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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Exile in Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abduction,_trial,_and_imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abduction,_trial,_and_imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Abduction, trial, and imprisonment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abduction,_trial,_and_imprisonment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Abduction, trial, and imprisonment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Abduction,_trial,_and_imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detention_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detention_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Detention conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detention_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_prosecution_of_sympathizers_of_Abdullah_Öcalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_prosecution_of_sympathizers_of_Abdullah_Öcalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Öcalan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_prosecution_of_sympathizers_of_Abdullah_Öcalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kurdish_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kurdish_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 The Kurdish people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Kurdish_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Kurdish people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Kurdish_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_peace_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_peace_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Involvement in peace initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_peace_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideological_shift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideological_shift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Political ideological shift </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_ideological_shift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_confederalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_confederalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Democratic confederalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_confederalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 On women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_citizenships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_citizenships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Honorary citizenships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_citizenships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Publications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Abdullah Öcalan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عبد الله أوجلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبد الله أوجلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B0_%D5%95%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ապտուլլահ Օճալան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ապտուլլահ Օճալան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عبدالله اوجالان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عبدالله اوجالان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আব্দুল্লাহ ওজালান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আব্দুল্লাহ ওজালান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Абдула Йоджалан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абдула Йоджалан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87_%CE%9F%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Αμπντουλάχ Οτζαλάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμπντουλάχ Οτζαλάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عبدالله اوجالان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عبدالله اوجالان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عبدالله اۊجالان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="عبدالله اۊجالان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%91%98%EB%9D%BC_%EC%99%B8%EC%9E%98%EB%9E%80" title="압둘라 외잘란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="압둘라 외잘란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B0_%D5%95%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Աբդուլլահ Օջալան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբդուլլահ Օջալան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%92%27%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9F" title="עבדוללה אג'לאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבדוללה אג'לאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عبد الله اوجلان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عبد الله اوجلان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عبدالله اوجالان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عبدالله اوجالان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="アブドゥッラー・オジャラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブドゥッラー・オジャラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Оджалан, Абдулла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оджалан, Абдулла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Oxhalan" title="Abdullah Oxhalan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abdullah Oxhalan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%B5%DA%B5%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عەبدوڵڵا ئۆجەلان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەبدوڵڵا ئۆجەلان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9E%D1%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Абдулах Оџелан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абдулах Оџелан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அப்துல்லா ஓசுலான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அப்துல்லா ஓசுலான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อับดุลละฮ์ เออจาลัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อับดุลละฮ์ เออจาลัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Абдулла Оджалан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абдулла Оджалан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عبداللہ اوجلان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عبداللہ اوجلان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E8%B4%BE%E5%85%B0" title="阿卜杜拉·奥贾兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿卜杜拉·奥贾兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Abdullah Öcalan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Abdullah Öcalan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png/220px-Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png/330px-Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png/440px-Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="637" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Öcalan in 1997</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1948-04-04) 4 April 1948 (age 76)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> or (1949-04-04) 4 April 1949 (age 75)<a href="#cite_note-ANFNews-2">[2]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96merli,_Halfeti" title="Ömerli, Halfeti">Ömerli</a>, Turkey</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a><a href="#cite_note-RelTurkKurdCiv-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Turkey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Political_Science,_Ankara_University" title="Faculty of Political Science, Ankara University">Faculty of Political Science, Ankara University</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role">Founder and leader of militant organization <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Paul-9">[9]</a> political activist, writer, <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_theorists" title="List of political theorists">political theorist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK), <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Kesire Yıldırım</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1978)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman_%C3%96calan" title="Osman Öcalan">Osman Öcalan</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_%C3%96calan" title="Ömer Öcalan">Ömer Öcalan</a> (nephew)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dilek_%C3%96calan" title="Dilek Öcalan">Dilek Öcalan</a> (niece)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a> <a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Abdullah Öcalan (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈoʊdʒəlɑːn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">OH-jə-lahn</a>;<a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Turkish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[œdʒaɫan]</a>; born 4 April 1948 or 1949), also known as Apo<a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (short for Abdullah in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> for "uncle"),<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> is a founding member of the militant <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK).<a href="#cite_note-DoS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Öcalan was based in Syria from 1979 to 1998.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He helped found the PKK in 1978, and led it into the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> in 1984. For most of his leadership, he was based in Syria, which provided <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> to the PKK until the late 1990s. After being forced to leave Syria, Öcalan was abducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Turkish National Intelligence Organization</a> (MIT) in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, Kenya in February 1999 and imprisoned on <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mral%C4%B1" title="İmralı">İmralı island</a> in Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> where after <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Trial of Abdullah Öcalan">a trial</a> he was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed organizations.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">abolished the death penalty</a>. From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mral%C4%B1_prison" title="İmralı prison">İmralı prison</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, where he is still held.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Öcalan has advocated a political solution to the conflict since the <a href="/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0v-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-MKK-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan's prison regime</a> has oscillated between long periods of isolation during which he is allowed no contact with the outside world, and periods when he is permitted visits.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> He was also involved in negotiations with the Turkish government that led to a temporary <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish peace process">Kurdish–Turkish peace process</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> From prison, Öcalan has published several books. <a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a>, also known as the science of women, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> advocated by Öcalan<a href="#cite_note-reuters-argentieri-26">[26]</a> and subsequently a fundamental tenet of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK).<a href="#cite_note-opendemocracy-27">[27]</a> Öcalan's philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a> is applied in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES),<a href="#cite_note-:27-28">[28]</a> an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> formed in Syria in 2012. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> Öcalan was born in Ömerli, a village in <a href="/wiki/Halfeti" title="Halfeti">Halfeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa Province</a> in eastern Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> While some sources report his date of birth as 4 April 1949,<a href="#cite_note-ANFNews-2">[2]</a> no official birth records exist. He has claimed not to know exactly when he was born, estimating the year to be 1946 or 1947.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> He is the oldest of seven children.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> He attended elementary school in a neighboring village and wanted to join the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish army">Turkish army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He applied to the military high school but failed in the admission exam.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus17-33">[33]</a> In 1966 he began to study at a vocational high school in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Ankara Tapu-Kadastro Meslek Lisesi)<a href="#cite_note-Marcus17-33">[33]</a> and attended meetings of anti-communists but also of circles active in left wing politics<a href="#cite_note-:19-34">[34]</a> interested in improving Kurdish rights.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus17-33">[33]</a> He was also a very conservative Muslim in his youth and he admired <a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> After graduating in 1969, Öcalan began working at the <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Title Deeds</a> Office of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>. It was at this time his political affiliation began to take a form.<a href="#cite_note-:19-34">[34]</a> He was relocated one year later to Istanbul<a href="#cite_note-Marcus17-33">[33]</a> where he participated in the meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Cultural_Eastern_Hearths" title="Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths">Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths</a> (DDKO).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Later, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul Law Faculty</a> but after the first year transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ankara_University" title="Ankara University">Ankara University</a> to study political science.