcC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, <i>The Italian Risorgimento</i> (2nd ed. 2009) pp 86–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson Moe, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'This is not Italy!': Ruling and Representing the South, 1860–1861", in <i>The View from the Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question</i>, 156–183 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson Moe, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'This is not Italy!': Ruling and Representing the South, 1860–1861", in <i>The View from the Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question</i>, 156–183 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson Moe, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'This is not Italy!': Ruling and Representing the South, 1860–1861", in <i>The View from the Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question</i>, 156–183 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/massimo-d-azeglio/">"Massimo D Azeglio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. Treccani.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massimo+D+Azeglio+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft.pub=Treccani.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmassimo-d-azeglio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesco Saverio Nitti, L'Italia all'alba del secolo XX, Casa Editrice Nazionale Roux e Viarengo, Torino-Roma, 1901</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesco Saverio Nitti, Domenico De Masi, Napoli e la questione meridionale, Guida, Napoli, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucy Riall, "Which road to the south? Revisionists revisit the Mezzogiorno". <i>Journal of Modern Italian Studies</i> 5#1 (2000): 89–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCammett1963" class="citation journal cs1">Cammett, John M. (1963). "Two Recent Polemics on the Character of the Italian Risorgimento". <i>Science & Society</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 433–457. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40400981">40400981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Two+Recent+Polemics+on+the+Character+of+the+Italian+Risorgimento&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=433-457&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40400981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cammett&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatriarcaRiall2012" class="citation book cs1">Patriarca, Silvana; Riall, Lucy, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5NoA_2uAKkC&pg=PA1"><i>The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Italy</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230248007" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230248007"><bdi>978-0230248007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Risorgimento+Revisited%3A+Nationalism+and+Culture+in+Nineteenth-Century+Italy&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0230248007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5NoA_2uAKkC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiagini2014" class="citation journal cs1">Biagini, Eugenio F. (2014). "Recent works on the Risorgimento Edited by Andrea del Cornò and Nick Carter – the Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-century Italy, edited by Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2012, xii +303 pp., £67.00 (Hardback), ISBN 978-0230248007". <i>Modern Italy</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 323–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13532944.2014.935092">10.1080/13532944.2014.935092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232397474">232397474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Italy&rft.atitle=Recent+works+on+the+Risorgimento+Edited+by+Andrea+del+Corn%C3%B2+and+Nick+Carter+%E2%80%93+the+Risorgimento+Revisited%3A+Nationalism+and+Culture+in+Nineteenth-century+Italy%2C+edited+by+Silvana+Patriarca+and+Lucy+Riall%2C+Palgrave+Macmillan%2C+Basingstoke%2C+2012%2C+xii+%2B303+pp.%2C+%C2%A367.00+%28Hardback%29%2C+ISBN+978-0230248007&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-324&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13532944.2014.935092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232397474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Biagini&rft.aufirst=Eugenio+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Tommaseo. "Lettere di Pasquale de Paoli" (in Archivio storico italiano, 1st series, vol. XI).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Risorgimento">"Risorgimento | Italian history"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Risorgimento+%7C+Italian+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FRisorgimento&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelluga" class="citation web cs1">Felluga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=alison-chapman-on-il-risorgimento">"Alison Chapman, "On Il Risorgimento"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Branchcollective.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alison+Chapman%2C+%22On+Il+Risorgimento%22&rft.pub=Branchcollective.org&rft.au=Felluga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.branchcollective.org%2F%3Fps_articles%3Dalison-chapman-on-il-risorgimento&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corsadelricordo-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corsadelricordo_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corsadelricordo.it/la-storia">"Trieste, Istria, Fiume e Dalmazia: una terra