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Irv Robbins - Wikipedia

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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Irvine Isaac Robbins</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-12-06</span>)</span>December 6, 1917<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 5, 2008<span style="display:none">(2008-05-05)</span> (aged&#160;90)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California" title="Rancho Mirage, California">Rancho Mirage, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma&#160;mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Entrepreneur</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known&#160;for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baskin-Robbins" title="Baskin-Robbins">Baskin-Robbins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Irma Gevurtz</div>&#32;<div style="display:inline-block;">&#8203;</div>&#40;<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>&#160;1942&#41;<wbr />&#8203;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/John_Robbins_(author)" title="John Robbins (author)">John Robbins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baskin" title="Richard Baskin">Richard Baskin</a> (nephew)<br /><a href="/wiki/Burt_Baskin" title="Burt Baskin">Burt Baskin</a> (brother-in-law)<br /><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Familian" title="Isadore Familian">Isadore Familian</a> (brother-in-law)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irvine "Irv" Isaac Robbins</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (December 6, 1917 – May 5, 2008) was a Canadian-born American businessman. He co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Baskin-Robbins" title="Baskin-Robbins">Baskin-Robbins</a> ice cream parlor chain in 1945 with his partner and brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Burt_Baskin" title="Burt Baskin">Burt Baskin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irv_Robbins&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins was born in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada, to a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family. He attended both Tacoma's <a href="/wiki/Stadium_High_School" title="Stadium High School">Stadium High School</a>, where he was a yell leader, and Seattle's <a href="/wiki/Garfield_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garfield High School (Seattle, Washington)">Garfield High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father, Aaron Robbins, owned a dairy and <i>The Olympic Store</i> ice cream business at 954 Court C in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>, US. Robbins grew up scooping cones in his family's ice cream store for customers who always seemed to be having a good time. He recalled that he often "finished a day's work happy" and wanted that same feeling when he started his own business.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesObit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesObit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irv Robbins attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">Zeta Beta Tau</a> fraternity, and graduated with a degree in Political Science. He served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> as a Staff Sergeant in California, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and was discharged in August 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irv_Robbins&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Business career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After getting out of the Army in 1945, he soon opened the Snowbird Ice Cream store on December 7, 1945, in <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>. Robbins cashed in a $6,000 insurance policy given him for his <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a> to start the business.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesObit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesObit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burt Baskin owned a men's store in the <a href="/wiki/Palmer_House_Hilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmer House Hilton">Palmer House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and married Robbins' sister Shirley in 1942. He had enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> and was released from service early 1946 and came to California, where Robbins convinced him that selling ice cream was more fun than selling men's ties &amp; shirts, and within a couple of months he opened Burton's Ice Cream at 561 So. Lake <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>. </p><p>By 1948, the five Snowbird and three Burton's shops had been combined into a single enterprise, and they had devised their 31st flavor—Chocolate Mint.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesObit_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesObit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The partners came to the conclusion that because of the new stores they had opened, they were devoting less and less time to each individual store. "That's when we hit on selling our stores to our managers," Robbins said in the 1985 <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> story. "Without realizing it at the time, we were in the franchise business before the word 'franchise' was fashionable. We opened another store and another and another. . . ."