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> His return to Ankara was facilitated by the state in order to divide the <a href="/wiki/Dev-Gen%C3%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Genç">Dev-Genç</a> (Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey), of which Öcalan was a member. President <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a> later regretted this decision, since the PKK was to become a much greater threat to the state than Dev-Genç.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Öcalan was not able to graduate from Ankara University,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> as on 7 April 1972 he was arrested after participating in a rally against the killing of <a href="/wiki/Mahir_%C3%87ayan" title="Mahir Çayan">Mahir Çayan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:19-34">[34]</a> He was charged with distributing the left-wing political magazine Şafak (published by <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a>) and was held for seven months at the <a href="/wiki/Mamak,_Ankara" title="Mamak, Ankara">Mamak</a> Prison.<a href="#cite_note-:02-41">[41]</a> In November 1973, the Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education, (Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Demeği, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara_Demokratik_Y%C3%BCksek_%C3%96%C4%9Frenim_Derne%C4%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Derneği (page does not exist)">ADYÖD</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Demokratik_Y%C3%BCksek_%C3%96%C4%9Frenim_Derne%C4%9Fi" class="extiw" title="tr:Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Derneği">tr</a>]) was founded and shortly after he was elected to join its board.<a href="#cite_note-:24-42">[42]</a> In the ADYÖD several students close to the political views of <a href="/wiki/Hikmet_K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1ml%C4%B1" title="Hikmet Kıvılcımlı">Hikmet Kıvılcımlı</a> were active.<a href="#cite_note-:24-42">[42]</a> In December 1974, ADYÖD was closed down.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1975, together with <a href="/wiki/Mazlum_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Mazlum Doğan">Mazlum Doğan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Hayri_Durmu%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Hayri Durmuş (page does not exist)">Mehmet Hayri Durmuş</a> [<a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Hayri_Durmu%C5%9F" class="extiw" title="ku:Mehmet Hayri Durmuş">ku</a>], he published a political booklet which described the main aims for a Revolution in Kurdistan.<a href="#cite_note-:7-44">[44]</a> During meetings in Ankara between 1974 and 1975, Öcalan and others came to the conclusion that <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">colony</a> and preparations ought to be made for a revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:11-45">[45]</a> The group decided to disperse into the different towns in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a> in order to set up a base of supporters for an armed revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:11-45">[45]</a> At the beginning, this idea had only a few supporters, but following a journey Öcalan made through the cities of <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" title="Ağrı">Ağrı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batman,_Turkey" title="Batman, Turkey">Batman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l" title="Bingöl">Bingöl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a> in 1977, the group counted over 300 adherents and had organised about thirty armed militants.<a href="#cite_note-:11-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Kurdistan_Workers'_Party">The Kurdistan Workers' Party</h2></div> In 1978, in the midst of the right- and left-wing conflicts which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a>, Öcalan founded the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK).<a href="#cite_note-cnn-apology-46">[46]</a> In July 1979 he fled to Syria.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Since its foundation, the party focused on ideological training.<a href="#cite_note-:25-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>, the history and estate of Kurdistan had a central role in the party.<a href="#cite_note-:25-48">[48]</a> Öcalan elaborated on the importance of ideology to the extent to where he condemned ideologylessness and equated ideology with religion which according to him had replaced the latter.<a href="#cite_note-:25-48">[48]</a> "If you break the link between yourself and ideology you will beastialize".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> With the support of the Syrian Government, he established two training camps for the PKK in Lebanon where the Kurdish guerrillas should receive political and military training.<a href="#cite_note-:7-44">[44]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1984_PKK_attacks" title="1984 PKK attacks">1984, the PKK initiated a campaign</a> of armed conflict by attacking government forces<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-SECURITY-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-REPORT-52">[52]</a> in order to create an independent Kurdish state. Öcalan attempted to unite the Kurdish liberation movements of the PKK and the one active against <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in Iraq. In negotiations between the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP) and the PKK, it was agreed that the latter was able to move freely in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>. He also met twice with <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a>, the leader of the KDP in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, to resolve some minor issues they had once in 1984 and another time in 1985. But due to pressure from Turkey the cooperation remained timid.<a href="#cite_note-:9-53">[53]</a> During an interview he gave to the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Milliyet" title="Milliyet">Milliyet</a> in 1988, he mentioned the goal wasn't to gain independence from Turkey at all costs, but remained firm on the issue of the Kurdish rights, and suggested that negotiations should take place for a federation to be established in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 1988, he also met with <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK) in Damascus, with which he signed an agreement and after some differences after the foundation of a Kurdish Government in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1992 he later had a better relationship.<a href="#cite_note-:9-53">[53]</a> In the early 1990s, interviews given to both <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a> and Hasan Bildirici he mentioned his willingness to achieve a peaceful solution to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In another given to <a href="/wiki/Oral_%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Flar" title="Oral Çalışlar">Oral Çalışlar</a>, he emphasized the difference between independence and separatism. He articulated the view that different nations were able to live in independence within the same state if they had equal rights.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Then in 1993, upon request of Turkish president <a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a>, Öcalan met with Jalal Talabani for negotiations following which <a href="/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">Öcalan declared a unilateral cease fire</a> which had a duration from 20 March to 15 April.<a href="#cite_note-:4-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-White-2000-58">[58]</a> Later he prolonged it in order to enable negotiations with the Turkish government. Soon after Özal died on 17 April 1993,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> the initiative was halted by Turkey on the grounds that Turkey did not negotiate with terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-:4-57">[57]</a> During an International Kurdish Conference in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in March 1994, his initiative for equal rights for Kurds and Turks within Turkey was discussed.<a href="#cite_note-:8-60">[60]</a> It is reported by Gottfried Stein, that at least during the first half of the 1990s, he used to live mainly in a protected neighborhood in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-:8-60">[60]</a> On 7 May 1996, in the midst of another unilateral cease-fire declared by the PKK, an attempt to assassinate him in a house in Damascus, was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Following the protests which arose against the prohibition of the PKK in Germany, Öcalan had several meetings with politicians from Germany who came to hold talks with him.<a href="#cite_note-:23-63">[63]</a> In the summer of 1995 the president of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a> (Verfassungsschutz) Klaus Grünewald came to visit him,<a href="#cite_note-:23-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> And with the German MP <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lummer" title="Heinrich Lummer">Heinrich Lummer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU) he held meetings in October 1995 in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and March 1996, during which they discussed the PKK's activities in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:23-63">[63]</a> Öcalan assured him that the PKK would support a peaceful solution for the conflict. Back in Germany, Lummer made a statement in support for further negotiations with Öcalan.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> With time, the United States (1997),<a href="#cite_note-FTO-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Turkey, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_listing_the_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_as_a_terrorist_group" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states listing the Kurdistan Workers Party as a terrorist group">other countries</a> have included the PKK on their lists of terrorist organizations.<a href="#cite_note-TERROR-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-EU&S-68">[68]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Greek_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Parliament">Greek parliamentary</a> delegation from the <a href="/wiki/PASOK" title="PASOK">PASOK</a> came to visit him in the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa valley</a> on 17 October 1996.<a href="#cite_note-:23-63">[63]</a> During his stay in Syria he has published several books concerning the Kurdish revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:8-60">[60]</a> On at least one occasion, in 1993, he was detained and held by Syria's <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">General Intelligence Directorate</a>, but later released.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Until 1998, Öcalan was based in Syria. As the situation deteriorated in Turkey, the Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> As a result, the Syrian government forced Öcalan to leave the country but still refused turning him over to the Turkish authorities. In October 1998, Öcalan prepared for his departure from Syria and during a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobane</a>, he unsuccessfully attempted to lay the foundations for a new party which failed due to Syrian intelligence's obstruction.<a href="#cite_note-:13-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_in_Europe">Exile in Europe</h2></div> Öcalan left Syria on 9 October 1998 and for the next four months, he toured several European countries advocating for a solution of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:16-72">[72]</a> Öcalan first went to Russia where the <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Russian parliament</a> voted on 4 November 1998 to grant him asylum.<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> On 6 November 109 <a href="/wiki/Greek_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Parliament">Greek parliamentarians</a> invited Öcalan to stay in Greece, a move which was repeated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Παναγιώτης Σγουρίδης (page does not exist)">Panayioitis Sgouridis</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παναγιώτης Σγουρίδης">el</a>],<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> the deputy speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Greek Parliament</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Öcalan then chose to travel to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, where he landed on 12 November 1998 at the <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%93Fiumicino_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport">airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-75">[75]</a> In 1998 the Turkish government requested the extradition of Öcalan from Italy,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> where he applied for political asylum upon his arrival. He was detained by the Italian authorities due to an arrest warrant issued by Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:10-77">[77]</a> But Italy did not extradite him to Germany, who refused to hold a trial on Öcalan in its country.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> as well as the Minister of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schily" title="Otto Schily">Otto Schily</a> preferred that Öcalan would be tried by an unspecified "European Court".<a href="#cite_note-:17-75">[75]</a> Italy also didn't extradite him to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-:10-77">[77]</a> The Italian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema" title="Massimo D'Alema">Massimo D'Alema</a> announced it was contrary to Italian law to extradite someone to a country where the defendant is threatened with a capital punishment.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> But Italy also didn't want Öcalan to stay, and pulled several diplomatic strings to compel him to leave the country,<a href="#cite_note-:16-72">[72]</a> which was accomplished on 16 January<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> when he departed to <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a> in hope to find a safe haven in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-:16-72">[72]</a> But in Russia he was not as much welcomed as in October, and he had to wait for a week at the airport of <a href="/wiki/Strigino_International_Airport" title="Strigino International Airport">Strigino International Airport</a> in Nizhny Novgorod.