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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Military structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Monarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>State symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unification_process_(1848–1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_process_(1848–1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Unification process (1848–1870)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_process_(1848–1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unifying_multiple_bureaucracies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unifying_multiple_bureaucracies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Unifying multiple bureaucracies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unifying_multiple_bureaucracies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_changes_and_mass_emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_changes_and_mass_emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Social changes and mass emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_changes_and_mass_emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_question_and_Italian_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_question_and_Italian_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Southern question and Italian diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_question_and_Italian_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_era_of_politics_(1870–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_era_of_politics_(1870–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Liberal era of politics (1870–1914)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_era_of_politics_(1870–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agostino_Depretis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agostino_Depretis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Agostino Depretis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agostino_Depretis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francesco_Crispi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francesco_Crispi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Francesco Crispi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francesco_Crispi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giovanni_Giolitti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giovanni_Giolitti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Giovanni Giolitti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giovanni_Giolitti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_failure_of_the_liberal_state_(1915–1922)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_failure_of_the_liberal_state_(1915–1922)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>World War I and failure of the liberal state (1915–1922)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_failure_of_the_liberal_state_(1915–1922)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascist_regime,_World_War_II,_and_Civil_War_(1922–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_regime,_World_War_II,_and_Civil_War_(1922–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Fascist regime, World War II, and Civil War (1922–1946)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_regime,_World_War_II,_and_Civil_War_(1922–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Fascism_into_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Fascism_into_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Rise of Fascism into power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Fascism_into_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Roman_question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Roman_question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>End of the Roman question</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Roman_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>Foreign politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_fall_of_Fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_fall_of_Fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.4</span> <span>World War II and fall of Fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_fall_of_Fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War,_Allied_advance,_and_Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War,_Allied_advance,_and_Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.5</span> <span>Civil War, Allied advance, and Liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War,_Allied_advance,_and_Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-fascism_against_Mussolini's_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-fascism_against_Mussolini's_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Anti-fascism against Mussolini's regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-fascism_against_Mussolini's_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>End of the Kingdom of Italy (1946)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946_Italian_institutional_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.1</span> <span>1946 Italian institutional referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946_Italian_institutional_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.2</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps_of_progressive_territorial_formation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps_of_progressive_territorial_formation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maps of progressive territorial formation of the Kingdom of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps_of_progressive_territorial_formation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology_of_national_coats_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology_of_national_coats_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chronology of national coats of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology_of_national_coats_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Italy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Itali%C3%AB" title="Koninkryk van Italië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk van Italië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Italien" title="Königreich Italien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Königreich Italien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة إيطاليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة إيطاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_d%27Italia" title="Reino d'Italia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0taliya_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İtaliya krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtaliya krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="ایتالیا شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایتالیا شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_(1861%E2%80%941946)" title="Каралеўства Італія (1861—1946) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Італія (1861—1946)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Италия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Италия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Italija" title="Kraljevina Italija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kraljevina Italija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Italia_(1861-1946)" title="Rouantelezh Italia (1861-1946) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Italia (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_d%27It%C3%A0lia_(1861-1946)" title="Regne d'Itàlia (1861-1946) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne d'Itàlia (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Italské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Italien" title="Kongeriget Italien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Italien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Italien_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Königreich Italien (1861–1946) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Italien (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia_kuningriik_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Itaalia kuningriik (1861–1946) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia kuningriik (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Ιταλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Ιταλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Italia_(1861-1946)" title="Reino de Italia (1861-1946) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Italia (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itala_Re%C4%9Dlando" title="Itala Reĝlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Itala Reĝlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiako_Erresuma_(1861-1946)" title="Italiako Erresuma (1861-1946) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italiako Erresuma (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پادشاهی ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27Italie_(1861-1946)" title="Royaume d'Italie (1861-1946) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Italie (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_na_hIod%C3%A1ile" title="Ríocht na hIodáile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht na hIodáile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_yn_Iddaal" title="Reeriaght yn Iddaal – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght yn Iddaal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Italia_(1861-1946)" title="Reino de Italia (1861-1946) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Italia (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="이탈리아 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իտալիայի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալիայի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Italija" title="Kraljevina Italija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Italija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Italia_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Kerajaan Italia (1861–1946) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Italia (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_de_Italia" title="Regno de Italia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Regno de Italia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(1861%E2%80%941946)" title="Италийы къаролад (1861—1946) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Италийы къаролад (1861—1946)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa" title="Konungsríkið Ítalía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konungsríkið Ítalía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_d%27Italia_(1861-1946)" title="Regno d'Italia (1861-1946) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno d'Italia (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת איטליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת איטליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajan_Italia_(1861-1946)" title="Krajan Italia (1861-1946) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krajan Italia (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_(1861-1946)" title="იტალიის სამეფო (1861-1946) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალიის სამეფო (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Italia" title="Ufalme wa Italia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufalme wa Italia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way%C3%B2m_Itali_(1861-1946)" title="Wayòm Itali (1861-1946) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wayòm Itali (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_%C3%8Etalyay%C3%AA" title="Keyaniya Îtalyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Îtalyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ABni_de_Talia" title="Rëni de Talia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rëni de Talia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Italiae_(1861-1946)" title="Regnum Italiae (1861-1946) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Italiae (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81lijas_Karaliste_(1861%E2%80%941946)" title="Itālijas Karaliste (1861—1946) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itālijas Karaliste (1861—1946)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijos_karalyst%C4%97_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Italijos karalystė (1861–1946) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italijos karalystė (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_d%27Italia_(1861-1946)" title="Regno d'Italia (1861-1946) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Regno d'Italia (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn_d%27Italia_(1861-1946)" title="Regn d'Italia (1861-1946) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Regn d'Italia (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olasz_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Olasz Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olasz Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Италија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Италија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A7-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AC)" title="इटलीचे राजतंत्र (१८६१-१९४६) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इटलीचे राजतंत्र (१८६१-१९४६)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_(1861-1946)" title="იტალიაშ ომაფე (1861-1946) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იტალიაშ ომაფე (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة ايطاليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة ايطاليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Itali_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Kerajaan Itali (1861–1946) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Itali (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Италийн Хант Улс (1861–1946) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Италийн Хант Улс (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Itali%C3%AB_(1861-1946)" title="Koninkrijk Italië (1861-1946) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Italië (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="イタリア王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Italia" title="Kongedømmet Italia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Italia" title="Kongedømet Italia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya_Qirolligi" title="Italiya Qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Italiya Qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="مملکت اطالیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملکت اطالیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="د اېټاليا سلطنت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اېټاليا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_W%C5%82och_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Królestwo Włoch (1861–1946) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Włoch (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_It%C3%A1lia_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Reino de Itália (1861–1946) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Itália (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Italiei_(1861-1946)" title="Regatul Italiei (1861-1946) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Italiei (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кральовство Италия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кральовство Италия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1861%E2%80%941946)" title="Королевство Италия (1861—1946) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Италия (1861—1946)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennu_de_It%C3%A0lia" title="Rennu de Itàlia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rennu de Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrick_o_Italy" title="Kinrick o Italy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kinrick o Italy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Italis%C3%AB" title="Mbretëria e Italisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Italisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_d%27Italia" title="Regnu d'Italia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Regnu d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉතාලි රාජධානිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉතාලි රාජධානිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talianske_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo_(1861_%E2%80%93_1946)" title="Talianske kráľovstvo (1861 – 1946) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Talianske kráľovstvo (1861 – 1946)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Italija" title="Kraljevina Italija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljevina Italija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شانشینی ئیتاڵیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی ئیتاڵیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Италија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Италија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Italija" title="Kraljevina Italija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Italija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_kuningaskunta_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Italian kuningaskunta (1861–1946) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian kuningaskunta (1861–1946)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Italien" title="Kungariket Italien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Italien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Italya" title="Kaharian ng Italya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian ng Italya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இத்தாலி இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இத்தாலி இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ราชอาณาจักรอิตาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรอิตาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%91_(1861%E2%80%941946)" title="Подшоҳии Итолиё (1861—1946) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Подшоҳии Итолиё (1861—1946)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İtalya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_(1861%E2%80%941946)" title="Королівство Італія (1861—1946) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівство Італія (1861—1946)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="مملکت اطالیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت اطالیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_d%27It%C3%A0lia_(1861-1946)" title="Regno d'Itàlia (1861-1946) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno d'Itàlia (1861-1946)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C3%9D" title="Vương quốc Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="意大利王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="意大利王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="意大利王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意大利王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qraliya_%C4%B0talya" title="Qraliya İtalya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qraliya İtalya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941946%E5%B9%B4)" title="義大利王國 (1861年—1946年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="義大利王國 (1861年—1946年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172579#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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(1861–1946)">Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kingdom in Southern Europe (1861–1946)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946). For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation)">Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Italy</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regno d'Italia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1861–1946</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/125px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/188px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/250px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy#Italian_unification" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater coat of arms (1890–1929; 1943–1946) of Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Greater coat of arms (1890–1929; 1943–1946) of Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy#Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Greater coat of arms<br />(1890–1929; 1943–1946)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><a href="/wiki/FERT" title="FERT">FERT</a><br />(Motto for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br />(1861–1943; 1944–1946)<br /><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Reale" title="Marcia Reale">Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza</a></i></span><br />("Royal March of Ordinance") <div class="center" style="margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="192" data-mwtitle="Marcia_Reale.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Marcia_Reale.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Marcia_Reale.ogg/Marcia_Reale.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcia_Reale.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcia_Reale.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <br />(1924–1943)<br /><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Giovinezza" title="Giovinezza">Giovinezza</a></i></span><br />("Youth") <div class="center" style="margin-top:0.4em;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="204" data-mwtitle="Giovinezza_(1924).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Giovinezza_%281924%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Giovinezza_%281924%29.ogg/Giovinezza_%281924%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <br />(1943–1944)<br /><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/La_Leggenda_del_Piave" title="La Leggenda del Piave">La Leggenda del Piave</a></i></span><br />("The Legend of Piave") <div class="center" style="margin-top:0.4em;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="La_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/La_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/La_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg/La_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg&lang=dty&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="dty" label="डोटेली ‪(dty)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg&lang=hak&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hak" label="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî ‪(hak)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_leggenda_del_Piave.ogg&lang=si&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="si" label="සිංහල ‪(si)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Italy_1861.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kingdom_of_Italy_1861.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Italy_1861.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kingdom_of_Italy_1861.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Italy_1861.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kingdom_of_Italy_1861.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Italy_1861.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">The Kingdom of Italy in 1861</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Italy_(1914).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281914%29.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%281914%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281914%29.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%281914%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281914%29.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%281914%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">The Kingdom of Italy in 1914</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Italy_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281936%29.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281936%29.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281936%29.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">The Kingdom of Italy in 1936</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Italy_(1942).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281942%29.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%281942%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281942%29.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%281942%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281942%29.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Italy_%281942%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1946" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">The Kingdom of Italy in 1942</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_and_Possessions_September_1939.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonies and territories held by the Italian Empire in 1939"><img alt="Colonies and territories held by the Italian Empire in 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Italy_and_Possessions_September_1939.png/250px-Italy_and_Possessions_September_1939.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Italy_and_Possessions_September_1939.png/375px-Italy_and_Possessions_September_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Italy_and_Possessions_September_1939.png/500px-Italy_and_Possessions_September_1939.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Colonies and territories held by the Italian Empire in 1939</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> (1865–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (1871–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> (<i>de facto</i>) (1943–1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data">Rome</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">96% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> from <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> <ul><li>under a <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian dictatorship">totalitarian dictatorship</a><br />(1922–1943)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1861–1878 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1878–1900 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1900–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1861 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Count of Cavour</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1943 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1946 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy">Parliament</a> (1861–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Italy)" title="National Council (Italy)">National Council</a> (1945–1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> (1861–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a> (1939–1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1866)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1866)">Treaty of Vienna</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 1870</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 April 1915</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 May 1939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of Fascism</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1943</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1946</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1861<sup id="cite_ref-Italy_in_150_years_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy_in_150_years-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">250,320 km<sup>2</sup> (96,650 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1936<sup id="cite_ref-Italy_in_150_years_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy_in_150_years-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">310,190 km<sup>2</sup> (119,770 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1861<sup id="cite_ref-Italy_in_150_years_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy_in_150_years-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,777,334</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936<sup id="cite_ref-Italy_in_150_years_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy_in_150_years-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">42,993,602</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1939 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">151 billion<br />(2.82 trillion in 2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Lira</a> (₤)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia"><b>1861:</b><br />Kingdom of Sardinia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic"><b>1945:</b><br />Italian Social Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><b>1929:</b><br />Vatican City</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic"><b>1943:</b><br />Italian Social Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><b>1946:</b><br />Italian Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg/20px-Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg/30px-Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg/40px-Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="424" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a></i></span> from 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the Kingdom of Italy ended in 1946, De Gasperi continued as Prime Minister of the Republic until 1953.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Italy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Regno d'Italia</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈreɲɲo<span class="wrap"> </span>diˈtaːlja]</a></span>) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclaimed King of Italy</a>, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">institutional referendum on 2 June 1946</a>. This resulted in a modern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a>. The kingdom was established through the unification of several states over a decades-long process, called the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></i></span>. That process was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, which was one of Italy's legal <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">predecessor states</a>. </p><p>In 1866, Italy <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">declared war</a> on <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and, upon its victory, received the region of <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>. Italian troops <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">entered Rome</a> in 1870, ending <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power</a>. In the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed into a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">colonial power</a>, and in 1882 it entered into a <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, following strong disagreements with <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> about their respective colonial expansions. Although relations with <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> became very friendly, the alliance with <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> remained purely formal, due in part to Italy's desire to acquire <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> from Austria-Hungary. As a result, Italy accepted the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> invitation to join the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, as the western powers promised territorial compensation (at the expense of Austria-Hungary) for participation that was more generous than Vienna's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality. <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)" title="Big Four (World War I)">Victory in the war</a> gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, but it <a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">did not receive all the territories it was promised</a>. </p><p>In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> became prime minister of Italy, ushering in an era of <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> government known as "<a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>". Authoritarian rule was enforced, crushing all political opposition while promoting economic modernization, traditional values, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">territorial expansion</a>. In 1929, the Italian government reconciled with the Roman Catholic Church through the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Treaties">Lateran Treaties</a>, which granted independence to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. The following decade presided over an <a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">aggressive foreign policy</a>, with Italy launching successful military operations against <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a> in 1935, <a href="/wiki/Italian_military_intervention_in_Spain" title="Italian military intervention in Spain">Spain</a> in 1937, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Albania</a> in 1939. This led to economic sanctions, departure from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, growing economic <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a>, and the signing of <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">alliances</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. </p><p>Fascist Italy entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis Powers</a> in 1940 and despite initial success, was defeated in <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_participation_on_the_Eastern_Front" title="Italian participation on the Eastern Front">Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">landings in Sicily</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">fall of the Fascist regime</a> and the new government <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">surrendered</a> to the Allies in September 1943. German forces occupied northern and central Italy, established the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, and reappointed Mussolini as dictator. Consequentially, Italy descended into <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">civil war</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italian Co-belligerent Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">resistance movement</a> contending with the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">Social Republic's forces</a> and its German allies. Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Caserta" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Caserta">surrender of all fascist forces in Italy</a>, civil discontent prompted an <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">institutional referendum</a>, which established a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">republic</a> and abolished the monarchy in 1946. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory">Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Italy_1924_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kingdom_of_Italy_1924_map.svg/220px-Kingdom_of_Italy_1924_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kingdom_of_Italy_1924_map.svg/330px-Kingdom_of_Italy_1924_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kingdom_of_Italy_1924_map.svg/440px-Kingdom_of_Italy_1924_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="3950" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Italy in 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kingdom of Italy covered and at times exceeded the land area of present-day Italy. The Kingdom gradually extended its area through the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> until 1870. In 1919 it annexed <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> promised to grant to Italy – if the state joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> – several regions, including former <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a>, western parts of former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and notably <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a> and most of the Dalmatian islands (except <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rab_(island)" title="Rab (island)">Rab</a>), according to the secret <a href="/wiki/London_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="London Pact">London Pact</a> of 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-firstworldwar.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstworldwar.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the refusal by President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to acknowledge the London Pact and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1919, with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> in 1920 Italian claims on Northern Dalmatia were abandoned. During World War II, the Kingdom gained additional territory in Slovenia (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lubiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Lubiana">province of Lubiana</a>) and Dalmatia (<a href="/wiki/Governatorate_of_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governatorate of Dalmatia">Governatorate of Dalmatia</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> after its breakup in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kingdom established and maintained until the end of World War II colonies, protectorates, military occupations and puppet states beyond its borders. These included <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (annexed by Italy from 1936 to 1941), <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)">Albania</a> (an italian protectorate since 1939), <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">part of Greece</a>, Corsica, southern France with <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (all territories occupied in World War II) <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a> (Italian and German client state in World War II), and a 46-<a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a> concession from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Concessions_in_Tianjin#Italian_concession" class="mw-redirect" title="Concessions in Tianjin">Italian concession in Tianjin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These foreign colonies and lands came under Italian control at different times and remained so over different periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg/220px-Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg/330px-Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg/440px-Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Notice of the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a> in 1848 by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Kingdom of Italy was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. Executive power belonged to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">monarch</a>, who governed through <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">appointed</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Italy">ministers</a>. The legislative branch was a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Italy">Parliament</a> comprising an appointive <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate</a> and an elective <a href="/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a>. The kingdom maintained as its <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> the <a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a>, the governing document of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In theory, ministers were responsible solely to the king. However, by this time, a king couldn't appoint a government of his choosing or keep it in office against the express will of Parliament. </p><p>Members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected through a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uninominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Uninominal">single-member</a> districts. A candidate needed the support of 50% of votes and 25% of all enrolled voters to be elected in the first round of ballots. Seats not adjudicated on the first ballot, were filled through a runoff held shortly after the first ballots. In addition to this, there was a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Italy)" title="Council of State (Italy)">Council of State</a>, which had consultative powers and decided on conflicts of jurisdiction between administrative authorities and courts, as well as on disputes between the state and its creditors. It consisted of a president, three section presidents, 24 councilors of state and the service staff, and was appointed by the king on the proposal of the Council of Ministers. </p><p>There was brief experimentation in 1882 with multi-member districts, and after World War I <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> was introduced with large, regional, multi-seat electoral constituencies. The <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">Socialists</a> became the major party, but were unable to form a government in a parliament split among the three factions of Socialists, Christian <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberals</a>. Elections took place in 1919, 1921 and 1924: on this last occasion, Mussolini abolished proportional representation, replacing it with the <a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a>, by which the party that won the largest share of votes got two-thirds of the seats, which gave the Fascist Party an absolute majority of the Chamber seats. </p><p>Between 1925 and 1943, Italy was a quasi-<i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> dictatorship, as the constitution formally remained in effect without alteration while the monarchy formally accepted Fascist policies and institutions. In 1928 the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a> took control of government administration, and in 1939 the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a> replaced the Chamber of Deputies. </p><p>The highest state administration was divided into the following ministries, with their headquarters in Rome: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (with the Council for Diplomatic Disputes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Italy)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Italy)">Ministry of the Interior</a> (with the Supreme Health Council)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Justice (Italy)">Ministry of Mercy, Justice and Religious Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (Italy)">Ministry of Finance and Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Italy)">Ministry of War</a> (the committees for the General Staff, the Line Arms, the Royal Carabiniers, for Artillery and Engineering, for Military Health and the Supreme War and Naval Tribunal are subordinate to it)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Italy)#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Italy)">Ministry of the Navy</a> (with the Supreme Navy Council)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Universities_and_Research_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (Italy)">Ministry of Public Education</a> (with the Higher Education Council)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Works_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Works (Italy)">Ministry of Public Works</a> (with the Higher Council for Public Works and the Railway Council)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Agricultural,_Food_and_Forestry_Policy_(Italy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policy (Italy) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade</a> (with the Mining Council and the Central Statistical Giunta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Colonies_(Italy)" title="Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)">Ministry of Colonies</a> (since 1937 Ministry for Italian Africa)</li> <li>Ministry for the Liberated Territories (for the territories occupied and annexed after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_and_Transport_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport (Italy)">Ministry of Transport</a></li> <li>Ministry of Aviation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Universities_and_Research_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (Italy)">Ministry of Education</a></li> <li>Ministry of Post and Telegraph</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Labour and Social Policy">Ministry of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Food_Sovereignty_and_Forests_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forests (Italy)">Ministry of Agriculture</a></li></ul> <p>Due to the war, a number of other short-lived ministries were created during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Italy)" title="Court of Audit (Italy)">Court of Auditors of the Kingdom</a> had an independent status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_structure">Military structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">supreme commander</a> of the Italian Royal Army, Navy and later Air Force from 1861 to 1938 and 1943 to 1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Marshal_of_the_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Marshal of the Empire">First Marshal of the Empire</a> – <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">supreme commander</a> of the Italian Royal Army, Air Force, Navy and the Voluntary Militia for National Security from 1938 to 1943 during the Fascist era, held by both <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Regio_Esercito" class="mw-redirect" title="Regio Esercito">Regio Esercito</a></i></span> (Royal Italian Army)</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i></span> (Royal Italian Navy)</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a></i></span> (Royal Italian Air Force)</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Milizia_Volontaria_per_la_Sicurezza_Nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale">Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale</a></i></span> (Voluntary Militia for National Security also known as the "MVSN" or "Blackshirts") – militia loyal to Mussolini during the Fascist era, abolished in 1943.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchs">Monarchs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Crown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/220px-Iron_Crown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/330px-Iron_Crown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/440px-Iron_Crown.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a>, for centuries a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">kings of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> was formally the holder of state power, but he could only exercise the right of <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> in conjunction with the national parliament, and the government was de facto responsible to parliament. According to the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Salica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Salica">Salic Law</a>, the throne was inherited in the male line of the royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>. The king and his house professed allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. He came of age at the age of 18 and, upon assuming power, took an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath to the constitution</a> in the presence of both chambers. According to the law of 17 March 1861, his title was: "<a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">By the grace of God</a> and by the will of the nation, King of Italy and King of Albania (only from 1939 to 1943) and Emperor of Ethiopia (only from 1936 to 1943)". He awarded the five <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of Knighthood">Orders of Knighthood</a> of Savoy and exercised constitutional sovereign rights. He commanded the land, sea and air power; he declared wars, concluded peace, alliance, trade and other treaties, of which only those that entailed a burden on finances or a change in territory required the approval of the chambers to be effective. The king appointed to all state offices, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_sanction" title="Pragmatic sanction">sanctioned</a> and promulgated the laws, which as well as the government acts had to be <a href="/wiki/Countersign_(legal)" title="Countersign (legal)">countersigned</a> by the responsible ministers, and issued the <a href="/wiki/Decrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Decrees">decrees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guideline" title="Guideline">regulations</a> necessary for the execution of the laws. Justice was administered in his name, and he alone had the <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> and mitigation of punishment. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Monarchs of the Kingdom of Italy </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2"># </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Name<br />(Dates) </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Period of rule </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Monogram </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Coats of arms </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" width="18%">Begin </th> <th scope="col" width="18%">End </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/75px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/113px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/150px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="908" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></b><br />Father of the Fatherland<br />(1820–1878) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/17_March" class="mw-redirect" title="17 March">17 March</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/9_January" class="mw-redirect" title="9 January">9 January</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.svg/60px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.svg/90px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.svg/120px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_(1848-1870).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1861–1870"><img alt="1861–1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1870-1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1870–1878"><img alt="1870–1878" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg/60px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg/120px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="2980" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_I_di_Savoia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Umberto_I_di_Savoia.jpg/75px-Umberto_I_di_Savoia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Umberto_I_di_Savoia.jpg/113px-Umberto_I_di_Savoia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Umberto_I_di_Savoia.jpg/150px-Umberto_I_di_Savoia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I</a></b><br />the Good<br />(1844–1900) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/9_January" class="mw-redirect" title="9 January">9 January</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/29_July" class="mw-redirect" title="29 July">29 July</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Italy.svg/60px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Italy.svg/90px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Italy.svg/120px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1870-1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1878–1890"><img alt="1878–1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg/60px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg/120px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="2980" /></a></span>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1890–1900"><img alt="1890–1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="726" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vittorio_Emanuele_III_(c._1924-1934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vittorio_Emanuele_III_%28c._1924-1934%29.jpg/75px-Vittorio_Emanuele_III_%28c._1924-1934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vittorio_Emanuele_III_%28c._1924-1934%29.jpg/113px-Vittorio_Emanuele_III_%28c._1924-1934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vittorio_Emanuele_III_%28c._1924-1934%29.jpg/150px-Vittorio_Emanuele_III_%28c._1924-1934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="604" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a></b><br />the Soldier King<br />(1869–1947) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/29_July" class="mw-redirect" title="29 July">29 July</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/9_May" class="mw-redirect" title="9 May">9 May</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy.svg/60px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy.svg/90px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy.svg/120px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="375" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1900–1929"><img alt="1900–1929" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="726" /></a></span>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1929-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1929–1944"><img alt="1929–1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg/60px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg/120px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="593" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_II,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg/75px-Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg/113px-Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg/150px-Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="481" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II</a></b><br />the May King<br />(1904–1983) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/9_May" class="mw-redirect" title="9 May">9 May</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/12_June" class="mw-redirect" title="12 June">12 June</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_II_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_II_of_Italy.svg/50px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_II_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_II_of_Italy.svg/75px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_II_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_II_of_Italy.svg/100px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Umberto_II_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="365" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1946"><img alt="1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="726" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_symbols">State symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: State symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Italy">state coat of arms</a> of the kingdom was adopted from Sardinia-Piedmont. It included the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> in the middle and four Italian flags dating from 1848. </p><p>On 4 May 1870, by royal decree, two lions in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, which now carried the <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a>, a crowned knight's helmet, which bore the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Savoy" title="Military Order of Savoy">Military Order of Savoy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Annunciation">Order of the Annunciation</a> around its collar, were added. The motto <a href="/wiki/FERT" title="FERT">FERT</a> was deleted. The lions carried <a href="/wiki/Lances" class="mw-redirect" title="Lances">lances</a> that held the national flag. From the helmet fell a royal cloak, which was supposed to protect the nation. Above the coat of arms was the star of Italy (Italian <a href="/wiki/Stella_d%E2%80%99Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stella d’Italia">Stella d’Italia</a>). </p><p>The newly adopted national coat of arms of 1 January 1890 removed the fur coat and the lances and the crown on the helmet was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown" title="Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. The whole group stood under a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">canopy</a>, crowned with the Italian royal crown, above which was the banner of Italy. The flagpole was carried by a golden crowned <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">eagle</a>. </p><p>On 11 April 1929, Mussolini replaced the two Savoy lions with <a href="/wiki/Fascis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascis">lictor's bundles</a>. Only after his dismissal in 1944 was the old coat of arms from 1890 restored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification_process_(1848–1870)"><span id="Unification_process_.281848.E2.80.931870.29"></span>Unification process (1848–1870)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unification process (1848–1870)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Unification">Italian Unification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian-unification.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Italian-unification.gif/220px-Italian-unification.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Italian-unification.gif/330px-Italian-unification.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Italian-unification.gif/440px-Italian-unification.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Animated map of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> from 1829 to 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Birth_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth of the Kingdom of Italy">birth of the Kingdom of Italy</a> was the result of efforts by Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815, the political and social <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> movement, or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Risorgimento</i></span>, emerged to unite Italy consolidating the different states of the peninsula and liberate it from foreign control. A prominent radical figure was the patriotic journalist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>, member of the secret revolutionary society of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></i></span> and founder of the influential political movement <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a> in the early 1830s. Mazzini favoured a unitary republic and advocated a broad nationalist movement. His prolific output of propaganda helped to spread the unification movement. </p><p>The most famous member of Young Italy was the revolutionary and general <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, renowned for his extremely loyal followers,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who led the Italian republican drive for unification in Southern Italy. However, the Northern Italy monarchy of the House of Savoy in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, whose government was led by <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>, also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848 liberal revolutions</a> that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a>, led by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a>, was declared on <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a>. In 1855, the Kingdom of Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, giving Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> of 1859, with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>, resulting in liberating <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>. On the basis of the secret <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a> (21 July 1858), the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> to France, an event that caused the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a>, that was the emigration of a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a> to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:319px;max-width:319px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/173px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/260px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/346px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/138px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/207px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/276px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2509" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> (left), highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement; and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> (right), celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<sup id="cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who fought in many military campaigns that led to <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1860–1861, Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily (the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> troops occupied the central territories of the Italian peninsula, except Rome and part of <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teano" title="Teano">Teano</a> was the site of the famous meeting of 26 October 1860 between Giuseppe Garibaldi and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a>, last King of Sardinia, in which Garibaldi shook Victor Emanuel's hand and hailed him as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>; thus, Garibaldi sacrificed republican hopes for the sake of Italian unity under a monarchy. Cavour agreed to include Garibaldi's Southern Italy allowing it to join the union with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> in 1860. This allowed the Sardinian government to <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">declare a united Italian kingdom</a> on 17 March 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>, since March 1849 King of Sardinia, then became the first king of a united Italy, and the capital was moved from Turin to Florence. The title of "King of Italy" had been out of use since the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I of France</a> on 6 April 1814. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/139px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/209px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/278px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuminello,_Lodovico_(1824-1907)_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg/158px-Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a> (right), leading figures in the Italian unification, became respectively the first king and first Prime Minister of unified Italy.</div></div></div></div> <p>Following the unification of most of Italy, tensions between the royalists and republicans erupted. In April 1861, Garibaldi entered the Italian parliament and challenged Cavour's leadership, accusing him of dividing Italy, and threatened a civil war between the Kingdom in the North and his forces in the South. On 6 June 1861, the Kingdom's strongman Cavour died. During the ensuing political instability, Garibaldi and the republicans became increasingly revolutionary in tone. Garibaldi's arrest in 1862 set off worldwide controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1866, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister President of Prussia</a>, offered Victor Emmanuel II an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>. In exchange, Prussia would allow Italy to annex Austria-controlled <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>. King Emmanuel agreed to the alliance, and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a> began. Italy fared poorly in the war with a badly-organized military against Austria, but Prussia's victory allowed Italy to <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Veneto_of_1866" title="Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866">annex Veneto</a>. At this point, one major obstacle to Italian unity remained: Rome. </p><p>In July 1870, Prussia went to war with France, igniting the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. To keep the large <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> at bay, France abandoned its positions in Rome – which protected the remnants of the Papal States and <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> – to fight the Prussians. Italy benefited from Prussia's victory against France by taking over the Papal States from French authority. The Kingdom of Italy <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">captured Rome</a> after several battles and guerrilla-like warfare by <a href="/wiki/Papal_Zouaves" title="Papal Zouaves">Papal Zouaves</a> and official troops of the Holy See against the Italian invaders. Italy's unification was completed and its capital moved to Rome. Victor Emmanuel, Garibaldi, Cavour, and Mazzini are remembered as Italy's <i>Four Fathers of the Fatherland</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a> in Rome, a <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">national symbol of Italy</a> celebrating King Victor Emmanuel II, and resting place of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Italian Unknown Soldier</a> since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th <a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi was elected in 1871 in his home city of Nice to the French <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, where he tried to promote the cession of the city from France to the newborn Italian unitary state. He was prevented from speaking,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led the Garibaldini to riots called the "<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifteen of the Nice rebels were tried and sentenced.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic conditions in united Italy were poor.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country lacked transportation facilities (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">here</a>) and industry, and suffered from extreme poverty (especially in the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Mezzogiorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzogiorno">Mezzogiorno</a></i></span>) and high illiteracy. Only a small wealthy elite had the right to vote. The unification movement relied largely on foreign powers' support and continued to do so afterwards. Following the capture of Rome in 1870 from French forces of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a>, Papal troops, and <a href="/wiki/Zouave#Papal_Zouaves" title="Zouave">Zouaves</a>, relations between Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> remained sour for the next sixty years, with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> declaring themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">prisoners in the Vatican</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Catholic Church in Italy</a> frequently protested the anti-clerical actions of the secular Italian governments, refused to meet with envoys from the King, and urged Roman Catholics not to vote in Italian elections.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not until 1929 was the <a href="/wiki/Roman_question" title="Roman question">Roman question</a> resolved and positive relations restored between the Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican, after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Pacts</a>. </p><p>Some of the states that had been targeted for unification (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">terre irredente</a></i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918 after Italy <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">had defeated</a> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. For this reason, historians sometimes describe the unification period as continuing past 1871, including activities during the late 19th century and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">First World War</a> (1915–1918), and reaching completion only with the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a> on 4 November 1918. This more expansive view of the unification is presented at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Museum_of_the_Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Museum of the Risorgimento">Central Museum of the Risorgimento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unifying_multiple_bureaucracies">Unifying multiple bureaucracies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unifying multiple bureaucracies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Italy_1943.