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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle England and Wales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solicitors_and_barristers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solicitors_and_barristers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Solicitors and barristers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solicitors_and_barristers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulatory_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Regulatory scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_and_qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_and_qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Training and qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_and_qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_qualified_lawyers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_qualified_lawyers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Overseas qualified lawyers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_qualified_lawyers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Republic of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_meaning_of_solicitor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_meaning_of_solicitor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Common meaning of solicitor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_meaning_of_solicitor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solisitor" title="Solisitor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Solisitor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Салісітар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Салісітар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Солиситор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Солиситор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Solicitor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Solicitor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="سلیسیتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلیسیتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solliciteur" title="Solliciteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Solliciteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4_%EB%B3%80%ED%98%B8%EC%82%AC" title="사무 변호사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사무 변호사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solicitor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solisitorius" title="Solisitorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Solisitorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cgyv%C3%A9d" title="Ügyvéd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ügyvéd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peguam_cara" title="Peguam cara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peguam cara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juridisch_adviseur" title="Juridisch adviseur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Juridisch adviseur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%BC%81%E8%AD%B7%E5%A3%AB" title="事務弁護士 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="事務弁護士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Solicitor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Солиситор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солиситор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Солиситор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Солиситор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="ทนายความที่ปรึกษา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทนายความที่ปรึกษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Соліситор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соліситор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="事務律師 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="事務律師" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14284#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal practitioner dealing mainly with matters that do not require courtroom advocacy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor General">Solicitor General</a> or the American English term for a <a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">door-to-door</a> salesman.</div> <p> A <b>solicitor</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal practitioner">legal practitioner</a> who traditionally deals with most of the legal matters in some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>. A person must have <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_practice_law" title="Admission to practice law">legally defined qualifications</a>, which vary from one jurisdiction to another, to be described as a solicitor and enabled to practise there as such. For example, in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> a solicitor is admitted to practise under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Solicitors_Act_1974" title="Solicitors Act 1974">Solicitors Act 1974</a>. With some exceptions, practising solicitors must possess a <a href="/wiki/Practising_certificate" title="Practising certificate">practising certificate</a>. There are many more solicitors than <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a> in England; they undertake the general aspects of giving legal advice and conducting legal proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurisdictions">jurisdictions</a> of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland law">Northern Ireland</a>, in the Australian states of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Victoria, and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Hong Kong, South Africa (where they are called <i><a href="/wiki/Attorneys_in_South_Africa" title="Attorneys in South Africa">attorneys</a></i>) and the Republic of Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Legal_profession" title="Legal profession">legal profession</a> is split between solicitors and <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Advocate#Scotland" title="Advocate"><i>advocates</i></a> in some countries, for example <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scotland</a>), and a lawyer will usually only hold one of the two titles. However, in Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and the remaining Australian states and territories, the legal profession is now for practical purposes "<a href="/wiki/Fused_profession" title="Fused profession">fused</a>", allowing lawyers to hold the title of "barrister and solicitor" and practise as both. Some legal graduates will start off as one and then also qualify as the other.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the barrister–solicitor distinction does not exist at all. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Solicitor" title="Special:EditPage/Solicitor">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Regulation of the profession in Australia varies from state to state. Admission to practise is state-based, although mutual recognition enables a practitioner admitted in any state or territory to practise in any other state or territory, or at the federal level. In all states and territories, solicitors have unlimited rights of audience and so can, at least in theory, practise as a solicitor, barrister or both. The formal names for admitted solicitors differs between jurisdictions. For example, in some jurisdictions, they are admitted as "legal practitioners", while in other jurisdictions they are admitted as "solicitors and barristers". </p><p>The extent to which the profession is "fused" in practice varies from state to state. In general, however, there is a separate bar with its own professional body composed of those practitioners who adopt the traditional barrister's model of practice, i.e. working in chambers and undertaking advocacy work. In some states, <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">call to the bar</a> requires different or additional training. A proportion of the other practitioners would practise as both solicitors and barristers, while still others would practise primarily or exclusively as solicitors. The relative sizes of the latter two categories differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of the series: <b><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts of England and Wales</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law of England and Wales</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Courts_and_Tribunals_Service" title="His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service">His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judges%27_Council" title="Judges' Council">Judges' Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Civil and family courts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Master of the Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Bench_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the King's Bench Division">President of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Family_Division" title="President of the Family Division">President of the Family Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_High_Court" title="Chancellor of the High Court">Chancellor of the High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court_(England_and_Wales)" title="County Court (England and Wales)">County Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_County_Court_venues_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of County Court venues in England and Wales">List of County Court venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court_Business_Centre" title="County Court Business Centre">County Court Business Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales#District_judges" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">District judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Court_(England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Court (England and Wales)">Family Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Protection" title="Court of Protection">Court of Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">Court of Chivalry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Criminal courts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Bench_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the King's Bench Division">President of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crown_Court_venues_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of Crown Court venues in England and Wales">List of Crown Court venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Circuit judge (England and Wales)">Circuit judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(judge)" title="Recorder (judge)">Recorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">Magistrates' courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales#District_judges" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">District judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates of England and Wales">Justice of the peace / lay magistrates</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Criminal prosecution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(England_and_Wales)" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)">Director of Public Prosecutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal profession</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Bar" title="General Council of the Bar">Bar Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers_in_England_and_Wales" title="Barristers in England and Wales">Barrister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales" title="Law Society of England and Wales">Law Society of England and Wales</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solicitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_advocate" title="Solicitor advocate">Solicitor advocate</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:CourtsEnglandWales" title="Template:CourtsEnglandWales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CourtsEnglandWales" title="Template talk:CourtsEnglandWales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CourtsEnglandWales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CourtsEnglandWales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_professions_in_England_and_Wales" title="Legal professions in England and Wales">Legal professions in England and Wales</a></div> <p>Before the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Courts of England and Wales">Supreme Court of Judicature</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_Act_1873" title="Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873">Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873</a>, solicitors practised in <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney-at-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-at-law">attorneys</a> practised in the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> courts, and <a href="/wiki/Proctor" title="Proctor">proctors</a> practised in the "civil law" (based on Roman law) of the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical courts">ecclesiastical courts</a>. The monopoly of the proctors in family, inheritance and admiralty law had been removed in 1857–1859, and the 1873 reforms further fused all three branches of the profession. After 1873 the offices of "attorney" and "proctor" disappeared as terms relating to legally qualified persons, being replaced by "Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Judicature" (subsequently "of the Supreme Court of England and Wales"), except for the unique government offices of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Proctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Proctor">Queen's (or King's) Proctor</a> (now called "HM Procurator-General", a title generally held by the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Solicitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury Solicitor">Treasury Solicitor</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General">Attorney-General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the replacement of the judicial aspect of the House of Lords with a new <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> (in 2009), separate from the existing Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales, the full title of a solicitor is "Solicitor of the Senior Courts of England and Wales".