contesa"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trieste%2C+Istria%2C+Fiume+e+Dalmazia%3A+una+terra+contesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corsadelricordo.it%2Fla-storia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi</i>, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi</i>, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, <i>Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra</i>, Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJürgen_Baurmann,_Hartmut_Gunther_and_Ulrich_Knoop1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3tCTXoeAysC&pg=279"><i>Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung</i></a> (in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3484311347" title="Special:BookSources/3484311347"><bdi>3484311347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+scribens+%3A+Perspektiven+der+Schriftlichkeitsforschung&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3484311347&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Baurmann%2C+Hartmut+Gunther+and+Ulrich+Knoop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3tCTXoeAysC%26pg%3D279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iemed-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iemed_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iemed.org/publication/istrian-spring/">"Istrian Spring"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istrian+Spring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iemed.org%2Fpublication%2Fistrian-spring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Istria"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Istria">"Istria" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 886–887.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Istria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=886-887&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartoli-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartoli_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartoli1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Bartoli" title="Matteo Bartoli">Bartoli, Matteo</a> (1919). <i>Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia</i> (in Italian). Tipografia italo-orientale. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+parlate+italiane+della+Venezia+Giulia+e+della+Dalmazia&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Tipografia+italo-orientale&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Bartoli&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span>[ISBN unspecified]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seton-Watson-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seton-Watson_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeton-Watson1967" class="citation book cs1">Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). <i>Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925</i>. Methuen. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780416189407" title="Special:BookSources/9780416189407"><bdi>9780416189407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+from+Liberalism+to+Fascism%2C+1870%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780416189407&rft.aulast=Seton-Watson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Dalmazia", <i>Dizionario enciclopedico italiano</i> (in Italian), vol. III, <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>, 1970, p. 729</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalmazia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+enciclopedico+italiano&rft.pages=729&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaimondo_Deranez1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raimondo Deranez (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/bombardieritesti/particolari_dalmazia.htm"><i>Particolari del martirio della Dalmazia</i></a> (in Italian). Ancona: Stabilimento Tipografico dell'Ordine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Particolari+del+martirio+della+Dalmazia&rft.place=Ancona&rft.pub=Stabilimento+Tipografico+dell%27Ordine&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Raimondo+Deranez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxoomer.alice.it%2Fhistria%2Fstoriaecultura%2Ftestiedocumenti%2Fbombardieritesti%2Fparticolari_dalmazia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelo_Filipuzzi1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Angelo Filipuzzi (1966). <i>La campagna del 1866 nei documenti militari austriaci: operazioni terrestri</i> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padova" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Padova">University of Padova</a>. p. 396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+campagna+del+1866+nei+documenti+militari+austriaci%3A+operazioni+terrestri&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=University+of+Padova&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Angelo+Filipuzzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span>[ISBN unspecified]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeričić2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peričić, Šime (19 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/12136">"O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća"</a>. <i>Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru</i> (in Croatian) (45): 342. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1330-0474">1330-0474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radovi+Zavoda+za+povijesne+znanosti+HAZU+u+Zadru&rft.atitle=O+broju+Talijana%2Ftalijana%C5%A1a+u+Dalmaciji+XIX.+stolje%C4%87a&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=342&rft.date=2003-09-19&rft.issn=1330-0474&rft.aulast=Peri%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0ime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F12136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529164005/http://www.omm1910.hu/?%2Fde%2Fdatenbank">"Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omm1910.hu/?%2Fde%2Fdatenbank">the original</a> on 29 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spezialortsrepertorium+der+%C3%B6sterreichischen+L%C3%A4nder+I-XII%2C+Wien%2C+1915%E2%80%931919&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omm1910.hu%2F%3F%252Fde%252Fdatenbank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529164005/http://www.omm1910.hu/?%2Fde%2Fdatenbank">"Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omm1910.hu/?