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kingdom_of_Italy_1943.png/220px-Kingdom_of_Italy_1943.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kingdom_of_Italy_1943.png/330px-Kingdom_of_Italy_1943.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kingdom_of_Italy_1943.png/440px-Kingdom_of_Italy_1943.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4690" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Kingdom of Italy at its greatest extent in 1943, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">annexation of small territories from France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The territories annexed by the latter are the area constituting the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">province of Ljubljana</a>, the area merged with the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Fiume" title="Province of Fiume">province of Fiume</a> and the areas making up the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia" title="Governorate of Dalmatia">Governorate of Dalmatia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A major challenge for the prime ministers of the new Kingdom of Italy was integrating the political and administrative systems of the seven different major components under a unified set of policies. The different regions were proud of their traditions and could not easily be fitted into the Sardinian model. Cavour started planning for integration, but died (on 6 June 1861) before it was fully developed – indeed, the challenge <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour#Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">is thought to have hastened his early death</a>. The regional administrative bureaucracies followed the Napoleonic precedent, so their harmonization was relatively straightforward. The next challenge was to develop a parliamentary legislative system. Cavour and most liberals up and down the peninsula highly admired the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">British system</a>, which became the model for Italy. </p><p>Harmonizing the Navy (<a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> was much more complex, chiefly because the systems of <a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">recruiting soldiers</a> and selecting and promoting officers were so different and <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfathered</a> exceptions to the general system persisted for decades. The disorganization helps explain the dismal performance of the Italian navy in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">1866 war</a>. </p><p>Uniformizing the diverse education systems also proved complicated. Shortly before his death, Cavour appointed <a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Sanctis" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco De Sanctis">Francesco De Sanctis</a> as minister of education, an eminent scholar from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Naples">University of Naples</a> who proved an able and patient administrator. The <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Veneto_of_1866" title="Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866">addition of Veneto in 1866</a> and Rome in 1870 further complicated the challenges of bureaucratic coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">History of coins in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg/220px-20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg/330px-20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg/440px-20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Golden 20 <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lire</a> coin with the effigy of King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> of 1873. Minted in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (M BN); other mints included <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (R) and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> (T BN).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Italy has a long history of different coinage types</a>. Italian unification highlighted the confusion of the pre-unification Italian monetary system which was mostly based on silver monometallism and therefore in contrast with the gold monometallism in force in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> and in the major European nations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reconcile the various monetary systems it was decided to opt for <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallism</a>, taking inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a> model, from which the dimensions of the coins and the exchange rate of 1 to 15.50 between gold and silver were taken. The Italian monetary system, however, differed from the French one in two aspects: silver coins could be exchanged in unlimited quantities with the State, but limited quantities between private individuals and it was decided to mint coins that nominally had 900‰ fine silver, but which in fact they contained 835‰ so as to approach the real exchange rate between gold and silver which was approximately 1 to 14.38.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exactly four months after the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>, the government introduced the new national currency, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a>. The legal tender of the new currency was established by the Royal Decree of 17 July 1861 which specified the exchange of pre-unification coins into lire and the fact that local coins continued to be legal tender in their respective provinces of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the entire period from 1861 to 1940, Italy experienced considerable economic growth despite several <a href="/wiki/Economic_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crises">economic crises</a> and the First World War. Unlike most modern nations, where industrialization was undertaken by large <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a>, industrial growth in Italy was mostly due to small and medium-sized family businesses. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:238px;max-width:238px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Rail network in Italy 1861–1870</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia_ferrovie_1861.03.17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italia_ferrovie_1861.03.17.png/115px-Italia_ferrovie_1861.03.17.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italia_ferrovie_1861.03.17.png/173px-Italia_ferrovie_1861.03.17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italia_ferrovie_1861.03.17.png/230px-Italia_ferrovie_1861.03.17.png 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Network as of 17 March 1861</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia_ferrovie_1870_09_20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Italia_ferrovie_1870_09_20.png/115px-Italia_ferrovie_1870_09_20.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Italia_ferrovie_1870_09_20.png/173px-Italia_ferrovie_1870_09_20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Italia_ferrovie_1870_09_20.png/230px-Italia_ferrovie_1870_09_20.png 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Network as of 20 September 1870</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Political unification did not automatically bring about <a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">economic integration</a>, because of the sharp contrasts in culture, politics, and economic practices among the various regions. Italy managed to industrialize in several steps, although the country remained the most backward economy among the great powers (except for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>) and was very dependent on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>, especially the international markets through which it imported <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and exported <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>. </p><p>After unification, Italy had a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> society, with 60 percent of the labor force employed in agriculture. Advances in technology increased export opportunities for Italian agricultural produce after a period of crisis in the 1880s. With industrialization, the proportion employed in agriculture fell below 50% around the turn of the century. However, not everyone benefited from these developments, as southern agriculture in particular suffered from the hot <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid climate</a>, while in the north <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> hampered cultivation of low-lying areas on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> coast. </p><p>The government's focus on foreign and military policy in the early years of the state led to the neglect of agriculture, which declined after 1873. The Italian parliament initiated an investigation in 1877, which lasted eight years and blamed the lack of <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a> and modern farming techniques, and the failure of landowners to develop their lands. In addition, most farm laborers were temporary inexperienced short-term workers (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">braccianti</i></span>). Farmers without a steady income were forced to subsist on meager food. Disease spread rapidly and a major cholera epidemic killed at least 55,000 people. Government action was blocked by strong political and economic opposition from the large landowners. Another commission of inquiry in 1910 found similar problems. </p><p>Around 1890 there was also an <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> crisis in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wine industry</a>, almost the only successful sector in agriculture. In the 1870s and 1880s, viticulture in France suffered from a crop failure caused by insects, and Italy became the largest wine exporter in Europe. After France's recovery in 1888, Italian wine exports collapsed, causing a wave of unemployment and bankruptcies. </p><p>From the 1860s, Italy invested heavily in the development of <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">railways</a>, with its rail network more than tripling between 1861 and 1872, then doubling again by 1890. <a href="/wiki/Gio._Ansaldo_%26_C." title="Gio. Ansaldo & C.">Gio. Ansaldo & C.</a> from the former Kingdom of Sardinia provided the first Italian built locomotives with the <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_113" title="FS Class 113">FS Class 113</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_650" title="FS Class 650">FS Class 650</a>. The first railway section on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> was inaugurated on 28 April 1863 with the <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bagheria" title="Bagheria">Bagheria</a> line. By 1914 the Italian railway had around 17,000 km of railways. </p><p>During the Fascist dictatorship, enormous sums were invested in new technological achievements, especially in military technology. But large sums of money were also spent on <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">prestige</a> projects such as the construction of the new Italian ocean liner <a href="/wiki/SS_Rex" title="SS Rex">SS <i>Rex</i></a>, which set a <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">transatlantic</a> sea voyage record of four days in 1933, and the development of the seaplane <i><a href="/wiki/Macchi_M.C.72" title="Macchi M.C.72">Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72</a></i>, which was the world's fastest seaplane in 1933. In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</a> completed a flight across the Atlantic in a seaplane to the <a href="/wiki/A_Century_of_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="A Century of Progress">World's Fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. The flight symbolized the power of the Fascist leadership and the industrial and technological progress the state had made under the Fascists. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Economic measures of the Kingdom of Italy, by year<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Measure </th> <th scope="col">1861 </th> <th scope="col">1870 </th> <th scope="col">1880 </th> <th scope="col">1890 </th> <th scope="col">1900 </th> <th scope="col">1910 </th> <th scope="col">1920 </th> <th scope="col">1930 </th> <th scope="col">1940 </th> <th scope="col">1945 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> in billion US dollars </th> <td>37.995 </td> <td>41.814 </td> <td>46.690 </td> <td>52.863 </td> <td>60.114 </td> <td>85.285 </td> <td>96.757 </td> <td>119.014 </td> <td>155.424 </td> <td>114.422 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Industry_1871.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Italy_Industry_1871.svg/220px-Italy_Industry_1871.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Italy_Industry_1871.svg/330px-Italy_Industry_1871.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Italy_Industry_1871.svg/440px-Italy_Industry_1871.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Index of industrialization of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Italian provinces</a> in 1871 (the national average is 1.0). Source: <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#550000; color:white;"> </span> Over 1.4</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D40000; color:white;"> </span> From 1.1 to 1.4</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8080; color:black;"> </span> From 0.9 to 1.1</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;"> </span> Up to 0.9</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1898-illustraz-italiana-officina-Zopfi-pag-152-foto2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1898-illustraz-italiana-officina-Zopfi-pag-152-foto2.jpg/220px-1898-illustraz-italiana-officina-Zopfi-pag-152-foto2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1898-illustraz-italiana-officina-Zopfi-pag-152-foto2.jpg/330px-1898-illustraz-italiana-officina-Zopfi-pag-152-foto2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1898-illustraz-italiana-officina-Zopfi-pag-152-foto2.jpg/440px-1898-illustraz-italiana-officina-Zopfi-pag-152-foto2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption>A machinery exposition in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, set in 1898, during the period of industrialization, National Exhibition of Turin, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1860s and 1870s, Italian manufacturing was backward and small-scale, while the oversized agrarian sector was the backbone of the national economy. The country lacked large coal and iron deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s, a severe <a href="/wiki/Farm_crisis" title="Farm crisis">farm crisis</a> led to the introduction of more modern farming techniques in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while from 1878 to 1887 <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> policies were introduced with the aim of establishing a base of heavy industry.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s industrialisation moved into high gear, which lasted until 1912/13 and reached its peak under <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giolitti</a>. Industrial plants soon clustered around areas of <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> energy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1887 and 1911 <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> became the main source of energy, with over sixty <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">plants</a> constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1881 to 1887, Italy's textile, mechanical, steel, iron, and chemical industries grew by an average 4.6 percent annually.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The backbone of the industrial boom was, next to the labor force, institutions of higher learning such as the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan" title="Polytechnic University of Milan">Politecnico</a> founded in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in 1863 by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Brioschi" title="Francesco Brioschi">Francesco Brioschi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Turin" title="Polytechnic University of Turin">Technical School for Engineers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> established four years earlier. </p><p>Steelworks were established with state and private capital, notably from the <a href="/wiki/Credito_Mobiliare" title="Credito Mobiliare">Credito Mobiliare</a>: in 1884 in <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a> and in 1897 in <a href="/wiki/Piombino" title="Piombino">Piombino</a> using iron-ore from <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>. The relative backwardness of the south continued to be a central problem for the state. Various solutions were proposed for the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a> and Sidney Sonnino, but the government only acted in special problem areas such as <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ilva_(company)" title="Ilva (company)">ILVA</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, with the political and financial backing of the Italian state, built the <a href="/wiki/Bagnoli" title="Bagnoli">Bagnoli</a> steel plant as part of the 1904 law for the development of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, prepared by economist and later prime minister Nitti. In 1898, in order to make the steel-industry completely independent from foreign <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> imports, the <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitan</a> engineer Ernesto Stassano invented the <a href="/wiki/Stassano_furnace" title="Stassano furnace">Stassano furnace</a>, the first indirect-arc <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric furnace</a>. By 1917, Italian iron and steel plants operated 88 indirect-arc furnaces, manufactured by Stassano, Bassanese and Angelini.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899 the automobile industry commenced when <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Agnelli" title="Giovanni Agnelli">Giovanni Agnelli</a> bought the designs and patents of the <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ceirano" title="Giovanni Battista Ceirano">Ceirano brothers</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_S.p.A." title="Fiat S.p.A.">Fiat</a> automobile works. In 1906 another automobile factory was built in the <a href="/wiki/Portello_(district_of_Milan)" title="Portello (district of Milan)">Portello</a> district of Milan for the French entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Darracq" title="Alexandre Darracq">Alexandre Darracq</a> and the headquarters of his Italian branch <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Società Anonima Italiana Darracq</i></span>. In 1910, the company brought the first successful model onto the market with the <a href="/wiki/ALFA_24_HP" title="ALFA 24 HP">24 HP</a> and the brand name <i>ALFA</i> on the radiator grille. While automobiles were only affordable by few its popularity and fascination rose rapidly, and one of the first <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">sports car racing</a> events in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Targa_Florio" title="Targa Florio">Targa Florio</a>, held annually in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> was established in 1906. </p><p>In the financial sector, Prime Minister Giolitti was mainly concerned with increasing <a href="/wiki/Pensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensions">pensions</a> and restructuring the <a href="/wiki/State_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="State budget">state budget</a>, though proceeding with great caution. The government secured the support of large companies and banks. Most criticism the project came from conservatives, with a majority of the public supporting the soundness of public finances. The state budget, which from 1900 had an annual income of around 50 million lire, was to be additionally strengthened by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the railways. </p><p>In March 1905, after serious labor unrest among railroad workers, Giolitti resigned due to illness, and suggested his fellow party member <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Fortis" title="Alessandro Fortis">Alessandro Fortis</a> to the king as his successor. On 28 March Victor Emmanuel III appointed Fortis as the new prime minister, making him the first <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> head of government worldwide. With Law 137 of 22 April 1905 he sanctioned the nationalization of the railways through a public recruitment process under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Italy)" title="Court of Audit (Italy)">Court of Audit</a> and the supervision of the Ministries of Public Works and Finance. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> system was nationalized.<sup id="cite_ref-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fortis government remained in office until the beginning of 1906. It was followed from 8 February to 29 May by a brief government under <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sidney Sonnino</a>. Finally, Giolitti entered his third term. In this he dealt mainly with the economic situation in southern Italy, due both to long-term demographic and economic factors, as well as natural disasters such as the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> in 1906 and the <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">earthquake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Calabria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palmi,_Calabria" title="Palmi, Calabria">Palmi</a> in 1908. Entire villages were depopulated and centuries-old regional cultures disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there was a slight economic upswing in the south afterwards. The government, which had initially discouraged emigration to avoid <a href="/wiki/Labor_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor market">labor shortages</a>, now gave its approval to the emigration of hundreds of thousands of Italians from the south. This was motivated by fear of increasing social tensions and monetary instability. </p><p>In 1906 the government lowered the national <a href="/wiki/Interest_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest tax">interest tax</a> rate from 5% to 3.75%. This move eased the burden on the state's required finances, reduced the fears of state <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">bondholders</a>, and encouraged the growth of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Budget_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget balance">budget surplus</a> made it possible to finance major government work projects which massively reduced <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, such as the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Simplon_Tunnel" title="Simplon Tunnel">Simplon Tunnel</a> in 1906. Shortly after the railway began its triumphal march through <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, each region wanted its own north-south connection and with the construction of the railway tunnels on the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Tunnel">Gotthard</a> 14,998 km (1872–1880), <a href="/wiki/Simplon_Tunnel" title="Simplon Tunnel">Simplon</a> 19,803 km (1898–1906) and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tschberg_Tunnel" title="Lötschberg Tunnel">Lötschberg</a> 14,612 km (1907–1913), three major <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> crossings were realized that were important for <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and neighboring European countries. The workforce of these monumental projects were largely Italians: at the Gotthard tunnel 90% of miners came from northern Italy, while at the Lötschberg tunnel 97% were Italian, chiefly from the south. </p><p>In addition to the now completed nationalization of the railways, the planned nationalization of insurance was tackled and thetrade war with France, which had lasted since 1887, ended. Giolitti thereby interrupted Crispi's pro-German foreign policy and thus enabled the export of fruit, vegetables and wine to France. He also boosted the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a> and their processing in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and encouraged heavy industry to gain a foothold in the south as well. However, the latter was not very successful. In 1908, some laws limiting working hours for women and children up to 12 hours were passed with the support of the Socialist MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special laws for the disadvantaged regions of the south followed. However, their implementation mostly failed due to the resistance of the large landowners. Nevertheless, there was a significant improvement in the economic situation of <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholders</a>. </p><p>In 1911, 55.4% of the Italian population worked in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and 26.9% in <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terni_-_le_Acciaierie_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Terni steel plant est. 1884 (picture of 1912)"><img alt="The Terni steel plant est. 1884 (picture of 1912)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Terni_-_le_Acciaierie_1912.jpg/120px-Terni_-_le_Acciaierie_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Terni_-_le_Acciaierie_1912.jpg/180px-Terni_-_le_Acciaierie_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Terni_-_le_Acciaierie_1912.jpg/240px-Terni_-_le_Acciaierie_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a> steel plant est. 1884 (picture of 1912)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trezzo_sull%E2%80%99Adda_-_Centrale_Taccani_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hydroelectric plant on the Adda river built in 1906"><img alt="Hydroelectric plant on the Adda river built in 1906" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Trezzo_sull%E2%80%99Adda_-_Centrale_Taccani_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Trezzo_sull%E2%80%99Adda_-_Centrale_Taccani_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Trezzo_sull%E2%80%99Adda_-_Centrale_Taccani_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Trezzo_sull%E2%80%99Adda_-_Centrale_Taccani_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Trezzo_sull%E2%80%99Adda_-_Centrale_Taccani_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Trezzo_sull%E2%80%99Adda_-_Centrale_Taccani_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hydroelectric plant on the <a href="/wiki/Adda_(river)" title="Adda (river)">Adda river</a> built in 1906</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_FIAT_by_Giovanni_Carpanetto.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An advertisement for the 4HP automobile by FIAT in 1899"><img alt="An advertisement for the 4HP automobile by FIAT in 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Poster_FIAT_by_Giovanni_Carpanetto.png/63px-Poster_FIAT_by_Giovanni_Carpanetto.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Poster_FIAT_by_Giovanni_Carpanetto.png/94px-Poster_FIAT_by_Giovanni_Carpanetto.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Poster_FIAT_by_Giovanni_Carpanetto.png/125px-Poster_FIAT_by_Giovanni_Carpanetto.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An advertisement for the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_4_HP" title="Fiat 4 HP">4HP</a> automobile by <a href="/wiki/FIAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FIAT">FIAT</a> in 1899</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Denkmal_Iselle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument in memory of the workers that died mining the Simplon Tunnel, next to the Iselle di Trasquera railway station, dated 29 May 1905"><img alt="Monument in memory of the workers that died mining the Simplon Tunnel, next to the Iselle di Trasquera railway station, dated 29 May 1905" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Denkmal_Iselle.jpg/120px-Denkmal_Iselle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Denkmal_Iselle.jpg/180px-Denkmal_Iselle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Denkmal_Iselle.jpg/240px-Denkmal_Iselle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument in memory of the workers that died mining the <a href="/wiki/Simplon_Tunnel" title="Simplon Tunnel">Simplon Tunnel</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/Iselle_di_Trasquera_railway_station" title="Iselle di Trasquera railway station">Iselle di Trasquera railway station</a>, dated 29 May 1905</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_changes_and_mass_emigration">Social changes and mass emigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social changes and mass emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caltavuturo_massacre" title="Caltavuturo massacre">Caltavuturo massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bava_Beccaris_massacre" title="Bava Beccaris massacre">Bava Beccaris massacre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quarto_Stato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quarto_Stato.jpg/220px-Quarto_Stato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quarto_Stato.jpg/330px-Quarto_Stato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quarto_Stato.jpg/440px-Quarto_Stato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6897" data-file-height="3841" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Estate_(painting)" title="The Fourth Estate (painting)">The Fourth Estate</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pellizza_da_Volpedo" title="Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo">Giuseppe Pellizza</a>, ca. 1898–1901</figcaption></figure> <p>Strong social tensions came to light, Italy's social legislation took last place in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the socialists were opposed not only to social policy but also to colonial expansion. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> financed the colonial policy with tax increases and austerity measures. The internal political differences culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Bava_Beccaris_massacre" title="Bava Beccaris massacre">Bava Beccaris massacre</a> in Milan. There, on 7 May 1898, there were mass demonstrations against rising bread prices. General <a href="/wiki/Fiorenzo_Bava-Beccaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris">Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris</a>, after the state of siege was declared, fired artillery and rifles at the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the information, between 82 and 300 people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I</a> congratulated the general in a telegram and awarded him a medal. This made him enemies, and in 1900 he, who had been king for 22 years, was shot in <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a> by the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Bresci" title="Gaetano Bresci">Gaetano Bresci</a>. </p><p>His successor was <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> politically dominant however was <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giolitti</a>, who was initially Minister of the Interior from 1901 to 1903, then prime minister from 1903 with interruptions until 1914 (and often also Minister of the Interior at the same time). He dominated or shaped Italian politics to such an extent that one speaks of the <i>Giolitti era</i>. He was willing to make concessions to the reformist and revolutionary movements and promoted industrialization. It is true that state subsidies for private health insurance were introduced in 1886 and the first compulsory accident insurance was introduced in 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was Giolitti that introduced state social insurance in 1912 based on the German model. He also reformed the right to vote so that there were no more property limits and the number of eligible voters rose to 8 million men. Unemployment insurance came into being as early as 1919, eight years before Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s there were serious industrial disputes, and around 1889 repression against the Partito Operaio (Labour Party) began, so that the aim was to unite all socialist organizations in the country in one party. The <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a>, short for "Fasci siciliani dei lavoratori", Italian Sicilian Workers' Union was perceived as the "first act of Italian socialism". The movement, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Crispi</a>, was crushed after harsh military operations. The industrial workers managed to organize in 1892 in the <a href="/wiki/Partito_dei_Lavoratori_Italiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani">Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani</a> (Italian Workers' Party), which in 1893 was renamed <a href="/wiki/Partito_Socialista_Italiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Partito Socialista Italiano">Partito Socialista Italiano</a> (Italian Socialist Party). Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> pushed through exceptional laws against the Socialists from 1894, but they were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1901 his successor <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> tried to integrate the party, which had won 32 seats in the elections, into the government, but the latter refused. But from 1908 to 1912 there was cooperation with the bourgeois left until radical syndicalism prevailed. In 1912 the <a href="/wiki/Partito_Socialista_Riformista_Italiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Partito Socialista Riformista Italiano">Partito Socialista Riformista Italiano</a> split off, which for patriotic reasons agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Italian-Turkish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-Turkish War">War against the Ottomans</a>. In 1917, the majority of socialist deputies became pro-war, but the party leadership continued to oppose the war. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Population development of the Kingdom of Italy, by year (1861–1946)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Measure </th> <th scope="col">1861 </th> <th scope="col">1870 </th> <th scope="col">1880 </th> <th scope="col">1890 </th> <th scope="col">1900 </th> <th scope="col">1910 </th> <th scope="col">1920 </th> <th scope="col">1930 </th> <th scope="col">1940 </th> <th scope="col">1946 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Population in millions </th> <td>22.182 </td> <td>25.766 </td> <td>28.437 </td> <td>30.947 </td> <td>32.475 </td> <td>34.565 </td> <td>37.837 </td> <td>40.703 </td> <td>43.787 </td> <td>45.380 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The state reaction to the drastic social changes came very late, because the social elites, landowners in the south and industrialists in the north, refused for a long time and often relied on the work of the church, which had dominated the social systems since the Middle Ages. However, it was no longer supported by an adequate municipal or guild system. The population of Italy increased from 18.3 million in 1800 to 24.7 in 1850, finally to 33.8 in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Italy's share of the population of Europe continued to fall. On the one hand, this was due to its developmental deficit and, on the other hand, to the fact that from about 1852 there was a large-scale mass emigration. By 1985, around 29 million people had been recorded. From 1876 to around 1890, most came from the north, especially from Venetia (17.9%), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (16.1%) and Piedmont (12.5%). After that, Italians from the south increasingly emigrated. From 1876 to 1915, more than 14 million people emigrated chiefly for <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">south</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">north</a> America, of which 8.3 million came from the northern half, including 2.7 million alone from the northeast and from the southern half 5.6 million emigrated.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main destinations were the United States of America, in which the descendants of the Italians (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a>) today represent the third largest European immigrant group after <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> with a population share of 6%, along with <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentines" title="Italian Argentines">Italian Argentines</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians" title="Italian Brazilians">Italian Brazilians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Uruguayans" title="Italian Uruguayans">Italian Uruguayans</a>). Many also emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and other Latin American countries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITALIAN_IMMIGRANTS_(1905)_ELLIS_ISLAND_NY.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ITALIAN_IMMIGRANTS_%281905%29_ELLIS_ISLAND_NY.png/220px-ITALIAN_IMMIGRANTS_%281905%29_ELLIS_ISLAND_NY.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ITALIAN_IMMIGRANTS_%281905%29_ELLIS_ISLAND_NY.png/330px-ITALIAN_IMMIGRANTS_%281905%29_ELLIS_ISLAND_NY.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/ITALIAN_IMMIGRANTS_%281905%29_ELLIS_ISLAND_NY.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Italian immigrants arriving at <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>The main reason for emigration was widespread poverty, especially among the rural population. Up until the 1950s, parts of Italy remained a rural, agrarian, and pre-modern society, with agricultural conditions not suitable for keeping farmers in the country, particularly in the northeast and south.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of emigration can be explained on the one hand by the decline of agriculture and the sharp conflicts, which were exacerbated by the preservation of old structures and the lack of capital as well as by large landowners and half-tenancy. At the same time, the hesitant <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> in the fast-growing cities hardly offered enough jobs. In addition, domestic consumption was low, especially since the <a href="/wiki/Fiscalism" title="Fiscalism">fiscalism</a> that was believed to be necessary to expand infrastructure continued to weigh on incomes. After all, the companies were equipped with only little capital compared to the foreign ones. Therefore, the government set up high tariff barriers from 1878 to 1887 and pursued a protectionist policy intended to protect the still weak textile and heavy industry in the development phase. France in turn responded to the protective tariff policy with corresponding counter-tariffs. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> was promoted and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> expanded in the north, the government in the south supported the <a href="/wiki/Latifundia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifundia">latifundia</a>, whereby in both cases the protagonists of heavy industry and agriculture were able to assert their influence in the north and south. In central Italy there was a different system for the peasants. Land could be leased here and they could keep a relatively large amount, so there was less migration from this part of the country than from other parts. There was less migration from large cities, but there was a major exception to this. <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> and later of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> for six hundred years and in 1861 became simply a city in the united Italy. As a result, many bureaucratic jobs were lost and there was a lot of unemployment. Due to a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic in the 1880s, many people also decided to leave the city. In the south the unification abolished the feudal system that had survived since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ages">middle ages</a>. However, this did not mean that the farmers now got their own land that they could work on. Many remained without property and plots became smaller and smaller and thus more unproductive after lands were divided among heirs. Another reason was the <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">south</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Mezzogiorno</i></span>). After unification southern Italy established access to running water and medical care in hospitals for the first time. This reduced infant mortality and, together with what had been the highest birth rate in Europe for a long time, led to an increase in population, which in turn forced many young southern Italians to emigrate at the beginning of the 20th century. </p><p>Currency policy caused major problems, because during the Franco-Prussian War Italy also suspended free <a href="/wiki/Convertibility" title="Convertibility">convertibility</a>. Now the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> prevailed, which ensured that banknotes could only be issued in a fixed proportion to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserve" title="Gold reserve">gold reserves</a>. It was expected that this would stabilize currency relations through the gold automatism, whereby the respective <a href="/wiki/Central_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks">central banks</a> had to adhere to strict rules. If a <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> became weaker, this led to a gold outflow in the direction of the stronger currency, with the result that the banknote issue had to be reduced in line with the reduced gold reserves. This raised interest rates and lowered prices. In contrast, in the country where gold was flocking, this created more paper money in circulation, lowering interest rates and raising prices. At a certain point, the flow of gold reversed, the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> settled, and the currency stabilized. Even if the central banks often did not comply with the guidelines, the system was successful because people trusted that money and gold could be exchanged at any time. By linking the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union" title="Latin Monetary Union">Latin Monetary Union</a>, founded in 1865 and based on bimetallism, i.e. gold and silver coins, and thus the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lira</a> to gold, the government was able to create so much trust that foreign investment capital after Italy came. Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sidney Sonnino</a> also tried to put a strain on large fortunes in the same way as consumption was put under pressure, but he failed due to conservative opposition. With the overcoming of the economic crisis from 1896, it was nevertheless possible to achieve a balanced budget. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian emigration per region from 1876 to 1900 and from 1901 to 1915"><img alt="Italian emigration per region from 1876 to 1900 and from 1901 to 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg/120px-Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg/180px-Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg/240px-Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italian emigration per region from 1876 to 1900 and from 1901 to 1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Italian diaspora in the world"><img alt="Map of the Italian diaspora in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/120px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/180px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/240px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a> in the world</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_question_and_Italian_diaspora">Southern question and Italian diaspora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southern question and Italian diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Briganti_lucani_Caruso_Cafo_Lamacchia_e_Tinna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Briganti_lucani_Caruso_Cafo_Lamacchia_e_Tinna.jpg/220px-Briganti_lucani_Caruso_Cafo_Lamacchia_e_Tinna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Briganti_lucani_Caruso_Cafo_Lamacchia_e_Tinna.jpg/330px-Briganti_lucani_Caruso_Cafo_Lamacchia_e_Tinna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Briganti_lucani_Caruso_Cafo_Lamacchia_e_Tinna.jpg/440px-Briganti_lucani_Caruso_Cafo_Lamacchia_e_Tinna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Some Lucanian brigands: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Caruso_(brigand)" title="Giuseppe Caruso (brigand)">Caruso</a>, Cafo, Lamacchia and Tinna</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy's population remained severely divided between wealthy elites and impoverished workers, especially in the South. An 1881 census found that over 1 million southern day-laborers were chronically under-employed and likely to become seasonal emigrants to sustain themselves economically.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_7_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern peasants, as well as small landowners and tenants, often were in a state of conflict and revolt throughout the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were exceptions to the generally poor economic condition of agricultural workers of the South, as some regions near cities such as <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> as well as along the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_7_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1870s onward, intellectuals, scholars and politicians examined the economic and social conditions of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Il Mezzogiorno</i></span>), a movement known as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Meridionalismo</i></span> ("Meridionalism"). For example, the <i>1910 Commission of Inquiry into the South</i> indicated that the Italian government thus far had failed to ameliorate the severe economic differences. The limited voting rights only to those with sufficient property allowed rich landowners to exploit the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation of persistent backwardness in the socioeconomic development of the regions of southern Italy compared to the other regions of the country, especially the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern ones</a>, is called <a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a>. </p><p>The transition from a peninsula divided into several states to a unified Italy was not smooth for the south (the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Mezzogiorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzogiorno">Mezzogiorno</a></i></span>). The path to unification and modernization created a divide between Northern and Southern Italy. People condemned the South for being "backwards" and barbaric, when in truth, compared to Northern Italy, "where there was backwardness, the lag, never excessive, was always more or less compensated by other elements".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of course, there had to be some basis for singling out the South like Italy did. The entire region south of Naples was afflicted with numerous deep economic and social liabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of the South's political problems and its reputation of being "passive" or lazy (politically speaking) was due to the new government (that was born out of Italy's want for development) that alienated the South and prevented the people of the South from any say in important matters. However, on the other hand, transportation was difficult, soil fertility was low with extensive erosion, deforestation was severe, many businesses could stay open only because of high protective tariffs, large estates were often poorly managed, most peasants had only very small plots, and there was chronic unemployment and high crime rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Roland_Sarti_2004_pp_567_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roland_Sarti_2004_pp_567-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cavour decided the basic problem was poor government, and believed that could be remedied by strict application of the Piedmonese legal system. The main result was an upsurge in <a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_the_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in the Two Sicilies">brigandage</a>, which turned into a bloody civil war that lasted almost ten years. The insurrection reached its peak mainly in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, headed by the brigands <a href="/wiki/Carmine_Crocco" title="Carmine Crocco">Carmine Crocco</a> and Michele Caruso.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the end of the southern riots, there was a heavy outflow of millions of peasants in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a>, especially to the United States and South America. Others relocated to the northern industrial cities such as Genoa, Milan and Turin, and sent money home.<sup id="cite_ref-Roland_Sarti_2004_pp_567_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roland_Sarti_2004_pp_567-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Italian diaspora began around 1880, two decades after the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Unification of Italy</a>, and ended in the 1920s to the early 1940s with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pozzetta,_George_E._1992_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozzetta,_George_E._1992-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poverty was the main reason for emigration, specifically the lack of land as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Mezzadria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzadria">mezzadria</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a> flourished in Italy, especially in the South, and property became subdivided over generations. Especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, conditions were harsh.<sup id="cite_ref-Pozzetta,_George_E._1992_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pozzetta,_George_E._1992-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 1860s to 1950s, most of Italy was a <a href="/wiki/Rural_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural society">rural society</a> with many small towns and cities and almost no modern industry in which land management practices, especially in the South and the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Italy">northeast</a>, did not easily convince farmers to stay on the land and to work the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another factor was related to the overpopulation of Southern Italy as a result of the improvements in socioeconomic conditions after <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That created a demographic boom and forced the new generations to emigrate en masse in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Italy's_Many_Diasporas_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy's_Many_Diasporas-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new migration of capital created millions of unskilled jobs around the world and was responsible for the simultaneous mass migration of Italians searching for "work and bread" (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">pane e lavoro</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈpaːne<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>llaˈvoːro]</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_-_Vittoriano_(Rome)_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/2016_-_Vittoriano_%28Rome%29_07.jpg/170px-2016_-_Vittoriano_%28Rome%29_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/2016_-_Vittoriano_%28Rome%29_07.jpg/255px-2016_-_Vittoriano_%28Rome%29_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/2016_-_Vittoriano_%28Rome%29_07.jpg/340px-2016_-_Vittoriano_%28Rome%29_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>One of the two braziers that burn perpetually on the sides of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">tomb of the Italian Unknown Soldier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. At their base there is a plaque bearing the inscription <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Gli italiani all'estero alla Madre Patria</i></span> ("Italians abroad to the Motherland").</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a> broke down the feudal land system, which had survived in the south since the Middle Ages, especially where land had been the inalienable property of aristocrats, religious bodies or the king. The breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, however, and redistribution of land did not necessarily lead to small farmers in the south winding up with land of their own or land they could work and make profit from. Many remained landless, and plots grew smaller and smaller and so less and less productive, as land was subdivided amongst heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1860 and World War I, 9 million Italians left permanently of a total of 16 million who emigrated, most travelling to North or South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatton_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatton-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbers may have even been higher; 14 million from 1876 to 1914, according to another study. Annual emigration averaged almost 220,000 in the period 1876 to 1900, and almost 650,000 from 1901 through 1915. Prior to 1900 the majority of Italian immigrants were from northern and central Italy. Two-thirds of the migrants who left Italy between 1870 and 1914 were men with traditional skills. Peasants were half of all migrants before 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-Italy's_Many_Diasporas_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy's_Many_Diasporas-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bond of the emigrants with their mother country continued to be very strong even after their departure. Many Italian emigrants made donations to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a> (1885–1935), a part of the monument dedicated to King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a>, and in memory of that, the inscription of the plaque on the two burning braziers perpetually at the Altare della Patria next to the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">tomb of the Italian Unknown Soldier</a>, reads <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Gli italiani all'estero alla Madre Patria</i></span> ("Italians abroad to the Motherland").<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> meaning of the flames that burn perpetually is linked to their symbolism, which is centuries old, since it has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">cult of the dead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fiamma_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiamma-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fire that burns eternally symbolizes that the memory, in this case of the sacrifice of the Unknown Soldier and the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherland">bond of the country of origin</a>, is perpetually alive in Italians, even in those who are far from their country, and will never fade.<sup id="cite_ref-fiamma_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiamma-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Literacy_rates_in_Italy_1861.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Literacy_rates_in_Italy_1861.svg/260px-Literacy_rates_in_Italy_1861.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Literacy_rates_in_Italy_1861.svg/390px-Literacy_rates_in_Italy_1861.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Literacy_rates_in_Italy_1861.svg/520px-Literacy_rates_in_Italy_1861.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Literacy rates in Italy in 1861, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>. Italy lacks <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Triveneto" title="Triveneto">Triveneto</a>, which were subsequently annexed.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Italy a state school system or education system has existed since 1859, when the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Legge Casati</i></span> (Casati Act) mandated educational responsibilities for the forthcoming Italian state (<a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> took place in 1861). </p><p>The Casati Act made primary education (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">scuola elementare</i></span>) compulsory, and had the goal of increasing <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>. This law gave control of primary education to the single towns, of secondary education to the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">provinces</a>, and the universities were managed by the State. Even with the Casati Act and compulsory education, in rural (and southern) areas children often were not sent to school (the rate of children enrolled in primary education would reach 90% only after 70 years) and the illiteracy rate (which was nearly 80% in 1861) took more than 50 years to halve. </p><p>The next important law concerning the Italian education system was the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Legge_Gentile" class="mw-redirect" title="Legge Gentile">Legge Gentile</a></i></span>. This act was issued in 1923, thus when <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and his <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> were in power. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> was appointed the task of creating an education system deemed fit for the fascist system. The compulsory age of education was raised to 14 years, and was somewhat based on a ladder system: after the first five years of primary education, one could choose the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">scuola media</i></span>, which would give further access to the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">liceo</i></span> and other secondary education, or the 'avviamento al lavoro' (work training), which was intended to give a quick entry into the low strates of the workforce. The reform enhanced the role of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Liceo Classico</i></span>, created by the Casati Act in 1859 (and intended during the Fascist era as the peak of secondary education, with the goal of forming the future upper classes), and created the Technical, Commercial and Industrial institutes and the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Liceo Scientifico</i></span>. The influence of Gentile's <a href="/wiki/Italian_idealism" title="Italian idealism">Italian idealism</a> was great,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he considered the Catholic religion to be the "foundation and crowning" of education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_era_of_politics_(1870–1914)"><span id="Liberal_era_of_politics_.281870.E2.80.931914.29"></span>Liberal era of politics (1870–1914)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Liberal era of politics (1870–1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galleria_Milano_(179532365).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Galleria_Milano_%28179532365%29.jpeg/220px-Galleria_Milano_%28179532365%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Galleria_Milano_%28179532365%29.jpeg/330px-Galleria_Milano_%28179532365%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Galleria_Milano_%28179532365%29.jpeg/440px-Galleria_Milano_%28179532365%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II" title="Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II">Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> was an architectural work created by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mengoni" title="Giuseppe Mengoni">Giuseppe Mengoni</a> between 1865 and 1877 and named after the first king of unified Italy, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After unification, Italy's politics favored <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the liberal-conservative right (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">destra storica</i></span> or Historical Right) was regionally fragmented<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and liberal-conservative prime minister <a href="/wiki/Marco_Minghetti" title="Marco Minghetti">Marco Minghetti</a> only held on to power by enacting revolutionary and left-leaning policies (such as the nationalization of railways) to appease the opposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agostino_Depretis">Agostino Depretis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Agostino Depretis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1876, Minghetti was ousted and replaced by liberal <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis">Agostino Depretis</a>, who began the long Liberal Period. The Liberal Period was marked by corruption, government instability, continued poverty in Southern Italy and the use of authoritarian measures by the Italian government. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agostino_Depretis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Agostino_Depretis.jpg/150px-Agostino_Depretis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Agostino_Depretis.jpg/225px-Agostino_Depretis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Agostino_Depretis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis">Agostino Depretis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Depretis began his term as prime minister by initiating an experimental political notion known as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Trasformismo" title="Trasformismo">trasformismo</a></i></span> ("transformism"). The theory of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">trasformismo</i></span> was that a cabinet should select a variety of moderates and capable politicians from a non-partisan perspective. In practice, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">trasformismo</i></span> was authoritarian and corrupt as Depretis pressured districts to vote for his candidates if they wished to gain favourable concessions from Depretis when in power. The results of the Italian general election of 1876 resulted in only four representatives from the right being elected, allowing the government to be dominated by Depretis. Despotic and corrupt actions are believed to be the key means by which Depretis managed to keep support in Southern Italy. Depretis put through authoritarian measures, such as banning public meetings, placing "dangerous" individuals in internal exile on remote penal islands across Italy and adopting militarist policies. Depretis enacted controversial legislation for the time, such as abolishing arrest for debt and making elementary education free and compulsory while ending compulsory religious teaching in elementary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple_Alliance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Triple_Alliance.png/330px-Triple_Alliance.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Triple_Alliance.png/495px-Triple_Alliance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Triple_Alliance.png/660px-Triple_Alliance.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> in 1913, shown in red</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1887, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> became prime minister and began focusing government efforts on foreign policy. Crispi worked to build Italy as a great world power through increased military expenditures, advocacy of expansionism<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and trying to win the favor of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. Italy joined the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a>, which included both Germany and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1882 and which remained officially intact until 1915. While helping Italy develop strategically, he continued <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">trasformismo</i></span> and became authoritarian, once suggesting the use of martial law to ban opposition parties.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being authoritarian, Crispi put through liberal policies such as the Public Health Act of 1888 and established tribunals for redress against abuses by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Francesco_Crispi">Francesco Crispi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Francesco Crispi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> was prime minister for a total of six years, from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896. Historian R. J. B. Bosworth says of his foreign policy: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Crispi pursued policies whose openly aggressive character would not be equaled until the days of the Fascist regime. Crispi increased military expenditure, talked cheerfully of a European conflagration, and alarmed his German or British friends with signs of preventative attacks on his enemies. His policies were ruinous for Italy's trade with France and, more humiliatingly, for colonial ambitions in Eastern Africa. Crispi's lust for territory there was thwarted when on 1 March 1896, the armies of Ethiopian Emperor Menelik routed Italian forces at Adowa [...] an unparalleled disaster for a modern army. Crispi, whose private life (he was perhaps a trigamist) and personal finances [...] were objects of perennial scandal, went into dishonorable retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Crispi greatly admired the United Kingdom, but was unable to get British assistance for his aggressive foreign policy and turned instead to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crispi also enlarged the army and navy and advocated expansionism as he sought Germany's favor by joining the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> which included both Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882. It remained officially intact until 1915 and prevented hostilities between Italy and Austria, which controlled border regions that Italy claimed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa" title="Treaty of Addis Ababa">Treaty of Addis Ababa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg/150px-Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg/225px-Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg/300px-Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> promoted the Italian colonialism in Africa in the late 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 19th and early 20th century, Italy emulated the Great Powers in acquiring colonies, especially in the scramble to take control of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> that took place in the 1870s. Italy was weak in military and economic resources compared to Britain, France and Germany. Still, it proved difficult due to popular resistance. It was unprofitable due to high military costs and the lesser economic value of spheres of influence remaining when Italy began to colonize. Britain was eager to block French influence and assisted Italy in gaining territory of the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several colonial projects were undertaken by the government. These were done to gain the support of Italian nationalists and imperialists, who wanted to rebuild a Roman Empire. Italy had already large settlements in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>. Italy first attempted to gain colonies through negotiations with other world powers to make colonial concessions, but these negotiations failed. Italy also sent missionaries to uncolonized lands to investigate the potential for Italian colonization. The most promising and realistic of these were parts of Africa. Italian missionaries had already established a foothold at <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>) in the 1830s and had entered deep into the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg/220px-Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg/330px-Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg/440px-Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Zara" title="Battle of Ain Zara">Ain Zara oasis</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>: propaganda postcard made by the Italian Army</figcaption></figure> <p>The beginning of colonialism came in 1885, shortly after the fall of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Egyptian rule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, when Italy landed soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> in East Africa. In 1888, Italy annexed Massawa by force, creating the colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>. The Eritrean ports of Massawa and Assab handled trade with Italy and Ethiopia. The trade was promoted by the low duties paid on Italian trade. Italy exported manufactured products and imported coffee, beeswax and hides.