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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Form factors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Form_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Form factors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stompboxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stompboxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stompboxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stompboxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rackmounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rackmounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rackmounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rackmounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-effects_and_tabletop_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-effects_and_tabletop_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Multi-effects and tabletop units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-effects_and_tabletop_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Built-in_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Built-in_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Built-in units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Built-in_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studio_effects_and_early_stand-alone_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio_effects_and_early_stand-alone_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Studio effects and early stand-alone units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio_effects_and_early_stand-alone_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amplifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amplifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Amplifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amplifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stompboxes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stompboxes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Stompboxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stompboxes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Filter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Modulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pitch_and_frequency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitch_and_frequency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pitch and frequency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch_and_frequency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Time-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feedback/sustain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feedback/sustain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Feedback/sustain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feedback/sustain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Other effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bass_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bass_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bass effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bass_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boutique_pedals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boutique_pedals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Boutique pedals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boutique_pedals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boutique pedals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boutique_pedals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_pedals_and_rackmount_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_pedals_and_rackmount_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other pedals and rackmount units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_pedals_and_rackmount_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects unit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="وحدة المؤثرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة المؤثرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ефект педали – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ефект педали" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efektov%C3%A1_jednotka" title="Efektová jednotka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Efektová jednotka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effektger%C3%A4t_(Musik)" title="Effektgerät (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Effektgerät (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_de_efectos" title="Unidad de efectos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad de efectos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efektaparato_(muziko)" title="Efektaparato (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Efektaparato (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesador_de_efectos" title="Procesador de efectos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Procesador de efectos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%8E%99%ED%84%B0" title="이펙터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이펙터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_musicale_(chitarra)" title="Effetto musicale (chitarra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto musicale (chitarra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C" title="מעבד צליל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעבד צליל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="エフェクター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エフェクター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_gitarowy" title="Efekt gitarowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekt gitarowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_efeitos" title="Unidade de efeitos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unidade de efeitos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Блок эффектов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блок эффектов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="กลุ่มเอฟเฟกต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มเอฟเฟกต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Процесор ефектів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Процесор ефектів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%88%E6%9E%9C%E5%99%A8" title="效果器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="效果器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%88%E6%9E%9C%E5%99%A8" title="效果器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="效果器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_effects&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar effects">Guitar effects</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic device that alters audio</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedalboard_(995939579)-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pedalboard_%28995939579%29-2.jpg/300px-Pedalboard_%28995939579%29-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pedalboard_%28995939579%29-2.jpg/450px-Pedalboard_%28995939579%29-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pedalboard_%28995939579%29-2.jpg/600px-Pedalboard_%28995939579%29-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Guitar_pedalboard" title="Guitar pedalboard">guitar pedalboard</a> allows a performer to create a ready-to-use chain of multiple pedals to achieve certain types of sounds. <a href="/wiki/Signal_chain" title="Signal chain">Signal chain</a> order: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_tuner" title="Electronic tuner">tuner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">compressor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitch_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch shift">octave generator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah pedal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">overdrive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzzbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzzbox">fuzz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">EQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>effects unit</b>, <b>effects processor</b>, or <b>effects pedal</b> is an electronic device that alters the sound of a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> or other audio source through <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio signal processing</a>. </p><p>Common effects include <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion/overdrive</a>, often used with electric guitar in <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamic</a> effects such as <a href="/wiki/Volume_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume pedal">volume pedals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">compressors</a>, which affect <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>; <a href="/wiki/Linear_filter" title="Linear filter">filters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah pedals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">graphic equalizers</a>, which modify frequency ranges; <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Chorus_(audio_effect)" title="Chorus (audio effect)">chorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanger">flangers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">phasers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> effects such as <a href="/wiki/Pitch_shifter_(audio_processor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch shifter (audio processor)">pitch shifters</a>; and time effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">reverb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">delay</a>, which create echoing sounds and emulate the sound of different spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-art_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guitfx_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guitfx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern effects use <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid-state electronics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processors</a>. Some effects, particularly older ones such as <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring reverb">spring reverbs</a>, use mechanical components or <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>. Effects are often used as <a href="#Stompboxes">stompboxes</a>, typically placed on the floor and controlled with footswitches. They may also be built into <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifiers</a>, instruments (such as the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_B-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond B-3">Hammond B-3</a> organ), <a href="#Multi-effects_and_tabletop_units">tabletop units</a> designed for DJs and record producers, and <a href="#Rackmounts">rackmounts</a>, and are widely used as <a href="/wiki/Audio_plug-in" title="Audio plug-in">audio plug-ins</a> in such common formats as <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Studio_Technology" title="Virtual Studio Technology">VST</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=AAX_(Avid_Audio_eXtension)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AAX (Avid Audio eXtension) (page does not exist)">AAX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_Units" title="Audio Units">AU</a>. </p><p>Musicians, <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a> and record producers use effects units during live performances or in the studio, typically with electric guitar, bass guitar, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">electronic keyboard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric piano</a>. While effects are most frequently used with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electric or electronic instruments</a>, they can be used with any audio source, such as <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_music" title="Acoustic music">acoustic</a> instruments, drums, and vocals.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matt%27s_Pedals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Matt%27s_Pedals.jpg/300px-Matt%27s_Pedals.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Matt%27s_Pedals.jpg/450px-Matt%27s_Pedals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Matt%27s_Pedals.jpg/600px-Matt%27s_Pedals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Various type of guitar and bass effect pedals</figcaption></figure> <p>An effects unit is also called an <i>effect box</i>, <i>effects device</i>, <i>effects processor</i> or simply an <i>effect</i>. The abbreviation <i>F/X</i> or <i>FX</i> is sometimes used. A pedal-style unit may be called a <i>stomp box</i>, <i>stompbox</i>, <i>effects pedal</i> or <i>pedal</i>. Unprocessed audio coming into an effects unit is referred to as <i>dry</i>, while the processed audio output is referred to as <i>wet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A musician bringing many pedals to a live show or recording session often mounts the pedals on a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_pedalboard" title="Guitar pedalboard">guitar pedalboard</a>, to reduce set-up and tear-down time and, for pedalboards with lids, protect the pedals during transportation. When a musician has multiple effects in a <a href="/wiki/Rack_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Rack mount">rack mounted</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_case" title="Road case">road case</a>, this case may be called an <i>effects rack</i> or <i>rig</i>. When rackmounted effects are mounted in a roadcase, this also speeds up a musician's set-up and tear-down time, because all of the effects can be connected together inside the rack case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form_factors">Form factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Form factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effects units are available in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Form_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Form factors">form factors</a>. Stompboxes are used in both live performance and studio recording. Rackmount devices saw a heavy usage during the later 20th century, due to their superior processing power and desirable tones as compared to pedal-style units. However, by the 21st century, with the advent of digital plugins and more powerful stompboxes for live usage, the use of rack-mounted effect units has declined.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="source doesn't give any history (December 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> An effects unit can consist of <a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">analog</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital electronics</a> or a combination of the two. During a live performance, the effect is plugged into the electrical <i>signal</i> path of the instrument. In the studio, an instrument or another sound source — possibly an <a href="/wiki/Aux-send" title="Aux-send">auxiliary output</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixer</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">DAW</a> — is patched into the effect.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the form factor, effects units are part of a studio or musician's <a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">outboard gear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stompboxes">Stompboxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stompboxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ts9-stompbox-2-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ts9-stompbox-2-2.jpg/110px-Ts9-stompbox-2-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Ts9-stompbox-2-2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibanez_Tube_Screamer" title="Ibanez Tube Screamer">Ibanez Tube Screamer</a> TS9 overdrive pedal</figcaption></figure> <p>Stompboxes are small plastic or metal chassis that usually lie on the floor or in a pedalboard to be operated by the user's feet. Pedals are often rectangle-shaped, but there are a range of other shapes (e.g., the circular <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_Face" title="Fuzz Face">Fuzz Face</a>). Typical simple stompboxes have a single footswitch, one to three <a href="/wiki/Potentiometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Potentiometers">potentiometers</a> for controlling the effect, and a single <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> that indicates if the effect is on. A typical distortion or overdrive pedal's three potentiometers, for example, control the level or intensity of the distortion effect, the tone of the effected signal and the output level of the effected signal. Depending on the type of pedal, the potentiometers may control different parameters of the effect. For a <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus effect</a>, for example, the knobs may control the depth and speed of the effect. Complex stompboxes may have multiple footswitches, many knobs, additional switches or buttons that are operated with the fingers, and an alphanumeric <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> display that indicates the status of the effect with short acronyms (e.g., DIST for "distortion").<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anders_pearson%27s_pedalboard_(2010-03-20_11.07.50).