<a href="#cite_note-:16-72">[72]</a> From Russia, he took an airplane from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> to Greece where he arrived in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> upon the invitation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolas_Naxakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolas Naxakis (page does not exist)">Nikolas Naxakis</a>, a retired Admiral on 29 January 1999.<a href="#cite_note-:16-72">[72]</a> He spent the night as a guest of the popular Greek author <a href="/wiki/Voula_Damianakou" title="Voula Damianakou">Voula Damianakou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nea_Makri" title="Nea Makri">Nea Makri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-72">[72]</a> Following this, Öcalan attempted to travel to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, to pursue a settlement of his legal situation at the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> would not let his plane land and sent him back to Greece where he landed on the island <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-72">[72]</a> Öcalan then decided to fly to <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> at the invitation of Greek diplomats.<a href="#cite_note-:15-81">[81]</a> At that time he was defended by <a href="/wiki/Britta_B%C3%B6hler" title="Britta Böhler">Britta Böhler</a>, a high-profile German attorney who argued that the crimes he was accused of would have to be proven in court and attempted to reach that the International Court in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> would assume the case.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abduction,_trial,_and_imprisonment">Abduction, trial, and imprisonment</h2></div> Öcalan was abducted in Kenya on 15 February 1999, while on his way from the Greek embassy to <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_International_Airport" title="Jomo Kenyatta International Airport">Jomo Kenyatta International Airport</a> in Nairobi, in an operation by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı , MIT) with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-capture-83">[83]</a> According to the Turkish newspaper <a href="/wiki/Vatan_(2002_newspaper)" title="Vatan (2002 newspaper)">Vatan</a>, the Americans transferred him to the Turkish authorities, who flew him back to Turkey for trial.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Following his capture, the Greek Government was in turmoil and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(politician)" title="Theodoros Pangalos (politician)">Theodoros Pangalos</a>, Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Alekos_Papadopoulos" title="Alekos Papadopoulos">Alekos Papadopoulos</a> and the Minister of Public Order <a href="/wiki/Filippos_Petsalnikos" title="Filippos Petsalnikos">Philipos Petsalnikos</a> resigned from their posts.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Costoulas, the Greek ambassador who protected him, said that his own life was in danger after the operation.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> According to Nucan Derya, Öcalan's interpreter in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, the Kenyans had warned the Greek ambassador that "something" might happen if he didn't leave four days prior and that they were given the assurance by Pangalos that Öcalan would have safe passage to Europe. Öcalan was determined to travel to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and face the accusations of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Öcalan's capture led thousands of Kurds to hold <a href="/wiki/February_1999_Kurdish_protests" title="February 1999 Kurdish protests">worldwide protests</a> condemning his capture at Greek and Israeli embassies. Kurds living in Germany were threatened with deportation if they continued to hold demonstrations in support of Öcalan. The warning came after three Kurds were killed and 16 injured during the <a href="/wiki/1999_attack_on_Israeli_Consulate_in_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 attack on Israeli Consulate in Berlin">1999 attack</a> on the Israeli <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Israel" title="List of diplomatic missions of Israel">consulate</a> in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-PROTESTS-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-PROTESTS-ATHENS-89">[89]</a> A group named the Revenge Hawks of Apo set fire to a department store in <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadiköy</a> Istanbul, causing the death of 13 people.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In several European capitals and larger cities<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> as well as in Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Iran</a> and also Turkey protests were organized against his capture.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial">Trial</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Trial of Abdullah Öcalan">Trial of Abdullah Öcalan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg/440px-Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg/660px-Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg/880px-Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Öcalan supporters in London, April 2003</figcaption></figure> He was brought to <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mral%C4%B1" title="İmralı">İmralı</a> island, where he was interrogated for a period of 10 days without being allowed to see or speak to his lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-:1-93">[93]</a> A <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Court_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Court (Turkey)">state security court</a> consisting of one military and two civilian judges was established on İmralı island to try Öcalan.<a href="#cite_note-:18-94">[94]</a> A delegation of three Dutch lawyers who intended to defend him were not allowed to meet with their client and detained for questioning at the airport on the grounds that they acted as "PKK militants" and not lawyers; they were sent back to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-81">[81]</a> On the seventh day a judge took part in the interrogations, and prepared a transcript of it.<a href="#cite_note-:1-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-95">[95]</a> The trial began on 31 May 1999 on the İmralı island<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, and was organized by the Ankara State Security Court.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> During the trial, he was represented by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asr%C4%B1n_Law_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asrın Law Office (page does not exist)">Asrın Law Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> His lawyers had difficulty in representing him adequately as they were allowed only two interviews per week of initially a duration of 20 minutes, and later 1 hour, of which several were cancelled due to "bad weather" or because the authorities didn't give the permission needed for them.<a href="#cite_note-:1-93">[93]</a> Also his lawyers were unaware of what the charges might be, and received the formal indictment only after excerpts of it were already presented to the press.<a href="#cite_note-:6-95">[95]</a> The trial was accompanied by arrests of scores of Kurdish politicians from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">People's Democracy Party</a> (HADEP).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In mid-June 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> approved the removal of military judges from the State Security Courts, in an attempt to address criticism from the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and a civilian judge assumed the post of the military judge.<a href="#cite_note-:18-94">[94]</a> Shortly before the verdict was read out by Judge <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Okyay" title="Turgut Okyay">Turgut Okyay</a>, when asked about his final remarks, he again offered to play a role in the peace finding process.<a href="#cite_note-:5-101">[101]</a> Öcalan was charged with treason and separatism and sentenced to death on 29 June 1999.<a href="#cite_note-:2-102">[102]</a> He was also banned from holding public office for life.<a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-verdict-103">[103]</a> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (AI) demanded a re-trial<a href="#cite_note-:6-95">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) questioned the fact that witnesses brought by the defense were not heard in the trial.<a href="#cite_note-:2-102">[102]</a> In 1999 the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Parliament</a> discussed a so-called Repentance Bill which would commute Öcalans death sentence to 20 years imprisonment and allow PKK militants to surrender with a limited amnesty, but it didn't pass due to resistance from the far-right around the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a> (MHP).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In January 2000 the Turkish government declared the death sentence was delayed until the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> (ECHR) reviewed the verdict.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-excecutiondelay-105">[105]</a> Upon the abolition of the death penalty in Turkey in August 2002,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> in October of that year, the security court commuted his sentence to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In an attempt to reach a verdict which was more favorable to Öcalan, he appealed at the ECHR at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, which accepted the case in June 2004.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2005, the ECHR ruled that Turkey had violated articles 3, 5, and 6 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention of Human Rights</a> by refusing to allow Öcalan to appeal his arrest and by sentencing him to death without a fair trial.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Öcalan's request for a retrial was refused by Turkish courts.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detention_conditions">Detention conditions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan">Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PKK_Verbot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PKK_Verbot.jpg/220px-PKK_Verbot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PKK_Verbot.jpg/330px-PKK_Verbot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PKK_Verbot.jpg/440px-PKK_Verbot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Protest for freedom of Öcalan in Germany, 21 January 2016</figcaption></figure> After his capture, Öcalan was held in solitary confinement as the only prisoner on İmralı island in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. Following the commutation of the death sentence to a life sentence in 2002,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Öcalan remained imprisoned on İmralı, and was the sole inmate there. Although former prisoners at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mral%C4%B1" title="İmralı">İmralı</a> were transferred to other prisons, more than 1,000 Turkish military personnel were stationed on the island to guard him. In November 2009, Turkish authorities announced that they were ending his solitary confinement by transferring several other prisoners to İmralı.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> They said that Öcalan would be allowed to see them for ten hours a week. The new prison was built after the Council of Europe's <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" title="Committee for the Prevention of Torture">Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a> visited the island and objected to the conditions in which he was being held.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> From 27 July 2011 until 2 May 2019 his lawyers have not been allowed to see Abdullah Öcalan.<a href="#cite_note-:3-115">[115]</a> From July 2011 until December 2017 his lawyers filed more than 700 appeals for visits, but all were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> There have been held regular demonstrations by the Kurdish community to raise awareness of the isolation of Öcalan.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In October 2012 several hundred Kurdish political prisoners went on hunger strike for better detention conditions for Öcalan and the right to use the Kurdish language in education and jurisprudence. The hunger strike lasted 68 days until Öcalan demanded its end.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Öcalan was banned from receiving visits almost two years from 6 October 2014 until 11 September 2016, when his brother Mehmet Öcalan visited him for <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 2014 the ECHR ruled in that there was a violation of article 3 in regards of him being to only prisoner on İmarli island until 17 November 2009, as well as the impossibility to appeal his verdict.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On 6 September 2018 visits from lawyers were banned for six months due to former punishments he received in the years 2005–2009, the fact that the lawyers made their conversations with Ocalan public, and the impression that Öcalan was leading the PKK through communications with his lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-115">[115]</a> He was again banned from receiving visits until 12 January 2019 when his brother was permitted to visit him a second time. His brother said his health was good.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The ban on the visitation of his lawyers was lifted in April 2019, and Öcalan saw his lawyers on 2 May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:3-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_prosecution_of_sympathizers_of_Abdullah_Öcalan">Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Öcalan</h2></div> In 2008, the Justice Minister of Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_%C5%9Eahin" title="Mehmet Ali Şahin">Mehmet Ali Şahin</a>, said that between 2006 and 2007, 949 people were convicted and more than 7,000 people prosecuted for calling Öcalan "esteemed" (Sayın).