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Italy occupied territory on the south side of the horn of Africa, forming what would become <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wuchale" title="Treaty of Wuchale">Treaty of Wuchale</a>, signed in 1889, stated in the Italian language version that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian Amharic language version stated that the Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik II of Ethiopia">Menelik II</a> could go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs. This happened presumably due to the mistranslation of a verb, which formed a permissive clause in Amharic and a mandatory one in Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the differences in the versions came to light, in 1895 Menelik II abrogated the treaty and abandoned the agreement to follow Italian foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the Ethiopian refusal to abide by the Italian version of the treaty and despite economic handicaps at home, the Italian government decided on a military solution to force Ethiopia to abide by the Italian version of the treaty. In doing so, they believed that they could exploit divisions within Ethiopia and rely on tactical and technological superiority to offset any inferiority in numbers. As a result, Italy and Ethiopia came into confrontation, in what was later to be known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian army failed on the battlefield and was overwhelmed by a huge Ethiopian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a>. At that point, the Italian invasion force was forced to retreat into Eritrea. The war formally ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa" title="Treaty of Addis Ababa">Treaty of Addis Ababa</a> in 1896, which abrogated the Treaty of Wuchale, recognizing Ethiopia as an independent country. The failed Ethiopian campaign was one of the few military victories scored by the Africans against an imperial power at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_mounted_infantry_in_China_1900_HD-SN-99-01989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Italian_mounted_infantry_in_China_1900_HD-SN-99-01989.jpg/220px-Italian_mounted_infantry_in_China_1900_HD-SN-99-01989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Italian_mounted_infantry_in_China_1900_HD-SN-99-01989.jpg/330px-Italian_mounted_infantry_in_China_1900_HD-SN-99-01989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Italian_mounted_infantry_in_China_1900_HD-SN-99-01989.jpg/440px-Italian_mounted_infantry_in_China_1900_HD-SN-99-01989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Italian mounted infantry in <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>From 2 November 1899 to 7 September 1901, Italy participated as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. On 7 September 1901, a concession in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tientsin</a> was ceded to Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>. On 7 June 1902, the concession was taken into Italian possession and administered by an Italian <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a>. </p><p>In 1911, Italy declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>. These provinces together formed what became known as <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a>. The war ended only one year later, but the occupation resulted in acts of discrimination against Libyans, such as the forced deportation of Libyans to the <a href="/wiki/Tremiti_Islands" title="Tremiti Islands">Tremiti Islands</a> in October 1911. By 1912, one-third of these Libyan refugees had died from a lack of food and shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annexation of Libya led nationalists to advocate Italian domination of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> by occupying <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> coastal region of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giovanni_Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Giovanni Giolitti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Giolitti_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Giovanni_Giolitti_2.jpg/150px-Giovanni_Giolitti_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Giovanni_Giolitti_2.jpg/225px-Giovanni_Giolitti_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Giovanni_Giolitti_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> five times between 1892 and 1921.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1892, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> became Prime Minister of Italy for his first term. Although his first government quickly collapsed one year later, Giolitti returned in 1903 to lead Italy's government during a fragmented period until 1914. Giolitti had spent his earlier life as a civil servant and then took positions within the cabinets of Crispi. Giolitti was the first long-term Italian Prime Minister because he mastered the political concept of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Trasformismo" title="Trasformismo">trasformismo</a></i></span> by manipulating, coercing and bribing officials to his side. In elections during Giolitti's government, voting fraud was common. Giolitti helped improve voting only in well-off, more supportive areas while attempting to isolate and intimidate poor areas where opposition was strong.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Italy was in terrible shape before and during Giolitti's tenure as Prime Minister: four-fifths of southern Italians were illiterate, and the dire situation there ranged from problems of large numbers of absentee landlords to rebellion and even starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption was such a large problem that Giolitti himself admitted that there were places "where the law does not operate at all".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeplin_orta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zeplin_orta.jpg/170px-Zeplin_orta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zeplin_orta.jpg/255px-Zeplin_orta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zeplin_orta.jpg/340px-Zeplin_orta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Italian dirigibles bomb Turkish positions in Libya, as the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> of 1911–1912 was the first in history in which air attacks (carried out here by dirigible airships) determined the outcome.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1911, Giolitti's government sent forces to occupy Libya. While the success of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya" title="Italian invasion of Libya">Libyan War</a> improved the status of the nationalists, it did not help Giolitti's administration as a whole. The government attempted to discourage criticism by speaking about Italy's strategic achievements and inventiveness of their military in the war: Italy was the <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Gavotti" title="Giulio Gavotti">first country</a> to use the <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> for military purposes and undertook <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">aerial bombing</a> on the Ottoman forces.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war radicalized the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a>, and anti-war revolutionaries called for violence to bring down the government. <a href="/wiki/1913_Italian_general_election" title="1913 Italian general election">Elections were held in 1913</a>, and Giolitti's coalition retained an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, while the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Radical Party</a> emerged as the largest opposition bloc. The Italian Socialist Party gained eight seats and was the largest party in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbetta_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbetta-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giolitti's coalition did not endure long after the election, and he was forced to resign in March 1914. Giolitti later returned as Prime Minister only briefly in 1920, but the era of liberalism was effectively over in Italy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1913_Italian_general_election" title="1913 Italian general election">1913</a> and <a href="/wiki/1919_Italian_general_election" title="1919 Italian general election">1919</a> elections saw gains made by Socialist, Catholic and nationalist parties at the expense of the traditionally dominant Liberals and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Radicals</a>, who were increasingly fractured and weakened as a result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_failure_of_the_liberal_state_(1915–1922)"><span id="World_War_I_and_failure_of_the_liberal_state_.281915.E2.80.931922.29"></span>World War I and failure of the liberal state (1915–1922)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World War I and failure of the liberal state (1915–1922)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Italian Front (World War I)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Military history of Italy during World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War I)">Italian Campaign (World War I)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/220px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/330px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/440px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Italian cavalry in <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a> on 3 November 1918, after the victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italy entered into the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, the Italian intervention in the First World War is also considered the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Italian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Italian War of Independence">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war forced the decision whether to honor the alliance with Germany and Austria. For six months Italy remained neutral, as the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> was only for defensive purposes. Italy took the initiative in entering the war in spring 1915, despite strong popular and elite sentiment in favor of neutrality. Italy was a large, poor country whose political system was chaotic, its finances were heavily strained, and its army was very poorly prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Triple Alliance meant little either to Italians or Austrians – Vienna had declared war on Serbia without consulting Rome. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salandra" title="Antonio Salandra">Antonio Salandra</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sidney Sonnino</a> negotiated with both sides in secret for the best deal, and got one from the Entente, which was quite willing to promise large slices of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tyrol" title="History of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, as well as making <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> a protectorate. Russia vetoed giving Italy <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>. Britain was willing to pay subsidies and loans to get 36 million Italians as new allies who threatened the southern flank of Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberazione_di_Trieste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Liberazione_di_Trieste.jpg/220px-Liberazione_di_Trieste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Liberazione_di_Trieste.jpg/330px-Liberazione_di_Trieste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Liberazione_di_Trieste.jpg/440px-Liberazione_di_Trieste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Italian troops landing in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, 3 November 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a> was announced in May 1915, there was an uproar from antiwar elements. Reports from around Italy showed the people feared war, and cared little about territorial gains. Rural folk saw war as a disaster, like drought, famine or plague. Businessmen were generally opposed, fearing heavy-handed government controls and taxes, and loss of foreign markets. Reversing the decision seemed impossible, for the Triple Alliance did not want Italy back, and the king's throne was at risk. Pro-war supporters mobbed the streets. The fervor for war represented a bitterly hostile reaction against politics as usual, and the failures, frustrations, and stupidities of the ruling class.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> created the newspaper <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></i></span>, which at first attempted to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a>, eager to draw Italy to the war, helped finance the newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, after the war, this publication would become the official newspaper of the Fascist movement. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/220px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/330px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/440px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Redipuglia_War_Memorial" title="Redipuglia War Memorial">Redipuglia War Memorial</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fogliano_Redipuglia" title="Fogliano Redipuglia">Redipuglia</a>, with the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Emanuele_Filiberto,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta">Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta</a> in the foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy entered the war with an army of 875,000 men, but the army was poorly led and lacked heavy artillery and machine guns, their war supplies having been largely depleted in <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">the war of 1911–12</a> against Turkey. Italy proved unable to prosecute the war effectively, as fighting raged for three years on a very narrow front along the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Isonzo River</a>, where the Austrians held the high ground. In 1916, Italy declared war on Germany, which provided significant aid to the Austrians. Some 650,000 Italian soldiers died and 950,000 were wounded, while the economy required large-scale Allied funding to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the war the government had ignored labor issues, but now it had to intervene to mobilize war production. With the main working-class Socialist party reluctant to support the war effort, strikes were frequent and cooperation was minimal, especially in the Socialist strongholds of Piedmont and Lombardy. The government imposed high wage scales, as well as collective bargaining and insurance schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many large firms expanded dramatically. Inflation doubled the cost of living. Industrial wages kept pace but not wages for farm workers. Discontent was high in rural areas since so many men were taken for service, industrial jobs were unavailable, wages grew slowly and inflation was just as bad.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian victory,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was announced by the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria" title="Bollettino della Vittoria">Bollettino della Vittoria</a></i></span> and the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Bollettino della Vittoria Navale</a></i></span>, marked the end of the war on the Italian Front, secured the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> and was chiefly instrumental in <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany">ending</a> the First World War less than two weeks later. More than 651,000 Italian soldiers died on the battlefields.<sup id="cite_ref-Mortara_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortara-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian civilian deaths were estimated at 589,000 due to malnutrition and food shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1918, after the surrender of Austria-Hungary, Italy occupied militarily <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino Alto-Adige</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, all Austro-Hungarian territories. On the Dalmatian coast, Italy established the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia#The_first_Governorate_of_Dalmatia" title="Governorate of Dalmatia">Governorate of Dalmatia</a>, which had the provisional aim of ferrying the territory towards full integration into the Kingdom of Italy, progressively importing national legislation in place of the previous one. The administrative capital was <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a>. The Governorate of Dalmatia was evacuated following the Italo-Yugoslav agreements which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> (1920). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png/220px-Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png/330px-Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png/440px-Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Territories promised to Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London (1915)</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> (tan), and the <a href="/wiki/Sne%C5%BEnik_(plateau)" title="Snežnik (plateau)">Snežnik Plateau</a> area (green). Dalmatia, after WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the war came to an end, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Prime Minister">Italian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> met with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> to discuss how the borders of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> should be redefined to help avoid a future European war. The talks provided little territorial gain to Italy as Wilson promised freedom to all European nationalities to form their nation-states. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> did not assign <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to Italy as had been promised in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a>. Furthermore, the British and French decided to divide the German overseas colonies into their mandates, with Italy receiving none. Italy also gained no territory from the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Despite this, Orlando agreed to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which caused uproar against his government. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> (1919) and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> (1920) allowed the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino Alto-Adige</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a>. </p><p>Furious over the peace settlement, the Italian nationalist poet <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a> led disaffected war veterans and nationalists to form the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> in September 1919. His popularity among nationalists led him to be called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Il_Duce" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Duce">Il Duce</a></i></span> ("The Leader"), and he used black-shirted paramilitary in his assault on Fiume. The leadership title of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Duce</i></span> and the blackshirt paramilitary uniform would later be adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. The demand for the Italian annexation of Fiume spread to all sides of the political spectrum, including Mussolini's Fascists.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome_(1924)" title="Treaty of Rome (1924)">Treaty of Rome</a> (1924) led to the annexation of the city of <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> to Italy. Italy's lack of territorial gain led to the outcome being denounced as a <i><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">mutilated victory</a></i>. The rhetoric of <i>mutilated victory</i> was adopted by Mussolini and led to the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">rise of</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>, becoming a key point in the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_Fascist_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda of Fascist Italy">propaganda of Fascist Italy</a>. Historians regard <i>mutilated victory</i> as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel <a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism">Italian imperialism</a> and obscure the successes of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Italy">liberal Italy</a> in the aftermath of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy also gained a permanent seat in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>'s executive council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascist_regime,_World_War_II,_and_Civil_War_(1922–1946)"><span id="Fascist_regime.2C_World_War_II.2C_and_Civil_War_.281922.E2.80.931946.29"></span>Fascist regime, World War II, and Civil War (1922–1946)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fascist regime, World War II, and Civil War (1922–1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy (1922–1943)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Fascism_into_power">Rise of Fascism into power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rise of Fascism into power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg/170px-Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg/255px-Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg/340px-Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who titled himself <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">ruled the country from 1922 to 1943</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> created the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Combattimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasci di Combattimento">Fasci di Combattimento</a></i></span> or Combat League in 1919. It was originally dominated by patriotic socialist and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicalist">syndicalist</a> veterans who opposed the pacifist policies of the Italian Socialist Party. This early Fascist movement had a platform more inclined to the left, promising social revolution, proportional representation in elections, women's suffrage (partly realized in 1925) and dividing rural private property held by estates.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also differed from later Fascism by opposing <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1997,_pp._284_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_pp._284-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/220px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/330px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/440px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> during the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> in 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, the so-called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></i></span> (red biennium) took place in the two years following the war in a context of economic crisis, high unemployment and political instability. The 1919–20 period was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factory occupations. In <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers councils">workers councils</a> were formed and many <a href="/wiki/Factory_occupations" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory occupations">factory occupations</a> took place under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalist">anarcho-syndicalists</a>. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the <a href="/wiki/Padan_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Padan plain">Padan plain</a> and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests and guerilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias. Thenceforth, the Fasci di Combattimento (forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>, 1921) successfully exploited the claims of Italian nationalists and the quest for order and normalization of the middle class. In October 1922, Mussolini took advantage of a general strike to announce his demands to the Italian government to give the Fascist Party political power or face a coup. With no immediate response, a group of 30,000 Fascists began a long trek across Italy to Rome (the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>), claiming that Fascists were intending to restore law and order. The Fascists demanded Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Facta" title="Luigi Facta">Luigi Facta</a>'s resignation and that Mussolini be named to the post. Although the Italian Army was far better armed than the Fascist militias, the liberal system and King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> were facing a deeper political crisis. The King was forced to choose which of the two rival movements in Italy would form the government: Mussolini's Fascists, or the marxist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a>. He selected the Fascists. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giacomo_Matteotti_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Giacomo_Matteotti_crop.jpg/220px-Giacomo_Matteotti_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Giacomo_Matteotti_crop.jpg/330px-Giacomo_Matteotti_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Giacomo_Matteotti_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Socialist leader <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Giacomo Matteotti</a> was murdered a few days after he openly denounced Fascist violence during the 1924 elections.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mussolini formed a coalition with nationalists and liberals, and in 1923 passed the electoral <a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a>, which assigned two-thirds of the seats to the party that achieved at least 25% of the vote. The Fascist Party used violence and intimidation to achieve the threshold in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_general_election,_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian general election, 1924">1924 election</a>, thus obtaining control of Parliament. Socialist deputy <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Giacomo Matteotti</a> was assassinated after calling for a nullification of the vote. The parliament opposition responded to Matteotti's assassination with the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a>. </p><p>Over the next four years, Mussolini eliminated nearly all checks and balances on his power. On 24 December 1925, he passed a law that declared he was responsible to the king alone, making him the sole person able to determine Parliament's agenda. Local governments were dissolved, and appointed officials (called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Podest%C3%A0" title="Podestà">podestà</a></i></span>) replaced elected mayors and councils. In 1928, all political parties were banned, and parliamentary elections were replaced by plebiscites in which the Grand Council of Fascism nominated a single list of 400 candidates. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duggan" title="Christopher Duggan">Christopher Duggan</a> argues that his regime exploited Mussolini's popular appeal and forged a cult of personality that served as the model that was emulated by dictators of other fascist regimes of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summary, historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> says that Fascism in Italy was: </p> <dl><dd>A primarily political dictatorship. The Fascist Party itself had become almost completely bureaucratized and subservient to, not dominant over, the state itself. Big business, industry, and finance retained extensive autonomy, particularly in the early years. The armed forces also enjoyed considerable autonomy. ... The Fascist militia was placed under military control. The judicial system was left largely intact and relatively autonomous as well. The police continued to be directed by state officials and were not taken over by party leaders, nor was a major new police elite created. There was never any question of bringing the Church under overall subservience. Sizable sectors of Italian cultural life retained extensive autonomy, and no major state propaganda-and-culture ministry existed. The Mussolini regime was neither especially sanguinary nor particularly repressive.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_the_Roman_question">End of the Roman question</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: End of the Roman question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Vatican_and_Italian_government_notables_posing_at_the_Lateran_Palace_before_the_signing_of_the_treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Group_of_Vatican_and_Italian_government_notables_posing_at_the_Lateran_Palace_before_the_signing_of_the_treaty.jpg/220px-Group_of_Vatican_and_Italian_government_notables_posing_at_the_Lateran_Palace_before_the_signing_of_the_treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Group_of_Vatican_and_Italian_government_notables_posing_at_the_Lateran_Palace_before_the_signing_of_the_treaty.jpg/330px-Group_of_Vatican_and_Italian_government_notables_posing_at_the_Lateran_Palace_before_the_signing_of_the_treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Group_of_Vatican_and_Italian_government_notables_posing_at_the_Lateran_Palace_before_the_signing_of_the_treaty.jpg/440px-Group_of_Vatican_and_Italian_government_notables_posing_at_the_Lateran_Palace_before_the_signing_of_the_treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Vatican and Italian delegations prior to signing the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unification of Italy</a> in the mid-19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> resisted incorporation into the new nation. The nascent Kingdom of Italy invaded and occupied <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> (the eastern portion of the Papal States) in 1860, leaving only <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Latium</a> in the pope's domains. Latium, including Rome itself, was <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">occupied</a> and annexed in 1870. For the following sixty years, relations between the Papacy and the Italian government were hostile, and the status of the pope became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Roman_question" title="Roman question">Roman question</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between the Kingdom of Italy under King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> to settle the question. The treaty and associated pacts were signed on 11 February 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-SignDate_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SignDate-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty recognized <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent state">independent state</a> under the sovereignty of the Holy See. The Italian government also agreed to give the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> financial compensation for the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, the Lateran Treaty was recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a> as regulating the relations between the state and the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution7_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution7-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was significantly revised in 1984, ending the status of Catholicism as the sole state religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_politics">Foreign politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg/220px-RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg/330px-RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg/440px-RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Italian ethnic regions claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a> in the 1930s: * Green: <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> * Red: <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a> * Violet: <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a> * <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians#Corfiot_Italians_and_the_Risorgimento" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfu</a> were later claimed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lee identifies three major themes in Mussolini's foreign policy. The first was a continuation of the foreign-policy objectives of the preceding Liberal regime. Liberal Italy had allied itself with Germany and Austria, and had great ambitions in the Balkans and North Africa. Ever since it had been badly defeated in Ethiopia in 1896, there was a strong demand for seizing that country. Second was a profound disillusionment after the heavy losses of the First World War; the small territorial gains from Austria were not enough to compensate. Third was Mussolini's promise to restore the pride and glory of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian Fascism is based upon <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a></i></span> by incorporating <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italia Irredenta</a></i></span> (unredeemed Italy) into the state of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1922_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1922-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east of Italy, the Fascists claimed that <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> was a land of Italian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the south of Italy, the Fascists claimed <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a>, which belonged to the United Kingdom, and <a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians#Corfiot_Italians_and_the_Risorgimento" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfu</a>, which belonged to Greece, to the north claimed <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Italian Switzerland</a>, while to the west claimed <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a>, which belonged to France.