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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_as_a_pirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Providence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Providence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 New Providence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Providence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blackbeard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blackbeard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Blackbeard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blackbeard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlargement_of_Teach's_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlargement_of_Teach's_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Enlargement of Teach's fleet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlargement_of_Teach's_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blockade_of_Charles_Town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockade_of_Charles_Town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Blockade of Charles Town </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockade_of_Charles_Town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beaufort_Inlet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beaufort_Inlet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Beaufort Inlet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beaufort_Inlet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pardon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Pardon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_Spotswood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_Spotswood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Alexander Spotswood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander_Spotswood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Last battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Modern view </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Blackbeard</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartbaard" title="Swartbaard – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swartbaard" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="اللحية السوداء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللحية السوداء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbanegra" title="Barbanegra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Barbanegra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Saqqal" title="Qara Saqqal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara Saqqal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ব্ল্যাকবিয়ার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্ল্যাকবিয়ার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard_(pirata)" title="Blackbeard (pirata) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Blackbeard (pirata)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87" title="Едуард Тийч – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Тийч" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blackbeard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cernovous" title="Černovous – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černovous" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortsk%C3%A6g" title="Sortskæg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sortskæg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blackbeard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teach" title="Edward Teach – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward Teach" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A4%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Έντουαρντ Τιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντουαρντ Τιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbanegra" title="Barbanegra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barbanegra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarbeltz" title="Bizarbeltz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizarbeltz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="ریش‌سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریش‌سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbe_Noire" title="Barbe Noire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barbe Noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbanegra" title="Barbanegra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Barbanegra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%ED%8B%B0%EC%B9%98" title="에드워드 티치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 티치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्लैकबीर्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्लैकबीर्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teach" title="Edward Teach – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edward Teach" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teach" title="Edward Teach – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward Teach" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartskeggur" title="Svartskeggur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartskeggur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbanera" title="Barbanera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barbanera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="שחור הזקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחור הזקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="შავწვერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავწვერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_B%C4%81rda" title="Melnā Bārda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā Bārda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thatch" title="Edward Thatch – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edward Thatch" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feketeszak%C3%A1ll" title="Feketeszakáll – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feketeszakáll" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Црнобрад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црнобрад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ളാക്ക്ബീയർഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ളാക്ക്ബീയർഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A" title="एडवर्ड टीच – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडवर्ड टीच" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="اللحيه السوداء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اللحيه السوداء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwartbaard" title="Zwartbaard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwartbaard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E9%AB%AD" title="黒髭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒髭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varvanera" title="Varvanera – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Varvanera" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teach" title="Edward Teach – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward Teach" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_soqol" title="Qora soqol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora soqol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarnobrody" title="Czarnobrody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarnobrody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barba-Negra" title="Barba-Negra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barba-Negra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwatzbaart" title="Schwatzbaart – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Schwatzbaart" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb%C4%83_Neagr%C4%83" title="Barbă Neagră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Barbă Neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Чорна Борода – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорна Борода" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Чёрная Борода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная Борода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjek%C3%ABrziu" title="Mjekërziu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" 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other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blackbeard (disambiguation)">Blackbeard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Blackbeard</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Teach_Commonly_Call%27d_Black_Beard_(bw).