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Kurdish_people">The Kurdish people</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_peace_initiatives">Involvement in peace initiatives</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">Part of a series on the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.1em;">Kurdish–Turkish peace process</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.8em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdistan_of_Turkey_(CIA).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkey–PKK peace"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png/200px-Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png/300px-Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png/400px-Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="977" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)#Unilateral_cease-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Unilateral cease-fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1999–2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process" title="2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process">Solution process</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2013–15</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Primary concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_villages_depopulated_by_Turkey" title="Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey">Depopulated Kurdish villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Turkey" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Turkey">Dams construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">Kurdish civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_illegal_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of illegal political parties in Turkey">Legality of Kurdish parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan">Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">International brokers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Proposals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;;padding-top:0.4em;margin-left:1.75em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Kurdish autonomous region</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey%E2%80%93PKK_peace_process" title="Template:Turkey–PKK peace process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey%E2%80%93PKK_peace_process" title="Template talk:Turkey–PKK peace process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey%E2%80%93PKK_peace_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey–PKK peace process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In November 1998, Öcalan elaborated on a 7-point peace plan according to which the Turkish attacks on Kurdish villages should stop, the refugees would be allowed to return, the Kurdish people would be granted autonomy within Turkey, the Kurds would receive the equal democratic rights as the Turks and the Turkish government supported village guards system shall come to an end and the Kurdish language and culture was to be officially recognized.<a href="#cite_note-PLAN-123">[123]</a> In January 1999 during his stay in Europe, Öcalan saw the parties liberation struggle focus to have developed from guerrilla warfare to dialogue and negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-DIPLOMACY-124">[124]</a> After his capture Öcalan called for a halt in PKK attacks, and advocated for a peaceful solution for the Kurdish conflict inside the borders of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-utopia2-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-MYTH-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-TEK-127">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In October 1999, eight PKK militants around the former European PKK spokesman Ali Sapan turned themselves in to Turkey on request of Öcalan.<a href="#cite_note-:21-128">[128]</a> Depending on their treatment, the other PKK militants would turn themselves in as well, his attorney announced.<a href="#cite_note-:21-128">[128]</a> But the eight, as well as another group which surrendered a few weeks later in Istanbul, were imprisoned and the peace initiative was dismissed by the Turkish Government.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Öcalan called for the foundation of a "Truth and Justice Commission" by Kurdish institutions in order to investigate <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> committed by both the PKK and Turkish security forces. A similar structure began functioning in May 2006.<a href="#cite_note-CONFEDERALISM-130">[130]</a> In March 2005, Öcalan issued the Declaration of Democratic confederalism in Kurdistan<a href="#cite_note-KONFEDERALIZM-131">[131]</a> calling for a border-free confederation between the Kurdish regions of Southeastern Turkey (called "<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Northern Kurdistan</a>" by Kurds<a href="#cite_note-KL-132">[132]</a>), Northeast Syria ("<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan</a>"), Northern Iraq ("<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">South Kurdistan</a>"), and Northwestern Iran ("<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">East Kurdistan</a>"). In this zone, three bodies of law would be implemented: <a href="/wiki/EU_law" class="mw-redirect" title="EU law">EU law</a>, Turkish/Syrian/Iraqi/Iranian law and Kurdish law. This proposal was adopted by the PKK programme following the "Refoundation Congress" in April 2005.<a href="#cite_note-REFOUNDATION-133">[133]</a> Öcalan had his lawyer Ibrahim Bilmez<a href="#cite_note-LAWYER-134">[134]</a> release a statement on 28 September 2006 calling on the PKK to declare a ceasefire and seek peace with Turkey. Öcalan's statement said, "The PKK should not use weapons unless it is attacked with the aim of annihilation," and "it is very important to build a democratic union between Turks and Kurds. With this process, the way to democratic dialogue will be also opened".<a href="#cite_note-CEASE-135">[135]</a> He worked on a solution for the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, which would include a decentralization and democratization of Turkey within the frame of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_of_Local_Self-Government" title="European Charter of Local Self-Government">European Charter of local Self-Government</a>, which was also signed by Turkey, but his 160-page proposal on the subject was confiscated by the Turkish authorities in August 2009.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On 31 May 2010, Öcalan said he was abandoning the ongoing dialogue with Turkey, as "this process is no longer meaningful or useful". Öcalan stated that Turkey had ignored his three protocols for negotiation: (a) his terms of health and security, (b) his release, and (c) a peaceful resolution to the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Though the Turkish government had received Öcalan's protocols, they were never released to the public. Öcalan said he would leave the top PKK commanders in charge of the conflict, but that this should not be misinterpreted as a call for the PKK to intensify its armed conflict with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In January 2013, <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process" title="2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process">peace negotiations</a> between the PKK and the Turkish Government were initiated and from between January<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and March he met several times with politicians of <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peace and Democracy Party">Peace and Democracy Party</a> (BDP) on Imralı Island.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On 21 March, Öcalan declared a ceasefire between the PKK and the Turkish state. Öcalan's statement was read to hundreds of thousands of Kurds in Diyarbakır who had gathered to celebrate the Kurdish New Year (<a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Newroz</a>). The statement said in part, "Let guns be silenced and politics dominate... a new door is being opened from the process of armed conflict to democratization and democratic politics. It's not the end. It's the start of a new era."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Soon after Öcalan's declaration, the functional head of the PKK, <a href="/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan" title="Murat Karayılan">Murat Karayılan</a> responded by promising to implement a ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> During the peace process, the pro-Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP) entered parliament during the <a href="/wiki/June_2015_Turkish_general_election" title="June 2015 Turkish general election">parliamentarian election of June 2015</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The ceasefire ended after in July 2015 two Turkish police officers were killed in <a href="/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar" title="Ceylanpınar">Ceylanpinar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_ideological_shift">Political ideological shift</h3></div> Since his incarceration, Öcalan has significantly changed his ideology through exposure to Western <a href="/wiki/Social_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social theorist">social theorists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:27-28">[28]</a> Abandoning his old <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninist</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-28">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> beliefs,<a href="#cite_note-utopia2-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-utopia-ecologic-social-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-biehl_dialectics-146">[146]</a> Öcalan fashioned his ideal society called <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-biehl_dialectics-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-28">[28]</a> In early 2004, Öcalan attempted to arrange a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> through Öcalan's lawyers, describing himself as Bookchin's "student" eager to adapt Bookchin's thought to Middle Eastern society. Bookchin was too ill to meet with Öcalan.<a href="#cite_note-biehl_dialectics-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_confederalism">Democratic confederalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a> is a "system of popularly elected administrative councils, allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets, while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils."<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[147]</a> Decisions are made by communes in each neighborhood, village, or city. All are welcome to partake in the communal councils, but political participation is not mandated. There is no private property, but rather "ownership by use, which grants individuals usage rights to the buildings, land, and infrastructure, but not the right to sell and buy on the market or convert them to private enterprises".<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[147]</a> The economy is in the hands of the communal councils, and is thus (in the words of Bookchin) 'neither collectivised nor privatised - it is common.'<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> are essential in democratic confederalism.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> With his 2005 "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", Öcalan advocated for a Kurdish implementation of Bookchin's <a href="/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom" title="The Ecology of Freedom">The Ecology of Freedom</a> via municipal assemblies as a democratic confederation of Kurdish communities beyond the state borders of Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Öcalan promoted a platform of shared values: environmentalism, self-defense, gender equality, and a pluralistic tolerance for religion, politics, and culture. While some of his followers questioned Öcalan's conversion from <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">social ecology</a>, the PKK adopted Öcalan's proposal and began to form assemblies.<a href="#cite_note-utopia2-125">[125]</a> It became also the ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD) and is applied in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES).<a href="#cite_note-:27-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_women's_rights">On women's rights</h3></div> Öcalan is a supporter of the liberation of the women, he writes in his Freedom Manifesto for Women that all slavery is based on the <a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">housewifization</a> of women.<a href="#cite_note-:26-149">[149]</a> He deems the woman often as being trapped in a situation where she accepts traditional gender roles and a disadvantaged relationship with a man.<a href="#cite_note-:26-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> According to his own account, while his father is Kurdish, his mother is Turkmen.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> According to some sources, Öcalan's grandmother was an ethnic Turk.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Öcalan's mother, Esma Öcalan (Uveys)<a href="#cite_note-:22-153">[153]</a> was rather dominant and criticised his father, blaming him for their dire economic situation. He later explained in an interview that it was in his childhood he learned to defend himself from injustice.<a href="#cite_note-BandB-154">[154]</a> Like many <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a>, Öcalan was raised speaking <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>; according to Amikam Nachmani, lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a> in Israel, Öcalan did not know <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> when he met him in 1991. Nachmani: "He [Öcalan] told me that he speaks Turkish, gives orders in Turkish, and thinks in Turkish."<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In 1978 Öcalan married Kesire Yildirim, who he had met at the Ankara University<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and was of a better household than the regular revolutionaries around Öcalan.