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Anders_pearson%27s_pedalboard_%282010-03-20_11.07.50%29.jpg/300px-Anders_pearson%27s_pedalboard_%282010-03-20_11.07.50%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Anders_pearson%27s_pedalboard_%282010-03-20_11.07.50%29.jpg/450px-Anders_pearson%27s_pedalboard_%282010-03-20_11.07.50%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Anders_pearson%27s_pedalboard_%282010-03-20_11.07.50%29.jpg/600px-Anders_pearson%27s_pedalboard_%282010-03-20_11.07.50%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3688" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>An example of an <i>effects chain</i>. <div style="line-height:110%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">From the input [<i>right</i>] to the output [<i>left</i>]: </span><div><ul><li><i>Tuner</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">[<i>upper right</i>] (tc electronic Polytune)</span> ⇒</li><li><i>Wah pedal</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">[<i>lower right</i>] (Morley Bad Horsie Wah)</span> ⇒</li><li><i>Overdrives/distortion</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">[<i>lower row</i>] (Rocktron Short Timer Delay → Danelectro CTO-1 Transparent Overdrive → Boss HM-2 → Boss MT-2)</span> ⇒</li><li><i>Modulations/delay</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">[<i>upper row</i>] (Digitech Hyper Phase → Danelectro CV-1 Vibe → Danelectro CT Tremolo → Digitech Hyper Delay)</span></li></ul></div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="effects_chain"></span><span class="vanchor-text">effects chain</span></span></b> is formed by connecting two or more stompboxes forming a <a href="/wiki/Signal_chain" title="Signal chain">signal chain</a>. Effect chains are typically created between the guitar and the amp or between the <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a> and the power amp. When a pedal is off or inactive, the electric <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> coming into the pedal diverts onto a <i>bypass</i>, an unaltered <i>dry</i> signal that continues on to other effects down the chain. In this way, a musician can combine effects within a chain in a variety of ways without having to reconnect boxes during a performance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>controller</i> or <i>effects management system</i> lets the musician create multiple effect chains, so they can select one or several chains by tapping a single switch. The switches are usually organized in a row or a simple grid.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is common to put <a href="#Dynamics">compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_(music)" title="Wah-wah (music)">wah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">overdrive</a> pedals at the start of the chain; modulation (<a href="/wiki/Chorus_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus pedal">chorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanger">flanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">phase shifter</a>) in the middle; and time-based units (<a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">delay</a>/echo, <a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">reverb</a> at the end.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When using many effects, unwanted noise and hum can be introduced into the sound. Some performers use a <a href="#Dynamics">noise gate pedal</a> at the end of a chain to reduce unwanted noise and hum introduced by overdrive units or vintage gear.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rackmounts">Rackmounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rackmounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FOH_Racks-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FOH_Racks-2.jpg/220px-FOH_Racks-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/FOH_Racks-2.jpg/330px-FOH_Racks-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/FOH_Racks-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Rackmounted effects in <a href="/wiki/Road_case" title="Road case">road cases</a>. These road cases have the front protective panels removed so the units can be operated. The protective panels are put back on and latched shut to protect the effects during transportation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eventide_H3000_SE_Ultra-Harmonizer_(left_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eventide_H3000_SE_Ultra-Harmonizer_%28left_view%29.jpg/220px-Eventide_H3000_SE_Ultra-Harmonizer_%28left_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eventide_H3000_SE_Ultra-Harmonizer_%28left_view%29.jpg/330px-Eventide_H3000_SE_Ultra-Harmonizer_%28left_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eventide_H3000_SE_Ultra-Harmonizer_%28left_view%29.jpg/440px-Eventide_H3000_SE_Ultra-Harmonizer_%28left_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eventide,_Inc" title="Eventide, Inc">Eventide</a> HE3000 Ultra-Harmonizer pictured here displays the entire name of an effect or setting, which helps users to find their preferred settings and effects.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rackmount effects units are typically built in a thin metal chassis with <i>rack ears</i> designed to be screw-mounted into the rack rails of a <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch rack</a> that is standard to the <a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">music technology</a> industry. Rackmount effects have a standardized 19-inch width, and height of 1 or more <a href="/wiki/Rack_unit" title="Rack unit">rack unit(s)</a>. Devices that are less than 19 inches wide can sometimes be made rackmount-compatible via special rackmount adapters.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rackmount effects unit may contain <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuitry</a> identical to a stompbox's, although its circuits are typically more complex. Unlike stompboxes, rackmounts usually have several different types of effects.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rackmount effects units are controlled by knobs, switches or buttons on their front panel, and often remote-controllable by a <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> digital control interface or pedal-style <i>foot controller</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rackmount effects units are most commonly used in recording studios and <a href="/wiki/Front_of_house" title="Front of house">front of house</a> <a href="/wiki/Live_sound_mixing" title="Live sound mixing">live sound mixing</a> situations. Musicians may use them in place of stompboxes, as use of a rack can offer space for conveniently mounting additional rackmount equipment or accessories. Rackmounted effects units are typically mounted in a rack, which may be housed within a road case, a durable case with removable access panels that protect the equipment within during transportation. Because of this, rackmount effect units are not always designed with durable protective features such as corner protectors which are used on stompboxes and amps that are designed to be transported as standalone units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-effects_and_tabletop_units">Multi-effects and tabletop units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Multi-effects and tabletop units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boss_ME-5_Guitar_Multiple_Effects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boss_ME-5_Guitar_Multiple_Effects.jpg/220px-Boss_ME-5_Guitar_Multiple_Effects.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boss_ME-5_Guitar_Multiple_Effects.jpg/330px-Boss_ME-5_Guitar_Multiple_Effects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boss_ME-5_Guitar_Multiple_Effects.jpg/440px-Boss_ME-5_Guitar_Multiple_Effects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a> ME-5 multi-effects from 1988 included several pedal effects in one unit, with the ability to write and recall presets.</figcaption></figure> <p>A multi-effects (MFX) device is a single electronics effects pedal or rackmount device that contains many different electronic effects. multi-effects devices allow users to <i>preset</i> combinations of different effects, allowing musicians quick on-stage access to different effects combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multi-effects units typically have a range of distortion, chorus, flanger, phaser, delay, looper and reverb effects. Pedal-style multi-effects range from fairly inexpensive stompboxes that contain two pedals and a few knobs to control the effects to large, expensive floor units with many pedals and knobs. Rack-mounted multi-effects units may be mounted in the same rack as preamplifiers and power amplifiers. </p><p>A tabletop unit is a type of multi-effects device that sits on a desk and is controlled manually. One such example is the <a href="/wiki/Pod_(amp_modeler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pod (amp modeler)">Pod</a> guitar amplifier modeler. Digital effects designed for DJs are often sold in tabletop models, so that the units can be placed alongside a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a>, turntables and <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a> gear.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Built-in_units">Built-in units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Built-in units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg/200px-1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg/300px-1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg/400px-1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A 1968 <a href="/wiki/Fender_Bandmaster" title="Fender Bandmaster">Fender Bandmaster</a> amplifier. Note the four inputs, two for regular sound and two which are run through the onboard <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> effect unit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Effects are often incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifiers</a> and even some types of instruments. Electric <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifiers</a> often have built-in reverb, chorus and <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a>, while acoustic guitar and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">keyboard amplifiers</a> tend to only have built-in reverb. Some acoustic instrument amplifiers have reverb, chorus, compression and equalization (bass and treble) effects. Vintage guitar amps typically have <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> effects, and sometimes reverb. The Fender Bandmaster Reverb amp, for example, had built-in reverb and vibrato. Built-in effects may offer the user less control than standalone pedals or rackmounted units. For example, on some lower- to mid-priced <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">bass amplifiers</a>, the only control on the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">audio compression</a> effect is a button or switch to turn it on or off, or a single knob. In contrast, a pedal or rackmounted unit would typically provide ratio, threshold and attack controls or other options to allow the user additional control over the compression. </p><p>Some guitar amplifiers have built-in multi-effects units or digital <a href="/wiki/Amplifier_modeling" title="Amplifier modeling">amplifier modeling</a> effects. Bass amplifiers are less likely to have built-in effects, although some may have a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">compressor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Limiter" title="Limiter">limiter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">fuzz bass</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="some of what's discussed in this paragraph was not available or common in 1993 when this ref was published (August 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Instruments with built-in effects include <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">electronic organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_piano" title="Electronic piano">electronic pianos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">digital synthesizers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built-in effects for keyboards typically include reverb, chorus and, for Hammond organ, vibrato. Many <a href="/wiki/Clonewheel_organ" title="Clonewheel organ">clonewheel organs</a> include an overdrive effect. Occasionally, acoustic-electric and electric guitars will have built-in effects, such as a preamp or equalizer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio_effects_and_early_stand-alone_units">Studio effects and early stand-alone units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Studio effects and early stand-alone units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest sound effects were strictly used in studio productions. Microphones placed in <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber" title="Echo chamber">echo chambers</a> with specially designed acoustic properties simulated the sound of live performances in different environments. In the mid to late 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">recording engineers</a> and experimental musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a> began manipulating <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">reel-to-reel recording tape</a> to create echo effects and unusual, futuristic sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, <a href="/wiki/DeArmond" class="mw-redirect" title="DeArmond">DeArmond</a> released the Model 601 Tremolo Control,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first commercially available stand-alone effects unit. This device produced a tremolo by passing an instrument's electrical signal through a water-based electrolytic fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most stand-alone effects of the 1950s and early 1960s such as the Gibson GA-VI vibrato unit and the Fender reverb box, were expensive and impractical, requiring bulky <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> and high <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltages</a>. The original stand-alone units were not especially in-demand as many effects came built into amplifiers. The first popular stand-alone was the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Watkins_Copicat" title="Watkins Copicat">Watkins Copicat</a>, a relatively portable <a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">tape echo effect</a> made famous by the British band, <a href="/wiki/The_Shadows" title="The Shadows">The Shadows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amplifiers">Amplifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amplifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comboamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Comboamp.jpg/220px-Comboamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Comboamp.jpg/330px-Comboamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Comboamp.jpg/440px-Comboamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fender_amplifier#Early_solid-state_models" title="Fender amplifier">Fender Vibrolux</a> Reverb amp and a ROSS amp</figcaption></figure> <p>Effects built into <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier#Vacuum_tube" title="Guitar amplifier">tube-powered guitar amplifiers</a> were the first effects that musicians used regularly outside the studio. From the late 1940s onward, the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Brands">Gibson</a> began including <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> circuits in <a href="/wiki/Combo_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Combo amplifier">combo amplifiers</a> that incorporated one or more speakers with the amp. The 1950 Ray Butts EchoSonic amp was the first to feature a <a href="/wiki/Tape_echo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape echo">tape echo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which quickly became popular with guitarists such as <a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotty_Moore" title="Scotty Moore">Scotty Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luther_Perkins" title="Luther Perkins">Luther Perkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a> and Gibson built amplifiers with <a href="/wiki/Spring_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring reverb">spring reverb</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a> began manufacturing the tremolo amps Tremolux in 1955 and Vibrolux in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a> was not an effect originally intended by amplifier manufacturers, but could often easily be achieved by <i>overdriving</i> the power supply in early <a href="/wiki/Tube_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube amplifier">tube amplifiers</a>. In the 1950s, guitarists began deliberately increasing <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a> beyond its intended levels to achieve <i>warm</i> distorted sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-rubin61_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin61-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the first musicians to experiment with distortion were <a href="/wiki/Willie_Johnson_(guitarist)" title="Willie Johnson (guitarist)">Willie Johnson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rubin61_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin61-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Goree_Carter" title="Goree Carter">Goree Carter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-palmer14_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer14-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_Louis" title="Joe Hill Louis">Joe Hill Louis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-decurtis_phillips_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decurtis_phillips-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rolling_memphis_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolling_memphis-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guitar_Slim" title="Guitar Slim">Guitar Slim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hare" title="Pat Hare">Pat Hare</a> produced heavily distorted <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chords</a> for several recordings (including <a href="/wiki/James_Cotton" title="James Cotton">James Cotton</a>'s "Cotton Crop Blues"), creating "a grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound,"<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accomplished by turning the volume knob on his amplifier "all the way to the right until the speaker was screaming."