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Edward_Teach_Commonly_Call%27d_Black_Beard_%28bw%29.jpg/220px-Edward_Teach_Commonly_Call%27d_Black_Beard_%28bw%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Edward_Teach_Commonly_Call%27d_Black_Beard_%28bw%29.jpg/330px-Edward_Teach_Commonly_Call%27d_Black_Beard_%28bw%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Edward_Teach_Commonly_Call%27d_Black_Beard_%28bw%29.jpg/440px-Edward_Teach_Commonly_Call%27d_Black_Beard_%28bw%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3092" data-file-height="4738" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Blackbeard (c. 1736 engraving used to illustrate Johnson's <a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">General History</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edward Teach</div> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1680 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">(presumed) <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><time class="dday deathdate" datetime="1718-11-22">22 November 1718</time> (aged 35–40) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke,_North_Carolina" title="Ocracoke, North Carolina">Ocracoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">Killed in action</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stab_wound" title="Stab wound">stab wounds</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">gunshot wounds</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piratical career</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Blackbeard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1716–1718</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Base of operations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a>, Adventure</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Edward Teach (or Thatch; c. 1680 – 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was an English <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirate</a> who operated around the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and the eastern coast of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">North American colonies</a>. Little is known about his early life, but he may have been a sailor on <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> ships during <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> before he settled on the <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/New_Providence" title="New Providence">New Providence</a>, a base for Captain <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a>, whose crew Teach joined around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of a <a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloop</a> that he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a>, but Hornigold retired from piracy toward the end of 1717, taking two vessels with him. Teach captured a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> slave ship known as La Concorde, renamed her <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a>, equipped her with 40 guns, and crewed her with over 300 men. He became a renowned pirate. His nickname derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance. He was reported to have tied lit fuses (<a href="/wiki/Slow_match" title="Slow match">slow matches</a>) under his hat to frighten his enemies. He formed an alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charles Town, South Carolina</a>, ransoming the port's inhabitants. He then ran Queen Anne's Revenge aground on a sandbar near <a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_North_Carolina" title="Beaufort, North Carolina">Beaufort, North Carolina</a>. He parted company with Stede Bonnet and settled in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_North_Carolina" title="Bath, North Carolina">Bath, North Carolina</a>, also known as Bath Town, where he accepted a <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pardon_(piracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Pardon (piracy)">royal pardon</a>. However, he was soon back at sea, where he attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Alexander Spotswood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor of Virginia</a>. Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to capture him. On 22 November 1718, following a ferocious battle, Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a>. Teach was a shrewd and calculating leader who spurned the use of violence, relying instead on his fearsome image to elicit the response that he desired from those whom he robbed. He was romanticised after his death and became the inspiration for an archetypal pirate in works of fiction across many genres. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> Little is known about Blackbeard's early life. It is commonly believed that at the time of his death he was between 35 and 40 years old and thus born around 1680.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In contemporary records his name is most often given as Blackbeard, Edward Thatch or Edward Teach. The latter is most often used because it is the form used in the dispatches of North America's only newspaper at the time, the Boston News-Letter, but primary sources written by people who had actually met the pirate all refer to him as "Thatch" or variations thereof. Several spellings of his surname exist: Thatch, Thach, Thache, Thack, Tack, Thatche, and Theach. One source claims that his surname was <a href="/wiki/Clan_Drummond" title="Clan Drummond">Drummond</a>, but the lack of any supporting documentation makes this unlikely. Pirates habitually used fictitious surnames while engaged in piracy so as not to tarnish the family name, which makes it unlikely that Teach's real name will ever be known.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONDB-Blackbeard-4">[4]</a> The 17th-century rise of Britain's American colonies and the rapid 18th-century expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> had made <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> an important international sea port, and Teach was most likely raised in what was then the second-largest city in England. He could almost certainly read and write. He communicated with merchants and, upon his death, had in his possession a letter addressed to him by the Chief Justice and Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a>, Tobias Knight. Author Robert Lee speculated that Teach may therefore have been born into a respectable, wealthy family.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He may have arrived in the Caribbean in the last years of the 17th century, on a merchant vessel (possibly a <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a>).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The 18th-century author <a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Charles Johnson</a> claimed that Teach was for some time a sailor operating from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> on privateer ships during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, and that "he had often distinguished himself for his uncommon boldness and personal courage."<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1724_70-7">[7]</a> It is unknown at what point during the war Teach joined the fighting, as with the record of most of his life before he became a pirate.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_as_a_pirate">Life as a pirate</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Providence">New Providence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Teach_(Black_Beard),_Walking_the_Plank,_from_the_Pirates_of_the_Spanish_Main_series_(N19)_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_MET_DP835032.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Edward_Teach_%28Black_Beard%29%2C_Walking_the_Plank%2C_from_the_Pirates_of_the_Spanish_Main_series_%28N19%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_MET_DP835032.jpg/250px-Edward_Teach_%28Black_Beard%29%2C_Walking_the_Plank%2C_from_the_Pirates_of_the_Spanish_Main_series_%28N19%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_MET_DP835032.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Edward_Teach_%28Black_Beard%29%2C_Walking_the_Plank%2C_from_the_Pirates_of_the_Spanish_Main_series_%28N19%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_MET_DP835032.jpg/375px-Edward_Teach_%28Black_Beard%29%2C_Walking_the_Plank%2C_from_the_Pirates_of_the_Spanish_Main_series_%28N19%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_MET_DP835032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Edward_Teach_%28Black_Beard%29%2C_Walking_the_Plank%2C_from_the_Pirates_of_the_Spanish_Main_series_%28N19%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_MET_DP835032.jpg/500px-Edward_Teach_%28Black_Beard%29%2C_Walking_the_Plank%2C_from_the_Pirates_of_the_Spanish_Main_series_%28N19%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_MET_DP835032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption>Edward Teach (Black Beard), <a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a>, from the "Pirates of the Spanish" series (N19), <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">cigarette card</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Ginter" title="Allen & Ginter">Allen & Ginter</a></figcaption></figure> With its history of colonialism, trade and piracy, the West Indies was the setting for many 17th- and 18th-century maritime incidents. The privateer-turned-pirate <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jennings" title="Henry Jennings">Henry Jennings</a> and his followers decided, early in the 18th century, to use the uninhabited island of <a href="/wiki/New_Providence" title="New Providence">New Providence</a> as a base for their operations since it was within easy reach of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Strait">Florida Strait</a> and its busy shipping lanes, which were filled with European vessels crossing the Atlantic. New Providence's harbour could easily accommodate hundreds of ships but was too shallow for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s larger vessels. The author George Woodbury described New Providence as "no city of homes. It was a place of temporary sojourn and refreshment for a literally floating population," continuing, "The only permanent residents were the piratical camp followers, the traders, and the hangers-on. All others were transient."