/de/datenbank">the original</a> on 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spezialortsrepertorium+der+%C3%B6sterreichischen+L%C3%A4nder+I-XII%2C+Wien%2C+1915%E2%80%931919&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omm1910.hu%2F%3F%2Fde%2Fdatenbank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guerrino Perselli, <i>I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936</i>, Centro di Ricerche Storiche - Rovigno, Unione Italiana - Fiume, Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Dalmazia", <i>Dizionario enciclopedico italiano</i> (in Italian), vol. III, <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>, 1970, p. 730</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalmazia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+enciclopedico+italiano&rft.pages=730&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075828/http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">"Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848–1918)"</a> (in Italian). 6 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">the original</a> on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+1861+e+le+quattro+Guerre+per+l%27Indipendenza+%281848%E2%80%931918%29&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piacenzaprimogenita150.it%2Findex.php%3Fit%252F176%252Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183754/http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Eventi/visualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html">"La Grande Guerra nei manifesti italiani dell'epoca"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Eventi/visualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Grande+Guerra+nei+manifesti+italiani+dell%27epoca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beniculturali.it%2Fmibac%2Fexport%2FMiBAC%2Fsito-MiBAC%2FContenuti%2FMibacUnif%2FEventi%2Fvisualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovesi2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Genovesi, Piergiovanni (11 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LntMIUOXngC&q=%22quarta+guerra+d%27indipendenza%22&pg=PA41"><i>Il Manuale di Storia in Italia, di Piergiovanni Genovesi</i></a> (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8856818680" title="Special:BookSources/978-8856818680"><bdi>978-8856818680</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Manuale+di+Storia+in+Italia%2C+di+Piergiovanni+Genovesi&rft.pub=FrancoAngeli&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft.isbn=978-8856818680&rft.aulast=Genovesi&rft.aufirst=Piergiovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LntMIUOXngC%26q%3D%2522quarta%2Bguerra%2Bd%2527indipendenza%2522%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.Sabbatucci, <i>La vittoria mutilata</i>, in AA.VV., <i>Miti e storia dell'Italia unita</i>, Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp. 101–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/irredentismo_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)">"Irredentismo in "Enciclopedia Italiana" – Treccani"</a>. Treccani.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irredentismo+in+%22Enciclopedia+Italiana%22+%E2%80%93+Treccani&rft.pub=Treccani.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Firredentismo_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobagi" class="citation web cs1">Tobagi, Benedetta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001726/http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html">"La Repubblica italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>. Treccani.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Repubblica+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft.pub=Treccani.it&rft.aulast=Tobagi&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fscuola%2Flezioni%2Fstoria%2Fla_repubblica_italiana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dzs-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dzs_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02.html">"12. Population by ethnicity, by towns/municipalities"</a>. <i>Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2001</i>. Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Croatian Bureau of Statistics">Croatian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+2001&rft.atitle=12.+Population+by+ethnicity%2C+by+towns%2Fmunicipalities&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.dzs.hr%2FEng%2Fcensuses%2FCensus2001%2FPopis%2FE01_02_02%2FE01_02_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806084849/http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7">"Popis 2002"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.si/Popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7">the original</a> on 6 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popis+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.si%2FPopis2002%2Fen%2Frezultati%2Frezultati_red.asp%3Fter%3DSLO%26st%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkiesta.it/2012/06/litalia-per-de-gaulle-non-un-paese-povero-ma-un-povero-paese/">"L'Italia per De Gaulle: "Non un paese povero, ma un povero paese"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+per+De+Gaulle%3A+%22Non+un+paese+povero%2C+ma+un+povero+paese%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkiesta.it%2F2012%2F06%2Flitalia-per-de-gaulle-non-un-paese-povero-ma-un-povero-paese%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528065821/http://www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it/index.php">"Le celebrazioni del Risorgimento della Provincia di Roma"</a>. 150anni-lanostrastoria.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it/index.php">the original</a> on 28 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+celebrazioni+del+Risorgimento+della+Provincia+di+Roma&rft.pub=150anni-lanostrastoria.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni-lanostrastoria.it%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2012-11-23;222!vig=">Norme sull'acquisizione di conoscenze e competenze in materia di 'Cittadinanza e Costituzione' e sull'insegnamento dell'inno di Mameli nelle scuole</a> (Law 222). Italian Parliament. 