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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tennessee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennessee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wisconsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wisconsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Wisconsin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wisconsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal method of recovering proceeds of crime</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Civil_recovery" title="Talk:Civil recovery">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Civil recovery</b> is the method in some legal systems employed to recover the proceeds of crime, instead of, or in addition to, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a> court proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many retailers, or agents acting on their behalf, utilize civil recovery to recover the value of property (including intellectual property) obtained through unlawful conduct (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">larceny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> etc.). In these cases, police action is not a prerequisite to the civil demand for damages by the retailer. The civil demand can be, and often is, made and settled before a civil <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> is filed against the shoplifter in the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil court</a>. </p><p>Non-conviction based asset recovery powers are available in some jurisdictions where it is not considered feasible to secure a criminal conviction or a criminal conviction has been obtained but no confiscation order made.<sup id="cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assetrecovery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These powers are often used in more serious cases of <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organised_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised crime">organised crime</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>. </p><p>Proponents of civil recovery say it is important to recover the costs incurred through loss from the perpetrators. As well as acting as a deterrent, civil recovery is claimed to cover the cost staff time, administration work and security.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the legal systems of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom, the principle of 'civil recovery' (also known as civil recovery scheme or civil recovery regime) is established in law under the <a href="/wiki/Proceeds_of_Crime_Act_2002" title="Proceeds of Crime Act 2002">Proceeds of Crime Act 2002</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, part 5 of the Act deals with the recovery of the proceeds of crime from unconvicted defendants through proceedings in the civil courts (the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of England and Wales">High Court</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>). </p><p>According to a report by the Citizen's Advice Bureau, a number of large and well known British companies are known to employ civil recovery proceedings, including, among others, <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Group" title="Arcadia Group">Arcadia Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Stores" title="British Home Stores">BHS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges & Co</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matalan" title="Matalan">Matalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asda" title="Asda">Asda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serious_and_organized_crime">Serious and organized crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Serious and organized crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 2A of the <a href="/wiki/Proceeds_of_Crime_Act_2002" title="Proceeds of Crime Act 2002">Proceeds of Crime Act 2002</a> grants non-conviction asset seizing powers to relevant agencies (until March 2008, when it was replaced in its role by the <a href="/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_Agency" title="Serious Organised Crime Agency">Serious Organised Crime Agency</a>, this was the <a href="/wiki/Assets_Recovery_Agency" title="Assets Recovery Agency">Assets Recovery Agency</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assetrecovery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_%26_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Office & Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office & Procurator Fiscal Service</a> says that recovery of funds and items stops them being reinvested into further criminal activity.<sup id="cite_ref-COPFS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COPFS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General%27s_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Attorney General's Office (United Kingdom)">Attorney General's Office</a> advise that these powers should only be used when either a criminal conviction is not feasible, or, if one is, when it is still within the public interest to proceed. Such situations include: </p> <ul><li>When <i>"it is not practicable to investigate all of those with a peripheral involvement in the criminality, and a strategic approach must be taken in order to achieve a manageable and successful prosecution"</i><sup id="cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assetrecovery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When <i>"the only known criminality is overseas, and there is no extra-territorial jurisdiction to pursue a criminal case in the courts of England and Wales or Northern Ireland"</i><sup id="cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assetrecovery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If <i>"the offender is being prosecuted in another jurisdiction and is expected to receive a sentence that reflects the totality of the offending, so the public interest does not require a prosecution in this country"</i><sup id="cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assetrecovery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If <i>"proceeds of crime can be identified but cannot be linked to any individual suspect or offence"</i><sup id="cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assetrecovery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In Scotland alone, more than £80 million was recovered between 2003 and 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-COPFS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COPFS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Citizens Advice Bureau has been an outspoken critic of the retail use of civil recovery. They have criticized several of the practices used by retailers and their agents in pursuing civil recovery. In a 2009 report,<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they cite several cases which they claim illustrated how the procedure is being abused. These include: </p> <ul><li>A Tesco employee being dismissed in July 2008 for the alleged theft of £4.00 cash from a till; a subsequent demand letter was then received requesting payment of £191.50. The break down advised that whilst £4.00 was for the value of "the goods or cash stolen", the remaining balance was made up of "staff and management time", "administration costs" and "security and surveillance costs".<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup></li> <li>An employee of the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolworths Group (United Kingdom)">Woolworths</a> being chased for the sum of £187.50 for the theft of items totally £2.00; a demand letter was then received explain that the sum claimed was made up of 'nil' for the value of "the goods or cash stolen". The police were not called and the alleged stolen items were recovered intact.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup></li> <li>Almost one in six claims being made against under 17 year olds.