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "attorney" is however still used under English law to refer to someone legally appointed or empowered (who may but need not be legally qualified) to act for another person. Currently, the term is most commonly used to refer to someone so appointed under a "power of attorney". This may be a "general power of attorney" under section 10 of the <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_Attorney_Act_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of Attorney Act 1971">Powers of Attorney Act 1971</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Lasting_power_of_attorney" title="Lasting power of attorney">lasting power of attorney</a> may be granted under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Capacity_Act_2005" title="Mental Capacity Act 2005">Mental Capacity Act 2005</a>. Some practitioners in specialist professions, notably intellectual property, are also referred to as attorneys, for example <a href="/wiki/Registered_patent_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered patent attorney">registered patent attorneys</a>, which is a separate qualification from that of a solicitor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solicitors_and_barristers">Solicitors and barristers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Solicitors and barristers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the English legal system, solicitors traditionally dealt with any legal matter, including conducting proceedings in courts, although solicitors were required to engage a barrister as advocate in a High Court or above after the profession split in two. Minor criminal cases are tried in <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">magistrates' courts</a>, which constitute by far the majority of courts. More serious criminal cases still start in the magistrates' court and may then be transferred to a higher court. </p><p>The majority of civil cases are tried in county courts and are almost always handled by solicitors. Cases of higher value (£100,000 or above) and those of unusual complexity are tried in the High Court, and barristers, as the other branch of the English legal profession, have traditionally carried out the functions of advocacy in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal</a>. </p><p>In the past, barristers did not deal with the public directly. This rigid separation no longer applies. <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_advocates" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor advocates">Solicitor advocates</a> with extended rights of audience may now act as advocates at all levels of the courts. Conversely, the public may now hire and interact with a barrister directly in certain types of work without having to go to a solicitor first<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Courts_and_Legal_Services_Act_1990" title="Courts and Legal Services Act 1990">Courts and Legal Services Act 1990</a> removing the monopoly of barristers to act as advocates and granting solicitors <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_audience" title="Rights of audience">rights of audience</a> in specified circumstances. </p><p>Solicitors now frequently appear in the lower courts and, subject to passing a test and thereby obtaining higher rights of audience, increasingly in the higher courts such as the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice of England and Wales">High Court of Justice of England and Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a>. While the independent bar continued to exist in a largely unchanged state, a few firms of solicitors employed their own barristers and <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_advocates" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor advocates">solicitor advocates</a> to do some of their court work. The rules preventing barristers from being directly instructed were revised to allow direct instruction by certain organizations such as trade unions, accountants, and similar groups. Additionally, barristers who have completed the Bar Council's "Public Access" course can take instructions directly from members of the public under the <a href="/wiki/Public_Access_Scheme" title="Public Access Scheme">Public Access Scheme</a>. </p><p>Regulation of both barristers and solicitors was reviewed by <a href="/wiki/David_Clementi" title="David Clementi">David Clementi</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice">Ministry of Justice</a> in 2004. He delivered his final recommendations in December 2004<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included proposals for a more unified regulatory system and new structures for cross-profession work. Many of his recommendations were enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Services_Act_2007" title="Legal Services Act 2007">Legal Services Act 2007</a>. </p><p>The breakdown in the strict separation between barrister and solicitor was expected to go further following recognition by the Act of the so-called "Legal Disciplinary Practice" (LDP)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from 31 March 2009) and "Alternate Business Structure" (ABS)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from 6 October 2011) bodies, which allow more flexibly structured legal practices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulatory_scheme">Regulatory scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regulatory scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Solicitors in England and Wales who wish to practise must pay an annual fee to obtain a practising certificate. This fee is paid to the <a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales" title="Law Society of England and Wales">Law Society of England and Wales</a>, which represents the profession. The <a href="/wiki/Solicitors_Regulation_Authority" title="Solicitors Regulation Authority">Solicitors Regulation Authority</a>, though funded by these fees, acts independently of the Law Society. Together, the two bodies make up the complete system of professional regulation for solicitors. Complaints about solicitors, if not satisfactorily resolved by the solicitors' firm, may be made to the Legal Ombudsman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_and_qualifications">Training and qualifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Training and qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The training and qualification required to enter the profession by being admitted as a solicitor is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Solicitors_Regulation_Authority" title="Solicitors Regulation Authority">Solicitors Regulation Authority</a> (SRA). There are two graduate routes of entry into the profession. Prospective solicitors holding a qualifying law degree<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proceed to studying the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Practice_Course" title="Legal Practice Course">Legal Practice Course</a>. Those holding a non-law degree must in addition have completed a <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Diploma_in_Law" title="Graduate Diploma in Law">conversion course</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to enrolling on the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Practice_Course" title="Legal Practice Course">Legal Practice Course</a>. Once the Legal Practice Course has been completed, the prospective solicitor usually must then undertake two years' apprenticeship, known as a <a href="/wiki/Training_contract" title="Training contract">training contract</a>, with a firm entitled to take trainee solicitors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Legal Practice Course and training contract can also be undertaken simultaneously although this is less usual.