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/220px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/330px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/440px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ambitions of fascist Italy in Europe in 1936.<br />Legend:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#073A09; color:white;"> </span> Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0F7612; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client states</a>;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#083A39; color:white;"> </span> Claimed territories to be annexed;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#107776; color:white;"> </span> Territories to be transformed into client states.</div> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mussolini promised to bring Italy back as a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> in Europe, building a "New Roman Empire" and holding power over the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Fascist_Italy" title="Propaganda in Fascist Italy">propaganda</a>, Fascists used the ancient Roman motto "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a></i></span>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "Our Sea") to describe the Mediterranean. For this reason the Fascist regime engaged in <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist foreign policy</a> in Europe. In 1923, the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians#Corfiot_Italians_and_the_Risorgimento" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfu</a> was briefly occupied by Italy, after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tellini" title="Enrico Tellini">General Tellini</a> in Greek territory. In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albania</a> came under heavy Italian influence as a result of the <a href="/wiki/First_and_Second_Treaties_of_Tirana" class="mw-redirect" title="First and Second Treaties of Tirana">Tirana Treaties</a>, which also gave Italy a stronger position in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations with France were mixed. The Fascist regime planned to regain Italian-populated areas of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_3_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_3-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of Nazism, it became more concerned of the potential threat of Germany to Italy. Due to concerns of German expansionism, Italy joined the <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a> with France and the United Kingdom, which existed from 1935 to 1936. The Fascist regime held negative relations with Yugoslavia, as it continued to claim Dalmatia. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> between the socialist <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, Italy sent arms and over 60,000 troops to aid the Nationalist faction. This secured Italy's naval access to Spanish ports and increased Italian influence in the Mediterranean. During the 1930s, Italy strongly pursued a policy of naval rearmament; by 1940, the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i></span> was the fourth largest navy in the world. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Staatschefs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Italian Foreign Minister Count Ciano, as they prepared to sign the Munich Agreement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini and Italian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Count_Ciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Ciano">Count Ciano</a> at the signing of <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mussolini and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> first met in June 1934, when Mussolini opposed German plans to annex Austria to ensure that Nazi Germany would not become hegemonic in Europe. Public appearances and propaganda constantly portrayed the closeness of Mussolini and Hitler and the similarities between Italian Fascism and German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a>. While both ideologies had significant similarities, the two factions were suspicious of each other, and both leaders were in competition for world influence. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg/220px-Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg/330px-Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg/440px-Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption>Mussolini and Hitler in June 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1935 Mussolini decided to invade <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>; 2,313 Italians and 275,000 Ethiopians died.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> resulted in the international isolation of Italy; the only nation to back Italy's aggression was Nazi Germany. After being condemned by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, Italy decided to leave the League on 11 December 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini had little choice but to join Hitler in international politics, thus he reluctantly abandoned support of Austrian independence and Hitler proceeded with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span>, the annexation of Austria, in 1938. Mussolini later supported German claims on <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Conference">Munich Conference</a>. In 1938, under influence of Hitler, Mussolini supported the adoption of antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">racial laws</a> in Italy. After Germany annexed <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in March 1939, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italy invaded Albania</a> and made it an <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian protectorate</a>. </p><p>As war approached in 1939, the Fascist regime stepped up an aggressive press campaign against France claiming that its Italian residents were suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997397_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997397-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was important to the alliance as both regimes mutually had claims on France: Germany on German-populated <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> and Italy on the mixed Italian and French populated <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. In May 1939, a formal alliance with Germany was signed, known as the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a>. Mussolini felt obliged to sign the pact in spite of his own concerns that Italy could not fight a war in the near future. This obligation grew from his promises to Italians that he would build an empire for them and from his personal desire to not allow Hitler to become the dominant leader in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997401_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997401-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini was repulsed by the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> agreement where Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> agreed to partition the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> into German and Soviet zones for an impending invasion. The Fascist government saw this as a betrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, but decided to remain officially silent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997401_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997401-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_and_fall_of_Fascism">World War II and fall of Fascism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: World War II and fall of Fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Military history of Italy during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg/220px-ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Map of <i>Great Italy</i> according to the 1940 fascist project in case Italy had won the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (the orange line delimits metropolitan Italy, the green line the borders of the enlarged <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>When Germany <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> on 1 September 1939 beginning <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Mussolini chose to stay <a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">non-belligerent</a>, although he declared his support for Hitler. In drawing out war plans, Mussolini and the Fascist regime decided that Italy would aim to annex large portions of Africa and the Middle East. Hesitance remained from the King and military commander <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> who warned Mussolini that Italy had too few <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured vehicles</a>, and aircraft available to be able to carry out a long-term war; Badoglio told Mussolini "It is suicide" for Italy to get involved in the <a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theater of World War II">European conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997405_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997405-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini and the Fascist regime thus waited as France was invaded by Germany in June 1940 (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>) before deciding to get involved. </p><p>Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940, fulfilling its obligations towards the Pact of Steel. Mussolini hoped to quickly capture <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>, Nice, Corsica, and the African colonies of Tunisia and Algeria from the French, on June 21, Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">invaded France</a> but their achived with only modest gains due to the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Armistice" title="Franco-Italian Armistice">Franco-Italian Armistice</a> on 24 June , but Germany signed an armistice (22 June: <a href="/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Armistice at Compiègne">Second Armistice at Compiègne</a>) with Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> establishing <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, that retained control over southern France and colonies. This decision angered the Fascist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997406_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997406-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer 1940, Mussolini ordered the <a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">bombing of Mandatory Palestine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">conquest of British Somaliland</a>. In September, he ordered the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">invasion of Egypt</a>; despite initial success, Italian forces were soon driven back by the British (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>). Hitler had to intervene with the sending of the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> of General <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>, that was the mainstay in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a>. Although Rommel himself was officially under Italian command. </p><p>On 28 October, Mussolini launched <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">an attack</a> on Greece. However, the Greeks not only proved a more capable opponent successfully repelling the initial attack, but also managed to push the Italians back to Albania. Hitler came to Mussolini's aid by attacking the Greeks through the Balkans. The <a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Balkans Campaign</a> had as result the dissolution of Yugoslavia and Greece's defeat. Italy gained <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">south Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia" title="Governorate of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and established the puppet states of <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State" title="Hellenic State">Hellenic State</a>. By 1942, it was faltering as its economy failed to adapt to the conditions of war and Italian cities were being heavily bombed by the Allies. Also, despite the Axis advances, the campaign in North Africa began to fail in late 1942. The complete collapse came after the decisive defeat at <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Bersaglieri,_El_Alamein_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Italian_Bersaglieri%2C_El_Alamein_1942.jpg/220px-Italian_Bersaglieri%2C_El_Alamein_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Italian_Bersaglieri%2C_El_Alamein_1942.jpg/330px-Italian_Bersaglieri%2C_El_Alamein_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Italian_Bersaglieri%2C_El_Alamein_1942.jpg/440px-Italian_Bersaglieri%2C_El_Alamein_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Italian Bersaglieri in North Africa.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1943, Italy was losing on every front. Half of the Italian forces <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">fighting in the Soviet Union</a> had been destroyed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997412_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997412-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the African campaign had failed, the Balkans remained unstable, and Italians wanted an end to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997412–413_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997412–413-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invaded Sicily</a> in an effort to knock Italy out of the war and establish a foothold in Europe. On 25 July, <a href="/wiki/25_Luglio" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Luglio">Mussolini was ousted</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Consiglio_del_Fascismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Consiglio del Fascismo">Great Council of Fascism</a> and arrested by order of King Victor Emmanuel III, who appointed General <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> as new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a>. Badoglio stripped away the final elements of Fascist rule by banning the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>, then signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Italian Instrument of Surrender">instrument of surrender</a> on 29 September. </p><p><br /> Donald Detwiler notes that "Italy's entrance into the war showed very early that her military strength was only a hollow shell. Italy's military failures against France, Greece, Yugoslavia and in the African Theatres of war shook Italy's new prestige mightily."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have long debated why Italy's military and its Fascist regime were so remarkably ineffective at an activity – war – that was central to their identity. MacGregor Knox says the explanation, "was first and foremost a failure of Italy's military culture and military institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen argue that "the Regia Aeronautica failed to perform effectively in modern conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Sadkovich gives the most charitable interpretation of Italian failures, blaming inferior equipment, overextension, and inter-service rivalries. Its forces had "more than their share of handicaps."<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_War,_Allied_advance,_and_Liberation"><span id="Civil_War.2C_Allied_advance.2C_and_Liberation"></span>Civil War, Allied advance, and Liberation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Civil War, Allied advance, and Liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">Liberation of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg/220px-Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg/330px-Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg/440px-Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quattrogiornate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quattrogiornate.jpg/220px-Quattrogiornate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quattrogiornate.jpg/330px-Quattrogiornate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quattrogiornate.jpg/440px-Quattrogiornate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Insurgents celebrating the liberation of Naples, after the <a href="/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Four days of Naples">Four days of Naples</a> (27–30 September 1943)</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after being ousted, Mussolini was rescued by a German commando in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid" title="Gran Sasso raid">Operation Eiche</a> ("Oak"). The Germans brought Mussolini to northern Italy where he set up a Fascist puppet state, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (RSI). Meanwhile, the Allies advanced in southern Italy. In September 1943, <a href="/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Four days of Naples">Naples</a> rose against the occupying German forces. The Allies organized some royalist Italian troops into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Army">Italian Co-Belligerent Army</a>, while other troops continued to fight alongside Nazi Germany in the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">National Republican Army</a>. A large <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> started a long <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> against the German and Fascist forces,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while clashes between the Fascist RSI Army and the Royalist Italian Co-Belligerent Army were rare.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans, often helped by Fascists, committed several <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">atrocities</a> against Italian civilians in occupied zones, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_di_Stazzema_massacre" title="Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre">Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre</a>. The Kingdom of Italy declared war on Nazi Germany on 13 October 1943;<sup id="cite_ref-italyswitchesstayinwar_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-italyswitchesstayinwar-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tensions between the Axis Powers and the Italian military were rising following the failure to defend Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-italyswitchesstayinwar_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-italyswitchesstayinwar-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 June 1944, the German occupation of Rome came to an end as the Allies advanced. The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the spring offensive of 1945, after Allied troops had breached the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a>, leading to the surrender of German and Fascist forces in Italy on 2 May shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May. It is estimated that between September 1943 and April 1945, some 60,000 Allied and 50,000 German soldiers died in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1181-11,_Italien,_Benito_Mussolini_mit_italienischen_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1181-11%2C_Italien%2C_Benito_Mussolini_mit_italienischen_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1181-11%2C_Italien%2C_Benito_Mussolini_mit_italienischen_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1181-11%2C_Italien%2C_Benito_Mussolini_mit_italienischen_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1181-11%2C_Italien%2C_Benito_Mussolini_mit_italienischen_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1181-11%2C_Italien%2C_Benito_Mussolini_mit_italienischen_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1181-11%2C_Italien%2C_Benito_Mussolini_mit_italienischen_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>The head of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, with a soldier in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a> included <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a><sup id="cite_ref-JamesBurgwyn_2004_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesBurgwyn_2004-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the deportation of about 25,000 people, mainly Jews, Croats, and Slovenians, to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps">Italian concentration camps</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Rab_concentration_camp" title="Rab concentration camp">Rab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonars_concentration_camp" title="Gonars concentration camp">Gonars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Monigo">Monigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renicci_di_Anghiari" title="Renicci di Anghiari">Renicci di Anghiari</a> and elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> perpetrated their own crimes against the local ethnic Italian population during and after the war, including the <a href="/wiki/Foibe_massacres" title="Foibe massacres">foibe massacres</a>. In Italy and Yugoslavia, unlike in Germany, few war crimes were prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoryCarroll_2001-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pedaliu_JContHistory_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedaliu_JContHistory-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oliva06_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliva06-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blpp2004_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blpp2004-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/220px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/330px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/440px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian anti-fascist partisans</a> in Milan during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>, April 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>On 25 April 1945 the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee_for_Northern_Italy" title="National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy">National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy</a> proclaimed a general insurrection in all the territories still occupied by the Nazis, indicating to all the partisan forces active in Northern Italy that were part of the Volunteer Corps of Freedom to attack the fascist and German garrisons by imposing the surrender, days before the arrival of the Allied troops; at the same time, the National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy personally issued legislative decrees,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assuming power "in the name of the Italian people and as a delegate of the Italian Government", establishing among other things the death sentence for all fascist hierarchs,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the event is commemorated in Italy every 25 April by the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day">National Day</a> introduced on 22 April 1946, which celebrates the liberation of the country from <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mussolini was captured on 27 April 1945, by <a href="/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Italiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Partito Comunista Italiano">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian partisans">Italian partisans</a> near the Swiss border as he tried to escape Italy. On the next day, he was executed for high treason. Days later on 2 May 1945, the German forces in Italy surrendered. On 9 June 1944, Badoglio was replaced as prime minister by anti-fascist leader <a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a>. In June 1945 Bonomi was in turn replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a>, who in turn gave way to <a href="/wiki/Alcide_de_Gasperi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcide de Gasperi">Alcide de Gasperi</a> on 4 December 1945. Finally, De Gasperi supervised the transition to a Republic following the abdication of Vittorio Emanuele III on 9 May 1946, the one-month-long reign of his son <a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II</a> ("King of May") and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitutional_referendum,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitutional referendum, 1946">Constitutional Referendum</a> that abolished the monarchy; De Gasperi briefly became acting head of state as well as prime minister on 18 June 1946, but ceded the former role to Provisional President <a href="/wiki/Enrico_de_Nicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrico de Nicola">Enrico de Nicola</a> ten days later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-fascism_against_Mussolini's_regime"><span id="Anti-fascism_against_Mussolini.27s_regime"></span>Anti-fascism against Mussolini's regime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Anti-fascism against Mussolini's regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i></span>, an axe cutting a <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Arditi del Popolo</i></span> was a militant <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a> group founded in 1921.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Italy, Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> regime used the term <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a></i> to describe its opponents. Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> was officially known as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Vigilance_and_Repression_of_Anti-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism">Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism</a> (OVRA). During the 1920s, anti-fascists, many of them from the <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a>, fought against the violent <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> and against the rise of the fascist leader Benito Mussolini. After the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI) signed a <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Pacification" title="Pact of Pacification">pacification pact</a> with Mussolini and his <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasces of Combat</a> on 3 August 1921,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and trade unions adopted a legalist and pacified strategy, members of the workers' movement who disagreed with this strategy formed <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/220px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/330px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/440px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>1931 badge of a member of <a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/220px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/330px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/440px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></i></span>, anti-fascist movement active from 1929 to 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">Italian General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGL) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia and maintained a non-violent, legalist strategy, while the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party of Italy</a> (PCd'I) ordered its members to quit the organization. The PCd'I organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Severino Di Giovanni</a>, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian liberal anti-fascist <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a></i>, which was published in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable Italian liberal anti-fascists around that time were <a href="/wiki/Piero_Gobetti" title="Piero Gobetti">Piero Gobetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a></i></span> (English: <span lang="en">Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration</span>), officially known as Concentrazione d'Azione Antifascista (Anti-Fascist Action Concentration), was an Italian coalition of Anti-Fascist groups which existed from 1927 to 1934, trying to promote and to coordinate expatriate actions to fight fascism in Italy; they published a propaganda paper entitled <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La Libertà</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></i></span> (English: <span lang="en">Justice and Freedom</span>) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a>, active from 1929 to 1945<sup id="cite_ref-jam_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which shared a belief in active, effective opposition to fascism, compared to the older Italian anti-fascist parties. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Giustizia e Libertà</i></span> also made the international community aware of the realities of fascism in Italy, thanks to the work of <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a>. </p><p>Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> in the territories annexed to Italy after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most influential was the militant insurgent organization <a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a>, which carried out numerous sabotages, as well as attacks on representatives of the Fascist Party and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the underground structure of the organization was discovered and dismantled by the OVRA in 1940 and 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after June 1941 most of its former activists joined the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a>. Many members of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian resistance">Italian resistance</a> left their homes and went to live in the mountains, fighting against Italian fascists and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Nazi</a> soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>. Many cities in Italy, including <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, were freed by anti-fascist uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1946)"><span id="End_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_.281946.29"></span>End of the Kingdom of Italy (1946)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: End of the Kingdom of Italy (1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1946_Italian_institutional_referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1946 Italian institutional referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hrh_Prince_Umberto_of_Italy,_May_1944_TR1829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hrh_Prince_Umberto_of_Italy%2C_May_1944_TR1829.jpg/170px-Hrh_Prince_Umberto_of_Italy%2C_May_1944_TR1829.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hrh_Prince_Umberto_of_Italy%2C_May_1944_TR1829.jpg/255px-Hrh_Prince_Umberto_of_Italy%2C_May_1944_TR1829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hrh_Prince_Umberto_of_Italy%2C_May_1944_TR1829.jpg/340px-Hrh_Prince_Umberto_of_Italy%2C_May_1944_TR1829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Umberto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umberto II">Umberto II</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">king of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Much like <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the aftermath of World War II left Italy with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime for the previous twenty years. </p><p>Even before the rise of the Fascists, the monarchy was seen to have performed poorly, with society extremely divided between the wealthy North and poor South. World War I resulted in Italy making few gains and was seen as what fostered the rise of Fascism. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the spring of 1944, it was obvious Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his previous support for Mussolini to have any further role. He transferred his constitutional powers to Crown Prince Umberto, whom he named <a href="/wiki/Luogotenente" title="Luogotenente">Lieutenant General of the Realm</a> and de facto regent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg/220px-Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg/330px-Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg/440px-Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Results of the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Italian constitutional referendum">1946 referendum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Victor Emmanuel III nominally remained King until shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a> on whether to remain a monarchy or become a republic. On 9 May 1946, he abdicated in favour of the Crown Prince, who then ascended as King <a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II</a>. However, on 2 June 1946, the republican side won 54% of the vote, and Italy officially became a republic, a day celebrated since as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></i></span>. This was the first time that Italian women voted at the national level, and the second time overall considering the local elections that were held a few months earlier in some cities.