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In New Providence, pirates found a welcome respite from the law.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Teach was one of those who came to enjoy the island's benefits. Probably shortly after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, he moved there from Jamaica, and, along with most privateers once involved in the war, became involved in piracy. Possibly about 1716, he joined the crew of Captain <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a>, a renowned pirate who operated from New Providence's safe waters. In 1716, Hornigold placed Teach in charge of a <a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloop</a> he had taken as a prize.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In early 1717, Hornigold and Teach, each captaining a sloop, set out for the mainland. They captured a boat carrying 120 barrels of flour out of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, and shortly thereafter took 100 barrels of wine from a sloop out of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. A few days later they stopped a vessel sailing from <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> to Charles Town, South Carolina. Teach and his quartermaster, William Howard, may at this time have struggled to control their crews. By then they had probably developed a taste for <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a>, and on 29 September near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Charles,_Virginia" title="Cape Charles, Virginia">Cape Charles</a> all they took from the Betty of Virginia was her cargo of Madeira, before they <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> her with the remaining cargo.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It was during this cruise with Hornigold that the earliest known report of Teach was made, in which he is recorded as a pirate in his own right, in command of a large crew. In a report made by a Captain Mathew Munthe on an anti-piracy patrol for North Carolina, "Thatch" was described as operating "a sloop 6 gunns and about 70 men."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In September, Teach and Hornigold encountered Stede Bonnet, a landowner and military officer from a wealthy family who had turned to piracy earlier that year. Bonnet's crew of about 70 were reportedly dissatisfied with his command, so with Bonnet's permission, Teach took control of his ship, Revenge. The pirates' flotilla now consisted of three ships: Teach on Revenge, Teach's old sloop, and Hornigold's Ranger. By October, another vessel had been captured and added to the small fleet.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The sloops Robert of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and Good Intent of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> were stopped on 22 October 1717 and their cargo holds emptied.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> As a former British privateer, Hornigold attacked only his old enemies, but for his crew, the sight of British vessels filled with valuable cargo passing by unharmed became too much, and at some point toward the end of 1717 he was demoted. Whether Teach had any involvement in this decision is unknown,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> but Hornigold quickly retired from piracy. He took Ranger and one of the sloops, leaving Teach with Revenge and the remaining sloop.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The two never met again and, as did many other occupants of New Providence,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Hornigold accepted the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pardon_(piracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Pardon (piracy)">King's pardon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbeard_the_Pirate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Blackbeard_the_Pirate.jpg/126px-Blackbeard_the_Pirate.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Blackbeard_the_Pirate.jpg/189px-Blackbeard_the_Pirate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Blackbeard_the_Pirate.jpg/252px-Blackbeard_the_Pirate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="3214" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Blackbeard_the_Pirate_(1725).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Blackbeard_the_Pirate_%281725%29.jpg/158px-General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Blackbeard_the_Pirate_%281725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Blackbeard_the_Pirate_%281725%29.jpg/237px-General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Blackbeard_the_Pirate_%281725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Blackbeard_the_Pirate_%281725%29.jpg/316px-General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Blackbeard_the_Pirate_%281725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="860" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Blackbeard, as pictured within <a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Charles Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a>. The first image is a 1724 depiction by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cole_(instrument_maker)" title="Benjamin Cole (instrument maker)">Benjamin Cole</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1724_70-7">[7]</a> the second is from 1725.</div></div></div></div> On 28 November 1717 Teach's two ships attacked a French merchant vessel off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">Saint Vincent</a>. They each fired a <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> across its bulwarks, killing several of its crew, and forcing its captain to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The ship was La Concorde, a large French <a href="/wiki/Guineaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Guineaman">Guineaman</a> registered in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> and carrying a cargo of slaves. This ship had originally been the English merchantman Concord, captured in 1711 by a French squadron, and then changed hands several times by 1717.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Teach and his crews sailed the vessel south along <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bequia" title="Bequia">Bequia</a>, where they disembarked her crew and cargo, and converted the ship for their own use. The crew of La Concorde were given the smaller of Teach's two sloops, which they renamed Mauvaise Rencontre ("Bad Meeting"), and sailed for Martinique. Teach may have recruited some of their slaves, but the remainder were left on the island and were later recaptured by the returning crew of Mauvaise Rencontre.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Teach immediately renamed La Concorde as Queen Anne's Revenge and equipped her with 40 guns. By this time Teach had placed his <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Richards_(pirate)" title="Lieutenant Richards (pirate)">lieutenant Richards</a> in command of Bonnet's Revenge.<a href="#cite_note-Gosse-23">[23]</a> In late November, near Saint Vincent, he attacked the Great Allen. After a lengthy engagement, he forced the large and well-armed merchant ship to surrender. He ordered her to move closer to the shore, disembarked her crew and emptied her cargo holds, and then burned and sank the vessel. The incident was chronicled in the Boston News-Letter, which called Teach the commander of a "French ship of 32 Guns, a <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Briganteen</a> of 10 guns and a Sloop of 12 guns." It is not known when or where Teach collected the ten-gun briganteen, but by that time he may have been in command of at least 150 men split among three vessels.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> On 5 December 1717 Teach stopped the merchant sloop Margaret off the coast of Crab Island, near <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>. Her captain, Henry Bostock, and crew, remained Teach's prisoners for about eight hours, and were forced to watch as their sloop was ransacked. Bostock, who had been held aboard Queen Anne's Revenge, was returned unharmed to Margaret and was allowed to leave with his crew.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He returned to his base of operations on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Christopher_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Christopher Island">Saint Christopher Island</a> and reported the matter to Governor Walter Hamilton, who requested that he sign an <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> about the encounter. Bostock's deposition details Teach's command of two vessels: a sloop and a large French guineaman, Dutch-built, with 36 cannons and a crew of 300 men. The captain believed that the larger ship carried valuable gold dust, silver plate, and "a very fine cup" supposedly taken from the commander of Great Allen.