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Link Wray's 1958 recording "<a href="/wiki/Rumble_(instrumental)" title="Rumble (instrumental)">Rumble</a>" inspired young musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Page" title="Jimmy Page">Jimmy Page</a> of <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Davies" title="Dave Davies">Dave Davies</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">The Kinks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a> to explore distortion by various means.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, the British company <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Amplification" title="Marshall Amplification">Marshall Amplification</a> began producing the Marshall 1963, a guitar amplifier capable of producing the distorted <i>crunch</i> that rock musicians were starting to seek.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stompboxes_2">Stompboxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stompboxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FuzzFace_Effect_Pedal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FuzzFace_Effect_Pedal.jpg/170px-FuzzFace_Effect_Pedal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FuzzFace_Effect_Pedal.jpg/255px-FuzzFace_Effect_Pedal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FuzzFace_Effect_Pedal.jpg/340px-FuzzFace_Effect_Pedal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_Face" title="Fuzz Face">Fuzz Face</a> effect pedal</figcaption></figure> <p>The electronic <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> finally made it possible to fit effects circuitry into highly portable stompbox units. Transistors replaced <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum tubes">vacuum tubes</a>, allowing for much more compact formats and greater stability. The first transistorized guitar effect was the 1962 Maestro Fuzz Tone pedal, which became a sensation after its use in the 1965 Rolling Stones hit "<a href="/wiki/(I_Can%27t_Get_No)_Satisfaction" title="(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction">(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warwick Electronics manufactured the first <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah pedal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Clyde McCoy, in 1967 and that same year Roger Mayer developed the first <a href="/wiki/Octave_effect" title="Octave effect">octave effect</a>, which Jimi Hendrix named "Octavio".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon first hearing the Octavia, Hendrix reportedly rushed back to the studio and immediately used it to record the guitar solos on "<a href="/wiki/Purple_Haze" title="Purple Haze">Purple Haze</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Fire_(The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_song)" title="Fire (The Jimi Hendrix Experience song)">Fire</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Univox" title="Univox">Univox</a> began marketing Shin-ei's <a href="/wiki/Uni-Vibe" title="Uni-Vibe">Uni-Vibe</a> pedal, an effect designed by noted audio engineer Fumio Mieda that mimicked the odd <a href="/wiki/Phase_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase shift">phase shift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus</a> effects of the <a href="/wiki/Leslie_rotating_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie rotating speaker">Leslie rotating speakers</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organs</a>. The pedals soon became favorite effects of guitarists <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Trower" title="Robin Trower">Robin Trower</a>. In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a> subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss Corporation</a> released the CE-1 Chorus Ensemble, the first <a href="/wiki/Chorus_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus pedal">chorus pedal</a>, created by taking a chorus circuit from an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> and putting it into a <a href="/wiki/Stompbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Stompbox">stompbox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reverb_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reverb-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1970s a variety of solid-state effects pedals including <a href="/wiki/Flanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanger">flangers</a>, chorus pedals, <a href="/wiki/Ring_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring modulator">ring modulators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phase_shifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase shifter">phase shifters</a> were available.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BossFX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BossFX.JPG/200px-BossFX.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BossFX.JPG/300px-BossFX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BossFX.JPG/400px-BossFX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Several <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a> pedals connected together</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1980s, digital <a href="#Rackmounts">rackmount</a> units began replacing stompboxes as the effects format of choice. Often musicians would record <i>dry</i>, unaltered tracks in the studio and effects would be added in post-production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The success of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>'s 1991 album <i><a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a></i> helped to re-ignite interest in stompboxes. Some <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> guitarists would chain several fuzz pedals together and plug them into a <a href="/wiki/Tube_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube amplifier">tube amplifier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gibson.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibson.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1990s, musicians committed to a <a href="/wiki/Lo-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo-fi">lo-fi</a> aesthetic such as <a href="/wiki/J_Mascis" title="J Mascis">J Mascis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Jr." title="Dinosaur Jr.">Dinosaur Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Malkmus" title="Stephen Malkmus">Stephen Malkmus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(band)" title="Pavement (band)">Pavement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pollard" title="Robert Pollard">Robert Pollard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guided_by_Voices" title="Guided by Voices">Guided by Voices</a> continued to use <a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">analog</a> effects pedals.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effects and effects units—stompboxes in particular—have been celebrated by pop and rock musicians in album titles, songs and band names. The <a href="/wiki/Big_Muff" title="Big Muff">Big Muff</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fuzzbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzzbox">fuzzbox</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Speak_%26_Spell_(album)" title="Speak & Spell (album)">Big Muff</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Mudhoney" title="Mudhoney">Mudhoney</a> <a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">EP</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Superfuzz_Bigmuff" title="Superfuzz Bigmuff">Superfuzz Bigmuff</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants" title="They Might Be Giants">They Might Be Giants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a> are among the many musicians who have referenced effects units in their music.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques<span class="anchor" id="Types"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect#Techniques" title="Sound effect">Sound effect § Techniques</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_O%27Rourke-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jim_O%27Rourke-6.jpg/220px-Jim_O%27Rourke-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jim_O%27Rourke-6.jpg/330px-Jim_O%27Rourke-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jim_O%27Rourke-6.jpg/440px-Jim_O%27Rourke-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jim_O%27Rourke_(musician)" title="Jim O'Rourke (musician)">Jim O’Rourke</a> kneeling while operating two stompboxes with his hands</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distortion">Distortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion (music)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:DistortionPedalDemo.ogg" title="File:DistortionPedalDemo.ogg">Distortion effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="DistortionPedalDemo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/DistortionPedalDemo.ogg/DistortionPedalDemo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/DistortionPedalDemo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Electric guitar played first <i>clean</i> (no effects), then with distortion pedal.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clipping_waveform.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Clipping_waveform.svg/220px-Clipping_waveform.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Clipping_waveform.svg/330px-Clipping_waveform.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Clipping_waveform.svg/440px-Clipping_waveform.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(audio)" title="Clipping (audio)">Clipping</a> an instrument's <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> produces distortion</figcaption></figure> <p>Distortion, overdrive, and fuzz effects units add a <i>warm</i>, <i>gritty</i>, or <i>fuzzy</i> character to an audio signal by re-shaping or <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(audio)" title="Clipping (audio)">clipping</a> it, which <a href="/wiki/Distorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Distorts">distorts</a> the shape of its <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveform</a> by flattening its peaks, creating <i>warm</i> sounds by adding <a href="/wiki/Harmonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonics">harmonics</a> or <i>gritty</i> sounds by adding <a href="/wiki/Inharmonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inharmonic">inharmonic</a> overtones. Distortion effects are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a> effects, as distorted guitar sounds were first achieved by increasing the gain of <a href="/wiki/Tube_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube amplifier">tube amplifiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google171_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google171-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While distortion effects units produce perfectly flattened peaks or <i>hard</i> clipping, overdrive effects units produce <i>soft</i> tube-like distortion by compressing the waveform without completely flattening it. Much like guitar tube amplifiers, overdrive effects units are capable of producing <i>clean</i> sounds at lower volumes and distorted <i>warm</i> sounds at higher volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable <a href="/wiki/List_of_distortion_pedals" title="List of distortion pedals">examples of distortion and overdrive pedals</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Boss_DS-1" title="Boss DS-1">Boss DS-1</a> Distortion, <a href="/wiki/Ibanez_Tube_Screamer" title="Ibanez Tube Screamer">Ibanez Tube Screamer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_ShredMaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall ShredMaster">Marshall ShredMaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/MXR_Distortion_%2B" title="MXR Distortion +">MXR Distortion +</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pro_Co_RAT" title="Pro Co RAT">Pro Co RAT</a>. </p><p>A fuzz pedal, or fuzzbox, is a type of overdrive effects unit that clips a signal until it is nearly a <a href="/wiki/Square_wave_(waveform)" title="Square wave (waveform)">squarewave</a>, resulting in a heavily distorted or <i>fuzzy</i> sound.<sup id="cite_ref-google171_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google171-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuzzboxes may contain <a href="/wiki/Frequency_multiplier" title="Frequency multiplier">frequency multiplier</a> circuitry to achieve a harsh <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> by adding complex <a href="/wiki/Harmonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonics">harmonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>' song "<a href="/wiki/(I_Can%27t_Get_No)_Satisfaction" title="(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction">(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction</a>", with a fuzz effect featured prominently on the main electric guitar riff played by Keith Richards, greatly popularized the use of fuzz effects.<sup id="cite_ref-museumofmakingmusic1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museumofmakingmusic1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">Fuzz bass</a> (also called bass overdrive) is a style of playing the <a href="/wiki/Electric_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass">electric bass</a> that produces a buzzy, overdriven sound via a tube or transistor amp or by using a fuzz or overdrive pedal. </p><p>Notable examples of fuzz effect units include the: <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_Face" title="Fuzz Face">Arbiter Fuzz Face</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix_Big_Muff" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-Harmonix Big Muff">Electro-Harmonix Big Muff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shin-ei_Companion_FY-2" title="Shin-ei Companion FY-2">Shin-ei Companion FY-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Univox_Super-Fuzz" title="Univox Super-Fuzz">Univox Super-Fuzz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_Bender" title="Tone Bender">Vox Tone Bender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z.Vex_Fuzz_Factory" title="Z.Vex Fuzz Factory">Z.Vex Fuzz Factory</a>. </p><p>While distortion effect units are most associated with electric and bass guitar, they are also commonly used on keyboard instruments (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combo_organ" title="Combo organ">combo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonewheel_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonewheel organ">tonewheel organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric piano</a>), as well as drums and vocals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamics">Dynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comp._rack_(Supernatural).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Comp._rack_%28Supernatural%29.jpg/170px-Comp._rack_%28Supernatural%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Comp._rack_%28Supernatural%29.jpg/255px-Comp._rack_%28Supernatural%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Comp._rack_%28Supernatural%29.jpg/340px-Comp._rack_%28Supernatural%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="3910" /></a><figcaption>A rack of <a href="/wiki/Rackmount" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackmount">rackmount</a> audio compressors in a recording studio. From top to bottom: Retro Instruments/Gates STA level; Spectra Sonic; <a href="/wiki/Dbx_(noise_reduction)" title="Dbx (noise reduction)">Dbx</a> 162; Dbx 165; <a href="/wiki/Empirical_Labs_Distressor" title="Empirical Labs Distressor">Empirical Labs Distressor</a>; Smart Research C2; Chandler Limited TG1; Daking FET (91579); and <a href="/wiki/Altec_Lansing" title="Altec Lansing">Altec</a> 436c.</figcaption></figure> <p>Also called volume and <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> effects, dynamics effects modify the volume of an instrument. Dynamics effects were among the first effects introduced to guitarists.<sup id="cite_ref-art_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Boost/volume pedal</i>: When activated, a <i>boost</i> or <i>clean boost</i> pedal amplifies the volume of an instrument by increasing the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a>. These units are generally used for <i>boosting</i> volume during solos and preventing signal loss in long effects chains. A guitarist switching from rhythm guitar to lead guitar for a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solo</a> may use a boost to increase the volume of their solo.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volume effects: <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a> LPB-1, Fender Volume Pedal, <a href="/wiki/MXR_Micro_Amp" class="mw-redirect" title="MXR Micro Amp">MXR Micro Amp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Ball_Inc." title="Ernie Ball Inc.">Ernie Ball</a> Volume Pedal. <a href="/wiki/Treadle" title="Treadle">Treadle</a>-based volume pedals are used by electric instrument players (guitar, bass, keyboards) to adjust the volume of their instrument with one foot while their hands are being used to play their instrument. Treadle-style volume pedals are often also used to create swelling effects by removing the attack of a note or chord, as popularised by <a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar" title="Pedal steel guitar">pedal steel guitar</a> players. This enables electric guitar and pedal steel players to imitate the soft swelling sound that an orchestra <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string section</a> can produce, in which a note or chord starts very softly and then grows in volume. Treadle-based volume pedals do not usually have batteries or require external power. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Compressor</a></i>: Compressors make loud sounds quieter and quiet sounds louder by decreasing or <i>compressing</i> the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">dynamic range</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reese_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reese-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A compressor is often used to stabilize volume and alter the sound of a note's <i>attack</i>. With extreme settings of its controls, a compressor can function as a <a href="/wiki/Limiter" title="Limiter">limiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google23_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google23-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compressor effects: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keeley_(instrument_maker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Keeley (instrument maker)">Keeley Compressor</a>, <a href="/wiki/MXR_Dyna_Comp" title="MXR Dyna Comp">MXR Dyna Comp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss CS-3 Compression Sustainer</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Noise_gate" title="Noise gate">Noise gate</a></i>: Noise gates <a href="/wiki/Attenuate" class="mw-redirect" title="Attenuate">attenuate</a> hum, hiss, and static in the signal by greatly diminishing the volume when the signal falls below a set threshold. Noise gates are <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression#Types" title="Dynamic range compression">expanders</a>—meaning that, unlike compressors, they increase the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">dynamic range</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> to make quiet sounds even quieter.<sup id="cite_ref-Reese_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reese-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If used with extreme settings and combined with reverb, they can create unusual sounds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gated_reverb" title="Gated reverb">gated drum effect</a> used in 1980s pop songs, a style popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a> song <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Air_Tonight" title="In the Air Tonight">In the Air Tonight</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noise gate effects: <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss NS-2 Noise Suppressor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filter">Filter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Filter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filter effects alter the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> content of an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> that passes through them by either boosting or weakening specific frequencies or frequency regions. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></i>: An equalizer is a set of <a href="/wiki/Linear_filter" title="Linear filter">linear filters</a> that strengthen (<i>boost</i>) or weaken (<i>cut</i>) specific <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> regions. While basic <a href="/wiki/Hifi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hifi">home stereos</a> often have equalizers for two bands, to adjust bass and treble, professional <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">graphic equalizers</a> offer much more targeted control over the audio frequency spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineers">Audio engineers</a> use highly sophisticated equalizers to eliminate unwanted sounds, make an instrument or voice more prominent, and enhance particular aspects of an instrument's tone.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Equalizer effects: <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss GE-7 Equalizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/MXR" title="MXR">MXR</a> 10-band EQ Pedal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Frampton%27s_Talk_Box-3-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Peter_Frampton%27s_Talk_Box-3-2.jpg/220px-Peter_Frampton%27s_Talk_Box-3-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Peter_Frampton%27s_Talk_Box-3-2.jpg/330px-Peter_Frampton%27s_Talk_Box-3-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Peter_Frampton%27s_Talk_Box-3-2.jpg/440px-Peter_Frampton%27s_Talk_Box-3-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Frampton" title="Peter Frampton">Peter Frampton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Talk_box" title="Talk box">Talk box</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Talk_box" title="Talk box">Talk box</a></i>: A talk box directs the sound from an electric guitar or synthesizer into the mouth of a performer using a tube, allowing the sound to be shaped into <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> with movements of the mouth. The modified sound is then picked up by a microphone. In this way, the guitarist is able create the effect that the guitar is talking. Some famous uses of the talkbox include <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Livin%27_on_a_Prayer" title="Livin' on a Prayer">Livin' on a Prayer</a>", <a href="/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life" title="Songs in the Key of Life">Stevie Wonder</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Black_Man_(song)" title="Black Man (song)">Black Man</a>", <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Kickstart_My_Heart" title="Kickstart My Heart">Kickstart My Heart</a>", <a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh" title="Joe Walsh">Joe Walsh</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Way" title="Rocky Mountain Way">Rocky Mountain Way</a>", <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Man in the box">Man in the box</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Frampton" title="Peter Frampton">Peter Frampton</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Show_Me_the_Way_(Peter_Frampton_song)" title="Show Me the Way (Peter Frampton song)">Show Me the Way</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talk boxes: <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Manufacturing" title="Dunlop Manufacturing">Dunlop HT1 Heil Talk Box</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Egnater" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Egnater">Rocktron Banshee</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Organ_Crybaby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Thomas_Organ_Crybaby.jpg/220px-Thomas_Organ_Crybaby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Thomas_Organ_Crybaby.jpg/330px-Thomas_Organ_Crybaby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Thomas_Organ_Crybaby.jpg/440px-Thomas_Organ_Crybaby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Organ Cry Baby <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">Wah-wah pedal</a> (1970) manufactured by JEN</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">Wah-wah</a></i>: A wah-wah pedal creates vowel-like sounds by altering the <a href="/wiki/Audio_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio spectrum">frequency spectrum</a> produced by an instrument—i.e., how loud it is at each separate <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>—in what is known as a <a href="/wiki/Spectral_glide" title="Spectral glide">spectral glide</a> or <i>sweep</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device is operated by a foot treadle that manipulates a <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometer</a> or other electronic control. Wah-wah pedals are often used by <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and rock guitarists.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Contemporary_Guitar_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Contemporary_Guitar-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wah effects: <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Cry_Baby" title="Dunlop Cry Baby">Dunlop Cry Baby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morley_Pedals" title="Morley Pedals">Morley Power Wah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vox_(company)" title="Vox (company)">Vox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Auto-wah" title="Auto-wah">Auto-wah</a></i> or, more generally, envelope filter effects: A filter effect that is controlled by the volume of the input signal.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Boss_Book_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Boss_Book-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common filter type used for this effect pedal is the low-pass filter, although many designs include a toggle for band-pass or high-pass filters as well. Additionally, some designs can switch between a down filter mode and an up filter. This effect is commonly used in funk, reggae and jam band music. </p><p>Envelope filter effects: <a href="/wiki/Mu-tron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu-tron">Musitronics Mu-Tron III</a>, Electro-Harmonix Q-Tron Plus,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DOD Envelope Filter 440.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modulation">Modulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Demo_chorus.ogg" title="File:Demo chorus.ogg">Chorus effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Demo_chorus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Demo_chorus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Demo_chorus.ogg/Demo_chorus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Chorus effect on guitar, coming from an Electro-Harmonix Small Clone</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Flanging_effect.ogg" title="File:Flanging effect.ogg">Flanging effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Flanging_effect.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flanging_effect.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Flanging_effect.ogg/Flanging_effect.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A short synthesizer sample followed by two flanging versions</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Phasing_effect.ogg" title="File:Phasing effect.ogg">Phaser effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Phasing_effect.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Phasing_effect.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Phasing_effect.ogg/Phasing_effect.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Unprocessed organ followed by different phasing effects</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring_Modulation-with_2500Hz.ogg" title="File:Ring Modulation-with 2500Hz.ogg">Ring modulation effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Ring_Modulation-with_2500Hz.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Ring_Modulation-with_2500Hz.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Ring_Modulation-with_2500Hz.ogg/Ring_Modulation-with_2500Hz.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Bell-like sound</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:LFOtoVolume-Tremolo.ogg" title="File:LFOtoVolume-Tremolo.ogg">Tremolo effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="LFOtoVolume-Tremolo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/LFOtoVolume-Tremolo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/LFOtoVolume-Tremolo.ogg/LFOtoVolume-Tremolo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A low-frequency oscillator modulating a tremolo (synthesizer)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:LFOtoPitch-Vibrato.ogg" title="File:LFOtoPitch-Vibrato.ogg">Vibrato effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="LFOtoPitch-Vibrato.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/LFOtoPitch-Vibrato.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/LFOtoPitch-Vibrato.ogg/LFOtoPitch-Vibrato.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A low-frequency oscillator modulating a vibrato (synthesizer)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">Modulation</a>, in general electronics, means the altering of one signal based on another. In audio effects, modulation is a control feature that varies the strength or other attribute of the effect over time to alter tonal properties. Some modulation effects modulate an instrument's <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> with a signal generated by the effect called a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zolzer_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zolzer-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other modulation effects split an instrument's audio signal in two, altering one portion of the signal and mixing it with the unaltered portion.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulter_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulter-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">Chorus</a></i>: Chorus pedals mimic the effect <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">string orchestras</a> produce naturally, by mixing similar sounds with slight differences in <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>. A chorus effect splits the <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> and adds a slight delay and <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> variations or <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a></i> to one version while leaving the rest unaltered.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulter_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulter-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known usage of chorus is the lead guitar in "<a href="/wiki/Come_as_You_Are_(Nirvana_song)" title="Come as You Are (Nirvana song)">Come As You Are</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google23_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google23-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chorus effects: <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a> CE-1 Chorus Ensemble, <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a> Small Clone, <a href="/wiki/TC_Electronic" title="TC Electronic">TC Electronic</a> Stereo Chorus. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Flanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanger">Flanger</a></i>: A flanger creates a <i>whooshing</i>, <i>jet plane</i> or <i>spaceship</i> sound, simulating a studio effect that was first produced by recording a track on two synchronized <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">tape decks</a> and periodically slowing one tape by pressing the edge of its reel (the <i>flange</i>). When the two tapes' <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signals</a> are later mixed, a <a href="/wiki/Comb_filter" title="Comb filter">comb filter</a> effect can be heard. Flanger units add a variably delayed version of the audio signal to the original or signal, creating a comb filter or <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some famous uses of flanger effects include "<a href="/wiki/Walking_on_the_Moon" title="Walking on the Moon">Walking on the Moon</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">The Police</a>, the intro to "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Talkin%27_%27Bout_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love">Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Barracuda_(song)" title="Barracuda (song)">Barracuda</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Heart_(band)" title="Heart (band)">Heart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flanger effects: <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a> Electric Mistress, <a href="/wiki/MXR" title="MXR">MXR</a> Flanger, <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a> BF-3 Flanger. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MXR_M-101_Phase_90_modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MXR_M-101_Phase_90_modified.jpg/200px-MXR_M-101_Phase_90_modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MXR_M-101_Phase_90_modified.jpg/300px-MXR_M-101_Phase_90_modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MXR_M-101_Phase_90_modified.jpg/400px-MXR_M-101_Phase_90_modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>An MXR-101 Phaser pedal</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">Phaser</a></i>: A phaser or phase shifter creates a slight rippling effect—amplifying some aspects of the tone while diminishing others—by splitting an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> in two and altering the <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> of one portion. Three well-known examples of phaser are the <a href="/wiki/Two-handed_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-handed tapping">two-handed tapping</a> part on the Van Halen instrumental "<a href="/wiki/Eruption_(instrumental)" title="Eruption (instrumental)">Eruption</a>" and the keyboard parts on <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Just_the_Way_You_Are_(Billy_Joel_song)" title="Just the Way You Are (Billy Joel song)">Just the Way You Are</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Slip_Slidin%27_Away" title="Slip Slidin' Away">Slip Slidin' Away</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phase shift effects: <a href="/wiki/Uni-Vibe" title="Uni-Vibe">Uni-Vibe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a> Small Stone, <a href="/wiki/MXR_Phase_90" title="MXR Phase 90">MXR Phase 90</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ring_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring modulator">Ring modulator</a></i>: A ring modulator produces a resonant, metallic sound by <a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency mixing">frequency mixing</a> an instrument's <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a> generated by the device's internal <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">oscillator</a>. The original sound wave is suppressed and replaced by a <i>ring</i> of <a href="/wiki/Inharmonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inharmonic">inharmonic</a> higher and lower <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sideband" title="Sideband">sidebands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zolzer_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zolzer-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable use of <a href="/wiki/Ring_modulation" title="Ring modulation">ring modulation</a> is the guitar in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Paranoid_(Black_Sabbath_song)" title="Paranoid (Black Sabbath song)">Paranoid</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ring modulator effects: <a href="/wiki/Moogerfooger#MF-102" title="Moogerfooger">Moogerfooger MF-102 Ring Modulator</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></i>: A tremolo effect produces a variation in the volume of a signal. The tremolo effect should not be confused with the misleadingly-named <a href="/wiki/Tremolo_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremolo bar">tremolo bar</a>, a device on a guitar bridge that creates a <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitch-bending&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitch-bending (page does not exist)">pitch-bending</a> effect. In electronic effects, a tremolo is produced by modulating an instrument's audio signal with a <a href="/wiki/Subaudible_tone" title="Subaudible tone">sub-audible</a> carrier wave in such a way that generates amplitude variations in the sound wave.