<a href="#cite_note-:20-157">[157]</a> They had a difficult marriage with reportedly many disputes and discussions.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In 1988, while representing the PKK in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, his wife unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow Öcalan, following which Yildirim went underground.<a href="#cite_note-:20-157">[157]</a> After his sister Havva was married to a man from another village in an <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a>, he felt regret. This event led Öcalan to his policies towards the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of women">liberation of women</a> from the traditional suppressed female role.<a href="#cite_note-BandB-154">[154]</a> Öcalan's brother <a href="/wiki/Osman_Ocalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman Ocalan">Osman</a> became a PKK commander until he defected from the PKK with several others to establish the Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan.<a href="#cite_note-CK-159">[159]</a> His other brother, Mehmet Öcalan, is a member of the pro-Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peace and Democracy Party">Peace and Democracy Party</a> (BDP).<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Fatma Öcalan is the sister of Abdullah Öcalan<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilek_%C3%96calan" title="Dilek Öcalan">Dilek Öcalan</a>, a former parliamentarian of the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a>, is his niece.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_%C3%96calan" title="Ömer Öcalan">Ömer Öcalan</a>, a current member of parliament for the HDP, is his nephew.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_citizenships">Honorary citizenships</h2></div> Several localities have awarded him with an honorary citizenship:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a><a href="#cite_note-:1a-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a><a href="#cite_note-:1a-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Giudice" title="Castel del Giudice">Castel del Giudice</a><a href="#cite_note-:6a-167">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelbottaccio" title="Castelbottaccio">Castelbottaccio</a><a href="#cite_note-:6a-167">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinerolo" title="Pinerolo">Pinerolo</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martano" title="Martano">Martano</a><a href="#cite_note-:2a-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a><a href="#cite_note-:1a-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palagonia" title="Palagonia">Palagonia</a><a href="#cite_note-:2a-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riace" title="Riace">Riace</a><a href="#cite_note-:2a-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berceto" title="Berceto">Berceto</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossalto" title="Fossalto">Fossalto</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abdullah_%C3%96calan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>.</div></div> </div> Öcalan is the author of more than 40 books, four of which were written in prison. Many of the notes taken from his weekly meetings with his lawyers have been edited and published. He has also written articles for the newspaper <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_G%C3%BCndem" title="Özgür Gündem">Özgür Gündem</a> which is a newspaper that reported on the Kurdish-Turkish conflict, under the pseudonym of Ali Firat.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li>Interviews and Speeches. London: Kurdistan Solidarity Committee; Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020183517/http://www.geocities.com/kurdifi/ocelan.html">"Translation of his 1999 defense in court"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/kurdifi/ocelan.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Translation+of+his+1999+defense+in+court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fkurdifi%2Focelan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/prison-writings-i">Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation.</a> London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2616-0">978-0-7453-2616-0</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/prison-writings-ii">Prison Writings Volume II: The PKK and the Kurdish Question in the 21st Century.</a> London: Transmedia, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9567514-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9567514-0-9">978-0-9567514-0-9</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/democratic-confederalism">Democratic Confederalism.</a> London: Transmedia, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-47-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-47-9">978-3-941012-47-9</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/the-road-map-to-negotiations">Prison Writings III: The Road Map to Negotiations.</a> Cologne: International Initiative, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-43-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-43-1">978-3-941012-43-1</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/liberating-life-womans-revolution">Liberating life: Women's Revolution.</a> Cologne, Germany: International Initiative Edition, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-82-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-82-0">978-3-941012-82-0</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#/book/prison-writtings-iv">Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 1.</a> Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-93064-42-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-93064-42-8">978-82-93064-42-8</a>.</li> <li>Defending a Civilisation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#/book/the-political-thought-of-abdullah-ocalan">The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan.</a> London: Pluto Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-9976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-9976-8">978-0-7453-9976-8</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#/book/capitalism">Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 2.</a> Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-93064-48-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-93064-48-0">978-82-93064-48-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">Kurdistan Free Life Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk" title="Yalçın Küçük">Yalçın Küçük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/economy/factbox-who-is-pkk-leader-abdullah-ocalan-idUSLO94519/">"FACTBOX-Who is PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan?"</a>. Reuters. 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=FACTBOX-Who+is+PKK+leader+Abdullah+Ocalan%3F&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Feconomy%2Ffactbox-who-is-pkk-leader-abdullah-ocalan-idUSLO94519%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANFNews-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANFNews_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANFNews_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ANFnews" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/features/international-initiative-celebrate-Oecalan-s-birthday-with-us-42742">"International Initiative: Celebrate Öcalan's birthday with us"</a>. ANFNews. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANFNews&rft.atitle=International+Initiative%3A+Celebrate+%C3%96calan%27s+birthday+with+us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanfenglishmobile.com%2Ffeatures%2Finternational-initiative-celebrate-Oecalan-s-birthday-with-us-42742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RelTurkKurdCiv-3"><a href="#cite_ref-RelTurkKurdCiv_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTürkmen2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Türkmen, Gülay (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001/acref-9780190614379-e-673#acref-9780190614379-e-673-div1-3">"Religion in Turkey's Kurdish Conflict"</a>. In <a href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL2814131A" class="extiw" title="openlibrary:authors/OL2814131A">Djupe, Paul A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_J._Rozell" title="Mark J. Rozell">Rozell, Mark J.</a>; <a href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL444962A" class="extiw" title="openlibrary:authors/OL444962A">Jelen, Ted G.</a> (eds.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190614379.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061438-6"><bdi>978-0-19-061438-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+in+Turkey%27s+Kurdish+Conflict&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Politics+and+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190614379.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-061438-6&rft.aulast=T%C3%BCrkmen&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190614379.001.0001%2Facref-9780190614379-e-673%23acref-9780190614379-e-673-div1-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/201332114565201776.html">"Profile: Abdullah Ocalan ( Greyer and tempered by long isolation, PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks, and some of his own fighters)"</a>. Al Jazeera. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile%3A+Abdullah+Ocalan+%28+Greyer+and+tempered+by+long+isolation%2C+PKK+leader+is+braving+the+scepticism+of+many+Turks%2C+and+some+of+his+own+fighters%29&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2013%2F03%2F201332114565201776.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Özcan, Ali Kemal. Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan. London: Routledge, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2017" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, David L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60">The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-48036-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-48036-9"><bdi>978-1-351-48036-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Spring%3A+A+New+Map+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-48036-9&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnh8xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2013" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Daren (21 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080527/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-kurds-ocalan/kurdish-rebel-chief-ocalan-dons-mantle-of-peacemaker-idUKBRE92K0KG20130321">"Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker"</a>. UK Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-kurds-ocalan/kurdish-rebel-chief-ocalan-dons-mantle-of-peacemaker-idUKBRE92K0KG20130321">the original</a> on 14 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Reuters&rft.atitle=Kurdish+rebel+chief+Ocalan+dons+mantle+of+peacemaker&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Daren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-turkey-kurds-ocalan%2Fkurdish-rebel-chief-ocalan-dons-mantle-of-peacemaker-idUKBRE92K0KG20130321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖcalan2015" class="citation book cs1">Öcalan, Abdullah (2015). Capitalism: The Age of Unmasked Gods and Naked Kings. New Compass. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+The+Age+of+Unmasked+Gods+and+Naked+Kings&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=New+Compass&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=%C3%96calan&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_9-0">^</a> Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: The Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed Books, 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a80KQ4jdOeUC">"Professor Robert Olson, University of Kentucky"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_State_Dept-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_State_Dept_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_State_Dept_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Political Violence against Americans 1999. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Bureau of Diplomatic Security</a>. 2000. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6aqciIXBdQC&pg=PA123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-6562-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-6562-1"><bdi>978-1-4289-6562-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Violence+against+Americans+1999&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Diplomatic+Security&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-6562-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325238/Kurdistan-Workers-Party-PKK#ref1106877">"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurdistan+Workers%27+Party+%28PKK%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F325238%2FKurdistan-Workers-Party-PKK%23ref1106877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango2005" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Andrew (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: 'For Forty Years We Fought Alone'. Routledge: London. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-68718-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-68718-5"><bdi>978-0-203-68718-5</bdi></a>. <q>The most ruthless among them was Abdullah Öcalan, known as Apo (a diminutive for Abdullah; the word also means 'uncle' in Kurdish).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+and+the+War+on+Terror%3A+%27For+Forty+Years+We+Fought+Alone%27&rft.place=Routledge&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=London&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-203-68718-5&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerden2007" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169">The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War</a>. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n86">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15557-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15557-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15557-2</bdi></a>. <q>In 1975 the group settled on a name, the Kurdistan Revolutionaries (Kurdistan Devrimcileri), but others knew them as Apocu, followers of Apo, the nickname of Abdullah Öcalan (apo is also Kurdish for uncle).