<a href="#cite_note-28">[nb 1]</a> Teach's crew had apparently informed Bostock that they had destroyed several other vessels, and that they intended to sail to <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and lie in wait for an expected Spanish armada, supposedly laden with money to pay the garrisons. Bostock also claimed that Teach had questioned him about the movements of local ships,<a href="#cite_note-30">[nb 2]</a> but also that he had seemed unsurprised when Bostock told him of an expected royal pardon from London for all pirates.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> So our Heroe, Captain Teach, assumed the Cognomen of Black-beard, from that large Quantity of Hair, which, like a frightful Meteor, covered his whole Face, and frightened America more than any Comet that has appeared there a long Time. This Beard was black, which he suffered to grow of an extravagant Length; as to Breadth, it came up to his Eyes; he was accustomed to twist it with Ribbons, in small Tails, after the Manner of our <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies" title="Battle of Ramillies">Ramilies</a> Wiggs, and turn them about his Ears. </blockquote> <cite class="center-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Charles Johnson</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnsonp87-32">[30]</a></cite> </div> Bostock's deposition describes Teach as a "tall spare man with a very black beard which he wore very long". It is the first recorded account of Teach's appearance and is the source of his nickname Blackbeard.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Later descriptions mention that his thick black beard was braided into pigtails, sometimes tied in with small coloured ribbons. Johnson (1724) described him as "such a figure that imagination cannot form an idea of a fury from hell to look more frightful." Whether Johnson's description was entirely truthful or embellished is unclear, but it seems likely that Teach understood the value of appearances; better to strike fear into the heart of one's enemies than rely on bluster alone.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Teach was tall, with broad shoulders. He wore knee-length boots and dark clothing, topped with a wide hat and sometimes a long coat of brightly coloured silk or velvet. Johnson also described Teach in times of battle as wearing "a sling over his shoulders, with three brace of pistols, hanging in holsters like bandoliers; and stuck lighted <a href="/wiki/Slow_match" title="Slow match">slow matches</a> under his hat",<a href="#cite_note-Johnsonp87-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[nb 3]</a> the latter apparently to emphasise the fearsome appearance he wished to present to his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-Johnsonp57-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Despite his ferocious reputation, there are no verified accounts of his ever having murdered or harmed those he held captive.<a href="#cite_note-41">[nb 4]</a> Teach may have used other aliases; on 30 November, the Monserrat Merchant encountered two ships and a sloop, commanded by a Captain Kentish and Captain Edwards (the latter a known alias of Stede Bonnet).<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlargement_of_Teach's_fleet">Enlargement of Teach's fleet</h3></div> Teach's movements between late 1717 and early 1718 are not known. He and Bonnet were probably responsible for an attack off <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> in December 1717. Henry Bostock claimed to have heard the pirates say they would head toward the Spanish-controlled <a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Bay" title="Samaná Bay">Samaná Bay</a> in Hispaniola, but a cursory search revealed no pirate activity. Captain Hume of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Scarborough_(1711)" title="HMS Scarborough (1711)">HMS Scarborough</a> reported on 6 February that a "Pyrate Ship of 36 Guns and 250 men, and a Sloop of 10 Guns and 100 men were Said to be Cruizing amongst the Leeward Islands". Hume reinforced his crew with soldiers armed with <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>, and joined up with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Seaford_(1697)" title="HMS Seaford (1697)">HMS Seaford</a> to track the two ships, to no avail, though they discovered that the two ships had sunk a French vessel off <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">St Christopher Island</a>, and reported also that they had last been seen "gone down the North side of Hispaniola". Although no confirmation exists that these two ships were controlled by Teach and Bonnet, author Angus Konstam believes it very likely they were.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> In March 1718, while taking on water at Turneffe Island east of <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, both ships spotted the Jamaican logwood-cutting sloop Adventure making for the harbour. She was stopped and her captain, <a href="/wiki/David_Herriot" title="David Herriot">Harriot</a>, invited to join the pirates. Harriot and his crew accepted the invitation, and Teach sent over a crew to sail Adventure making <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a> the captain.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> They sailed for the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Honduras">Bay of Honduras</a>, where they added another ship and four sloops to their flotilla.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> On 9 April Teach's enlarged fleet of ships looted and burnt Protestant Caesar. His fleet then sailed to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cayman" title="Grand Cayman">Grand Cayman</a> where they captured a "small turtler".<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> Teach probably sailed toward Havana, where he may have captured a small Spanish vessel that had left the Cuban port. They then sailed to the wrecks of the <a href="/wiki/1715_Treasure_Fleet" title="1715 Treasure Fleet">1715 Spanish fleet</a>, off the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. There Teach disembarked the crew of the captured Spanish sloop, before proceeding north to the port of Charles Town, South Carolina, attacking three vessels along the way.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockade_of_Charles_Town">Blockade of Charles Town</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Death%27s_Head_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pirate_Death%27s_Head_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Death%27s_Head_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pirate_Death%27s_Head_Flag.svg/300px-Pirate_Death%27s_Head_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pirate_Death%27s_Head_Flag.svg/400px-Pirate_Death%27s_Head_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blood_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Blood_Flag.svg/200px-Blood_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Blood_Flag.svg/300px-Blood_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Blood_Flag.svg/400px-Blood_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">According to contemporary sources, Blackbeard flew a black flag with a skull and a blood red flag;<a href="#cite_note-mf-49">[45]</a> see <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Blackbeard" title="Flag of Blackbeard">flag of Blackbeard</a> for details.</div></div></div></div> By May 1718, Teach had awarded himself the rank of <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">Commodore</a> and was at the height of his power. Late that month his flotilla blockaded the port of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Town, South Carolina">Charles Town</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">Province of South Carolina</a>. All vessels entering or leaving the port were stopped, and as the town had no <a href="/wiki/Guard_ship" title="Guard ship">guard ship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> its <a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">pilot boat</a> was the first to be captured. Over the next five or six days about nine vessels were stopped and ransacked as they attempted to sail past <a href="/wiki/Charles_Town_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Town Bar">Charles Town Bar</a>, where Teach's fleet was anchored. One such ship, headed for London with a group of prominent Charles Town citizens which included Samuel Wragg (a member of the Council of the Province of Carolina), was the Crowley. Her passengers were questioned about the vessels still in port and then locked below decks for about half a day. Teach informed the prisoners that his fleet required medical supplies from the colonial government of South Carolina, and that if none were forthcoming, all prisoners would be executed, their heads sent to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(governor)" title="Robert Johnson (governor)">the Governor</a> and all captured ships burnt.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> Wragg agreed to Teach's demands, and a Mr. Marks and two pirates were given two days to collect the drugs. Teach moved his fleet, and the captured ships, to within about five or six <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> from land. Three days later a messenger, sent by Marks, returned to the fleet; Marks's boat had capsized and delayed their arrival in Charles Town. Teach granted a reprieve of two days, but still the party did not return. He then called a meeting of his fellow sailors and moved eight ships into the harbour, causing panic within the town. When Marks finally returned to the fleet, he explained what had happened. On his arrival he had presented the pirates' demands to the Governor and the drugs had been quickly gathered, but the two pirates sent to escort him had proved difficult to find; they had been busy drinking with friends and were finally discovered, drunk.