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tremolo effects are built-in effects in some vintage <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar amplifiers">guitar amplifiers</a>. The guitar intro in the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Gimme_Shelter" title="Gimme Shelter">Gimme Shelter</a>" features a tremolo effect.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tremolo effects: Demeter TRM-1 Tremulator, <a href="/wiki/Fender_Tremolux" title="Fender Tremolux">Fender Tremolux</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Slicer_(guitar_effect)" title="Slicer (guitar effect)">Slicer</a></i>: Combines a <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> sequence with a <a href="/wiki/Noise_gate" title="Noise gate">noise gate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Envelope_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Envelope filter">envelope filter</a> to create a percussive and rhythmic effect like a helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></i>: Vibrato effects produce slight, rapid variations in <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, mimicking the fractional <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitone</a> variations produced naturally by <a href="/wiki/Opera_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera singer">opera singers</a> and violinists when they are prolonging a single note. Vibrato effects often allow the performer to control the rate of the variation as well as the difference in pitch (<i>depth</i>). A vibrato with an extreme <i>depth</i> setting (e.g., half a semitone or more) will produce a dramatic, <a href="/wiki/Ululating" class="mw-redirect" title="Ululating">ululating</a> sound. In <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistorized</a> effects, vibrato is produced by mixing an instrument's <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a> in such a way that generates frequency variations in the sound wave.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guitarists often use the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a></i> misleadingly. A so-called <i>vibrato unit</i> in a guitar amplifier may actually produces tremolo, while a <i><a href="/wiki/Tremolo_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremolo arm">tremolo arm</a></i> or <i>whammy bar</i> on a guitar produces vibrato.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vibrato effects: <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss VB-2 Vibrato</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pitch_and_frequency">Pitch and frequency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pitch and frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pitch_shifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch shifter">Pitch shifter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EH_POG-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EH_POG-2.jpg/220px-EH_POG-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EH_POG-2.jpg/330px-EH_POG-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EH_POG-2.jpg/440px-EH_POG-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a> Polyphonic Octaver Generator (POG)</figcaption></figure> <p>A pitch shifter (also called an <i>octaver</i> for effects that shift pitch by an <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a>) raises or lowers (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">transposes</a>) each note a performer plays by a pre-set <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">interval</a>. For example, a pitch shifter set to increase the pitch by a fourth will raise each note four <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a> intervals above the notes actually played. Simple, less expensive pitch shifters raise or lower the pitch by one or two <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>, while more sophisticated devices offer a range of interval alterations. A pitch shifter can be used by an electric guitarist to play notes that would normally only be available on an electric bass. As well, a bass player with a four string electric bass can use an octave pedal to obtain low notes that would normally only be obtainable with a five-string bass with a low B string. </p><p>A harmonizer is a type of sophisticated pitch shifter that combines the altered pitch with the original pitch to create a two or three note <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> based on the original pitch. Some hamonizers are able to create chorus-like effects by modulating of small shifts in pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mass-market digital pitch shifter was the <a href="/wiki/DigiTech_Whammy" title="DigiTech Whammy">DigiTech Whammy</a>, introduced in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynham-20192_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynham-20192-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It creates a "strange and artificial" sound, with distinctive "wobbly" <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(error)" title="Artifact (error)">artifacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lynham-20193_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynham-20193-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its users include <a href="/wiki/Jonny_Greenwood" title="Jonny Greenwood">Jonny Greenwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_O%27Brien" title="Ed O'Brien">Ed O'Brien</a> of <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Bellamy" title="Matt Bellamy">Matt Bellamy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muse_(band)" title="Muse (band)">Muse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Charupakorn-2022_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charupakorn-2022-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Tom Morello</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audioslave" title="Audioslave">Audioslave</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lynham-20193_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynham-20193-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Gilmour" title="David Gilmour">David Gilmour</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_White" title="Jack White">Jack White</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_Stripes" class="mw-redirect" title="White Stripes">White Stripes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Guitar_World" title="Guitar World">Guitar World</a></i> described the Whammy as one of the most iconic guitar pedals.<sup id="cite_ref-Vallese-20122_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vallese-20122-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time-based">Time-based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Time-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Time-based effects delay the sound signal, add reverb or echos, or, if a long delay is possible, enable musicians to record "loops". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg/220px-Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg/330px-Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg/440px-Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A vintage <a href="/wiki/Echoplex" title="Echoplex">Echoplex</a> EP-2 delay effect</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Flute-delay.ogg" title="File:Flute-delay.ogg">Delay effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Flute-delay.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flute-delay.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Flute-delay.ogg/Flute-delay.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A flute before and after delay</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverberation_effect.ogg" title="File:Reverberation effect.ogg">Reverberation effect</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Reverberation_effect.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Reverberation_effect.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Reverberation_effect.ogg/Reverberation_effect.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Reverb with increasingly longer delay</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">Delay</a>/echo</i>: Delay/echo units produce an echo effect by adding a duplicate instrument-to-amplifier <a href="/wiki/Electrical_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical signal">electrical signal</a> to the original signal at a slight time-delay. The effect can either be a single echo called a "slap" or "slapback", or multiple echos. A well-known use of delay is the lead guitar in the <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Where_the_Streets_Have_No_Name" title="Where the Streets Have No Name">Where the Streets Have No Name</a>", and also the opening riff of "<a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Jungle" title="Welcome to the Jungle">Welcome to the Jungle</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delay effects: <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss DD-3 Digital Delay</a>, <a href="/wiki/MXR" title="MXR">MXR</a> Carbon Copy, <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a> Deluxe Memory Man, <a href="/wiki/Line_6_DL4" title="Line 6 DL4">Line 6 DL4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_RE-201" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland RE-201">Roland RE-201</a>. </p><p><i>Looper pedal</i>: A looper pedal or "phrase looper" allows a performer to record and later replay a phrase, <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riff</a> or passage from a song. Loops can be created on the spot during a performance (<a href="/wiki/Live_looping" title="Live looping">live looping</a>) or they can be pre-recorded. By using a looper pedal, a singer-guitarist in a <a href="/wiki/One_person_band" class="mw-redirect" title="One person band">one person band</a> can play the backing chords (or riffs) to a song, loop them with the pedal, and then sing and do a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solo</a> over the chords. Some units allow a performer to layer multiple loops, enabling the performer to create the effect of a full band.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first loop effects were created with <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel-to-reel tape">reel-to-reel tape</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">tape loop</a>. High-end boutique tape loop effects are still used by some studio producers who want a vintage sound. Digital loop effects recreate this effect using an electronic memory.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverb-4-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Reverb-4-2.jpg/220px-Reverb-4-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Reverb-4-2.jpg/330px-Reverb-4-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Reverb-4-2.jpg/440px-Reverb-4-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Folded line spring reverberation</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></i>: Reverb units simulate the spacious sounds produced naturally in a huge stone cathedral (or other <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic space">acoustic space</a> such as a hall or room). This is done by creating a large number of echoes that gradually fade away in volume or "decay". One early technique for creating a reverb effect was to send an amplified signal of the music via a speaker to another room with reflective surfaces, such as a tile bathroom, and then record the natural reverberations that were produced. A plate reverb system uses an electromechanical <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> to create vibrations in a plate of metal. <a href="/wiki/Spring_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring reverb">Spring reverb</a> systems, which are often used in guitar amplifiers, use a transducer to create vibrations in a spring. Digital reverb effects use various <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">signal processing</a> <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to create the reverb effect, often by using multiple feedback <a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">delay circuits</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surf_guitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf guitar">surf guitar</a> are two genres that make heavy use of reverb.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reverb effects: <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a> Holy Grail, <a href="/wiki/Fender_Reverb_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Reverb Unit">Fender Reverb Unit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feedback/sustain"><span id="Feedback.2Fsustain"></span>Feedback/sustain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Feedback/sustain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Audio_feedback" title="Audio feedback">Audio feedback</a></i>: Audio feedback is an effect produced when amplified sound is picked up by a microphone or guitar pickup and played back through a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifier</a>, initiating a "feedback loop", which usually consists of high-pitched sound. Feedback that occurs from a vocal mic into a <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a> is almost always avoided. However, in some styles of rock music, electric guitar players intentionally create feedback by playing their instrument directly in front of a heavily amplified, <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distorted</a> <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">speaker enclosure</a>. The creative use of feedback effects was pioneered by guitarists such as <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> in the 1960s. This technique creates sustained, high-pitched <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtones</a> and unusual sounds not possible through regular playing techniques. Guitar feedback effects can be difficult to perform, because it is difficult to determine the sound volume and guitar position relative to a guitar amp's loudspeaker necessary for achieving the desired feedback sound.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guitar feedback effects are used in a number of rock genres, including <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EBow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/EBow.jpg/170px-EBow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/EBow.jpg/255px-EBow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/EBow.jpg/340px-EBow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/EBow" title="EBow">EBow</a> guitar string resonator</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/EBow" title="EBow">EBow</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Brand_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand name">brand name</a> of Heet Sound Products, of Los Angeles, California, for a small, handheld, battery-powered resonator. The Ebow was invented by Greg Heet, as a way to make a note on an electric guitar string resonate continuously, creating an effect that sounds similar to a bowed violin note or a sustained <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> note. The resonator uses a <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickup</a> – inductive string driver – feedback circuit, including a sensor coil, driver coil, and amplifier, to induce forced string resonance. The Ebow brand resonator is monophonic, and drives only one string at a time. </p><p>Other handheld and mounted guitar and bass resonators have been on the market since the early 1990s, produced in Germany under the SRG brand, which ceased production in 2016, and were available in both monophonic (one string at a time) and polyphonic (multiple strings at a time) models, which included multiple onboard trigger switch effects, such as HPF (high pass filter) for enhancing harmonics and producing feedback effects, and LPF (low pass filter), producing a bass boost with a cello sound on heavy gauge strings.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later EBow models, such as the plus Ebow, contain a mode slide switch on the back, which allows the player to either produce just sustain or <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtone</a> feedback in addition to sustain.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Contemporary_Guitar_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Contemporary_Guitar-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedals such as the Boss DF-2 and FB-2 use an internally generated signal matched to the pitch of the guitar that can be sustained indefinitely by depressing the pedal. Many <a href="#Dynamics">compressor pedals</a> are often also marketed as "sustainer pedals". As a note is sustained, it loses energy and volume due to diminishing vibration in the string. The compressor pedal boosts its electrical signal to the specified <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a>, slightly prolonging the duration of the note.