23 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Norme+sull%27acquisizione+di+conoscenze+e+competenze+in+materia+di+%27Cittadinanza+e+Costituzione%27+e+sull%27insegnamento+dell%27inno+di+Mameli+nelle+scuole&rft.pub=Italian+Parliament&rft.date=2012-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.normattiva.it%2Furi-res%2FN2Ls%3Furn%3Anir%3Astato%3Alegge%3A2012-11-23%3B222%21vig%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075828/http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">"Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848–1918)"</a> (in Italian). 6 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">the original</a> on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+1861+e+le+quattro+Guerre+per+l%27Indipendenza+%281848%E2%80%931918%29&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piacenzaprimogenita150.it%2Findex.php%3Fit%252F176%252Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-met-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-met_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichman-Abdou2019" class="citation web cs1">Richman-Abdou, Kelly (27 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mymodernmet.com/the-veiled-virgin-sculpture/">"Exquisite 19th-Century Sculpture Cloaked in a 'Translucent' Marble Veil"</a>. <i>My Modern Met</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Modern+Met&rft.atitle=Exquisite+19th-Century+Sculpture+Cloaked+in+a+%27Translucent%27+Marble+Veil&rft.date=2019-01-27&rft.aulast=Richman-Abdou&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmymodernmet.com%2Fthe-veiled-virgin-sculpture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085909/http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1848c.htm">"Risorgimento – Pensiero e cultura – 1848"</a>. Cronlogia.leonardo.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1848c.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Risorgimento+%E2%80%93+Pensiero+e+cultura+%E2%80%93+1848&rft.pub=Cronlogia.leonardo.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcronologia.leonardo.it%2Fstoria%2Fa1848c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040120/http://www.giorgioweiss.it/node/120">"Risorgimento e poesia – Giorgio Weiss"</a>. Giorgioweiss.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giorgioweiss.it/node/120">the original</a> on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Risorgimento+e+poesia+%E2%80%93+Giorgio+Weiss&rft.pub=Giorgioweiss.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giorgioweiss.it%2Fnode%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axel Körner, "Opera and nation in nineteenth‐century Italy: conceptual and methodological approaches". <i>Journal of Modern Italian Studies</i> 17#4 (2012): 393–399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlotta Sorba, "Between cosmopolitanism and nationhood: Italian opera in the early nineteenth century". <i>Modern Italy</i> 19.1 (2014): 53–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102212/http://www.sivainitalia.it/italia/regno.php?page=4">"Dal Risorgimento all'Italia unita"</a>. Sivainitalia.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sivainitalia.it/italia/regno.php?page=4">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dal+Risorgimento+all%27Italia+unita&rft.pub=Sivainitalia.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sivainitalia.it%2Fitalia%2Fregno.php%3Fpage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosa Maria Mazzola, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piranesi150.altervista.org/pagina-65879.html">"Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti and the Risorgimento"</a> Piranesi150.altervista.org, Retrieved 9 September 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/NATMUSIC.html">"Modern History Sourcebook: Music and Nationalism"</a>. Fordham.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+History+Sourcebook%3A+Music+and+Nationalism&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2FNATMUSIC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker 1998, p. 942</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden 1973, Vol. 3, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franco DellaPeruta, "Verdi e il Risorgimento", <i>Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento</i> (2001) 88#1 pp 3–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marco Pizzo, "Verdi, Musica e Risorgimento", <i>Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento</i> (2001) 87 supplement 4 pp 37–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Smart" title="Mary Ann Smart">Mary Ann Smart</a>, "How political were Verdi's operas? Metaphors of progress in the reception of I Lombardi alla prima crociata", <i>Journal of Modern Italian Studies</i> (2013) 18#2 PP 190–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Roger Parker</a>, "Verdi politico: a wounded cliché regroups". <i>Journal of Modern Italian Studies</i> 17#4 (2012): 427–436.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ascoli, Albert Russell and Krystyna Von Henneberg, eds. <i>Making and Remaking Italy: The Cultivation of National Identity around the Risorgimento</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/104096051/making-and-remaking-italy-the-cultivation-of-national">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealesBiagini2003" class="citation book cs1">Beales, Derek; Biagini, Eugenio (2003). <i>The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy</i> (2 ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36958-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36958-0"><bdi>978-0-582-36958-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Risorgimento+and+the+Unification+of+Italy&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-582-36958-0&rft.aulast=Beales&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Biagini%2C+Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carter, Nick, ed., <i>Britain, Ireland and the Italian Risorgimento</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 233 pp</li> <li>Clark, Martin. <i>The Italian Risorgimento</i> (2nd ed. 2009); 146 pp</li> <li>Collier, Martin, <i>Italian Unification, 1820–71</i> (Heinemann, 2003); textbook, 156 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YG9kZBJdKJwC">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2000" class="citation book cs1">Davis, John A., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132205/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=115250399"><i>Italy in the nineteenth century: 1796–1900</i></a>. London: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=115250399">the original</a> on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+in+the+nineteenth+century%3A+1796%E2%80%931900&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D115250399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>De Mattei, Roberto. <i>Pius IX</i> (2004).