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Settlement+Issue+in+Turkey+and+the+Kurds%3A+An+Analysis+of+Spatial+Policies%2C+Modernity+and+War&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15557-2&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsettlementissuet00jong_169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoS-14"><a href="#cite_ref-DoS_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2001" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Colin (5 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2001/5258.htm">"2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations"</a>. Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. State Department. Retrieved 24 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Terrorist+Organizations&rft.atitle=2001+Report+on+Foreign+Terrorist+Organizations&rft.date=2001-10-05&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fs%2Fct%2Frls%2Frpt%2Ffto%2F2001%2F5258.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-47646773">"AMs criticise Kurdish leader's treatment"</a>. BBC News. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=AMs+criticise+Kurdish+leader%27s+treatment&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-politics-47646773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/030320202">"Jailed PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan granted rare family visit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rudaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudaw">Rudaw</a>. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rudaw&rft.atitle=Jailed+PKK+leader+Abdullah+Ocalan+granted+rare+family+visit&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fmiddleeast%2Fturkey%2F030320202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Weiner" title="Tim Weiner">Weiner, Tim</a> (20 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/20/world/us-helped-turkey-find-and-capture-kurd-rebel.html">"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel (Published 1999)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Helped+Turkey+Find+and+Capture+Kurd+Rebel+%28Published+1999%29&rft.date=1999-02-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F02%2F20%2Fworld%2Fus-helped-turkey-find-and-capture-kurd-rebel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hr-dp.org/contents/553">"Öcalan v Turkey (App no 46221/99) ECHR 12 May 2005 | Human Rights and Drugs"</a>. www.hr-dp.org. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hr-dp.org&rft.atitle=%C3%96calan+v+Turkey+%28App+no+46221%2F99%29+ECHR+12+May+2005+%7C+Human+Rights+and+Drugs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hr-dp.org%2Fcontents%2F553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303045.stm">"Prison island trial for Ocalan"</a>. BBC News. 24 March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Prison+island+trial+for+Ocalan&rft.date=1999-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F303045.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Marlies Casier, Joost Jongerden, Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue, Taylor & Francis, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_sG-NVapmrkC&dq=%C3%96calan+%C4%B0mral%C4%B1&pg=PA146">p. 146.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkgXi4vNFjAC&pg=PA18">Parliamentary Assembly Documents 1999 Ordinary Session (fourth part, September 1999), Volume VII</a>. Council of Europe. 1999. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-4139-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-4139-2"><bdi>978-92-871-4139-2</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Assembly+Documents+1999+Ordinary+Session+%28fourth+part%2C+September+1999%29%2C+Volume+VII&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-92-871-4139-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEkgXi4vNFjAC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0v-22"><a href="#cite_ref-:0v_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzcan2006" class="citation book cs1">Özcan, Ali Kemal (2006). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. Routledge. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36687-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36687-8"><bdi>978-0-415-36687-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Kurds%3A+A+Theoretical+Analysis+of+the+PKK+and+Abdullah+Ocalan&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36687-8&rft.aulast=%C3%96zcan&rft.aufirst=Ali+Kemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MKK-23"><a href="#cite_ref-MKK_23-0">^</a> Mag. Katharina Kirchmayer, The Case of the Isolation Regime of Abdullah Öcalan: A Violation of European Human Rights Law and Standards?, GRIN Verlag, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8ACMAY1rRgC&pg=PA37">p. 37</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-kurds-idUSKCN1SM1TZ">"Jailed PKK leader visit ban lifted, Turkish minister says"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=One+group+battling+Islamic+State+has+a+secret+weapon+%E2%80%93+female+fighters&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft.aulast=Argentieri&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Fgreat-debate%2F2015%2F02%2F03%2Fthe-pro-woman-ideology-battling-islamic-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-opendemocracy-27"><a href="#cite_ref-opendemocracy_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauBaranSirinathsingh2016" class="citation web cs1">Lau, Anna; Baran, Erdelan; Sirinathsingh, Melanie (18 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112190014/https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/anna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh/kurdish-response-to-climate-change">"A Kurdish response to climate change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/anna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh/kurdish-response-to-climate-change">the original</a> on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Kurdish+response+to+climate+change&rft.pub=openDemocracy&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Baran%2C+Erdelan&rft.au=Sirinathsingh%2C+Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fuk%2Fanna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh%2Fkurdish-response-to-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_28-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovellis" class="citation journal cs1">Novellis, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/817740/1726883/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115.pdf">"The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?"</a> (PDF). Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies. 2: 116. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715111758/https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/817740/1726883/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zanj%3A+The+Journal+of+Critical+Global+South+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Feminism+in+the+PKK%3A+Ideology+or+Strategy%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=116&rft.aulast=Novellis&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fair.unimi.it%2Fretrieve%2Fhandle%2F2434%2F817740%2F1726883%2Fzanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073807/http://www.pkkonline.com/en/index.php?sys=article&artID=22">"A Short Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pkkonline.com/en/index.php?sys=article&artID=22">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kurdistan+Workers%27+Party&rft.atitle=A+Short+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pkkonline.com%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Fsys%3Darticle%26artID%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutschera1999" class="citation web cs1">Kutschera, Chris (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017171527/http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/Ocalan%20Last%20Interview.htm">"Abdullah Ocalan's Last Interview"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/Ocalan%20Last%20Interview.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abdullah+Ocalan%27s+Last+Interview&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kutschera&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chris-kutschera.com%2FA%2FOcalan%2520Last%2520Interview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Aliza Marcus, Blood and Belief, New York University Press, 2007. (p. 16) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2009" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Aliza (2009). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9587-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9587-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-9587-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Belief%3A+The+PKK+and+the+Kurdish+Fight+for+Independence&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9587-3&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Aliza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus17-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus17_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus17_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus17_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus17_33-3">d</a> Marcus, Aliza (2009), pp. 17–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunsKiechle2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brauns, Nikolaus; Kiechle, Brigitte (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qT3dQgAACAAJ">PKK – Perspektiven des kurdischen Freiheitskampfes: zwischen Selbstbestimmung, EU und Islam</a> (in German). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-513250">the original</a> on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Too+many+questions%2C+but+not+enough+answers&rft.date=1999-06-08&rft.aulast=Koru&rft.aufirst=Fehmi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farama.hurriyet.com.tr%2Farsivnews.aspx%3Fid%3D-513250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevzat_Cicek2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nevzat Cicek (31 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080809132845/http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=13608">"'Pilot Necati' sivil istihbaratçıymış"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taraf" title="Taraf">Taraf</a> (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=13608">the original</a> on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009. <q>Abdullah Öcalan'ın İstanbul'dan Ankara'ya gelmesine keşke izin verilmeseydi. O zamanlar Dev-Genç'i bölmek için böyle bir yol izlendi... Kürt gençlerini Marksistler'in elinden kurtarmak ve Dev-Genç'in bölünmesi hedeflendi. Bunda başarılı olundu olunmasına ama Abdullah Öcalan yağdan kıl çeker gibi kaydı gitti. 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Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7068-1885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7068-1885-1"><bdi>978-2-7068-1885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ocalan+et+le+PKK%3A+Les+mutations+de+la+question+kurde+en+Turquie+et+au+moyen-orient&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+et+Larose&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-7068-1885-1&rft.aulast=Cigerli&rft.aufirst=Sabri&rft.au=Saout%2C+Didier+Le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunes2013" class="citation book cs1">Gunes, Cengiz (2013). The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance. 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Retrieved 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Molise+per+il+Kurdistan+e+per+la+pace%3A+%2ACastelbottaccio+e+Castel+del+Giudice+danno+la+cittadinanza+onoraria+ad+Abdullah+%C3%96calan&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilbenecomune.it%2F2018%2F05%2F02%2Fil-molise-per-il-kurdistan-e-per-la-pace-castelbottaccio-e-castel-del-giudice-danno-la-cittadinanza-onoraria-ad-abdullah-ocalan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2a-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2a_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2a_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2a_168-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilgallo.it/dai-comuni/martano/martano-cittadinanza-onoraria-a-ocalan/">"Martano: cittadinanza onoraria a Ocalan"</a>. Il Gallo (in German). 14 February 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Gallo&rft.atitle=Martano%3A+cittadinanza+onoraria+a+Ocalan&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilgallo.it%2Fdai-comuni%2Fmartano%2Fmartano-cittadinanza-onoraria-a-ocalan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedazione" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Redazione. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazzettadellemilia.it/cronaca/item/25274-berceto-pr-cittadinanza-onoraria-per-abdullah-öcalan.html">"Berceto (PR) Cittadinanza onoraria per Abdullah Öcalan"</a>. gazzettadellemilia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gazzettadellemilia.it&rft.atitle=Berceto+%28PR%29+Cittadinanza+onoraria+per+Abdullah+%C3%96calan&rft.au=Redazione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazzettadellemilia.it%2Fcronaca%2Fitem%2F25274-berceto-pr-cittadinanza-onoraria-per-abdullah-%C3%B6calan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfdeutsch.com/aktuelles/protest-gegen-tuerkischen-druck-auf-italienische-stadtverwaltungen-17805">"Protest gegen türkischen Druck auf italienische Stadtverwaltungen"</a>. ANF News (in German). Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANF+News&rft.atitle=Protest+gegen+t%C3%BCrkischen+Druck+auf+italienische+Stadtverwaltungen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanfdeutsch.com%2Faktuelles%2Fprotest-gegen-tuerkischen-druck-auf-italienische-stadtverwaltungen-17805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2007" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Aliza (2007). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5711-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-5711-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Belief%3A+The+PKK+and+the+Kurdish+Fight+for+Independence&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5711-6&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Aliza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+%C3%96calan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Kaminaris, Spiros Ch. (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/meria/meria99_kas01.html">"Greece and the Middle East"</a>. Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 2.</li> <li>Özcan, Ali Kemal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51680/1/37.pdf.pdf">Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan</a>. London & New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36687-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-36687-9">0-415-36687-9</a>.</li> <li>Parkinson, Joe, and Ayla Albayrak (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010112034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323293704578333533405433110">"Kurd Locked in Solitary Cell Holds Key to Turkish Peace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> (archived copy).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" class="extiw" title="q:Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocalanbooks.com/">Books by Abdullah Öcalan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freeocalan.org/main">"Freedom for Abdullah Öcalan – Peace in Kurdistan" International Initiative</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/280453.stm">Special report: The Ocalan file</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 26 November 1999.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political 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(Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">Aidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdistan_Workers&#039;_Party_insurgency502" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Template:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Template talk:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdistan_Workers&#039;_Party_insurgency502" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Timelines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(1978%E2%80%932015)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (1978–2015)">1978–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_insurgency_detailed_map" title="Template:Turkish insurgency detailed map">Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Command_(Turkey)" title="Coast Guard Command (Turkey)">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_guard_system" title="Village guard system">Village Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">Deep state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade" title="Turkish Revenge Brigade">Turkish Revenge Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susurluk_scandal" title="Susurluk scandal">Susurluk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Intelligence_Organization" title="Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization">JİTEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Insurgent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/23px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/35px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/45px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">KCK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/23px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/35px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/46px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">People's Defence Forces</a> (HPG)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/23px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/35px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/46px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">Free Women's Units</a> (YJA-STAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Front of Kurdistan">National Liberation Front of Kurdistan</a> (ERNK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_Forces_OF_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan</a> (HRK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan">People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan</a> (ARGK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_People%27s_Union_of_Kurdish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic People's Union of Kurdish (page does not exist)">Democratic People's Union of Kurdish</a> (YDK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Society_Coordination_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan</a> (CDK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Women%27s_Union_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Women's Union of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Free Women's Union of Kurdistan</a> (YAJK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Women_Party_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan</a> (PJKK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Women_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Women Party (page does not exist)">Free Women Party</a> (PJA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Women%27s_Party_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Women's Party of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Free Women's Party of Kurdistan</a> (PAJK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Liberation_Movement_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan</a> (KJB)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_and_Democracy_Congress_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan</a> (KADEK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Congress_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Congress (Turkey) (page does not exist)">People's Congress</a> (Kongra-Gel)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation_Community_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confederation Community of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Confederation Community of Kurdistan</a> (KKK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan">Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan</a> (PŞK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Vanguard_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan">Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan</a> (PPKK)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/InfoboxTAK.png/20px-InfoboxTAK.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/InfoboxTAK.png/31px-InfoboxTAK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/InfoboxTAK.png/40px-InfoboxTAK.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="195" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">TAK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_North.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_North.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_North.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_North.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party/North" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party/North">KDP/N</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/23px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/35px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/45px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">PJAK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan">KKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Youth_Movement" title="Free Youth Movement">Free Youth Movement of Kurdistan</a> (TECAK)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/15px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/23px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/30px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">Marxist–Leninist Communist Party</a> (MLKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDG-H" title="YDG-H">Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement</a> (YDG-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Islamic Party of Kurdistan">PIK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement_(Turkey)" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement (Turkey)">HİK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Hezbollah" title="Kurdish Hezbollah">KH</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_Cause_Party" title="Free Cause Party">Hüda-Par</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Party_(Turkey,_illegal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary People's Party (Turkey, illegal)">DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_Party_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolution Party of Turkey (page does not exist)">TDP</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASALA_logo.png/15px-ASALA_logo.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASALA_logo.png/23px-ASALA_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASALA_logo.png/30px-ASALA_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">ASALA</a> (until the late 1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Independence_Movement_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Independence Movement in Turkey">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labour_Party_(Turkey)" title="People's Labour Party (Turkey)">HEP</a> (1990–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">DEP</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">HADEP</a> (1994–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">DEHAP</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party#Background" title="Democratic Society Party">DTH</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">DTP</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peace and Democracy Party">BDP</a> (2008–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Regions_Party" title="Democratic Regions Party">DBP</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Equality_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party">DEM</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">1974–1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">1984–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_PKK_attacks" title="1984 PKK attacks">1984 PKK attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karage%C3%A7it_village_massacre" title="Karageçit village massacre">Karageçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1986_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortaba%C4%9F_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortabağ Massacre">Ortabağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1987_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k_massacre" title="Pınarcık massacre">Pınarcık massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filova_incident" title="Yeşilova incident">Yeşilova incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Şırnak">Battle of Şırnak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Ta%C5%9Fdelen_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Taşdelen attack (page does not exist)">1992 Taşdelen attack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kulp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kulp (page does not exist)">Battle of Kulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Northern Iraq">Operation Northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24,_1993_PKK_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="May 24, 1993 PKK attack">May 24, 1993 PKK attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fba%C4%9Flar_massacre" title="Başbağlar massacre">Başbağlar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lice_massacre" title="Lice massacre">Lice massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_army_winter_campaign_of_1994%E2%80%931995" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish army winter campaign of 1994–1995">Winter Campaign of 1994–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel" title="Operation Steel">Operation Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hawk" title="Operation Hawk">Operation Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tokat" title="Operation Tokat">Operation Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Tunceli_bombing" title="1996 Tunceli bombing">1996 Tunceli bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Varto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Varto (page does not exist)">Siege of Varto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazak_assault" title="Sazak assault">Sazak assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hammer_(1997)" title="Operation Hammer (1997)">Operation Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_(1997)" title="Operation Dawn (1997)">Operation Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Murat" title="Operation Murat">Operation Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Istanbul_bombings" title="1999 Istanbul bombings">1999 Istanbul bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Market_massacre" title="Blue Market massacre">Blue Market massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">1999–2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_Turkish_Hezbollah_crackdown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown (page does not exist)">2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">2004–2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Ku%C5%9Fadas%C4%B1_minibus_bombing" title="2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing">2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Ankara_bombing" title="2007 Ankara bombing">2007 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2007_clashes_in_Hakk%C3%A2ri" title="October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri">October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2007_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="2008 Diyarbakır bombing">2008 Diyarbakır bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Istanbul_bombings" title="2008 Istanbul bombings">2008 Istanbul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Akt%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_attack" title="2008 Aktütün attack">October 2008 Aktütün attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fadiye_shooting" title="Reşadiye shooting">Reşadiye shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_%C4%B0skenderun_attack" title="2010 İskenderun attack">2010 İskenderun attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Hakk%C3%A2ri_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Hakkâri bus bombing">2010 Hakkâri bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Istanbul_bombing" title="2010 Istanbul bombing">2010 