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> Teach kept to his side of the bargain and released the captured ships and his prisoners—albeit relieved of their valuables, including the fine clothing some had worn.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beaufort_Inlet">Beaufort Inlet</h3></div> Whilst at Charles Town, Teach learned that Woodes Rogers had left England with several <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">men-of-war</a>, with orders to purge the West Indies of pirates. Teach's flotilla sailed northward along the Atlantic coast and into <a href="/wiki/Topsail_Inlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Topsail Inlet">Topsail Inlet</a> (commonly known as Beaufort Inlet), off the coast of North Carolina. There they intended to <a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">careen</a> their ships to scrape their hulls, but on 10 June 1718 the Queen Anne's Revenge ran aground on a sandbar, cracking her <a href="/wiki/Main-mast" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-mast">main-mast</a> and severely damaging many of her timbers. Teach ordered several sloops to throw ropes across the flagship in an attempt to free her. A sloop commanded by Israel Hands of Adventure also ran aground, and both vessels appeared to be damaged beyond repair,<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> leaving only Revenge and the captured Spanish sloop.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pardon">Pardon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a></div> Teach had at some stage learnt of the offer of a royal pardon and probably confided in Bonnet his willingness to accept it. The pardon was open to all pirates who surrendered on or before 5 September 1718, but contained a caveat stipulating that immunity was offered only against crimes committed before 5 January. Although in theory this left Bonnet and Teach at risk of being hanged for their actions at Charles Town Bar, most authorities could waive such conditions. Teach thought that Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eden_(politician)" title="Charles Eden (politician)">Charles Eden</a> was a man he could trust, but to make sure, he waited to see what would happen to another captain.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> Bonnet left immediately on a small sailing boat<a href="#cite_note-58">[nb 5]</a> for Bath Town, where he surrendered to Governor Eden, and received his pardon. He then travelled back to Beaufort Inlet to collect the Revenge and the remainder of his crew, intending to sail to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Thomas Island</a> to receive a commission. Unfortunately for him, Teach had stripped the vessel of its valuables and provisions, and had marooned its crew; Bonnet set out for revenge, but was unable to find him. He and his crew returned to piracy and were captured on 27 September 1718 at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_River" title="Cape Fear River">Cape Fear River</a>. All but four were tried and hanged in Charles Town.<a href="#cite_note-Leepp5254-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[nb 6]</a> The author Robert Lee surmised that Teach and Hands intentionally ran the ships aground to reduce the fleet's crew complement, increasing their share of the spoils. During the trial of Bonnet's crew, Revenge's <a href="/wiki/Boatswain" title="Boatswain">boatswain</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Pell" title="Ignatius Pell">Ignatius Pell</a> testified that "the ship was run ashore and lost, which Thatch [Teach] caused to be done."<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> Lee considers it plausible that Teach let Bonnet in on his plan to accept a pardon from Governor Eden. He suggested that Bonnet do the same, and as war between the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">Quadruple Alliance of 1718</a> and Spain was threatening, to consider taking a privateer's commission from England. Lee suggests that Teach also offered Bonnet the return of his ship Revenge.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> Konstam (2007) proposes a similar idea, explaining that Teach began to see Queen Anne's Revenge as something of a liability; while a pirate fleet was anchored, news of this was sent to neighbouring towns and colonies, and any vessels nearby would delay sailing. It was prudent therefore for Teach not to linger for too long, although wrecking the ship was an extreme measure.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocracoke_inlet_north_carolina_1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ocracoke_inlet_north_carolina_1775.jpg/220px-Ocracoke_inlet_north_carolina_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ocracoke_inlet_north_carolina_1775.jpg/330px-Ocracoke_inlet_north_carolina_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ocracoke_inlet_north_carolina_1775.jpg/440px-Ocracoke_inlet_north_carolina_1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>A map of the area around <a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_Inlet" title="Ocracoke Inlet">Ocracoke Inlet</a>, 1775</figcaption></figure> Before sailing northward on his remaining sloop to <a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_Inlet" title="Ocracoke Inlet">Ocracoke Inlet</a>, Teach marooned about 25 men on a small sandy island about 5 km from the mainland. He may have done this to stifle any protest they made, if they guessed their captain's plans. Bonnet rescued them two days later.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> Teach continued on to Bath, where in June 1718—only days after Bonnet had departed with his pardon—he and his much-reduced crew received their pardon from Governor Eden.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> He settled in Bath, on the eastern side of Bath Creek at Plum Point, near Eden's home.<a href="#cite_note-67">[nb 7]</a> During July and August he travelled between his base in the town and his sloop off Ocracoke. Johnson's account states that he married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ormond" title="Mary Ormond">the daughter</a> of a local plantation owner, although there is no supporting evidence for this. Eden gave Teach permission to sail to St Thomas to seek a commission as a privateer (a useful way of removing bored and troublesome pirates from the small settlement), and Teach was given official title to his remaining sloop, which he renamed Adventure. By the end of August he had returned to piracy, and in the same month the governor of Pennsylvania issued a warrant for his arrest, but by then Teach was probably operating in <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware Bay</a>, some distance away. He took two French ships leaving the Caribbean, moved one crew across to the other, and sailed the remaining ship back to Ocracoke.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> In September he told Eden that he had found the French ship at sea, deserted. A <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiralty_court" title="Vice admiralty court">Vice Admiralty Court</a> was quickly convened, presided over by Tobias Knight and the Collector of Customs. The ship was judged as a derelict found at sea, and of its cargo twenty <a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">hogsheads</a> of sugar were awarded to Knight and sixty to Eden; Teach and his crew were given what remained in the vessel's hold.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> Ocracoke Inlet was Teach's favourite anchorage. It was a perfect vantage point from which to view ships travelling between the various settlements of northeast Carolina, and it was from there that Teach first spotted the approaching ship of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Charles Vane</a>, another English pirate. Several months earlier Vane had rejected the pardon brought by Woodes Rogers and escaped the men-of-war the English captain brought with him to <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a>. He had also been pursued by Teach's old commander, Benjamin Hornigold, who was by then a pirate hunter. Teach and Vane spent several nights on the southern tip of Ocracoke Island, accompanied by such notorious figures as Israel Hands, Robert Deal and <a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexander_Spotswood">Alexander Spotswood</h3></div> As it spread throughout the neighbouring colonies, the news of Teach and Vane's impromptu party worried the governor of Pennsylvania enough to send out two sloops to capture the pirates.