</li> <li>Gilmour, David.<i><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Italy" title="The Pursuit of Italy">The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples</a></i> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Pursuit-Italy-History-Regions-Peoples/dp/0374533601/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hearder, Harry. <i>Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Italy-Age-Risorgimento-1790-Longman/dp/0582491460">excerpt</a></li> <li>Holt, Edgar. <i>The Making of Italy 1815–1870,</i> (1971).</li> <li>Körner, Axel. <i>America in Italy: The United States in the Political Thought and Imagination of the Risorgimento, 1763–1865</i> (Princeton UP, 2017)</li> <li>Mack Smith, Denis. <i>Cavour</i> (1985)</li> <li>Mack Smith, Denis. <i>Mazzini</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0300068840/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Mack Smith, Denis. <i>Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento</i> (Oxford University Press, 1971)</li> <li>Mendola, Louis. <i>The Kingdom of Sicily 1130–1860</i> (2015).</li> <li>Mowat, R.B. <i>A history of European diplomacy, 1815–1914</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofeuropea00mowauoft#page/n10/mode/1up">pp 115–63 online free</a></li> <li>Patriarca, Silvana, and Lucy Riall, eds. <i>The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-century Italy</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 13 essays on specialized topics by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5NoA_2uAKkC">excerpt</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehq.sagepub.com/content/44/3/565.extract">review</a></li> <li>Pearce, Robert, and Andrina Stiles. <i>Access to History: The Unification of Italy 1789–1896</i> (4th rf., Hodder Education, 2015), textbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFiGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT3">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPozzo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pozzo, Barbara (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/15">"Masculinity Italian style"</a>. <i>Nevada Law Journal</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nevada+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Masculinity+Italian+style&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pozzo&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholars.law.unlv.edu%2Fnlj%2Fvol13%2Fiss2%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Procacci, Giuliano. <i>History of the Italian People</i> (Pelican, London, 1973) Trans Anthony Paul.</li> <li>Rapone, Danilo. <i>Religion and politics in the Risorgimento. Britain and the new Italy, 1861–1875</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 3012 pp.</li> <li>Riall, Lucy. <i>The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society, and National Unification</i> (Routledge, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/103783059/the-italian-risorgimento-state-society-and-national">online</a></li> <li>Riall, Lucy. <i>Garibaldi: Invention of a hero</i> (Yale UP, 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiall1998" class="citation journal cs1">Riall, Lucy (1998). "Hero, saint or revolutionary? Nineteenth-century politics and the cult of Garibaldi". <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Italy">Modern Italy</a></i>. <b>3</b> (2): 191–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13532949808454803">10.1080/13532949808454803</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143746713">143746713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Italy&rft.atitle=Hero%2C+saint+or+revolutionary%3F+Nineteenth-century+politics+and+the+cult+of+Garibaldi&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-204&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13532949808454803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143746713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Riall&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ridley, Jasper. <i>Garibaldi</i> (1974), a standard biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarlin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sarlin, Simon (2009). "Fighting the Risorgimento: foreign volunteers in southern Italy (1860–63)". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_Italian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Modern Italian Studies">Journal of Modern Italian Studies</a></i>. <b>14</b> (4): 476–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13545710903281987">10.1080/13545710903281987</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144416217">144416217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Italian+Studies&rft.atitle=Fighting+the+Risorgimento%3A+foreign+volunteers+in+southern+Italy+%281860%E2%80%9363%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=476-490&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13545710903281987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144416217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sarlin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer1911" class="citation book