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>Some believe that people are ashamed or intimidated by the threat of court action and escalating costs into paying the demand without challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p><p>In the case of "A retailer vs Ms B & Ms K", the first civil recovery case to proceed to full trial, Judge Charles Harris QC dismissed the retailers claim, made up almost entirely of £82.50 for "staff/management time investigating and/or dealing with the incident", in its entirety and permission to appeal was refused. The claim was rejected on the principle set out in Aerospace Publishing Limited v Thames Water Utilities Limited [2007],<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the claimant had failed to demonstrate that its security staff had been diverted from ordinary duties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, civil recovery laws allow store and retailers to prosecute alleged <a href="/wiki/Shoplifting" title="Shoplifting">shoplifters</a> in civil court. Every state has a civil recovery law that holds shoplifters liable to pay retailer's any losses as a result of their unlawful actions, and some states amend those laws periodically to increase recovery amounts, in line with <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-purpura_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purpura-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States typically allow a civil recovery demand to be issued to the parents of a minor, holding parents jointly liable for the demand with their minor child. </p><p>Many retailers will contract outside, specialized civil recovery firms that, for a fee, may send demands to alleged shoplifters and take further steps to collect unpaid demands. Companies <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsource</a> to save time and any expense involved in implementing their own recovery program.<sup id="cite_ref-purpura_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purpura-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a civil demand is not paid by the recipient, the issuer of the demand will have the option of filing a lawsuit to collect the demanded sum of money. Some states allow for the recovery of attorney fees if a lawsuit is filed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s civil recovery statute is <a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">California Penal Code</a> section 490.5(b) and (c).<sup id="cite_ref-CAPC490.5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAPC490.5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statute provides that a person who steals merchandise from a merchant or a book from a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> may be civilly liable to the merchant or library for between $50 and $500, plus costs, plus the value of the item stolen if it has not been recovered in its original condition. </p><p>In California, the parents of a perpetrator may be sued if the crime is committed by an unemancipated minor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oregon">Oregon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oregon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Oregon">Supreme Court of Oregon</a>, in <i>Payless Drug Stores v. Brown</i> held, that <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>'s civil recovery statute is constitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-payless_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payless-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennessee">Tennessee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tennessee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> law allow the recovery of the greater of $100 or twice the value of the stolen item.<sup id="cite_ref-tn_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wisconsin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, civil recovery is established in statute 943.51. This statute allows for the recovery of up to three times the value of any unrecovered or damaged items plus any legal fees up to the cost of the items and $500 for adults. If the perpetrator is a minor, then the state allows twice the value of the items plus any legal fees up to the cost of the item and $300.<sup id="cite_ref-WS953.51_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS953.51-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The filing of a prosecution is not required for civil liability, nor does filing of a prosecution preclude a civil action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assets_Recovery_Agency" title="Assets Recovery Agency">Assets Recovery Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_recovery" title="Asset recovery">Asset recovery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_recovery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLambertDunstan2010" class="citation news cs1">Lambert, Jackie; Dunstan, Richard (7 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/dec/07/civil-recovery-schemes-for-or-against">"Civil recovery schemes: for or against?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Civil+recovery+schemes%3A+for+or+against%3F&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.au=Dunstan%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2010%2Fdec%2F07%2Fcivil-recovery-schemes-for-or-against&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+recovery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-assetrecovery-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assetrecovery_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/asset-recovery-powers-for-prosecutors-guidance-and-background-note-2009">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Asset recovery powers for prosecutors: guidance and background note 2009"</a>. Attorney General's Office. 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Asset+recovery+powers+for+prosecutors%3A+guidance+and+background+note+2009&rft.pub=Attorney+General%27s+Office&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fasset-recovery-powers-for-prosecutors-guidance-and-background-note-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+recovery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Rowenna (10 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/dec/10/citizens-advice-shoplifting-fines">"Security firms demand £100-plus 'fines' from alleged shoplifters"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Baites Wells Braithwaite. 17 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwbllp.com/knowledge/news/2012/05/17/pro-bono-win-for-bwb-in-landmark-civil-recovery-case/">the original</a> on 6 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bwbllp.com&rft.atitle=Pro+bono+win+for+BWB+in+landmark+%27Civil+Recovery%27+case&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwbllp.com%2Fknowledge%2Fnews%2F2012%2F05%2F17%2Fpro-bono-win-for-bwb-in-landmark-civil-recovery-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+recovery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purpura-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-purpura_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purpura_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurpura2013" class="citation book cs1">Purpura, Philip (2013). <i>Security and Loss Prevention: An Introduction</i> (6 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shoplifting+Statutes+and+a+Sample+Civil+Complaint+Form+Letter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attorneygeneral.org%2Fshoplift.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+recovery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WS953.51-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WS953.51_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/943/III/51?view=section">"Wisconsin Statutes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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