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The table of results shows some relevant differences in the different parts of Italy. The peninsula seemed to be drastically cut into two as if there were two different homogeneous countries: the North for the republic (with 66.2%); the South for the monarchy (with 63.8%). Some monarchist groups claimed that there was manipulation by northern republicans, socialists and communists. Others argued that Italy was still too chaotic in 1946 to have an accurate referendum. </p><p>Umberto II decided to leave Italy on 13 June to avoid the clashes between monarchists and republicans, already manifested in bloody events in various Italian cities, for fear they could extend throughout the country. He went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1 January 1948, with the entry into force of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of the Italian Republic</a>, the male descendants of Umberto II of Savoy were banned from entering Italy; the provision being repealed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">History of the Italian Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/170px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/255px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/340px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Italy">first</a> republican <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">founding fathers of the European Union</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Republican Constitution</a>, resulting from the work of a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> formed by the representatives of all the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was approved on 1 January 1948. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a> was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> causing the <a href="/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian-Dalmatian exodus">Istrian-Dalmatian exodus</a>, which led to the emigration from 1943 to 1960 of between 230,000 and 350,000 local ethnic <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a>, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> was divided between the two states. Italy also lost its colonial possessions, formally ending the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, when <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> was formally re-annexed to Italy. </p><p>Fears of a possible Communist takeover proved crucial for the first universal suffrage electoral outcome on <a href="/wiki/Italian_general_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian general election, 1948">18 April 1948</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democrats</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, obtained a landslide victory.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, in 1949 Italy became a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "<a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Miracle</a>". In the 1950s, Italy became one of the six founding countries of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, following the 1952 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, and subsequent 1958 creations of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a>. In 1993, the former two of these were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps_of_progressive_territorial_formation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy">Maps of progressive territorial formation of the Kingdom of Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Maps of progressive territorial formation of the Kingdom of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div align="center"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia1859.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Italian States in 1859, on the eve of the Second Italian War of Independence"><img alt="The Italian States in 1859, on the eve of the Second Italian War of Independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Italia1859.png/120px-Italia1859.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Italia1859.png/180px-Italia1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Italia1859.png/240px-Italia1859.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Italian States in 1859, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia1860.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860, after the annexation of Lombardy and before the annexation of the United Provinces of Central Italy[d]"><img alt="The Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860, after the annexation of Lombardy and before the annexation of the United Provinces of Central Italy[d]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/120px-Italia1860.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/180px-Italia1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/240px-Italia1860.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> in 1860, after the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and before the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RegnoItalia1861.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Italy in 1861, after the Expedition of the Thousand"><img alt="The Kingdom of Italy in 1861, after the Expedition of the Thousand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/120px-RegnoItalia1861.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/180px-RegnoItalia1861.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/240px-RegnoItalia1861.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kingdom of Italy in 1861, after the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RegnoItalia1866.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Italy in 1866, after the Third Italian War of Independence"><img alt="The Kingdom of Italy in 1866, after the Third Italian War of Independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/RegnoItalia1866.png/120px-RegnoItalia1866.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/RegnoItalia1866.png/180px-RegnoItalia1866.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/RegnoItalia1866.png/240px-RegnoItalia1866.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kingdom of Italy in 1866, after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RegnoItalia1870.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Italy after the conquest of Rome and Lazio (Capture of Rome, 20 September 1870)"><img alt="The Kingdom of Italy after the conquest of Rome and Lazio (Capture of Rome, 20 September 1870)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RegnoItalia1870.png/120px-RegnoItalia1870.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RegnoItalia1870.png/180px-RegnoItalia1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RegnoItalia1870.png/240px-RegnoItalia1870.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kingdom of Italy after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a>, 20 September 1870)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RegnoItalia1919.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Italy in 1924, after the World War I, comprising the Venices Tridentina and Giulia, the city of Fiume and the Dalmatian city of Zara"><img alt="The Kingdom of Italy in 1924, after the World War I, comprising the Venices Tridentina and Giulia, the city of Fiume and the Dalmatian city of Zara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RegnoItalia1919.png/120px-RegnoItalia1919.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RegnoItalia1919.png/180px-RegnoItalia1919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RegnoItalia1919.png/240px-RegnoItalia1919.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kingdom of Italy in 1924, after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, comprising the Venices <a href="/wiki/Venezia_Tridentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezia Tridentina">Tridentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezia_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezia Giulia">Giulia</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regno_Italia_1943.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Italy at its greatest extent in 1943, during World War II, with the annexation of territories from France and Yugoslavia. The territories annexed by the latter are the area constituting the province of Ljubljana, the area merged with the province of Fiume and the areas making up the Governorate of Dalmatia."><img alt="The Kingdom of Italy at its greatest extent in 1943, during World War II, with the annexation of territories from France and Yugoslavia. The territories annexed by the latter are the area constituting the province of Ljubljana, the area merged with the province of Fiume and the areas making up the Governorate of Dalmatia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Regno_Italia_1943.svg/118px-Regno_Italia_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Regno_Italia_1943.svg/178px-Regno_Italia_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Regno_Italia_1943.svg/237px-Regno_Italia_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kingdom of Italy at its greatest extent in 1943, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">annexation of territories from France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The territories annexed by the latter are the area constituting the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">province of Ljubljana</a>, the area merged with the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Fiume" title="Province of Fiume">province of Fiume</a> and the areas making up the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia" title="Governorate of Dalmatia">Governorate of Dalmatia</a>.</div> </li> </ul> </div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff602b; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (Kingdom of Italy from 1861)</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bfbf00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bf0000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1515ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></div></li></ul><table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00aa00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00d500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#55ff55; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fe9e7f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></div></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy" title="Category:History of Italy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of <span class="fn org label">Italy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old map of Italian peninsula"><img alt="Old map of Italian peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> (18th–3rd c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> (12th–6th c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (8th–3rd c. BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> (27 BC–286 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> (286 AD–476 AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer's</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 476–493</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 493–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 568–774</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Frankish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 774–962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 962–1801</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine reconquest of Italy</a> (6th–8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> in southern Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (14th–16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> (1494–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic revival</a> (1545–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> Italy (1801–1814)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></i> (1815–1871)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy</a> (1861–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy in World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascism</a> (1922–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy in World War II</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li>Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> (1946–<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> (1970s–1980s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (1986–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–<i>present</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline</a><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_of_national_coats_of_arms">Chronology of national coats of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Chronology of national coats of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_(1848-1870).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from 1861 to 1870"><img alt="Coat of arms used from 1861 to 1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used from 1861 to 1870</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1870-1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from 1870 to 1890"><img alt="Coat of arms used from 1870 to 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg/93px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg/140px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg/186px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281870-1890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="2980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used from 1870 to 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from 1890 to 1927"><img alt="Coat of arms used from 1890 to 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/74px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/111px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/149px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used from 1890 to 1927</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ITA_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1927-1929)_COA_(greater).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from 1927 to 1929"><img alt="Coat of arms used from 1927 to 1929" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ITA_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281927-1929%29_COA_%28greater%29.svg/120px-ITA_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281927-1929%29_COA_%28greater%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ITA_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281927-1929%29_COA_%28greater%29.svg/180px-ITA_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281927-1929%29_COA_%28greater%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ITA_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281927-1929%29_COA_%28greater%29.svg/240px-ITA_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281927-1929%29_COA_%28greater%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used from 1927 to 1929</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1929-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from 1929 to 1944"><img alt="Coat of arms used from 1929 to 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg/91px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg/137px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg/182px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281929-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used from 1929 to 1944</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from 1944 to 1946"><img alt="Coat of arms used from 1944 to 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/74px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/111px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/149px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used from 1944 to 1946</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List of prime ministers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Military history of Italy during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Military history of Italy during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_question" title="Roman question">Roman question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a> had formed a parliamentary group in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> Parliament named the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Partito Liberale Italiano</i></span> (Italian Liberal Party). From 1860, with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Unification of Italy</a> substantially realized and the death of Cavour himself in 1861, the Liberal Party was split into at least two major factions or new parties later known as the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Destra Storica</i></span> on the right wing, who substantially assembled the Count of Cavour's followers and political heirs; and the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sinistra Storica</i></span> on the left wing, who mostly reunited the followers and sympathizers of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and other former <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzinians</a>. The Historical Right (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Destra Storica</i></span>) and the Historical Left (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sinistra Storica</i></span>) were composed of royalist liberals. At the same time, radicals organized themselves into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Radical Party</a> and republicans into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The liberal-conservative Historical Right was dominated from 1860 to 1876 (also after it was no more at the govern) by the leadership of elected Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Romagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia Romagna">Emilia Romagna</a> (1860–1864) and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> (1864–1876), known as the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Consorteria</i></span>, with the support of the Lombard and Southern Italian representatives. The majority of the Piemontese liberal-conservative representatives, but not all of them, organized themselves as the all-Piemontese and more right-wing party's minority: the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Associazione Liberale Permanente</i></span> (Permanent Liberal Association), who sometimes voted with the Historical Left and whose leading representative was <a href="/wiki/Quintino_Sella" title="Quintino Sella">Quintino Sella</a>. The party's majority was also weakened by the substantial differences between the effective liberal-conservative (Toscano and Emiliano) leadership and Lombards on one side and the quietly conservative Southern and "Transigent Roman Catholic" components on the other side. (<a href="/wiki/Indro_Montanelli" title="Indro Montanelli">Indro Montanelli</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Storia d'Italia</i></span>, volume 32).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Alexander's Generals</i> Blaxland quotes 59,151 Allied deaths between 3 September 1943 and 2 May 1945 as recorded at AFHQ and gives the breakdown between 20 nationalities: United States 20,442; United Kingdom, 18,737; France, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Senegal and Belgium 5,241; Canada, 4,798; India, Pakistan, Nepal 4,078; Poland 2,028; New Zealand 1,688; Italy (excluding irregulars) 917; South Africa 800; Brazil 275; Greece 115; <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brigade" title="Jewish Brigade">Jewish volunteers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate in Palestine</a> 32. In addition, 35 soldiers were killed by enemy action while serving with pioneer units from Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Seychelles, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Lebanon, Cyprus and the West Indies<sup id="cite_ref-Blax11_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blax11-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Provisional confederation between the pro-Savoy governments of the ex-<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, Emilian duchies and Pontifical Romagna, specially created to favor their union with the Kingdom of Sardinia.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Italy_in_150_years-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Italy_in_150_years_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italy_in_150_years_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319042115/http://www3.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20120118_00/cap_2.pdf">"Italy in 150 years – summary of historical statistics 1861–2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Istat" class="mw-redirect" title="Istat">Istat</a>. p. 135. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20120118_00/cap_2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+in+150+years+%E2%80%93+summary+of+historical+statistics+1861%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Istat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.istat.it%2Fdati%2Fcatalogo%2F20120118_00%2Fcap_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstworldwar.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-firstworldwar.com_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/london1915.htm">"Primary Documents – Treaty of London, 26 April 1915"</a>. <i>FirstWorldWar.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830061218/http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/london1915.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FirstWorldWar.com&rft.atitle=Primary+Documents+%E2%80%93+Treaty+of+London%2C+26+April+1915&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fsource%2Flondon1915.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/discussion-of-italian-claims-begins-at-paris-peace-conference">"Discussion of Italian claims begins at Paris peace conference – Apr 19, 1919"</a>. <i>history.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172926/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/discussion-of-italian-claims-begins-at-paris-peace-conference">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Discussion+of+Italian+claims+begins+at+Paris+peace+conference+%E2%80%93+Apr+19%2C+1919&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fdiscussion-of-italian-claims-begins-at-paris-peace-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910173649/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/tianjin-project/tianjinnineflags/italian/">"Tianjin under Nine Flags, 1860–1949 – Italian Concession"</a>. University of Bristol. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/tianjin-project/tianjinnineflags/italian/">the original</a> on 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tianjin+under+Nine+Flags%2C+1860%E2%80%931949+%E2%80%93+Italian+Concession&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristol.ac.uk%2Ftianjin-project%2Ftianjinnineflags%2Fitalian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1997" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ut-OsMbeJNcC"><i>Modern Italy: A Political History</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10895-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10895-4"><bdi>978-0-472-10895-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Italy%3A+A+Political+History&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10895-4&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dut-OsMbeJNcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> A literary echo may be found in the character of Giorgio Viola in Joseph Conrad's <i><a href="/wiki/Nostromo" title="Nostromo">Nostromo</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective." <i>The Journal of the Civil War Era</i> 3#1 (2013): 85–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Langer, ed., <i>An Encyclopedia of World Cup History</i>. 4th ed. 1968. pp 704–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"</a>. <i>Montecarlonews.it</i> (in Italian). 28 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montecarlonews.it&rft.atitle=%22Un+nizzardo+su+quattro+prese+la+via+dell%27esilio%22+in+seguito+all%27unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%2C+dice+lo+scrittore+Casalino+Pierluigi&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montecarlonews.it%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Fnotizie%2Fargomenti%2Faltre-notizie-1%2Farticolo%2Fun-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWK7AAAAIAAJ&q=Garibaldi%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgreatest%2Bgenerals%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Btime&pg=PAPA133">"Scholar and Patriot"</a>. Manchester University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152801/https://books.google.com/books?id=iWK7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PAPA133&q=Garibaldi%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgreatest%2Bgenerals%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Btime#v=onepage&q=Garibaldi%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgreatest%2Bgenerals%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Btime&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholar+and+Patriot&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWK7AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DGaribaldi%252Bone%252Bof%252Bthe%252Bgreatest%252Bgenerals%252Bof%252Bmodern%252Btime%26pg%3DPAPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">"Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226091529/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+%28Italian+revolutionary%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F225978%2FGiuseppe-Garibaldi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, Denis (1997). <i>Modern Italy; A Political History</i>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10895-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-10895-6">0-472-10895-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.it/20170317/everything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day">"Everything you need to know about March 17th, Italy's Unity Day"</a>. 17 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+March+17th%2C+Italy%27s+Unity+Day&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.it%2F20170317%2Feverything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1997), p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storage.canalblog.com/76/72/572678/57843167.png">"Times article dated February 13, 1871"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Times+article+dated+February+13%2C+1871&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstorage.canalblog.com%2F76%2F72%2F572678%2F57843167.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120909073731/http://www.philweb.it/i_vespri_nizzardi_del_1871_conferenza_storica_e_annullo_speciale-st1940.html">"I Vespri Nizzardi del 1871: conferenza storica e annullo speciale"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philweb.it/i_vespri_nizzardi_del_1871_conferenza_storica_e_annullo_speciale-st1940.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Vespri+Nizzardi+del+1871%3A+conferenza+storica+e+annullo+speciale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philweb.it%2Fi_vespri_nizzardi_del_1871_conferenza_storica_e_annullo_speciale-st1940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Woolf Stuart, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Il risorgimento italiano</i></span>, Turin, Einaudi, 1981, p. 44 (In Italian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe André, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Nizza negli ultimi quattro anni</i></span>, Nice, Editore Gilletta, 1875, pp. 334-335 (In Italian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1997), pp. 95–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1997), p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnaldi, Girolamo. <i>Italy and Its Invaders.</i> Harvard University Press, 2005. p. 194. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01870-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01870-2">0-674-01870-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/index.php?section=museo">"Museo Centrale del Risorgimento di Roma"</a>. <i>Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Istituto+per+la+storia+del+Risorgimento+italiano&rft.atitle=Museo+Centrale+del+Risorgimento+di+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3Dmuseo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Hearder, <i>Cavour</i> (1994 p 203-5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_Taracchini1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alfredo Taracchini (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkYIvRjZO0kC"><i>Addio, cara Lira</i></a> (in Italian). Edizioni Pendragon. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8883420146" title="Special:BookSources/978-8883420146"><bdi>978-8883420146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addio%2C+cara+Lira&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Edizioni+Pendragon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8883420146&rft.au=Alfredo+Taracchini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNkYIvRjZO0kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_Taracchini1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alfredo Taracchini (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkYIvRjZO0kC"><i>Addio, cara Lira</i></a> (in Italian). Edizioni Pendragon. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8883420146" title="Special:BookSources/978-8883420146"><bdi>978-8883420146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addio%2C+cara+Lira&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Edizioni+Pendragon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8883420146&rft.au=Alfredo+Taracchini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNkYIvRjZO0kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.regio:1861-7-17;123@originale">"REGIO DECRETO 17 luglio 1861, n. 123"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REGIO+DECRETO+17+luglio+1861%2C+n.+123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.normattiva.it%2Furi-res%2FN2Ls%3Furn%3Anir%3Astato%3Adecreto.regio%3A1861-7-17%3B123%40originale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a>: <i>Contours of the World Economy I-2030AD</i>, Oxford University Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922720-4">978-0-19-922720-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/historical_statistics/horizontal-file_03-2007.xls">Angus Maddison: <i>Historical Statistics of World Economy 1-2003 AD.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrand1965" class="citation book cs1">Hildebrand, George Herbert (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growthstructurei0000hild"><i>Growth and Structure in the Economy of Modern Italy</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growthstructurei0000hild/page/307">307–309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+and+Structure+in+the+Economy+of+Modern+Italy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=307-309&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=George+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrowthstructurei0000hild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamagni1993" class="citation book cs1">Zamagni, Vera (1993). <i>The economic history of Italy, 1860–1990 : from the periphery to the centre</i> (Repr. ed.). [New York]: Clarendon Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198287735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198287735"><bdi>978-0198287735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+economic+history+of+Italy%2C+1860%E2%80%931990+%3A+from+the+periphery+to+the+centre&rft.place=%5BNew+York%5D&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0198287735&rft.aulast=Zamagni&rft.aufirst=Vera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp1985" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Tom (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/industrializatio0000kemp"><i>Industrialization in nineteenth-century Europe</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582493841" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582493841"><bdi>978-0582493841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrialization+in+nineteenth-century+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0582493841&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findustrializatio0000kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiccarelliFenoaltea2010" class="citation web cs1">Ciccarelli, Carlo; Fenoaltea, Stefano (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/quaderni-storia/2010-0004/en_Qua_Storia_eco_n4.pdf?language_id=1">"Through the Magnifying Glass: Provincial Aspects of Industrial Growth in Post-Unification Italy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banca d'Italia">Banca d'Italia</a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Through+the+Magnifying+Glass%3A+Provincial+Aspects+of+Industrial+Growth+in+Post-Unification+Italy&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Banca+d%27Italia&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Ciccarelli&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft.au=Fenoaltea%2C+Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bancaditalia.it%2Fpubblicazioni%2Fquaderni-storia%2F2010-0004%2Fen_Qua_Storia_eco_n4.pdf%3Flanguage_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vania Licio (2022), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. James Gregor (1979), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gernert et al. (2016), p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillett (1922), p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gernert_et_al._2016,_p._369_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gernert et al. (2016), p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gernert et al. 