cs1">Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfwNAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Cavour+vol+1&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=William+Roscoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfwNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859]; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sK_CnX3-ZMQC">volume 2 online covers 1859–62</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1911" class="citation book cs1">Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garibaldiandmak01trevgoog"><i>Garibaldi and the making of Italy</i></a>. Longmans, Green and Company. <q>garibaldi trevelyan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+and+the+making+of+Italy&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Macaulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaribaldiandmak01trevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wawro, Geoffrey. "Austria versus the Risorgimento: A New Look at Austria's Italian strategy in the 1860s." <i>European History Quarterly</i> 26#1 (1996): 7–29.</li> <li>Woolf, Stuart Joseph. <i>The Italian Risorgimento</i> (1969).</li> <li>Woolf, Stuart. <i> A History of Italy 1700–1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change</i> (1960), 519 pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Owain (2012). "British foreign policy and the Italian occupation of Rome, 1870". <i><a href="/wiki/The_International_History_Review" title="The International History Review">The International History Review</a></i>. <b>34</b> (1): 161–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2012.668343">10.1080/07075332.2012.668343</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154971989">154971989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=British+foreign+policy+and+the+Italian+occupation+of+Rome%2C+1870&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-176&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2012.668343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154971989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Owain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Massimo Colella, <i>Luigi Russo interprete di Vincenzo Cuoco. Un inedito corso universitario</i>, in «Otto/Novecento», 2020, pp. 153–187.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_2">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alio, Jacqueline. <i>Sicilian Studies: A Guide and Syllabus for Educators</i> (2018), 250 pp.</li> <li>Bouchard, Norma, ed. <i>Risorgimento in modern Italian culture: revisiting the nineteenth-century past in history, narrative, and cinema.</i> (Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2005).</li> <li>De Francesco, Antonino. <i>The antiquity of the Italian nation: the cultural origins of a political myth in modern Italy, 1796–1943</i> (Oxford UP, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabella2012" class="citation journal cs1">Isabella, Maurizio (2012). "Rethinking Italy's Nation-Building 150 Years Afterwards: The New Risorgimento Historiography". <i>Past & Present</i> (217): 247–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgts028">10.1093/pastj/gts028</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23324209">23324209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Italy%27s+Nation-Building+150+Years+Afterwards%3A+The+New+Risorgimento+Historiography&rft.issue=217&rft.pages=247-268&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgts028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23324209%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Isabella&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Manenti, Luca G., "Italian Freemasonry from the Eighteenth Century to Unification. Protagonists, Metamorphoses, Interpretations", in History of the Grand Orient of Italy, edited by E. Locci (Washington D.C., Westphalia Press, 2019), pp. 27–60.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamm1972" class="citation journal cs1">Ramm, Agatha (1972). "The Risorgimento in Sicily: Recent Literature". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>87</b> (345): 795–811. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXVII.CCCXLV.795">10.1093/ehr/LXXXVII.CCCXLV.795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/562204">562204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Risorgimento+in+Sicily%3A+Recent+Literature&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=345&rft.pages=795-811&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXVII.CCCXLV.795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F562204%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ramm&rft.aufirst=Agatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rao, Anna Maria. "Napoleonic Italy: Old and New Trends in Historiography." in Ute Planert, ed., <i>Napoleon's Empire</i> (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016). pp 84–97.</li> <li>Salsini, Laura A. "Re-envisioning the Risorgimento: Isabella Bossi Fedrigotti's Amore mio uccidi Garibaldi." <i>Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies</i> 42#1 (2008).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alio, Jacqueline. <i>Sicilian Studies: A Guide and Syllabus for Educators</i> (2018), 250 pp.</li> <li>Bacchin, Elena. <i>Italofilia. Opinione pubblica britannica e il Risorgimento italiano 1847–1864</i> (Turin, Carocci editore, 2014), 266 pp</li> <li>Banti, Alberto Mario. <i>La nazione del Risorgimento: parentela, santità e onore alle origini dell'Italia unita</i>. Torino, Einaudi, 2000</li> <li>Banti, Alberto Mario. <i>Il Risorgimento italiano</i>. Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2004 (Quadrante Laterza; 125)</li> <li>Ghisalberti, Carlo. <i>Istituzioni e società civile nell'età del Risorgimento</i>. Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2005 (Biblioteca universale Laterza; 575)</li> <li>Della Peruta, Franco. <i>L'Italia del Risorgimento: problemi, momenti e figure</i>. Milano, Angeli, 1997 (Saggi di storia; 14)</li> <li>Della Peruta, Franco. <i>Conservatori, liberali e democratici nel Risorgimento</i>. Milano, Angeli, 1989 (Storia; 131)</li> <li>De Rosa, Luigi. <i>La provincia subordinata. Saggio sulla questione meridionale</i>, Bari, Laterza, 2004</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerra2009" class="citation book cs1">Guerra, Nicola (2009). Eclettica (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1957081"><i>Controrisorgimento. Il movimento filoestense apuano e lunigianese</i></a>. Nicola Guerra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8890416804" title="Special:BookSources/978-8890416804"><bdi>978-8890416804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controrisorgimento.+Il+movimento+filoestense+apuano+e+lunigianese&rft.pub=Nicola+Guerra&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8890416804&rft.aulast=Guerra&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1957081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerra2011" class="citation journal cs1">Guerra, Nicola (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2024121">"Le due anime del processo di unificazione nazionale: Risorgimento e Controrisorgimento. La necessità di un nuovo approccio di ricerca ancora disatteso"</a>. <i>Chronica Mundi</i>: 53–68. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2239-7515">2239-7515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronica+Mundi&rft.atitle=Le+due+anime+del+processo+di+unificazione+nazionale%3A+Risorgimento+e+Controrisorgimento.+La+necessit%C3%A0+di+un+nuovo+approccio+di+ricerca+ancora+disatteso&rft.pages=53-68&rft.date=2011-10&rft.issn=2239-7515&rft.aulast=Guerra&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2024121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scirocco, Alfonso. <i>L'Italia del risorgimento: 1800–1860</i>. (vol. 1 di <i>Storia d'Italia dall'unità alla Repubblica</i>), Bologna, Il mulino, 1990</li> <li>Scirocco, Alfonso. <i>In difesa del Risorgimento</i>. Bologna, Il mulino, 1998 (Collana di storia contemporanea)</li> <li>Tomaz, Luigi. <i>Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia</i>, Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Conselve, Think ADV, 2008.</li> <li>Carlo Cardia, <i>Risorgimento e religione,</i> Giappichelli, Torino, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-348-2552-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-348-2552-5">978-88-348-2552-5</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Italian_Risorgimento" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Italian Risorgimento">Italian Risorgimento</a></span>.</div></div> </div><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Unification_of_Italy" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a> at Wikiquote </p><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020603114124/http://www.pirandello.com/risorg.html">The Risorgimento: A Time for Reunification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florin.ms/laurel.html">Women of the Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.lib.brown.edu/garibaldi">Garibaldi & The Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/italian_unification.html">Cavour and the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcaini2005" class="citation web cs1">Arcaini, G.B. (6 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225230621/http://www.arcaini.com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification.htm">"The Italian Unification"</a>. <i>History of Italy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcaini.com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Italy&rft.atitle=The+Italian+Unification&rft.date=2005-03-06&rft.aulast=Arcaini&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcaini.com%2FITALY%2FItalyHistory%2FItalianUnification.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcaini2003" class="citation web cs1">Arcaini, G.B. (30 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328011653/http://www.arcaini.com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalyUnity.htm">"Italy's Unity"</a>. <i>History of Italy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcaini.com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalyUnity.htm">the original</a> on 28 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Italy&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+Unity&rft.date=2003-11-30&rft.aulast=Arcaini&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcaini.com%2FITALY%2FItalyHistory%2FItalyUnity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnification+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/ondemand/tricolour"><i>In the sign of the tricolour: Italians and Hungarians in the Risorgimento</i></a> A documentary directed by Gilberto Martinelli</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risorgimento" title="Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risorgimento" title="Template talk:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unification of Italy (<i>Risorgimento</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Pre-unitary states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/150px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/225px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/300px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian unification">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_revivals_during_the_19th_century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_revivals" title="Template:National revivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_revivals" title="Template talk:National revivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_revivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National revivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_revivals_during_the_19th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">National revivals</a> during the 19th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_awakening" title="Armenian national awakening">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_national_revival" title="Belarusian national revival">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival" title="Bulgarian National