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> They were unsuccessful, but Governor of Virginia <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Alexander Spotswood</a> was also concerned that the supposedly retired freebooter and his crew were living in nearby North Carolina. Some of Teach's former crew had already moved into several Virginian seaport towns, prompting Spotswood to issue a proclamation on 10 July, requiring all former pirates to make themselves known to the authorities, to give up their arms and to not travel in groups larger than three. As head of a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a>, Spotswood viewed the <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a> of North Carolina with contempt; he had little faith in the ability of the Carolinians to control the pirates, who he suspected would be back to their old ways, disrupting Virginian commerce, as soon as their money ran out.<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge_model_NCMH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge_model_NCMH.jpg/220px-Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge_model_NCMH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge_model_NCMH.jpg/330px-Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge_model_NCMH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge_model_NCMH.jpg/440px-Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge_model_NCMH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary model of Queen Anne's Revenge, displayed in the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Museum_of_History" title="North Carolina Museum of History">North Carolina Museum of History</a>.</figcaption></figure> Spotswood learned that William Howard, the former quartermaster of Queen Anne's Revenge, was in the area, and believing that he might know of Teach's whereabouts had him and his two slaves arrested. Spotswood had no legal authority to have pirates tried,<a href="#cite_note-74">[nb 8]</a> and as a result, Howard's attorney, John Holloway, brought charges against Captain Brand of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lyme_(1695)" title="HMS Lyme (1695)">HMS Lyme</a>, where Howard was imprisoned. He also sued on Howard's behalf for damages of £500, claiming wrongful arrest.<a href="#cite_note-Leepp98101-75">[67]</a> Spotswood's council claimed that under a statute of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> the governor was entitled to try pirates without a jury in times of crisis and that Teach's presence was a crisis. The charges against Howard referred to several acts of piracy supposedly committed after the pardon's cut-off date, in "a sloop belonging to ye subjects of the King of Spain", but ignored the fact that they took place outside Spotswood's jurisdiction and in a vessel then legally owned. Another charge cited two attacks, one of which was the capture of a slave ship off Charles Town Bar, from which one of Howard's slaves was presumed to have come. Howard was sent to await trial before a Court of Vice-Admiralty, on the charge of piracy, but Brand and his colleague, Captain Gordon (of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pearl_(1708)" title="HMS Pearl (1708)">HMS Pearl</a>) refused to serve with Holloway present.<a href="#cite_note-76">[nb 9]</a> Incensed, Holloway had no option but to stand down, and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia" title="Attorney General of Virginia">Attorney General of Virginia</a>, John Clayton, whom Spotswood described as "an honester man [than Holloway]".<a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> Howard was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged, but was saved by a commission from London, which directed Spotswood to pardon all acts of piracy committed by surrendering pirates before 18 August 1718.<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a> Spotswood had obtained from Howard valuable information on Teach's whereabouts,<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> and he planned to send his forces across the border into North Carolina to capture him.<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> He gained the support of two men keen to discredit North Carolina's governor—Edward Moseley and Colonel Maurice Moore. He also wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Lords of Trade</a>, suggesting that the Crown might benefit financially from Teach's capture. Spotswood personally financed the operation, possibly believing that Teach had fabulous treasures hidden away. He ordered Captains Gordon and Brand of HMS Pearl and HMS Lyme to travel overland to Bath. Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a> of HMS Pearl was given command of two commandeered sloops, to approach the town from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-84">[nb 10]</a> An extra incentive for Teach's capture was the offer of a reward from the Assembly of Virginia, over and above any that might be received from the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-85">[75]</a> Maynard took command of the two armed sloops on 17 November. He was given 57 men—33 from HMS Pearl and 24 from HMS Lyme. Maynard and the detachment from HMS Pearl took the larger of the two vessels and named her Jane; the rest took Ranger, commanded by one of Maynard's officers, a Mister Hyde. Some from the two ships' civilian crews remained aboard. They sailed from <a href="/wiki/Kecoughtan,_Virginia" title="Kecoughtan, Virginia">Kecoughtan</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a>, on 17 November.<a href="#cite_note-86">[76]</a> The two sloops moved slowly, giving Brand's force time to reach Bath. Brand set out for North Carolina six days later, arriving within three miles of Bath on 23 November. Included in Brand's force were several North Carolinians, including Colonel Moore and Captain Jeremiah Vail, sent to counter any local objection to the presence of foreign soldiers. Moore went into the town to see if Teach was there, reporting back that he was not, but that he was expected at "every minute." Brand then went to Governor Eden's home and informed him of his purpose. The next day, Brand sent two canoes down <a href="/wiki/Pamlico_River" title="Pamlico River">Pamlico River</a> to Ocracoke Inlet, to see if Teach could be seen. They returned two days later and reported on what eventually transpired.<a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_battle">Last battle</h3></div> Maynard found the pirates anchored on the inner side of <a href="/wiki/Ocracoke,_North_Carolina" title="Ocracoke, North Carolina">Ocracoke Island</a>, on the evening of 21 November.<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> He had ascertained their position from ships he had stopped along his journey, but being unfamiliar with the local channels and shoals he decided to wait until the following morning to make his attack. He stopped all traffic from entering the inlet—preventing any warning of his presence—and posted a lookout on both sloops to ensure that Teach could not escape to sea.<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a> On the other side of the island, Teach was busy entertaining guests and had not set a lookout. With Israel Hands ashore in Bath with about 24 of Adventure's sailors, he also had a much-reduced crew. Johnson (1724) reported Teach had "no more than twenty-five men on board" and that he "gave out to all the vessels that he spoke with that he had forty".<a href="#cite_note-90">[80]</a> "Thirteen white and six Negroes", was the number later reported by Brand to the Admiralty.<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Damn you for Villains, who are you? And, from whence came you? The Lieutenant made him Answer, You may see by our Colours we are no Pyrates. Black-beard bid him send his Boat on Board, that he might see who he was; but Mr. Maynard reply'd thus; I cannot spare my Boat, but I will come aboard of you as soon as I can, with my Sloop. Upon this, Black-beard took a Glass of Liquor and drank to him with these Words: Damnation seize my Soul if I give you Quarters, or take any from you. In Answer to which, Mr. Maynard told him, That he expected no Quarters from him, nor should he give him any. </blockquote> <cite class="center-aligned" style="">Reported exchange of views between Teach and Maynard<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[nb 11]</a></cite> </div> At daybreak, preceded by a small boat taking <a href="/wiki/Depth_sounding" title="Depth sounding">soundings</a>, Maynard's two sloops entered the channel. The small craft was quickly spotted by Adventure and fired at as soon as it was within range of her guns. While the boat made a quick retreat to the Jane, Teach cut the Adventure's anchor cable. His crew hoisted the sails and the Adventure manoeuvred to point her starboard guns toward Maynard's sloops, which were slowly closing the gap.<a href="#cite_note-95">[84]</a> Hyde moved Ranger to the port side of Jane and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">Union flag</a> was unfurled on each ship. Adventure then turned toward the beach of Ocracoke Island, heading for a narrow channel.<a href="#cite_note-96">[85]</a> What happened next is uncertain. Johnson claimed that there was an exchange of <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a> fire following which Adventure ran aground on a <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbar</a>, and Maynard anchored and then lightened his ship to pass over the obstacle. Another version claimed that Jane and Ranger ran aground, although Maynard made no mention of this in his log.