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, combined with heavy distortion and the close proximity of the guitar and the speaker cabinet, can lead to infinite sustain at higher volumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_effects">Other effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Envelope follower</i>: An envelope follower activates an effect once a designated volume is reached. One effect that uses an envelope follower is the <i><a href="/wiki/Auto-wah" title="Auto-wah">auto-wah</a></i>, which produces a "wah" effect depending on how loud or soft the notes are being played.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg/220px-Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg/330px-Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg/440px-Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Line 6 modeling amplifier shown from above. Note the various amplifier and speaker emulations selectable via the rotary knob on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a> modeling</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amplifier_modeling" title="Amplifier modeling">Amplifier modeling</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> effect that replicates the sound of various amplifiers, most often vintage <a href="/wiki/Tube_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube amplifier">tube amplifiers</a> and famous brands of speaker cabinets (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Ampeg_SVT" title="Ampeg SVT">Ampeg SVT</a> 8x10" bass cabinet). Sophisticated modeling effects can simulate different types of <a href="/wiki/Speaker_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker cabinet">speaker cabinets</a> (e.g., the sound of an 8x10" cabinet) and <a href="/wiki/Miking" class="mw-redirect" title="Miking">miking</a> techniques. A rotary speaker simulator mimics the <a href="/wiki/Doppler" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler">doppler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus effect</a> sound of a vintage <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a> system by replicating its volume and pitch modulations, <a href="/wiki/Overdrive_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdrive (music)">overdrive</a> capacity and <a href="/wiki/Phase_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase shift">phase shifts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">Pitch correction</a>/vocal effects</i>: Pitch correction effects use signal-processing algorithms to re-tune faulty intonation in a vocalist's performance <sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or create unusual <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoder</a>-type vocal effects. One of the best known examples of this is <a href="/wiki/Autotune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autotune">Autotune</a>, a software program and effect unit which can be used to both correct pitch (it moves a pitch to the nearest semitone), and add vocal effects. Some stompbox-style vocal pedals contain multiple effects, such as reverb and pitch correction. </p><p><i>Simulators</i>: Simulators enable electric guitars to mimic the sound of other instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Steel-string_guitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel-string guitar">acoustic guitar</a>, electric bass and <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">Pick up</a> simulators used on guitars with <a href="/wiki/Single-coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-coil">single-coil</a> pick ups replicate the sound of guitars with <a href="/wiki/Humbucker" title="Humbucker">humbucker</a> pick ups, or vice versa. A de-<a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">fretter</a> is a bass guitar effect that simulates the sound of a <a href="/wiki/Fretless_bass" title="Fretless bass">fretless bass</a>. The effect uses an <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter" title="Voltage-controlled filter">envelope-controlled filter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-controlled amplifier">voltage-controlled amplifier</a> to "soften" a note's attack both in volume and <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Bitcrusher" title="Bitcrusher">Bitcrusher</a> filters</i>: Bitcrushers rely on conversion of the audio signal into a digital format (ADC) and the reduction of sound fidelity by utilising bit (and sometimes sample) rates low enough to cause significant colouration and filtering within the audible frequency range. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Speaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/200px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/300px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/400px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>A Leslie rotary speaker in a clear plastic cabinet. Typically, the Leslie is housed in a wooden cabinet.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Rotary speakers</a></i> are specially constructed <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> used to create special audio effects by rotating the speakers or a sound-directing duct to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a> and other sound reflections. The rotating speaker baffle creates a chorus-type effect. Named after its inventor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Leslie" title="Donald Leslie">Donald Leslie</a>, it is particularly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> but is used with a variety of instruments as well as vocals. The Hammond/Leslie combination has become an element in many genres of music. The Leslie Speaker and the Hammond Organ brands are currently owned by <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Musical_Instrument_Corporation" title="Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation">Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Korg_Kaoss_Pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Korg Kaoss Pad">Korg Kaoss Pad</a></i> is a small <a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpad</a> <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> controller, <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">sampler</a>, and effects processor for audio and musical instruments, made by <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a>. The Kaoss Pad's touchpad can be used to control its internal effects engine, which can be applied to a line-in signal or to samples recorded from the line-in. Effects types include pitch shifting, <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a>, filtering, <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_(music)" title="Wah-wah (music)">wah-wah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanging" title="Flanging">flanging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">delay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverberation</a>, auto-panning, gating, <a href="/wiki/Phasing" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasing">phasing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ring_modulation" title="Ring modulation">ring modulation</a>. The Kaoss Pad can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bass_effects">Bass effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bass effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bass_effects_-_EH,_fulltone,_MXR,_Demeter,_AMT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bass_effects_-_EH%2C_fulltone%2C_MXR%2C_Demeter%2C_AMT.jpg/250px-Bass_effects_-_EH%2C_fulltone%2C_MXR%2C_Demeter%2C_AMT.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bass_effects_-_EH%2C_fulltone%2C_MXR%2C_Demeter%2C_AMT.jpg/375px-Bass_effects_-_EH%2C_fulltone%2C_MXR%2C_Demeter%2C_AMT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bass_effects_-_EH%2C_fulltone%2C_MXR%2C_Demeter%2C_AMT.jpg/500px-Bass_effects_-_EH%2C_fulltone%2C_MXR%2C_Demeter%2C_AMT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5220" data-file-height="3916" /></a><figcaption>A selection of bass effect pedals at a music store</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bass_effects" title="Bass effects">Bass effects</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bass_effects" title="Bass effects">Bass effects</a> are electronic effects units that are designed for use with the low pitches created by an electric bass or for an <a href="/wiki/Upright_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Upright bass">upright bass</a> used with a bass amp or <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a>. Two examples of bass effects are <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">fuzz bass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass_chorus" title="Bass chorus">bass chorus</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">bass amplifiers</a> have built-in effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">overdrive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Upright_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Upright bass">Upright bassists</a> in jazz, folk, blues and similar genres may use a bass <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a>, a small electronic device that matches the impedance between the <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_pickup" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric pickup">piezoelectric pickup</a> and the amp or PA system. Bass preamps also allow for the gain of the signal to be boosted or cut. Some models also offer equalization controls, a compressor, and a <a href="/wiki/DI_box" class="mw-redirect" title="DI box">DI box</a> connection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boutique_pedals">Boutique pedals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Boutique pedals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-Rex_Mudhoney-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/T-Rex_Mudhoney-2.jpg/170px-T-Rex_Mudhoney-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/T-Rex_Mudhoney-2.jpg/255px-T-Rex_Mudhoney-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/T-Rex_Mudhoney-2.jpg/340px-T-Rex_Mudhoney-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T-Rex_Engineering" title="T-Rex Engineering">T-Rex</a> brand "Mudhoney" overdrive pedal</figcaption></figure> <p>Boutique pedals are designed by smaller, independent companies and are typically produced in limited quantities. Some may even be hand-made, with hand-soldered connections. These pedals are mainly distributed online or through mail-order, or sold in a few music stores.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often more expensive than mass-produced pedals<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and offer higher-quality components, innovative designs, in-house-made knobs, and hand-painted artwork or etching. Some boutique companies focus on re-creating classic or vintage effects.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some boutique pedal manufacturers include: <a href="/wiki/BJFE" title="BJFE">BJFE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Cornish" title="Pete Cornish">Pete Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emlyn_Crowther" title="Emlyn Crowther">Emlyn Crowther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_By_Audio" title="Death By Audio">Death By Audio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keeley_(instrument_maker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Keeley (instrument maker)">Robert Keeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Linn" title="Roger Linn">Roger Linn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mayer_(engineer)" title="Roger Mayer (engineer)">Roger Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strymon_(company)" title="Strymon (company)">Strymon</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-Rex_Engineering" title="T-Rex Engineering">T-Rex Engineering</a>, ToadWorks, and <a href="/wiki/Z.Vex_Effects" title="Z.Vex Effects">Z.Vex Effects</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modification">Modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is also a <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche market</a> for modifying or "modding" effects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Typically,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> vendors provide either custom modification services or sell new effects pedals they have already modified.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ibanez_Tube_Screamer" title="Ibanez Tube Screamer">Ibanez Tube Screamer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boss_DS-1" title="Boss DS-1">Boss DS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro_Co_RAT" title="Pro Co RAT">Pro Co RAT</a> and <a href="/wiki/DigiTech_Whammy" title="DigiTech Whammy">DigiTech Whammy</a> are some of the most often-modified effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Moraga_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moraga-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common modifications include value changes in capacitors or resistors, adding <a href="/wiki/DI_unit#Active_units" title="DI unit">true-bypass</a> so that the effect's circuitry is no longer in the signal path, substituting higher-quality components, replacing the unit's original operational amplifiers (op-amps), or adding functions to the device, such as allowing additional control of some factor or adding another output jack.<sup id="cite_ref-Moraga_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moraga-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_pedals_and_rackmount_units">Other pedals and rackmount units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other pedals and rackmount units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korg_Pitchblack_(tuned).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Korg_Pitchblack_%28tuned%29.jpg/120px-Korg_Pitchblack_%28tuned%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Korg_Pitchblack_%28tuned%29.jpg/180px-Korg_Pitchblack_%28tuned%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Korg_Pitchblack_%28tuned%29.jpg/240px-Korg_Pitchblack_%28tuned%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Some rock and pop guitarists and bassists use "<a href="/wiki/Stompbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Stompbox">stompbox</a>" format electronic tuners.</figcaption></figure> <p>Not all stompboxes and rackmounted electronic devices designed for musicians are effects. <a href="/wiki/Strobe_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Strobe tuner">Strobe tuner</a> and regular <a href="/wiki/Electronic_tuner" title="Electronic tuner">electronic tuner</a> pedals indicate whether a guitar string is too <a href="/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">sharp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">flat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stompbox-format tuner pedals route the electric signal for the instrument through the unit via a 1/4" patch cable. These pedal-style tuners usually have an output so that the signal can be plugged into a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar amp">guitar amp</a> to produce sound. Rackmount <a href="/wiki/Power_conditioner" title="Power conditioner">power conditioner</a> devices deliver a voltage of the proper level and characteristics to enable equipment to function properly (e.g., by providing transient impulse protection). A rackmounted wireless receiver unit is used to enable a guitarist or bassist to move around on stage without being connected to a cable. A footswitch pedal such as the "A/B" pedal routes a guitar signal to an amplifier or enables a performer to switch between two guitars, or between two amplifiers. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fender_2-button_3-function_Footswitch_(Channel,Drive,More_Drive).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fender_2-button_3-function_Footswitch_%28Channel%2CDrive%2CMore_Drive%29.jpg/160px-Fender_2-button_3-function_Footswitch_%28Channel%2CDrive%2CMore_Drive%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fender_2-button_3-function_Footswitch_%28Channel%2CDrive%2CMore_Drive%29.jpg/240px-Fender_2-button_3-function_Footswitch_%28Channel%2CDrive%2CMore_Drive%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fender_2-button_3-function_Footswitch_%28Channel%2CDrive%2CMore_Drive%29.jpg/320px-Fender_2-button_3-function_Footswitch_%28Channel%2CDrive%2CMore_Drive%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>This footswitch <i>controls</i> an effect (distortion), but it is not an effects pedal as the case does not contain effects circuitry; it is just a switch.</figcaption></figure> <p>Guitar amplifiers and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic keyboards">electronic keyboards</a> may have switch pedals for turning built-in reverb and distortion effects on and off; the pedals contain only a switch, with the circuitry for the effect being housed in the amplifier chassis.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some musicians who use rackmounted effects or laptops employ a <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> controller pedalboard or armband remote controls to trigger sound <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">samples</a>, switch between different effects or control effect settings.