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id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Icelandic independence movement</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks vcard plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"> <div style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Iceland" title="Category:History of Iceland"><b>a series</b></a> on the</div> </th> </tr> <tr> <th class="vcard navbox-title" style="font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">History of <span class="fn org label">Iceland</span></a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Iceland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Iceland" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" width="150" height="159" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1193"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eee">Middle Ages</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">c.</a> 870–930</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Old Commonwealth</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">c. 930–1262</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisation_of_Iceland" title="Christianisation of Iceland">Christianisation</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">c. 999–1118</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Sturlung Era</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">c. 1180–1264</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;">Norwegian rule</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1262–1380</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Covenant_(Iceland)" title="Old Covenant (Iceland)">Old Covenant</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1262</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Reformation</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1536–1627</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Trade_Monopoly" title="Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly">Danish Trade Monopoly</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1602–1874</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0uhar%C3%B0indin" title="Móðuharðindin" class="mw-redirect">Eruption of Laki</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1783–1785</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eee">Modern era</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><strong class="selflink">Independence Movement</strong></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1809–1847</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;">Home Rule / Independence</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1885–1918</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1918–1944</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Act of Union</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1918</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">World War II</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1939–1944</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">Invasion</a><br/> <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81standi%C3%B0" title="Ástandið">Invader relationships</a></div> </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.3em">1940<br/> 1940–1945</div> </td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Republic</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1944–<small style="font-size:85%;">present</small></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_the_Republic_of_Iceland" title="Founding of the Republic of Iceland" class="mw-redirect">Founding of the Republic</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1944</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_in_the_Cold_War" title="Iceland in the Cold War">Cold War</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1947–1991</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1948–1976</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;">Economic reform</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1991–2008</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Iceland" title="Great Recession in Iceland" class="mw-redirect">Great Recession</a></td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–2011</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eee">Related topics</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Nobility in Iceland</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"><b><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Icelandic_history" title="Timeline of Icelandic history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><span class="metadata"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" width="16" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1800"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Iceland portal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Iceland" title="Template:History of Iceland"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Iceland" title="Template talk:History of Iceland"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Iceland&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p>The <b>Icelandic Independence movement</b> (Icelandic: <i>Sjálfstæðisbarátta Íslendinga</i>) was the collective effort made by Icelanders to achieve self-determination and independence from the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" title="Kingdom of Denmark" class="mw-redirect">Kingdom of Denmark</a> throughout the 19th and early 20th century.</p> <p>Iceland received a constitution and limited home rule in 1874. A minister for Icelandic affairs was appointed to the Danish cabinet in 1904. Full independence was granted in 1918 through the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish-Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish-Icelandic Act of Union" class="mw-redirect">Danish-Icelandic Act of Union</a>. This was followed by the severance of all ties to Denmark with the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_the_Republic_of_Iceland" title="Founding of the Republic of Iceland" class="mw-redirect">declaration of the republic in 1944</a>.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nationalist_movement"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Nationalist movement</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Home_rule_and_independence"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Home rule and independence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_independence_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Age of the Sturlungs</a>, <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Covenant_(Iceland)" title="Old Covenant (Iceland)">Old Covenant (Iceland)</a> and <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></div> <p>Through the signing of the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Covenant_(Iceland)" title="Old Covenant (Iceland)">Old Covenant</a> in 1262, following the civil strife of the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Age of the Sturlungs</a>, Icelanders had relinquished sovereignty to <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon IV</a>, <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">King of Norway.</a> Iceland remained under Norwegian kingship until 1380, when the death of <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_IV_of_Norway" title="Olav IV of Norway" class="mw-redirect">Olav IV of Norway</a> extinguished the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_monarchy" title="Norwegian monarchy" class="mw-redirect">Norwegian male royal line</a>. Norway (and thus Iceland) then became part of the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>, along with <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, with Denmark as the dominant power.</p> <p>Unlike Norway, Denmark did not need Iceland's fish and homespun wool. This created a dramatic deficit in Iceland's trade, and as a result, no new ships for continental trading were built. The ensuing centuries saw Iceland becoming one of the poorest countries in Europe.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jonash.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jonash.jpg/200px-Jonash.jpg" width="200" height="308" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jonash.jpg/300px-Jonash.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Jonash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="501"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jonash.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Portrait of <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3nas_Hallgr%C3%ADmsson" title="Jónas Hallgrímsson">Jónas Hallgrímsson</a>, contributor to <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnir_(journal)" title="Fjölnir (journal)">Fjölnir</a>.