<sup id="cite_ref-latimesObit_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesObit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They made an agreement with the new store owners, which became "franchise agreements" and they became the first food company ever to franchise their outlets. Little did the <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald&#39;s">McDonald's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger Kings</a> of the future know, but the idea took hold in other retail establishments, and the age of "<a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchising</a>" was underway. </p><p>In 1953, they renamed the company Baskin-Robbins, deciding the order of their names with a coin toss. The "31 flavors" concept was introduced that same year to bring attention to a deep menu that featured a flavor for every day of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesObit_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesObit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baskin-Robbins had 43 stores by the end of 1949, more than 100 by 1960 and about 500 when the ice cream empire was sold to <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> for an estimated $12 million in 1967. Six months later, Burt Baskin died of a heart attack at 54. Robbins stayed involved with the company for 11 more years and retired in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesObit_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesObit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 25 years later Baskin-Robbins had become the world's largest chain of ice cream stores, with 5,500 outlets around the world. </p><p>Baskin-Robbins is now a part of <a href="/wiki/Inspire_Brands" title="Inspire Brands">Inspire Brands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irv_Robbins&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins was Jewish. He married Irma Gevurtz in 1942, just before he went to serve in the U.S. Army. Robbins and Irma had three children: Marsha, <a href="/wiki/John_Robbins_(author)" title="John Robbins (author)">John</a> (author of the 1987 book <i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a></i>), and Erin. Baskin and his wife Shirley had two children, Edie and Richard. </p><p>Robbins died of natural causes near his home in <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California" title="Rancho Mirage, California">Rancho Mirage, California</a>, at the age of 90.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irv_Robbins&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QPCS-6F8J">Military • Washington, World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1940-1947</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baskinrobbins.pk/our-history/">"Our History -"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Our+History+-&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaskinrobbins.pk%2Four-history%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrv+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNerthney2012" class="citation news cs1">McNerthney, Casey (August 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Famous-alum-from-Seattle-area-schools-3816472.php#photo-901782">"Famous people who attended Seattle-area schools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&amp;rft.atitle=Famous+people+who+attended+Seattle-area+schools&amp;rft.date=2012-08-26&amp;rft.aulast=McNerthney&amp;rft.aufirst=Casey&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FFamous-alum-from-Seattle-area-schools-3816472.php%23photo-901782&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrv+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimesObit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimesObit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimesObit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimesObit_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimesObit_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimesObit_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimesObit_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Valerie J. (May 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-robbins7-2008may07,0,3080340.story">"Irvine Robbins, 90; co-founder of the Baskin-Robbins ice cream empire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Irvine+Robbins%2C+90%3B+co-founder+of+the+Baskin-Robbins+ice+cream+empire&amp;rft.date=2008-05-07&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson&amp;rft.aufirst=Valerie+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-robbins7-2008may07%2C0%2C3080340.story&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrv+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/09/06/dunkin-donuts-and-baskin-robbins-have-finally-done.aspx">"Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins Have Finally Done It"</a>. The Motley Fool. September 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dunkin%27+Donuts+and+Baskin-Robbins+Have+Finally+Done+It&amp;rft.pub=The+Motley+Fool&amp;rft.date=2016-09-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2F2016%2F09%2F06%2Fdunkin-donuts-and-baskin-robbins-have-finally-done.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrv+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHevesi2008" class="citation news cs1">Hevesi, Dennis (May 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/07/business/07robbins.html">"Irvine Robbins, Ice Cream Entrepreneur and a Maestro of 31 Flavors, Dies at 90"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p.&#160;A25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Irvine+Robbins%2C+Ice+Cream+Entrepreneur+and+a+Maestro+of+31+Flavors%2C+Dies+at+90&amp;rft.pages=A25&amp;rft.date=2008-05-07&amp;rft.aulast=Hevesi&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F07%2Fbusiness%2F07robbins.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrv+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irv_Robbins&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baskinrobbins.com/">Baskin-Robbins website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/26645175">Irv Robbins</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐w98px Cached time: 20241122144128 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.359 seconds Real time usage: 0.454 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2456/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15253/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2663/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20699/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.202/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5514211/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 428.455 1 -total 45.61% 195.436 1 Template:Infobox_person 29.67% 127.109 1 Template:Reflist 21.93% 93.966 2 Template:Cite_web 17.94% 76.850 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 14.16% 60.687 1 Template:Short_description 13.11% 56.177 1 Template:Marriage 11.98% 51.337 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.33% 35.672 2 Template:Pagetype 7.18% 30.781 1 Template:Birth_date --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:4504946-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122144128 and revision id 1252798754. 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