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The training contract was formerly known as articles of clerkship. The <a href="/wiki/Solicitors_Regulation_Authority" title="Solicitors Regulation Authority">SRA</a> completed an extensive review of qualification routes into law that has brought about the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Solicitors_Qualifying_Examination" title="Solicitors Qualifying Examination">Solicitor Qualifying Examination</a> (SQE). The new route was introduced from 1 September 2021 with the first examinations to take place in November of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible to qualify as a solicitor without having attended university by being admitted as a <a href="/wiki/Legal_executive" title="Legal executive">Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives</a>, and thereafter completing the required number of years of practical experience, and studying for the Legal Practice Course. </p><p>Although now on a downward trend, there is a large representation of lawyers in the UK with privately educated backgrounds. 37% of barristers and 21% of solicitors are from a private school background, compared to 7% of the overall UK population.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_qualified_lawyers">Overseas qualified lawyers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overseas qualified lawyers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawyers qualified in foreign jurisdictions, as well as English barristers, can take the <a href="/wiki/Qualified_Lawyers_Transfer_Scheme" title="Qualified Lawyers Transfer Scheme">Qualified Lawyers Transfer Scheme (QLTS)</a> assessment, a fast-track route for qualification as an English solicitor which can be completed in a shorter or longer period of time, depending on the legal background of the candidate. There is no training or experience requirement under the QLTS, which comprises two assessments; a multiple choice test (180 multiple choice questions on 14 subject matters) and two practical assessments, the OSCE1 and OSCE2 which include nine written papers, three oral papers and three mixed written-oral papers on the most important areas of practice for solicitors (business law, probate, conveyancing, civil litigation, criminal litigation). The scheme is open to qualified lawyers in many <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> jurisdictions, such as the US, Australia, South Africa, Nigeria, Brazil, Argentina, Turkey, Russia, China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, India, Pakistan, all EU member states, as well as other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hong Kong has maintained the distinction between solicitors, regulated by <a href="/wiki/The_Law_Society_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="The Law Society of Hong Kong">The Law Society of Hong Kong</a>, and barristers, regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Bar_Association" title="Hong Kong Bar Association">Hong Kong Bar Association</a>. A person intending to become a solicitor must have a professional law degree, either LL.B. or JD or the equivalent, and complete the one-year <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_Certificate_in_Laws" title="Postgraduate Certificate in Laws">Postgraduate Certificate in Laws</a> (P.C.LL.) course. They must also complete a two-year trainee solicitor contract with a law firm. All solicitors in Hong Kong are admitted to the High Court of Hong Kong and thus bear the full title of "Solicitor of the High Court of Hong Kong".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solicitors enjoy rights of audience in the lower court and in chamber hearings in the High Court. For hearings in open court in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">High Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a>, only solicitors who have been certified as <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_advocate" title="Solicitor advocate">solicitor advocates</a> may appear.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Republic of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Solicitor" title="Special:EditPage/Solicitor">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Solicitors in the Republic of Ireland are represented and regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_Ireland" title="Law Society of Ireland">Law Society of Ireland</a>. It was formally established by Royal Charter in 1852. The legislative basis for its current role is set out in the Solicitors Acts 1954–2002. </p><p>In the Republic of Ireland, it is quite possible to become a solicitor without holding a law degree; a few practising solicitors have no degree of any kind. Instead, individuals sit professional examinations which are set at degree level standard and undertake an intense apprenticeship programme. </p><p>The independence of most of Ireland in December 1922 as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was marked more by continuity with the British legal system than with change. The Free State later became the Republic of Ireland in April 1949. The legal profession remained divided between <a href="/wiki/Barristers" class="mw-redirect" title="Barristers">barristers</a> (or <i>abhcóidí</i> in Irish) and solicitors (or <i>aturnaetha</i> in Irish). There was some blurring of the distinction between their roles over the years. Notably, under Section 17 of the Courts Act 1971, solicitors were granted a right of audience in all courts, although in practice relatively few solicitors act as advocates for their clients in the Superior Courts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, attorneys at law<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">弁護士</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bengoshi</i></span>, lit. "advocate")</span> form the principal branch of the legal profession. <i>Bengoshi</i> undertake either or both advocacy work and advice or transaction work typically performed by solicitors in common law jurisdictions. </p><p>Another branch of the legal profession, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_scrivener" title="Judicial scrivener">Shihō-shoshi</a> (司法書士), are specialists in registration procedures for real estate and incorporation. With certification by the Ministry of Justice, they are also authorized to represent clients in civil suits filed in courts of summary jurisdiction (with claimed amount up to ¥1.4 million).