</div> </div> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nationalist_movement">Nationalist movement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_independence_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nationalist movement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnismenn" title="Fjölnismenn" class="mw-redirect">Fjölnismenn</a></div> <p>Around the middle of the 19th century a new national consciousness was revived in Iceland, led by Danish-educated Icelandic intellectuals who had been inspired by romantic and nationalist ideas from continental Europe. The most notable of these were the so-called <i><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnismenn" title="Fjölnismenn" class="mw-redirect">Fjölnismenn</a></i>—poets and writers for the journal <i><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnir_(journal)" title="Fjölnir (journal)">Fjölnir</a></i>— <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynj%C3%B3lfur_P%C3%A9tursson" title="Brynjólfur Pétursson">Brynjólfur Pétursson</a>, <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3nas_Hallgr%C3%ADmsson" title="Jónas Hallgrímsson">Jónas Hallgrímsson</a>, <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konr%C3%A1%C3%B0_G%C3%ADslason" title="Konráð Gíslason">Konráð Gíslason</a> and <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3mas_S%C3%A6mundsson" title="Tómas Sæmundsson">Tómas Sæmundsson</a>.</p> <p>Meanwhile, an independence movement developed under <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Sigur%C3%B0sson" title="Jón Sigurðsson">Jón Sigurðsson</a>. In 1843, a royal decree re-established a national parliament, the Althing, as a consultative assembly. It claimed continuity with the Althing of the Icelandic Commonwealth, which had remained for centuries as a judicial body and had been abolished in 1800. The advocates of Icelandic independence pursued their aims peacefully, soliciting Danish officials via legal means.</p> <p>The struggle for independence reached its height in 1851 when the Danes tried to pass new legislation, the requests of which the Icelanders ignored. The Icelandic delegates, under the leadership of <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Sigur%C3%B0sson" title="Jón Sigurðsson">Jón Sigurðsson</a>, passed their own proposal, much to the displeasure of the King's agent, who dissolved the meeting. This caused Sigurðsson to rise up with his fellow delegates and utter the phrase <i>Vér mótmælum allir</i> ("We all protest").</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Home_rule_and_independence">Home rule and independence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_independence_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Home rule and independence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In 1874, a thousand years after the first acknowledged <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">settlement</a>, Denmark granted Iceland home rule. By the end of the 19th century, the various efforts made on behalf of Iceland had their desired result. The constitution, written in 1874, was revised in 1903, and a minister for Icelandic affairs, residing in Reykjavík, was made responsible to the Althing . <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Hafstein" title="Hannes Hafstein">Hannes Hafstein</a> served as the first <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Iceland" title="Minister for Iceland">Minister of Iceland</a> from 31 January 1904 until 31 March 1909.</p> <p>The <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish-Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish-Icelandic Act of Union" class="mw-redirect">Act of Union</a>, signed on 1 December 1918 by Icelandic and Danish authorities, recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state (the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom of Iceland</a>), joined with Denmark in a <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the Danish king. Iceland established its own flag and asked Denmark to represent its foreign affairs and defense interests. The Act would be up for revision in 1940 and could be revoked three years later if agreement was not reached. Union through the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_monarchy" title="Danish monarchy" class="mw-redirect">Danish king</a> was finally abolished altogether in 1944 during the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Denmark" title="Occupation of Denmark" class="mw-redirect">occupation of Denmark</a> by <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, when the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEing" title="Alþing" class="mw-redirect">Alþing</a> declared the <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_the_Republic_of_Iceland" title="Founding of the Republic of Iceland" class="mw-redirect">founding of the Republic of Iceland</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_independence_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom of Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_realm" title="Danish realm" class="mw-redirect">Danish realm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">Constitution of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese_independence" title="Faroese independence" class="mw-redirect">Faroese independence</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_independence_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204"/></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>does not <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_independence_movement&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(March 2010)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"></div> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iceland_topics" title="Template:Iceland topics"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iceland_topics" title="Template 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">By topic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iceland" title="Economic history of Iceland">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Iceland" title="Military history of Iceland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Icelandic_nationality" title="History of Icelandic nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Iceland" title="List of rulers of Iceland">Rulers</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Iceland" title="Monarchy of Iceland">Monarchy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Icelandic_history" title="Timeline of Icelandic history">Timeline</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisation_of_Iceland" title="Christianisation of Iceland">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Sturlung Era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Trade_Monopoly" title="Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly">Danish trade monopoly</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Independence Movement</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_in_the_Cold_War" title="Iceland in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Iceland" title="Great Recession in Iceland" class="mw-redirect">Great Recession</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland" title="Coat of arms of Iceland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Iceland.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" width="170" height="180" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150402003431im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1193"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Geography</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Iceland" title="Climate of Iceland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Iceland" title="List of cities and towns in Iceland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Iceland" title="Extreme points of Iceland">Extremities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Iceland" title="List of fjords of Iceland">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Iceland" title="Geology of Iceland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Iceland" title="List of glaciers of Iceland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_of_Iceland" title="Highlands of Iceland">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iceland" title="List of islands of Iceland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Iceland" title="List of lakes of Iceland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Iceland" title="List of national parks of Iceland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Iceland" title="List of rivers of Iceland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Iceland" title="List of valleys of Iceland">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanology_of_Iceland" title="Volcanology of Iceland">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Iceland" title="List of waterfalls of Iceland">Waterfalls</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150402003431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Politics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" 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