<a href="#cite_note-97">[86]</a> The Adventure eventually turned her guns on the two ships and fired. The broadside was devastating; in an instant, Maynard had lost as much as a third of his forces. About 20 on Jane were either wounded or killed and 9 on Ranger. Hyde was dead and his second and third officers either dead or seriously injured. His sloop was so badly damaged that it played no further role in the attack.<a href="#cite_note-98">[87]</a> Contemporary accounts of what happened next are confused, but small-arms fire from Jane may have cut Adventure's <a href="/wiki/Jib_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jib sheet">jib sheet</a>, causing her to lose control and run onto the sandbar. In the aftermath of Teach's overwhelming attack, Jane and Ranger may also have been grounded; the battle would have become a race to see who could float their ship first.<a href="#cite_note-99">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg/330px-Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg/495px-Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg/660px-Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Capture of the Pirate, Blackbeard, 1718, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leon_Gerome_Ferris" title="Jean Leon Gerome Ferris">Jean Leon Gerome Ferris</a>, painted in 1920</figcaption></figure> Maynard had kept many of his men below deck, and in anticipation of being boarded told them to prepare for close fighting. Teach watched as the gap between the vessels closed, and ordered his men to be ready. The two vessels contacted one another as the Adventure's grappling hooks hit their target and several grenades, made from powder and shot-filled bottles and ignited by fuses, broke across the sloop's deck. As the smoke cleared, Teach led his men aboard, buoyant at the sight of Maynard's apparently empty ship, his men firing at the small group of men with Maynard at the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[89]</a> The rest of Maynard's men then burst from the hold, shouting and firing. The plan to surprise Teach and his crew worked; the pirates were apparently taken aback at the assault. Teach rallied his men and the two groups fought across the deck, which was already slick with blood from those killed or injured by Teach's broadside. Maynard and Teach fired their <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlocks</a> at each other. Maynard managed to hit Teach, while Teach missed. Both then threw their flintlocks away and drew their cutlasses. Teach broke Maynard's cutlass at the hilt. Against superior training and a slight advantage in numbers, the pirates were pushed back toward the bow, allowing the Jane's crew to surround Maynard and Teach, who was by then completely isolated.<a href="#cite_note-101">[90]</a> Teach pressed onward and was about to deliver a killing blow, but was slashed across the neck by one of Maynard's men. This redirected Teach's cutlass to strike Maynard's knuckles instead of killing him. Badly wounded, Teach was then attacked and killed by several more of Maynard's crew.<a href="#cite_note-:1-102">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[92]</a> The remaining pirates quickly surrendered. Those left on the Adventure were captured by the Ranger's crew, including one who planned to set fire to the powder room and blow up the ship. Varying accounts exist of the battle's list of casualties; Maynard reported that 8 of his men and 12 pirates were killed. Brand reported that 10 pirates and 11 of Maynard's men were killed. Spotswood claimed ten pirates and ten of the King's men dead.<a href="#cite_note-:1-102">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbeard%27s_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Blackbeard%27s_head.jpg/260px-Blackbeard%27s_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Blackbeard%27s_head.jpg/390px-Blackbeard%27s_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Blackbeard%27s_head.jpg/520px-Blackbeard%27s_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption>Edward Teach's severed head hangs from Maynard's bowsprit, as pictured in Charles Elles's The Pirates Own Book (1837)</figcaption></figure> Maynard later examined Teach's body, noting that it had been shot five times and cut about twenty. He also found several items of correspondence, including a letter from Tobias Knight. Teach's corpse was thrown into the inlet and his head was suspended from the <a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">bowsprit</a> of Maynard's sloop so that the reward could be collected.<a href="#cite_note-104">[93]</a> On their return to Virginia, Teach's head was placed on a pole at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay as a warning to other pirates and a greeting to other ships, and it stood there for several years.<a href="#cite_note-105">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> Lieutenant Maynard remained at Ocracoke for several more days, making repairs and burying the dead.<a href="#cite_note-106">[95]</a> Teach's loot—sugar, cocoa, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a> and cotton—found "in pirate sloops and ashore in a tent where the sloops lay", was sold at auction along with sugar and cotton found in Tobias Knight's barn, for £2,238. Governor Spotswood used a portion of this to pay for the entire operation. The prize money for capturing Teach was to have been about £400 (£79,000 in 2024)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-107">[96]</a>, but it was split between the crews of HMS Lyme and HMS Pearl. As Captain Brand and his troops had not been the ones fighting for their lives, Maynard thought this extremely unfair. He lost much of any support he might have had though when it was discovered that he and his crew had helped themselves to about £90 of Teach's booty. The two companies did not receive their prize money for another four years,<a href="#cite_note-108">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leepp125126-109">[98]</a> and despite his bravery Maynard was not promoted, and faded into obscurity.<a href="#cite_note-110">[99]</a> The remainder of Teach's crew and former associates were found by Brand, in Bath,<a href="#cite_note-Leepp125126-109">[98]</a> and were transported to <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, where they were jailed on charges of piracy. Several were black, prompting Spotswood to ask his council what could be done about "the Circumstances of these Negroes to exempt them from undergoing the same Tryal as other pirates." Regardless, the men were tried with their comrades in Williamsburg's Capitol building, under admiralty law, on 12 March 1719. No records of the day's proceedings remain, but 14 of the 16 accused were found guilty. Of the remaining two, one proved that he had partaken of the fight out of necessity, having been on Teach's ship only as a guest at a drinking party the night before, and not as a pirate. The other, Israel Hands, was not present at the fight. He claimed that during a drinking session Teach had shot him in the knee, and that he was still covered by the royal pardon.<a href="#cite_note-112">[nb 12]</a> The remaining pirates were <a href="/wiki/Hanging#Short_drop" title="Hanging">hanged</a>, then left to rot in <a href="/wiki/Gibbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbet">gibbets</a> along Williamsburg's Capitol Landing Road (known for some time after as "Gallows Road").<a href="#cite_note-113">[101]</a> Governor Eden was certainly embarrassed by Spotswood's invasion of North Carolina,<a href="#cite_note-114">[102]</a> and Spotswood disavowed himself of any part of the seizure. He defended his actions, writing to <a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Carteret</a>, a shareholder of the Province of Carolina, that he might benefit from the sale of the seized property and reminding the Earl of the number of Virginians who had died to protect his interests. He argued for the secrecy of the operation by suggesting that Eden "could contribute nothing to the Success of the Design", and told Eden that his authority to capture the pirates came from the king. Eden was heavily criticised for his involvement with Teach and was accused of being his accomplice. By criticising Eden, Spotswood intended to bolster the legitimacy of his invasion.<a href="#cite_note-115">[103]</a> Lee (1974) concludes that although Spotswood may have thought that the ends justified the means, he had no legal authority to invade North Carolina, to capture the pirates and to seize and auction their goods.<a href="#cite_note-116">[104]</a> Eden doubtless shared the same view. As Spotswood had also accused Tobias Knight of being in league with Teach, on 4 April 1719, Eden had Knight brought in for questioning. Israel Hands had, weeks earlier, testified that Knight had been on board the Adventure in August 1718, shortly after Teach had brought a French ship to North Carolina as a prize. Four pirates had testified that with Teach they had visited Knight's home to give him presents. This testimony and the letter found on Teach's body by Maynard appeared compelling, but Knight conducted his defence with competence. Despite being very sick and close to death, he questioned the reliability of Spotswood's witnesses. He claimed that Israel Hands had talked under duress, and that under North Carolinian law the other witness, an African, was unable to testify. The sugar, he argued, was stored at his house legally, and Teach had visited him only on business, in his official capacity. The board found Knight innocent of all charges. He died later that year.