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedal keyboard</a> uses pedals, but it is not an effect unit; it is a foot-operated keyboard in which the pedals are typically used to play <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_manufacturers">Notable manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Manufacturing" title="Dunlop Manufacturing">Dunlop Manufacturing</a>/<a href="/wiki/MXR" title="MXR">MXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxon_Effects" title="Maxon Effects">Maxon Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morley_Pedals" title="Morley Pedals">Morley Pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventide,_Inc" title="Eventide, Inc">Eventide Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu-Tron" title="Mu-Tron">Mu-Tron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Electronic" title="TC Electronic">TC Electronic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behringer" title="Behringer">Behringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Duncan" title="Seymour Duncan">Seymour Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Corporation" title="Zoom Corporation">Zoom Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_21" title="Tech 21">Tech 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulltone" title="Fulltone">Fulltone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z.Vex_Effects" title="Z.Vex Effects">Z.Vex Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantone_Electronics" title="Frantone Electronics">Frantone Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Rex_Engineering" title="T-Rex Engineering">T-Rex Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Audio_(company)" title="Universal Audio (company)">Universal Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BJFE" title="BJFE">BJFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeley_Electronics" title="Keeley Electronics">Keeley Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthQuaker_Devices" title="EarthQuaker Devices">EarthQuaker Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(company)" title="Strymon (company)">Strymon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_Audio" title="Source Audio">Source Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JHS_Pedals" title="JHS Pedals">JHS Pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampler_Pedals" title="Wampler Pedals">Wampler Pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkglass" title="Darkglass">Darkglass Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooer_Audio" title="Mooer Audio">Mooer Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supro" title="Supro">Supro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOD_Electronics" title="DOD Electronics">DOD Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Bliss_Audio" title="Chase Bliss Audio">Chase Bliss Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meris_(company)" title="Meris (company)">Meris</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_wave#See_also" title="Acoustic wave">Acoustic wave § See also</a> — a list of non-electronic audio effects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_effects" title="Category:Audio effects">Category:Audio effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_divider" title="Frequency divider">Frequency divider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_filter" title="Nonlinear filter">Nonlinear filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a> — effects units used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing" title="Audio mixing">audio mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">Sound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_musical_equipment" title="Vintage musical equipment">Vintage musical equipment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_unit&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-art-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofmakingmusic.org/stompbox-effects">"The Art of the Stompbox"</a>. The Museum of Making. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Stompbox&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Making&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofmakingmusic.org%2Fstompbox-effects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guitfx-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guitfx_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208132342/http://tripatlas.com/Guitar_effects#Samples">"Guitar effects"</a>. Trip Atlas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripatlas.com/Guitar_effects#Samples">the original</a> on 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guitar+effects&rft.pub=Trip+Atlas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftripatlas.com%2FGuitar_effects%23Samples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorne2000" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Greg (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHALQ_CO5P0C"><i>Complete Acoustic Guitar Method: Mastering Acoustic Guitar c</i></a>. Alfred Music. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781457415043" title="Special:BookSources/9781457415043"><bdi>9781457415043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Acoustic+Guitar+Method%3A+Mastering+Acoustic+Guitar+c&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Alfred+Music&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781457415043&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHALQ_CO5P0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYakabuski2001" class="citation book cs1">Yakabuski, Jim (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwcLdjCCXHkC"><i>Professional Sound Reinforcement Techniques: Tips and Tricks of a Concert Sound Engineer</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931140065" title="Special:BookSources/9781931140065"><bdi>9781931140065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Sound+Reinforcement+Techniques%3A+Tips+and+Tricks+of+a+Concert+Sound+Engineer&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781931140065&rft.aulast=Yakabuski&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwcLdjCCXHkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgson, Jay (2010). <i>Understanding Records</i>, p.95. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5607-5">978-1-4411-5607-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement, V (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHOskiubkx0C"><i>How to Succeed As a Female Guitarist</i></a>, Alfred Music. p. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibson2007" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bill (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r86J_aNNReEC"><i>The Ultimate Live Sound Operator's Handbook</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423419716" title="Special:BookSources/9781423419716"><bdi>9781423419716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Live+Sound+Operator%27s+Handbook&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781423419716&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr86J_aNNReEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCormickRumsey2009" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Tim; Rumsey, Francis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JH6Z5c6-OUC&q=%22auxiliary+output%22+recording+effects"><i>Sound and Recording</i></a>. Focal Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780240521633" title="Special:BookSources/9780240521633"><bdi>9780240521633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Recording&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780240521633&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Rumsey%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JH6Z5c6-OUC%26q%3D%2522auxiliary%2Boutput%2522%2Brecording%2Beffects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editors, Guitar Player Magazine (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5474"><i>How to Play Guitar: The Basics & Beyond</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangum, Eric; Stubbs, Dean (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pp6xpWAgjFcC"><i>Dod Presents 100 Superstar Guitar Sounds on a Stompbox Budget</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEgnater2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Egnater" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Egnater">Egnater, Bruce</a> (16 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130155133/https://www.guitarplayer.com/miscellaneous/bruce-egnater-on-effects-loops">"Bruce Egnater on Effects Loops"</a>. guitarplayer.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guitarplayer.com/miscellaneous/bruce-egnater-on-effects-loops">the original</a> on 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruce+Egnater+on+Effects+Loops&rft.pub=guitarplayer.com&rft.date=2009-12-16&rft.aulast=Egnater&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarplayer.com%2Fmiscellaneous%2Fbruce-egnater-on-effects-loops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahn2011" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Scott (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hjHKTIhVWosC"><i>Modern Guitar Rig: The Tone Fanatic's Guide to Integrating Amps and Effects</i></a>. MusicPro Guides. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4234-9944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4234-9944-2"><bdi>978-1-4234-9944-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Guitar+Rig%3A+The+Tone+Fanatic%27s+Guide+to+Integrating+Amps+and+Effects&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.series=MusicPro+Guides&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4234-9944-2&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhjHKTIhVWosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2020" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Michael (28 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guitarplayer.com/gear/pedal-order-by-the-numbers-plus-the-pros-on-pedal-order">"Pedal Order by the Numbers – Plus, the Pros on Pedal Order"</a>. guitarplayer.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pedal+Order+by+the+Numbers+%E2%80%93+Plus%2C+the+Pros+on+Pedal+Order&rft.pub=guitarplayer.com&rft.date=2020-08-28&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarplayer.com%2Fgear%2Fpedal-order-by-the-numbers-plus-the-pros-on-pedal-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Jerry (25 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSXSg-_o_OcC"><i>Your Band's First Gig: Getting The Sound Right</i></a>. Jerry Rogers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445766249" title="Special:BookSources/9781445766249"><bdi>9781445766249</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Band%27s+First+Gig%3A+Getting+The+Sound+Right&rft.pub=Jerry+Rogers&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft.isbn=9781445766249&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSXSg-_o_OcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshton2006" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I97xJYZC2lIC&pg=PA92"><i>The Bass Handbook</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879308728" title="Special:BookSources/9780879308728"><bdi>9780879308728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bass+Handbook&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780879308728&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI97xJYZC2lIC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshton2006" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I97xJYZC2lIC&pg=PA92"><i>The Bass Handbook</i></a>. Hal Leonard. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879308728" title="Special:BookSources/9780879308728"><bdi>9780879308728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bass+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780879308728&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI97xJYZC2lIC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevitin1992" class="citation book cs1">Levitin, Dan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxeGcwKrJUUC&pg=PA26"><i>From Demo Tape to Record Deal: Handy Guide</i></a>. Alfred Music. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88284-494-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88284-494-6"><bdi>0-88284-494-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Demo+Tape+to+Record+Deal%3A+Handy+Guide&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Alfred+Music&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88284-494-6&rft.aulast=Levitin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIxeGcwKrJUUC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, Dave (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DjYrk7Vap4C"><i>Guitar Effects Pedals: The Practical Handbook</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartlett, Bruce; Bartlett, Jenny (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0uy8adetQoC"><i>Practical Recording Techniques: The Step-by-step Approach to Professional Audio Recording</i></a>. Focal Press. p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiche. Jon; Fliegler, Ritchie (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgG8bmBayLwC"><i>Amps!: The Other Half of Rock 'n' Roll</i></a>, Hal Leonard. p. 25, 40, 52, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid2004" class="citation cs2">Reid, Gordon (January 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan04/articles/synthsecrets.htm">"Synthesizing Hammond Organ Effects: Part1"</a>, <i>Sound on Sound</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Synthesizing+Hammond+Organ+Effects%3A+Part1&rft.date=2004-01&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fjan04%2Farticles%2Fsynthsecrets.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinksterboer2001" class="citation cs2">Pinksterboer, Hugo (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xIT_PpFqz_4C"><i>Tipbook: Acoustic Guitar</i></a>, Hal Leonard, p. 51, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789076192376" title="Special:BookSources/9789076192376"><bdi>9789076192376</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tipbook%3A+Acoustic+Guitar&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789076192376&rft.aulast=Pinksterboer&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxIT_PpFqz_4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewster2003" class="citation cs2">Brewster, David M. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q99-bY3cL8YC"><i>Introduction to Guitar Tone and Effects: A Manual for Getting the Sounds from Electric Guitars, Amplifiers, Effects Pedals and Processors</i></a>, Hal Leonard, p. 7, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780634060465" title="Special:BookSources/9780634060465"><bdi>9780634060465</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Guitar+Tone+and+Effects%3A+A+Manual+for+Getting+the+Sounds+from+Electric+Guitars%2C+Amplifiers%2C+Effects+Pedals+and+Processors&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780634060465&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq99-bY3cL8YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTianen2009" class="citation web cs1">Tianen, Dave (13 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/les-paul/chasing-sound/100/">"The Wizard Of Waukesha"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+Wizard+Of+Waukesha&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft.aulast=Tianen&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Famericanmasters%2Fepisodes%2Fles-paul%2Fchasing-sound%2F100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoads1996" class="citation book cs1">Roads, Curtis (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-TetwzVcIC"><i>The Computer Music Tutorial</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 437, 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262680820" title="Special:BookSources/9780262680820"><bdi>9780262680820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Computer+Music+Tutorial&rft.pages=437%2C+476&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780262680820&rft.aulast=Roads&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZ-TetwzVcIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Presto Music Times, August 1941</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChester" class="citation web cs1">Chester, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009131601/http://www.paulvernonchester.com/VintagePickups.htm">"Acoustic Guitar – Early Pickups"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulvernonchester.com/VintagePickups.htm">the original</a> on 9 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acoustic+Guitar+%E2%80%93+Early+Pickups&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulvernonchester.com%2FVintagePickups.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DjYrk7Vap4C"><i>Guitar Effects Pedals: The Practical Handbook</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagehofner.co.uk/britamps/watkins/copicat.html">"THE WATKINS/WEM COPICAT"</a> 13 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guitar.com/guides/essential-guide/ray-butts/">"All About... Ray Butts"</a>. <i>Guitar.com | All Things Guitar</i>. 23 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guitar.com+%7C+All+Things+Guitar&rft.atitle=All+About...+Ray+Butts&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguitar.com%2Fguides%2Fessential-guide%2Fray-butts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbluesscene.com/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-scotty-moore/">"10 Things You Didn't Know About Scotty Moore"</a>. <i>American Blues Scene</i>. 28 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Blues+Scene&rft.atitle=10+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Scotty+Moore&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbluesscene.com%2F10-things-you-didnt-know-about-scotty-moore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DjYrk7Vap4C"><i>Guitar Effects Pedals: The Practical Handbook</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubin61-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rubin61_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubin61_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDave2007" class="citation book cs1">Dave, Rubin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0amzAiwBmOcC"><i>Inside the Blues, 1942 to 1982</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423416661" title="Special:BookSources/9781423416661"><bdi>9781423416661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Blues%2C+1942+to+1982&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781423416661&rft.aulast=Dave&rft.aufirst=Rubin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0amzAiwBmOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer14-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer14_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a>, "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp. 13–38 in Anthony DeCurtis, <i>Present Tense</i>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1992, p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4">0-8223-1265-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decurtis_phillips-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decurtis_phillips_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeCurtis1992" class="citation book cs1">DeCurtis, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsT3RQ9e58kC"><i>Present Tense: Rock & Roll and Culture</i></a> (4. print. ed.). Durham, N.C.: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4"><bdi>0-8223-1265-4</bdi></a>. <q>His first venture, the Phillips label, issued only one known release, and it was one of the loudest, most overdriven, and distorted guitar stomps ever recorded, "Boogie in the Park" by Memphis one-man-band Joe Hill Louis, who cranked his guitar while sitting and banging at a rudimentary drum kit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Present+Tense%3A+Rock+%26+Roll+and+Culture&rft.place=Durham%2C+N.C.