<sup id="cite_ref-Shiho-shoshi_Profile_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiho-shoshi_Profile-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are some parallels with modern solicitors in common law countries, "shihō-shoshi" is officially translated as "<a href="/wiki/Judicial_scrivener" title="Judicial scrivener">judicial scrivener</a>", reflecting the similarity of the role with the historical role of <a href="/wiki/Scriveners" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriveners">scriveners</a>. In 2006, their professional body, Japan Federation of Shihō-shoshi Lawyer's Associations (日本司法書士会連合会), proposed that, in English, Shihō-shoshi be called "solicitor" and their organization "Japan Federation of Solicitor Associations", announcing that they would approach the government and other relevant parties to promote the use of the new translations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government agencies, however, continue to use the traditional translation "judicial scrivener".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan Federation of Shihō-shoshi Lawyer's Associations itself translates the profession as "solicitor" on its website.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, solicitors existed in the United States and, consistent with the pre-1850s usage in England and elsewhere, the term referred to a lawyer who argued cases in a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">court of equity</a>, as opposed to an attorney who appeared only in courts of law.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the chancery or equity courts disappearing or being subsumed under courts of law, by the late 19th century members of the fused profession were called "attorneys", with "solicitors" becoming obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern American usage, the term solicitor in the legal profession refers to government lawyers. </p><p>On the federal level, departmental solicitors remain in the Department of Labor,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Department of the Interior,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Patent & Trademark Office.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a> is the lawyer appointed to represent the federal government before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. </p><p>In various states, the title "solicitor" is still used by town, city and county lawyers. These states include Delaware,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgia,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina and West Virginia. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, criminal trials in the state's judicial circuits are overseen by a "<a href="/wiki/Circuit_solicitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit solicitor">circuit solicitor</a>" whose role is analogous to that of <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">district attorney</a> in most other states.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the professional organization for government lawyers was formerly known as the City Solicitors and Town Counsel Association.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_meaning_of_solicitor">Common meaning of solicitor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Common meaning of solicitor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, "solicitor" is also used to describe a traveling salesman (with a pejorative connotation roughly equivalent to the British English word <a href="/wiki/Tout" title="Tout">tout</a>) as in the signed warning on public places of accommodation, "No Soliciting".<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs bearing the phrase "No Solicitors" may appear near entrances to private residences in the US. In addition to warding off salesmen, these signs are also used to deter proselytizing by religious groups such as <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> with a history of door-to-door proselytizing in the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accredited_specialist_solicitor_(Australia)" title="Accredited specialist solicitor (Australia)">Accredited specialist solicitor (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyancer" title="Conveyancer">Conveyancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_executive" title="Legal executive">Legal executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_conveyancer" title="Licensed conveyancer">Licensed conveyancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_advocate" title="Solicitor advocate">Solicitor advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor General">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">Civil law notary</a>, a similar position in the legal profession in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil law (system)">civil law countries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Dictionary of Law (7 ed.), J Law and EA Martin, Oxford University Press, 2009, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191726729" title="Special:BookSources/9780191726729">9780191726729</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clementi+Review+of+Legal+Services&rft.pub=Legal+Services+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legal-services-review.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/advice/practice-notes/legal-disciplinary-practice/">"Legal disciplinary practice"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815234854/http://lawsociety.org.uk/Advice/Practice-notes/Legal-disciplinary-practice/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+state+of+Legal+Services+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalservicesboard.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FThe-State-of-Legal-Services-Narrative-Volume_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hklawsoc.org.hk/pub_e/admission/admissionasaSolicitor.asp">"The Law Society of Hong Kong : Hong Kong Solicitors"</a>. <i>www.hklawsoc.org.hk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121218182925/http://www.hklawsoc.org.hk/pub_e/admission/admissionasaSolicitor.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hklawsoc.org.hk&rft.atitle=The+Law+Society+of+Hong+Kong+%3A+Hong+Kong+Solicitors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hklawsoc.org.hk%2Fpub_e%2Fadmission%2FadmissionasaSolicitor.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hk-lawyer.org/content/solicitors-gain-higher-rights-audience">"Solicitors gain higher rights of audience - Hong Kong Lawyer"</a>. <i>www.hk-lawyer.