Istanbul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2011_Turkey%E2%80%93Iraq_cross-border_raids" title="August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids">August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hakk%C3%A2ri_attack" title="2011 Hakkâri attack">2011 Hakkâri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboski_massacre" title="Roboski massacre">Roboski massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June%E2%80%93August_2012_Hakkari_clashes" title="June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes">June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Gaziantep_bombing" title="2012 Gaziantep bombing">2012 Gaziantep bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2012_Beyt%C3%BC%C5%9F%C5%9Febap_attack" title="September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack">September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Siirt_bombing" title="2015 Siirt bombing">2015 Siirt bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Operation Martyr Yalçın">Operation Martyr Yalçın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hakkari_assault" title="2015 Hakkari assault">2015 Hakkari assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silvan_(2015)" title="Siege of Silvan (2015)">Siege of Silvan (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_clashes_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)">Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sur_(2016)" title="Siege of Sur (2016)">Siege of Sur (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Lice_bombing" title="February 2016 Lice bombing">February 2016 Lice bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="February 2016 Ankara bombing">February 2016 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="March 2016 Ankara bombing">March 2016 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bursa_bombing" title="2016 Bursa bombing">2016 Bursa bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_D%C3%BCr%C3%BCml%C3%BC_bombing" title="May 2016 Dürümlü bombing">May 2016 Dürümlü bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing">May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cizre_bombing" title="2016 Cizre bombing">2016 Cizre bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_bombing" title="2016 Elazığ bombing">2016 Elazığ bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Deryan_Aktert" title="Assassination of Deryan Aktert">Assassination of Deryan Aktert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Istanbul_bombings" title="December 2016 Istanbul bombings">December 2016 Istanbul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="2017 Diyarbakır bombing">2017 Diyarbakır bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_airstrikes_on_Sinjar_(2018)" title="Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)">Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Siirt_raid" title="2018 Siirt raid">2018 Siirt raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Gerc%C3%BC%C5%9F_bombing" title="2018 Gercüş bombing">2018 Gercüş bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_%C4%B0skenderun_shootout" title="2020 İskenderun shootout">2020 İskenderun shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Eagle_2" title="Operation Claw-Eagle 2">Operation Claw-Eagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Lock" title="Operation Claw-Lock">Operation Claw-Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakho_resort_attack" title="Zakho resort attack">Zakho resort attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2022_Mersin_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2022 Mersin attack (page does not exist)">2022 Mersin attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ankara_bombing" title="2023 Ankara bombing">2023 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serhildan" title="Serhildan">Serhildan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1990_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1990 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1991_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1991 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_1992_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowruz 1992 protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1999_Kurdish_protests" title="February 1999 Kurdish protests">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_2001_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 2001 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_2005_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 2005 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_2008_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowruz 2008 protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2009_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="December 2009 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Mothers of Diyarbakır">Mothers of Diyarbakır</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace process and peace efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%932004_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_initiatives" title="1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives">1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process" title="2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process">2013–2015 Solution process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Anter_peace_train" title="Musa Anter peace train">Musa Anter peace train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Insurgent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abdullah Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan" title="Murat Karayılan">Murat Karayılan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem%C3%AEl_Bayik" title="Cemîl Bayik">Cemîl Bayik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahoz_Erdal" title="Bahoz Erdal">Bahoz Erdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Karasu" title="Mustafa Karasu">Mustafa Karasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duran_Kalkan" title="Duran Kalkan">Duran Kalkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Haji_Ahmadi" title="Abdul Rahman Haji Ahmadi">Haji Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_%C3%96calan" title="Osman Öcalan">Osman Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsum_Korkmaz" title="Mahsum Korkmaz">Mahsum Korkmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemdin_Sak%C4%B1k" title="Şemdin Sakık">Şemdin Sakık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamettin_Ta%C5%9F" title="Nizamettin Taş">Nizamettin Taş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazlum_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Mazlum Doğan">Mazlum Doğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Salih_Mustafa" title="Muhammad Salih Mustafa">Muhammad Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Velio%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Velioğlu">Hüseyin Velioğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celal_Ba%C5%9Fkale" title="Celal Başkale">Celal Başkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_%C3%96zden" title="İsmail Özden">İsmail Özden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Fehmi_I%C5%9F%C4%B1klar" title="Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar">Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Kaya" title="Yaşar Kaya">Yaşar Kaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Zana" title="Leyla Zana">Leyla Zana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatip_Dicle" title="Hatip Dicle">Hatip Dicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Orhan Doğan">Orhan Doğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_T%C3%BCrk" title="Ahmet Türk">Ahmet Türk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Bozlak" title="Murat Bozlak">Murat Bozlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncer_Bak%C4%B1rhan" title="Tuncer Bakırhan">Tuncer Bakırhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysel_Tu%C4%9Fluk" title="Aysel Tuğluk">Aysel Tuğluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Selahattin Demirtaş">Selahattin Demirtaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Nurettin Demirtaş">Nurettin Demirtaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_Akat_Ata" title="Ayla Akat Ata">Ayla Akat Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCltan_K%C4%B1%C5%9Fanak" title="Gültan Kışanak">Gültan Kışanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervin_Buldan" title="Pervin Buldan">Pervin Buldan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Ayna" title="Emine Ayna">Emine Ayna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebahat_Tuncel" title="Sebahat Tuncel">Sebahat Tuncel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Burkay" title="Kemal Burkay">Kemal Burkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Kurtulan" title="Fatma Kurtulan">Fatma Kurtulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Baydemir" title="Osman Baydemir">Osman Baydemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_S%C3%BCreyya_%C3%96nder" title="Sırrı Süreyya Önder">Sırrı Süreyya Önder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Evren" title="Kenan Evren">Kenan Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahsin_%C5%9Eahinkaya" title="Tahsin Şahinkaya">Tahsin Şahinkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClend_Ulusu" title="Bülend Ulusu">Bülend Ulusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Ersin" title="Nurettin Ersin">Nurettin Ersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%9Cru%C4%9F" title="Necdet Üruğ">Necdet Üruğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Torumtay" title="Necip Torumtay">Necip Torumtay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Fref_Bitlis" title="Eşref Bitlis">Eşref Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_G%C3%BCre%C5%9F" title="Doğan Güreş">Doğan Güreş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Hakk%C4%B1_Karaday%C4%B1" title="İsmail Hakkı Karadayı">İsmail Hakkı Karadayı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu">Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilmi_%C3%96zk%C3%B6k" title="Hilmi Özkök">Hilmi Özkök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_F%C4%B1rt%C4%B1na" title="İbrahim Fırtına">İbrahim Fırtına</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faruk_C%C3%B6mert" title="Faruk Cömert">Faruk Cömert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkan%C4%B1t" title="Yaşar Büyükanıt">Yaşar Büyükanıt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aydo%C4%9Fan_Babao%C4%9Flu" title="Aydoğan Babaoğlu">Aydoğan Babaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lker_Ba%C5%9Fbu%C4%9F" title="İlker Başbuğ">İlker Başbuğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Ko%C5%9Faner" title="Işık Koşaner">Işık Koşaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_Ceylano%C4%9Flu" title="Erdal Ceylanoğlu">Erdal Ceylanoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%96zel" title="Necdet Özel">Necdet Özel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayri_K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu" title="Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu">Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bozer" title="Ali Bozer">Ali Bozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezer" title="Ahmet Necdet Sezer">Ahmet Necdet Sezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Soylu" title="Süleyman Soylu">Süleyman Soylu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monuments and memorials to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Memorials, monuments</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_to_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military cemeteries to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict">military cemeteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/33_Martyrs_Memorial" title="33 Martyrs Memorial">33 Martyrs Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Military_Cemetery" title="Düzce Military Cemetery">Düzce Military Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_of_the_Martyrs_of_Internal_Security" title="Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security">Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish rebellions in Turkey">Kurdish rebellions in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_refugees" title="Kurdish refugees">Kurdish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_villages_depopulated_by_Turkey" title="Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey">Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkish war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces_operations_in_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish Armed Forces operations in Northern Iraq">Iraq operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191530#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2600" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191530#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2600" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191530#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078426088">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/255752">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/286138/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbMdtgB8B8r8BmRCqyfMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119374374">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91049753">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145752401">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145752401">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V181895">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720203&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5331874">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p123180791">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7077500">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000457965">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=68942">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202320318">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/p67f8fq4mgjlvg1b">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810565304205606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266008805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119374374">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/070183996">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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