&rft.edition=4.+print.&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8223-1265-4&rft.aulast=DeCurtis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbsT3RQ9e58kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rolling_memphis-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rolling_memphis_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1980" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Jim (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rollingstoneillu00mill"><i>The Rolling Stone illustrated history of rock & roll</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-51322-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-51322-3"><bdi>0-394-51322-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>Black country bluesmen made raw, heavily amplified boogie records of their own, especially in Memphis, where guitarists like Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson (with the early Howlin' Wolf band) and Pat Hare (with Little Junior Parker) played driving rhythms and scorching, distorted solos that might be counted the distant ancestors of heavy metal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rolling+Stone+illustrated+history+of+rock+%26+roll&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rolling+Stone&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-394-51322-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frollingstoneillu00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShepard2003" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJvzEzjahkQC&pg=PA286"><i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World</i></a>. Performance and Production. Vol. II. Continuum International. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826463227" title="Special:BookSources/9780826463227"><bdi>9780826463227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.series=Performance+and+Production&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780826463227&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJvzEzjahkQC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAswell2010" class="citation book cs1">Aswell, Tom (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSHTGsnI8skC&pg=PA61"><i>Louisiana Rocks! The True Genesis of Rock & Roll</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gretna,_Louisiana" title="Gretna, Louisiana">Gretna, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelican Publishing Company">Pelican Publishing Company</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-677-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-677-1"><bdi>978-1-58980-677-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisiana+Rocks%21+The+True+Genesis+of+Rock+%26+Roll&rft.place=Gretna%2C+Louisiana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58980-677-1&rft.aulast=Aswell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSHTGsnI8skC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollis2002" class="citation book cs1">Collis, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Chuck Berry: The Biography</i></a>. Aurum. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854108739" title="Special:BookSources/9781854108739"><bdi>9781854108739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+The+Biography&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Aurum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781854108739&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AgUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a>, "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp. 13–38 in Anthony DeCurtis, <i>Present Tense</i>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1992, pp. 24–27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4">0-8223-1265-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoda,_Cub" class="citation web cs1">Koda, Cub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p84274/biography">"Pat Hare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homestudioclinic0000mena"><i>Home Studio Clinic: A Musician's Guide to Professional Recording</i></a></span>. Hal Leonard. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homestudioclinic0000mena/page/80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423418078" title="Special:BookSources/9781423418078"><bdi>9781423418078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Studio+Clinic%3A+A+Musician%27s+Guide+to+Professional+Recording&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781423418078&rft.aulast=Menasche&rft.aufirst=Emile+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomestudioclinic0000mena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss1998" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CddgbKkAoxYC&pg=PA39"><i>Getting Great Guitar Sounds</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780793591404" title="Special:BookSources/9780793591404"><bdi>9780793591404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+Great+Guitar+Sounds&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780793591404&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCddgbKkAoxYC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google171-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google171_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google171_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikin, Jim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_042p3GHkBQC"><i>Power Tools for Synthesizer Programming</i></a>, Hal Leonard. p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZölzerAmatriain2002" class="citation book cs1">Zölzer, Udo; Amatriain, Xavier (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h90HIV0uwVsC"><i>DAFX: Digital Audio Effects</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471490784" title="Special:BookSources/9780471490784"><bdi>9780471490784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DAFX%3A+Digital+Audio+Effects&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780471490784&rft.aulast=Z%C3%B6lzer&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft.au=Amatriain%2C+Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh90HIV0uwVsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewster2001" class="citation cs2">Brewster, David M. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q99-bY3cL8YC&q=overdrive+tube+amplifier&pg=PA18"><i>Introduction to Guitar Tone and Effects: A Manual for Getting the Sounds from Electric Guitars, Amplifiers, Effects Pedals and Processors</i></a>, Hal Leonard, p. 18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780634060465" title="Special:BookSources/9780634060465"><bdi>9780634060465</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Guitar+Tone+and+Effects%3A+A+Manual+for+Getting+the+Sounds+from+Electric+Guitars%2C+Amplifiers%2C+Effects+Pedals+and+Processors&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780634060465&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq99-bY3cL8YC%26q%3Doverdrive%2Btube%2Bamplifier%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Platt, Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQzYdC3BtQkC"><i>MAKE: Electronics: Learning Through Discovery</i></a> O'Reilly Media. p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2006" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iH1tZ64riu4C&q=%22frequency+multiplier%22&pg=PA117"><i>The Routledge Guide to Music Technology</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-97324-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-97324-4"><bdi>0-415-97324-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Guide+to+Music+Technology&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-97324-4&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiH1tZ64riu4C%26q%3D%2522frequency%2Bmultiplier%2522%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManning2004" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2dClS4LdPQC&pg=PA170"><i>Electronic and Computer Music</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514484-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514484-8"><bdi>0-19-514484-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+Computer+Music&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-514484-8&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2dClS4LdPQC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museumofmakingmusic1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museumofmakingmusic1_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofmakingmusic.org/stompbox-effects">"The Art of the Stompbox"</a>. The Museum of Making. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Stompbox&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Making&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofmakingmusic.org%2Fstompbox-effects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, Dave (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DjYrk7Vap4C"><i>Guitar Effects Pedals: The Practical Handbook</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reese-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reese_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reese_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReeseGrossGross2009" class="citation book cs1">Reese, David; Gross, Lynne; Gross, Brian (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audioproductionw0000rees"><i>Audio Production Worktext: Concepts, Techniques, and Equipment</i></a></span>. Focal Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audioproductionw0000rees/page/149">149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81098-0"><bdi>978-0-240-81098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audio+Production+Worktext%3A+Concepts%2C+Techniques%2C+and+Equipment&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-240-81098-0&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gross%2C+Lynne&rft.au=Gross%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faudioproductionw0000rees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google23-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google23_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google23_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DjYrk7Vap4C"><i>Guitar Effects Pedals: The Practical Handbook</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louie, Gary J.; White, Glenn D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DulVm8t88QkC"><i>The Audio Dictionary</i></a>, University of Washington Press. p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlans2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Flans, Robyn (1 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303210034/http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_phil_collins_air/">"Classic Tracks: Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Mix</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_phil_collins_air/">the original</a> on 3 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mix&rft.atitle=Classic+Tracks%3A+Phil+Collins%27+%22In+the+Air+Tonight%22&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.aulast=Flans&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmixonline.com%2Fmag%2Faudio_phil_collins_air%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolph, Thomas; Leonard, Vincent (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFSilO_OEPAC"><i>Recording in the Digital World: Complete Guide to Studio Gear and Software</i></a>, Hal Leonard . p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrong2005" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Jeff (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4-2SfnghnYwC&q=pc+recording+studios+for+dummies"><i>PC Recording Studios for Dummies</i></a>. For Dummies. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764577079" title="Special:BookSources/9780764577079"><bdi>9780764577079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PC+Recording+Studios+for+Dummies&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=For+Dummies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780764577079&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4-2SfnghnYwC%26q%3Dpc%2Brecording%2Bstudios%2Bfor%2Bdummies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyers2008" class="citation web cs1">Dyers, Jon (21 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617102921/http://www.dyers.org/blog/archives/2008/03/21/the-talkbox-will-never-die-a-talkbox-playlist/">"The Talkbox Will Never Die: A Talkbox Playlist"</a>. 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href="https://musicplayers.com/2006/03/racks-201-midi-foot-controllers">"Racks 201: MIDI Foot Controllers"</a>, <i>Music Players</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Players&rft.atitle=Racks+201%3A+MIDI+Foot+Controllers&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusicplayers.com%2F2006%2F03%2Fracks-201-midi-foot-controllers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.effectsbay.com/2010/11/armband-controller-for-effects-chain/"><i>Armband Controller for Effects Chain</i></a>, 23 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armband+Controller+for+Effects+Chain&rft.date=2010-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.effectsbay.com%2F2010%2F11%2Farmband-controller-for-effects-chain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_filter" title="Audio filter">Audio filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastering_(audio)" title="Mastering (audio)">Audio mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">Audio mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_distance" title="Critical distance">Critical distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_loop" title="Effects loop">Effects loop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Effects unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talk_box" title="Talk box">Talk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">Wah-wah pedal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_(acoustics)" title="Diffusion (acoustics)">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdubbing" title="Overdubbing">Overdubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_recording" title="Ping-pong recording">Ping-ponging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_in/out" title="Punch in/out">Punch in/out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">Tape loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Signal <br /> processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling" title="Audio time stretching and pitch scaling">Pitch shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">Chorus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">Delay effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Send_tape_echo_echo_delay" title="Send tape echo echo delay">STEED</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_tracking" title="Double tracking">Double tracking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automatic_double_tracking" title="Automatic double tracking">ADT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducking" title="Ducking">Ducking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciter_(effect)" title="Exciter (effect)">Exciter effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanging" title="Flanging">Flanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_effect" title="Octave effect">Octave effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_gate" title="Noise gate">Noise gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">Phaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumping_(audio)" title="Pumping (audio)">Pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_echo" title="Reverse echo">Reverse echo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Practices</li><li><br />aesthetics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overproduction_(music)" title="Overproduction (music)">Overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenochrony" title="Xenochrony">Xenochrony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Roles</li><li><br /> professions</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">Bandleader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter#Music" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriters in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestrator">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup singer">Backup singer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Click_track" title="Click track">Click track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness_war" title="Loudness war">Loudness war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/15px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/23px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/30px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/15px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/23px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/30px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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