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Algora. pp. 21–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-414-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-414-3"><bdi>978-0-87586-414-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Battle+of+Adwa+and+its+Significance+for+Today&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Adwa%3A+Reflections+on+Ethiopia%27s+Historic+Victory+Against+European+Colonialism&rft.pages=21-35&rft.pub=Algora&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-414-3&rft.aulast=Vestal&rft.aufirst=Theodore+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnljca_pOqrEC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Anthony Jonas, <i>The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Adwa-African-Victory-Empire/dp/0674052749/">except and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018190912/https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Adwa-African-Victory-Empire/dp/0674052749">Archived</a> 2016-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth, RJB (2005) <i>Mussolini's Italy</i>, New Work: Allen Lane, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9697-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9697-8">0-7139-9697-8</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth (2005), p 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, Denis (1997) <i>Modern Italy; A Political History</i>, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10895-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-10895-6">0-472-10895-6</a>, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1997), p. 209–210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1997), p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth, Richard. (1983). <i>Italy and the Approach of the First World War</i>. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbetta-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corbetta_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia</i></span>, Zanichelli, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-080-6751-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-080-6751-7">978-88-080-6751-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075828/http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">"Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848-1918)"</a> (in Italian). 6 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">the original</a> on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+1861+e+le+quattro+Guerre+per+l%27Indipendenza+%281848-1918%29&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piacenzaprimogenita150.it%2Findex.php%3Fit%252F176%252Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183754/http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Eventi/visualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html">"La Grande Guerra nei manifesti italiani dell'epoca"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Eventi/visualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Grande+Guerra+nei+manifesti+italiani+dell%27epoca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beniculturali.it%2Fmibac%2Fexport%2FMiBAC%2Fsito-MiBAC%2FContenuti%2FMibacUnif%2FEventi%2Fvisualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovesi2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Genovesi, Piergiovanni (11 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LntMIUOXngC&q=%22quarta+guerra+d%27indipendenza%22&pg=PA41"><i>Il Manuale di Storia in Italia, di Piergiovanni Genovesi</i></a> (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788856818680" title="Special:BookSources/9788856818680"><bdi>9788856818680</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Manuale+di+Storia+in+Italia%2C+di+Piergiovanni+Genovesi&rft.pub=FrancoAngeli&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft.isbn=9788856818680&rft.aulast=Genovesi&rft.aufirst=Piergiovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LntMIUOXngC%26q%3D%2522quarta%2Bguerra%2Bd%2527indipendenza%2522%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William A. Renzi, <i>In the Shadow of the Sword: Italy's Neutrality and Entrance Into the Great War, 1914–1915</i> (1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe1969" class="citation journal cs1">Lowe, C.J. (1969). "Britain and Italian Intervention 1914–1915". <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 533–548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x00007275">10.1017/s0018246x00007275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162738142">162738142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Britain+and+Italian+Intervention+1914%E2%80%931915&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=533-548&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x00007275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162738142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Clark, <i>Modern Italy: 1871–1995</i> (1996) pp. 180–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Mack Smith, <i>Italy: A Modern History</i> (1969) pp. 292–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor1979" class="citation book cs1">Gregor, Anthony James (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTZ_holEfS0C&pg=PA200"><i>Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism</i></a>. U. of California Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520037991" title="Special:BookSources/9780520037991"><bdi>9780520037991</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921204225/https://books.google.com/books?id=DTZ_holEfS0C&pg=PA200">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Mussolini+and+the+Intellectual+Origins+of+Fascism&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=U.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780520037991&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=Anthony+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTZ_holEfS0C%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Martin. 1996. <i>Modern Italy: 1871–1995</i>. (2nd ed. Longman), p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Clark, <i>Modern Italy: 1871–1995</i> (1996) pp 185–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <i>Italy: A Modern History</i> (1969) pp 307–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Tomassini, "Industrial Mobilization and the labour market in Italy during the First World War," <i>Social History</i>, (1991), 16#1 pp 59–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, <i>European Powers in the First World War</i>, p 375–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgwyn, H. James: <i>Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940.</i> Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-94877-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-94877-3">0-275-94877-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schindler, John R.: <i>Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War.</i> Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 303. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97204-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97204-6">0-275-97204-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, Denis: <i>Mussolini.</i> Knopf, 1982. p. 31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50694-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50694-4">0-394-50694-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mortara-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mortara_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgio Mortara, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra</i></span>, G. Laterza & figli, 1925, pp. 28-29, 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersch1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Liebmann_Hersch" title="Liebmann Hersch">Hersch, Liebmann</a> (1927). <i>La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale</i> (in French). The International Review of Statistics. pp. 52–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+mortalit%C3%A9+caus%C3%A9e+par+la+guerre+mondiale&rft.pages=52-59&rft.pub=The+International+Review+of+Statistics&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Hersch&rft.aufirst=Liebmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1997), p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.Sabbatucci, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La vittoria mutilata</i></span>, in AA.VV., <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Miti e storia dell'Italia unita</i></span>, Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp.101-106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Passmore <i>Women, Gender and Fascism</i>, pp. 11–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1997), pp. 284–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1997,_pp._284-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1997,_pp._284_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1997), pp. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Duggan, <i>Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini's Italy</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fascist-Voices-Intimate-History-Mussolinis/dp/1847921035/">excerpt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1996" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC&pg=PA122"><i>A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</i></a>. U of Wisconsin Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14873-7"><bdi>978-0-299-14873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=U+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14873-7&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_MeR06xqXAC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SignDate-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SignDate_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-02/vatican-city-lateran-treaty-holy-see-pope.html">"Vatican City turns 91"</a>. <i>Vatican News</i>. 11 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span>. <q>The world's smallest sovereign state was born on 11 February 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Vatican+City+turns+91&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fvatican-city%2Fnews%2F2020-02%2Fvatican-city-lateran-treaty-holy-see-pope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofwestern0000unse"><i>A History of Western Society</i></a></span> (Tenth ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. 2010. p. 900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Society&rft.pages=900&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcesofwestern0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution7-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constitution7_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy, article 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Stephen J. 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Routledge. pp. 157–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45484-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45484-1"><bdi>978-0-415-45484-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Dictatorships%2C+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=157-58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45484-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-mm5UDlzBEC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1922-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1922_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle A. Kallis. <i>Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945</i>. 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P. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War</i>. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 1999. 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Cambridge UP. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersitalianal00knox/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43203-0"><bdi>978-1-139-43203-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Italian+Allies%3A+Royal+Armed+Forces%2C+Fascist+Regime%2C+and+the+War+of+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-139-43203-0&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersitalianal00knox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmarAllen2012" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman; Allen, Thomas B. 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Courier Corporation. p. 421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47962-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47962-0"><bdi>978-0-486-47962-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+the+Encyclopedia+of+the+War+Years%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-486-47962-0&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Allen%2C+Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30gRAGjXrIIC%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James J. 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Burgwyn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005">General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054155/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, pp. 314–329(16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoryCarroll_2001-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoryCarroll_2001_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130716012326/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2001/jun/25/artsandhumanities.highereducation">Italy's bloody secret</a> (archived by <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>), written by <a href="/wiki/Rory_Carroll" title="Rory Carroll">Rory Carroll</a>, Education, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, June 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedaliu_JContHistory-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pedaliu_JContHistory_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Effie_Pedaliu" title="Effie Pedaliu">Effie Pedaliu</a> (2004) <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4141408?">4141408?</a> Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503–529</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oliva06-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oliva06_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Oliva" title="Gianni Oliva">Oliva, Gianni</a> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/si-ammazza-troppo-poco-crimini/libro/9788804551294"><i>«Si ammazza troppo poco». I crimini di guerra italiani. 1940–43</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720023109/http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/si-ammazza-troppo-poco-crimini/libro/9788804551294">Archived</a> 20 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mondadori, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-04-55129-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-04-55129-1">88-04-55129-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blpp2004-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blpp2004_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldissara, Luca & Pezzino, Paolo (2004). <i>Crimini e memorie di guerra: violenze contro le popolazioni e politiche del ricordo</i>, L'Ancora del Mediterraneo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8325-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8325-135-1">978-88-8325-135-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are three fundamental decrees that seal the legislative work, already active since 1944: <i>All powers to CLNAI</i>; <i>Decree for the administration of justice</i>; <i>Of socialization</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.associazioni.milano.it/isec/ita/cronologia/crono25apr.htm">"Fondazione ISEC - cronologia dell'insurrezione a Milano - 25 aprile"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fondazione+ISEC+-+cronologia+dell%27insurrezione+a+Milano+-+25+aprile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.associazioni.milano.it%2Fisec%2Fita%2Fcronologia%2Fcrono25apr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1946-04-24&atto.codiceRedazionale=046U0185&elenco30giorni=false">"DECRETO LEGISLATIVO LUOGOTENENZIALE 22 aprile 1946, n. 185"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DECRETO+LEGISLATIVO+LUOGOTENENZIALE+22+aprile+1946%2C+n.+185&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazzettaufficiale.it%2Fatto%2Fserie_generale%2FcaricaDettaglioAtto%2Foriginario%3Fatto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta%3D1946-04-24%26atto.codiceRedazionale%3D046U0185%26elenco30giorni%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles F. Delzell, edit., <i>Mediterranean Fascism 1919-1945</i>, New York, NY, Walker and Company, 1971, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">"Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919-22"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+Class+Defence+Organization%2C+Anti-Fascist+Resistance+and+the+Arditi+Del+Popolo+in+Turin%2C+1919-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Flibalt%2Fjournals%2Fswetsfulltext%2F17283245.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919-22</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">Archived</a> 19 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Antonio Sonnessa, in the <i><a href="/wiki/European_History_Quarterly" title="European History Quarterly">European History Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 33, No. 2, 183-218 (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anarchist_century.tripod.com/timeline.html">"Anarchist Century"</a>. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3123-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-3123-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewing+Italian+Socialism%3A+Nenni+to+Craxi&rft.pages=6-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536396-8&rft.aulast=Scala&rft.aufirst=Spencer+M.+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8gGaCQDLUsC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jam-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jam_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James D. Wilkinson (1981). <i>The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milica_Kacin_Wohinz" title="Milica Kacin Wohinz">Milica Kacin Wohinz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Pirjevec" title="Jože Pirjevec">Jože Pirjevec</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Storia degli sloveni in Italia : 1866–1998</i></span> (Venice: Marsilio, 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milica Kacin Wohinz, <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Narodnoobrambno gibanje primorskih Slovencev : 1921–1928</i></span> (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milica_Kacin_Wohinz" title="Milica Kacin Wohinz">Milica Kacin Wohinz</a>, <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Prvi antifašizem v Evropi</i></span> (Koper: Lipa, 1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mira Cenčič, <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">TIGR : Slovenci pod Italijo in TIGR na okopih v boju za narodni obstoj</i></span> (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vid Vremec, <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Pinko Tomažič in drugi tržaški proces 1941</i></span> (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darbysrangers.tripod.com/id102.htm">"Intelligence and Operational Support for the Anti-Nazi Resistance"</a>. <i>DarbysRangers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DarbysRangers&rft.atitle=Intelligence+and+Operational+Support+for+the+Anti-Nazi+Resistance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarbysrangers.tripod.com%2Fid102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Italia", <i>Dizionario enciclopedico italiano</i> (in Italian), vol. VI, <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>, 1970, p. 456</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+enciclopedico+italiano&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520041048/http://www.insmli.it/pubblicazioni/35/Voto%20donne%20versione%20def.pdf">"Italia 1946: le donne al voto, dossier a cura di Mariachiara Fugazza e Silvia Cassamagnaghi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italia+1946%3A+le+donne+al+voto%2C+dossier+a+cura+di+Mariachiara+Fugazza+e+Silvia+Cassamagnaghi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insmli.it%2Fpubblicazioni%2F35%2FVoto%2520donne%2520versione%2520def.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilpost.it/2021/03/10/primo-voto-italia-donne-10-marzo-1946/">"La prima volta in cui le donne votarono in Italia, 75 anni fa"</a>. <i>Il Post</i> (in Italian). 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Post&rft.atitle=La+prima+volta+in+cui+le+donne+votarono+in+Italia%2C+75+anni+fa&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpost.it%2F2021%2F03%2F10%2Fprimo-voto-italia-donne-10-marzo-1946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/umberto-ii-re-d-italia_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/">"UMBERTO II re d'Italia in "Enciclopedia Italiana"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UMBERTO+II+re+d%27Italia+in+%22Enciclopedia+Italiana%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fumberto-ii-re-d-italia_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/online/politica/savoia/fedeli/fedeli.html">"Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia: "Fedeltà alla Costituzione"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vittorio+Emanuele+di+Savoia%3A+%22Fedelt%C3%A0+alla+Costituzione%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fonline%2Fpolitica%2Fsavoia%2Ffedeli%2Ffedeli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946) <i>The Western Political Quarterly</i> vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205–222), September 1948.<a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/442274">442274</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobagi" class="citation web cs1">Tobagi, Benedetta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html">"La Repubblica italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>. Treccani.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Repubblica+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft.pub=Treccani.it&rft.aulast=Tobagi&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fscuola%2Flezioni%2Fstoria%2Fla_repubblica_italiana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_S._KaplanMorris_Honick2007" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence S. Kaplan; Morris Honick (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV-ti1sYcbcC"><i>NATO 1948: The Birth of the Transatlantic Alliance</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 52–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3917-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3917-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-3917-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NATO+1948%3A+The+Birth+of+the+Transatlantic+Alliance&rft.pages=52-55&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3917-4&rft.au=Lawrence+S.+Kaplan&rft.au=Morris+Honick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUV-ti1sYcbcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Ventresca2004" class="citation book cs1">Robert Ventresca (2004). <i>From Fascism to Democracy: Culture and Politics in the Italian Election of 1948</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 236–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Fascism+to+Democracy%3A+Culture+and+Politics+in+the+Italian+Election+of+1948&rft.pages=236-37&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Robert+Ventresca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ashley, Susan A. <i>Making Liberalism Work: The Italian Experience, 1860–1914</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Making-Liberalism-Work-Experience-1860-1914/dp/0275980626/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Baran'ski, Zygmunt G. & Rebecca J. West (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hVfHLOGAxwC&q=Giolitti">The Cambridge companion to modern Italian culture</a></i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55034-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55034-3">0-521-55034-3</a>.</li> <li>Barclay, Glen St. J. 1973. <i>The Rise and Fall of the New Roman Empire</i>. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBocca2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bocca, Giorgio (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2uUngEACAAJ&pg=PA39"><i>Storia dell'Italia partigiana settembre 1943 - maggio 1945</i></a> (in Italian). Mondadori. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-0717-2441" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-0717-2441"><bdi>978-88-0717-2441</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+dell%27Italia+partigiana+settembre+1943+-+maggio+1945&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Mondadori&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-88-0717-2441&rft.aulast=Bocca&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2uUngEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bosworth, Richard J. B. 1983. <i>Italy and the Approach of the First World War</i>. London: The Macmillan</li> <li>Bosworth, Richard J. B. 2007. <i>Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Mussolinis-Italy-Fascist-Dictatorship-1915-1945/dp/0143038567/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Clark, Martin. 1996. <i>Modern Italy: 1871–1995</i>. (2nd ed. Longman)</li> <li>Coppa, Frank J. (1970). "Economic and Ethical Liberalism in Conflict: The extraordinary liberalism of Giovanni Giolitti", <i>Journal of Modern History</i> (1970) 42#2 pp 191–215 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1905941">1905941</a></li> <li>Coppa, Frank J. (1971) <i>Planning, Protectionism, and Politics in Liberal Italy: Economics and Politics in the Giolittian Age</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24998588">online edition</a></li> <li>Davis, John A., ed. 2000, <i>Italy in the Nineteenth Century: 1796–1900</i> Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=115250399">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132205/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=115250399">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>de Grazia, Victoria. 1981. <i>The Culture of Consent: Mass Organizations of Leisure in Fascist Italy.</i></li> <li>de Grazia, Victoria. 1993. <i>How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922–1945</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/How-Fascism-Ruled-Women-Centennial/dp/0520074572/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>De Grand, Alexander J. (2001). <i>The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882–1922</i>, Greenwood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101014505">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205005308/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101014505">Archived</a> 5 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUvJCuQxmP0C">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Duggan, Christopher (2008). <i>The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796</i>, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forceofdestinyhi00dugg">text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanapini2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ganapini, Luigi (2010) [1999]. <i>La repubblica delle camicie nere. I combattenti, i politici, gli amministratori, i socializzatori</i> (in Italian) (2a ed.). Milano: Garzanti. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-11-69417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-11-69417-5"><bdi>978-88-11-69417-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+repubblica+delle+camicie+nere.+I+combattenti%2C+i+politici%2C+gli+amministratori%2C+i+socializzatori&rft.place=Milano&rft.edition=2a&rft.pub=Garzanti&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-11-69417-5&rft.aulast=Ganapini&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gentile, Emilio. 2003. <i>The Struggle For Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism and Fascism.</i> Westport, CT: Praeger.</li> <li>Gilmour, David. 2011. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Italy" title="The Pursuit of Italy">The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0374283168/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Hughes, Robert. 2011. <i>Rome: A Cultural, Visual, and Personal History</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kertzer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kertzer">Kertzer, David I.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198716167" title="Special:BookSources/9780198716167"><bdi>9780198716167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pope+and+Mussolini%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Pius+XI+and+the+Rise+of+Fascism+in+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780198716167&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc3QAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Killinger, Charles L. (2002). <i>The history of Italy</i>, Westport (CT): Greenwood Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stSxECsf0F4C">text search</a></li> <li>Mack Smith, Denis. 1997. <i>Modern Italy; A Political History</i>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1983" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1983). <i>Mussolini: A Biography</i>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394716589" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394716589"><bdi>978-0394716589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0394716589&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Manenti, Luca G. (2013), <i>«Evviva Umberto, Margherita, l'Italia, Roma!». L'irredentismo triestino e Casa Savoia</i>, in Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea, n. 16, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studistorici.com/2013/12/29/manenti_numero_16/">8/ «Evviva Umberto, Margherita, l'Italia, Roma!». L’irredentismo triestino e Casa Savoia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeldi2015" class="citation book cs1">Meldi, Diego (2015). <i>La repubblica di Salò</i>. Gherardo Casini Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6410-068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6410-068-5"><bdi>978-88-6410-068-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+repubblica+di+Sal%C3%B2&rft.pub=Gherardo+Casini+Editore&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-88-6410-068-5&rft.aulast=Meldi&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pauley, Bruce F. 2003. <i>Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century</i>. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson</li> <li>Pollard, John F. 1985. <i>The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32</i>. Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Salomone, A. William. 1945. <i>Italy in the Giolittian Era: Italian Democracy in the Making, 1900–1914</i></li> <li>Sarti, Roland (2004). <i>Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i>, New York: Facts on File <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhoLorFC1iwC">text search</a></li> <li>Sarti, Roland. 1974. <i>The Ax Within: Italian Fascism in Action.</i> New York: New Viewpoints.</li> <li>Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). <i>Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925</i>, New York: Taylor & Francis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJkOAAAAQAAJ">text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockingsHancock2013" class="citation book cs1">Stockings, Craig; Hancock, Eleanor (2013). <i>Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II</i>. Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25459-6"><bdi>978-90-04-25459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swastika+over+the+Acropolis%3A+Re-interpreting+the+Nazi+Invasion+of+Greece+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25459-6&rft.aulast=Stockings&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Hancock%2C+Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thayer, John A. 1964. <i>Italy and the Great War</i>. Madison and Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Albanese, Giulia. "Reconsidering the March on Rome," <i>European History Quarterly</i> (2012) 42#3 pp 403–421.</li> <li>Ferrari, Paolo. "The Memory And Historiography Of The First World War In Italy" <i>Comillas Journal of International Relations</i> (2015) #2 pp 117–126 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2386-5776">2386-5776</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14422%2Fcir.i02.y2015.009">10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009</a></li> <li>Keserich, Charles. "The Fiftieth Year of the" March on Rome": Recent Interpretations of Fascism." <i>History Teacher</i> (1972) 6#1 pp: 135–142 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/492632">492632</a>.</li> <li>Pergher, Roberta. "An Italian War? War and Nation in the Italian Historiography of the First World War" <i>Journal of Modern History</i> (Dec 2018) 90#4</li> <li>Renzi, William A. <i>In the Shadow of the Sword: Italy's Neutrality and Entrance Into the Great War, 1914–1915</i> (1987).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mussolini, Benito. 1935. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions</a></i>. Rome: Ardita Publishers.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Italy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack_Smith1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack_Smith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeldi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavone1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolmarAllen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPozzetta1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugliesePugliese2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Ventresca2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScala1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockingsHancock2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobagi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTollardo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVestal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamagni1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 8,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 26,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Former 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Italy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172579","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172579","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-03-02T05:39:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T15:23:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0d\/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg","headline":"kingdom in Southern Europe from 1861 to 1946"}</script> </body> </html>