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513212153/http://www.hk-lawyer.org/content/solicitors-gain-higher-rights-audience">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hk-lawyer.org&rft.atitle=Solicitors+gain+higher+rights+of+audience+-+Hong+Kong+Lawyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hk-lawyer.org%2Fcontent%2Fsolicitors-gain-higher-rights-audience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shiho-shoshi_Profile-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shiho-shoshi_Profile_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shiho-shoshi.or.jp/html/global/english/index.html">"Shiho-Shoshi Profile"</a>. Japan Federation of Shiho-shoshi's Associations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311172514/http://www.shiho-shoshi.or.jp/html/global/english/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shiho-Shoshi+Profile&rft.pub=Japan+Federation+of+Shiho-shoshi%27s+Associations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shiho-shoshi.or.jp%2Fhtml%2Fglobal%2Fenglish%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shiho-shoshi.or.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/200610_07.pdf">"理事会レポート"</a> [Board of Directors' Report] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Monthly SHIHO-SHOSHI</i> (in Japanese). Vol. 416. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Federation of Shiho-shoshi's Associations. 2006. p. 52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.shiho-shoshi.or.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/200610_07.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+SHIHO-SHOSHI&rft.atitle=%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88&rft.volume=416&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shiho-shoshi.or.jp%2Fcms%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2F200610_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moj.go.jp/content/001181040.pdf">"Ministry of Justice 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ministry of Justice. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913123052/http://www.moj.go.jp/content/001181040.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Justice+2016&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moj.go.jp%2Fcontent%2F001181040.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span><br />- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/wto/offer0507.html">"WTO: Revised Offer (Outline)"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207083319/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/wto/offer0507.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO%3A+Revised+Offer+%28Outline%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fpolicy%2Feconomy%2Fwto%2Foffer0507.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-shiho--shoshi-or-jp.translate.goog/global/english/?_x_tr_sl=ja&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">"Shiho-shoshi (Solicitor)"</a>. <i>Japan Federation of Shihō-Shoshi Lawyer's Associations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bowen School of Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, s.v. "Chancery". Retrieved 12 June 2009.<br />- Frederic Jesup Stimpson, <i>Glossary of Technical Terms, Phrases, and Maxims of the Common Law</i>, s.v. "Solicitors", (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1881), 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dol.gov/sol/">"Office of the Solicitor (SOL)"</a>. 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Department of the Interior. 20 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513072607/https://www.doi.gov/solicitor">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+Solicitor&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.gov%2Fsolicitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/organizational-offices/office-general-counsel/office-solicitor">"Office of the Solicitor"</a>. US Patent & Trademark Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612051545/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/organizational-offices/office-general-counsel/office-solicitor">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+Solicitor&rft.pub=US+Patent+%26+Trademark+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fabout-us%2Forganizational-offices%2Foffice-general-counsel%2Foffice-solicitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attorneygeneral.delaware.gov/civil/">"Civil - Attorney General, Matt Denn"</a>. State of Delaware. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602040152/http://attorneygeneral.delaware.gov/civil/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+-+Attorney+General%2C+Matt+Denn&rft.pub=State+of+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fattorneygeneral.delaware.gov%2Fcivil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustaga.gov/816/State-Court-Solicitor">"State Court Solicitor"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t01c007.php">South Carolina Code of Laws (Unannotated): Title 1 - Administration of the Government, Chapter 7</a>, Article 3: Solicitors, Assistants, and Investigators. Retrieved 5 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dilloncounty.sc.gov/Departments/solictor/Pages/default.aspx">"Dillon County"</a>. State of South Carolina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612225700/http://dilloncounty.sc.gov/Departments/solictor/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dillon+County&rft.pub=State+of+South+Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdilloncounty.sc.gov%2FDepartments%2Fsolictor%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massmunilaw.org">"Home page"</a>. Massachusetts Municipal Lawyers Association – The Bar Association of Massachusetts Municipal Attorneys. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171106142755/http://www.massmunilaw.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+page&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Municipal+Lawyers+Association+%E2%80%93+The+Bar+Association+of+Massachusetts+Municipal+Attorneys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massmunilaw.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newman_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Newman_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Newman (author)">Newman, Bernard</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YlIIAQAAMAAJ&q=attorneys%20tout"><i>Mr. Kennedy's America</i></a>. London: H. Jenkins. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Kennedy%27s+America&rft.place=London&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=H.+Jenkins&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlIIAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dattorneys%2520tout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolicitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solicitor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/solicitor" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/solicitor">solicitor</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solicitors.lawsociety.org.uk/">The Law Society of England and Wales Directory Of Solicitors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223093018/http://www.lawsociety.ie/solicitorSearch.aspx?groupID=165&node=165">The Irish Law Society Directory Of Solicitors</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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