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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #66637f; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#66637f"><b>Tell me about<br />your mother</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology"><font size="4" color="white"><b>Psychology</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f0fe;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology" title="Category:Psychology"><img alt="Icon psychology.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/49/Icon_psychology.svg/100px-Icon_psychology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/49/Icon_psychology.svg/150px-Icon_psychology.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/49/Icon_psychology.svg/200px-Icon_psychology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#66637f; text-align:center;"><b>For our next session...</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f2f0fe;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cognitive_biases" title="Category:Cognitive biases">Cognitive biases</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mental_health" title="Category:Mental health">Mental health</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Superstition" title="Category:Superstition">Superstition</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychologists" title="Category:Psychologists">Famed psychologists</a><br /></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#66637f; text-align:center;"><b>Popping into your mind</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f2f0fe;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_ratio" title="Variable ratio">Variable ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthorexia" title="Orthorexia">Orthorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E8%A7%86%E8%80%85%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="旁视者效应">旁视者效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmedicalism" title="Transmedicalism">Transmedicalism</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Psychology&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hawthorne Effect</b>, in experimental testing, is a subject's behavioral change if the subject is aware of being observed. It sometimes leads to fallacious conclusions involving <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a> if it is not carefully accounted for. It is strongly related to <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>. This effect highlights the importance of <a href="/wiki/Double_blind" title="Double blind">double-blinded</a> trials. While the Hawthorne effect is demonstrably present in the short term, it tends to deteriorate over time as the subject becomes habituated to the presence of the observer. It is named after a series of experiments at a Western Electric factory at Hawthorne, Chicago in the late 1920s and early 30s, which showed the effect.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-1">[1]</a></sup> More recent studies have confirmed it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>The original study focused on the productivity of factory workers. Experimenters tried various changes to the factory environment and looked at the workers' productivity to try and find out which would improve factory output. They found that making a lot of different changes improved workers' performance: increasing the amount of lighting, changing working hours, introducing rest breaks, etc. But some of the results proved highly unintuitive: increasing lighting increased performance, but putting lighting back to the original level also caused an increase in performance. They concluded that simply by taking an interest in the workers, they were improving their productivity, apart from any actual change they made. This doesn't mean that properly conducted double-blinded tests wouldn't show variation in performance with changes to the environment, but does show that it's important to conduct properly blinded tests to eliminate other factors influencing behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>As another example, if a researcher were to visit a non-technological people living in a remote part of the world, obtain permission to live with them and learn about their style of life, and immediately begins documenting, there is a strong possibility that they may produce an inaccurate representation. A far better approach would be to first live with the group for some significant length of time in order to allow its members to get used to their presence, and only then begin. </p><p>One real-world example of the Hawthorne Effect is displayed, possibly, in response to high-stakes educational testing. School systems commonly respond to testing under <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind" title="No Child Left Behind">No Child Left Behind</a> by taking measures that improve schools' performance on standardized tests (e.g. selective retention of students in critical years, limited effort to deter low-performing students from dropping out, reclassification of students as special-needs) without necessarily improving their educational success. (In general terms, it is usually much easier to manipulate — "game," if you prefer — <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> that represent reality than it is to change the underlying reality itself.) </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawthorne_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:80%; -webkit-column-count:80%; column-count:80%; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-economist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-economist_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-economist_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/12510632">The Hawthorne effect</a>, <i>The Economist</i>, Nov 3, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969247/">Systematic review of the Hawthorne effect: New concepts are needed to study research participation effects</a>, Jim McCambridge et al, J Clin Epidemiol. 2014 Mar; 67(3): 267–277.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="note" class="plainlinks stubtemplate" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: .5em; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 300px; font-style:italic;">This <a href="/wiki/Category:Science" title="Category:Science">science</a>-related article is a <b>stub</b>.<br />You can help RationalWiki by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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