Revival">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic revival">Celtic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Irish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennoman_movement" title="Fennoman movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">German <i>Vormärz</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexurdimento" title="Rexurdimento">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Awakening" title="Greek National Awakening">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_national_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian national awakening">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_independence_movement" title="Icelandic independence movement">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian National Awakening">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9librige" title="Félibrige">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revival" title="Serbian Revival">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Movement">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51122#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4178231-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068960">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569552">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="risorgimento (Itálie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1058134&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sjednocení Itálie (1861)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1058135&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565578505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&oldid=1258573356">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&oldid=1258573356</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_unification" title="Category:Italian unification">Italian unification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_of_Italy" title="Category:Modern history of Italy">Modern history of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_unifications" title="Category:National unifications">National unifications</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Italy" title="Category:19th century in Italy">19th century in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Savoy" title="Category:History of Savoy">History of Savoy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1810s_in_Italy" title="Category:1810s in Italy">1810s in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1820s_in_Italy" title="Category:1820s in Italy">1820s in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830s_in_Italy" title="Category:1830s in Italy">1830s in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1840s_in_Italy" title="Category:1840s in Italy">1840s in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850s_in_Italy" title="Category:1850s in Italy">1850s in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_in_Italy" title="Category:1860s in Italy">1860s in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_in_Italy" title="Category:1870s in Italy">1870s in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Catholicism_in_Italy" title="Category:Anti-Catholicism in Italy">Anti-Catholicism in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1815_in_Italy" title="Category:1815 in Italy">1815 in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1871_in_Italy" title="Category:1871 in Italy">1871 in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Europe" title="Category:19th century in Europe">19th century in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_politics" title="Category:19th century in politics">19th century in politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_nationalism" title="Category:Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unionism" title="Category:Unionism">Unionism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2023">Articles with dead external links from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2022">Articles with dead external links from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2024">Articles with dead external links from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Croatian-language_sources_(hr)" title="Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)">CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 13:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Italy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4dnzt","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.728","walltime":"2.103","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10138,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":330991,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13028,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":460379,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1592.799 1 -total"," 41.47% 660.552 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.93% 253.762 34 Template:Cite_book"," 14.14% 225.253 53 Template:Cite_web"," 7.61% 121.230 1 Template:History_of_Italy"," 7.48% 119.117 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.75% 107.525 3 Template:Langx"," 5.61% 89.387 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.48% 71.284 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.79% 60.293 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.929","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19871277,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mlxnj","timestamp":"20241122140503","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Unification of Italy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unification_of_Italy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51122","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51122","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-18T00:41:40Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T13:02:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg","headline":"creation of the politically and administratively integrated nation of Italy"}</script> </body> </html>