<a href="#cite_note-117">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a> Eden was annoyed that the accusations against Knight arose during a trial in which he played no part. The goods which Brand seized were officially North Carolinian property and Eden considered him a thief. The argument raged back and forth between the colonies until Eden's death on 17 March 1722. His will named one of Spotswood's opponents, John Holloway, a beneficiary. In the same year, Spotswood, who for years had fought his enemies in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> and the Council, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Drysdale" title="Hugh Drysdale">Hugh Drysdale</a>, once <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a> was convinced to act.<a href="#cite_note-Leepp98101-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_view">Modern view</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard_in_popular_culture" title="Blackbeard in popular culture">Blackbeard in popular culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> We normally think about pirates as sort of blood-lusting, that they want to slash somebody to pieces. [It's probably more likely that] a pirate, just like a normal person, would probably rather not have killed someone, but pirates knew that if that person resisted them and they didn't do something about it, their reputation and thus their brand name would be impaired. So you can imagine a pirate rather reluctantly engaging in this behavior as a way of preserving that reputation. </blockquote> <cite class="center-aligned" style="">Peter Leeson<a href="#cite_note-Leeson-120">[108]</a></cite> </div> Official views on pirates were sometimes quite different from those held by contemporary authors, who often described their subjects as despicable rogues of the sea. Privateers who became pirates were generally considered by the English government to be reserve naval forces, and were sometimes given active encouragement; as far back as 1581 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> was knighted by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a>, when he returned to England from a round-the-world expedition with plunder worth an estimated £1,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-121">[109]</a> Royal pardons were regularly issued, usually when England was on the verge of war, and the public's opinion of pirates was often favourable, some considering them akin to patrons.<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a> Economist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Leeson" title="Peter Leeson">Peter Leeson</a> believes that pirates were generally shrewd businessmen, far removed from the modern, romanticised view of them as barbarians.<a href="#cite_note-Leeson-120">[108]</a> After Woodes Rogers' 1718 landing at New Providence and his ending of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">pirate republic</a>, piracy in the West Indies fell into terminal decline. With no easily accessible outlet to fence their stolen goods, pirates were reduced to a subsistence livelihood, and following almost a century of naval warfare between the British, French and Spanish—during which sailors could find easy employment—lone privateers found themselves outnumbered by the powerful ships employed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> to defend its merchant fleets. The popularity of the slave trade helped bring to an end the frontier condition of the West Indies, and in these circumstances, piracy was no longer able to flourish as it once did.<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age of Piracy</a>, Teach and his exploits have become the stuff of lore, inspiring books, films and even amusement park rides. Much of what is known about him can be sourced to Charles Johnson's <a href="/wiki/A_General_Historie_of_the_Robberies_and_Murders_of_the_Most_Notorious_Pyrates" class="mw-redirect" title="A General Historie of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates">A General Historie of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates</a>, published in Britain in 1724.<a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a> A recognised authority on the pirates of his time, Johnson's descriptions of such figures as <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a> were for years required reading for those interested in the subject.<a href="#cite_note-Leepp89-125">[113]</a> Readers were titillated by his stories and a second edition was quickly published, though author Angus Konstam suspects that Johnson's entry on Blackbeard was "coloured a little to make a more sensational story."<a href="#cite_note-128">[nb 13]</a> A General Historie, though, is generally considered to be a reliable source.<a href="#cite_note-Konstamp4-129">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Konstampp12-130">[117]</a> Johnson may have been an assumed alias. As Johnson's accounts have been corroborated in personal and official dispatches, Lee (1974) considers that whoever he was, he had some access to official correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-Leepp89-125">[113]</a> Konstam speculates further, suggesting that Johnson may have been the English playwright <a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(writer)" title="Charles Johnson (writer)">Charles Johnson</a>, the British publisher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivington" title="Charles Rivington">Charles Rivington</a>, or the writer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Konstampp12-130">[117]</a> In his 1951 work The Great Days of Piracy, author George Woodbury wrote that Johnson is "obviously a pseudonym", continuing "one cannot help suspecting that he may have been a pirate himself."<a href="#cite_note-131">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag_of_Blackbeard_(Edward_Teach).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pirate_Flag_of_Blackbeard_%28Edward_Teach%29.svg/220px-Pirate_Flag_of_Blackbeard_%28Edward_Teach%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pirate_Flag_of_Blackbeard_%28Edward_Teach%29.svg/330px-Pirate_Flag_of_Blackbeard_%28Edward_Teach%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pirate_Flag_of_Blackbeard_%28Edward_Teach%29.svg/440px-Pirate_Flag_of_Blackbeard_%28Edward_Teach%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Teach was known to use black flags with death heads and "bloody flags"<a href="#cite_note-mf-49">[45]</a> which were meant to intimidate his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-Konstam_2007_176–177-132">[119]</a> Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Blackbeard" title="Flag of Blackbeard">flag which is commonly attributed to Blackbeard</a> (pictured),<a href="#cite_note-mf-49">[45]</a> depicting a horned skeleton spearing a heart, while toasting the devil,<a href="#cite_note-Konstam_2007_176–177-132">[119]</a> was probably never actually used by him.<a href="#cite_note-mf-49">[45]</a> </figcaption></figure> Despite his infamy, Teach was not the most successful of pirates. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a> retired a rich man, and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a> took an estimated five times the amount Teach stole.<a href="#cite_note-133">[120]</a> Treasure hunters have long busied themselves searching for any trace of his rumoured hoard of gold and silver, but nothing found in the numerous sites explored along the east coast of the US has ever been connected to him. Some tales suggest that pirates often killed a prisoner on the spot where they buried their loot, and Teach is no exception in these stories,<a href="#cite_note-134">[121]</a> but that no finds have come to light is not exceptional; buried pirate treasure is often considered a modern myth for which almost no supporting evidence exists. The available records include nothing to suggest that the burial of treasure was a common practice, except in the imaginations of the writers of fictional accounts such as <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a>. Such hoards would necessitate a wealthy owner, and their supposed existence ignores the command structure of a pirate vessel, in which the crew served for a share of the profit.<a href="#cite_note-135">[122]</a> The only pirate ever known to bury treasure was <a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[123]</a> The only treasure so far recovered from Teach's exploits is that taken from the wreckage of what is presumed to be the Queen Anne's Revenge, which was found in 1996 by Intersal Inc., a private research firm.<a href="#cite_note-137">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[125]</a> As of 2013 around 280,000 artefacts had been recovered from the wreck site,<a href="#cite_note-139">[126]</a> a selection of which is on public display at the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Maritime_Museum" title="North Carolina Maritime Museum">North Carolina Maritime Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[127]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Credulity" title="Credulity">superstitious</a> tales exist of Teach's ghost. Unexplained lights at sea are often referred to as "Teach's light", and some recitals claim that the notorious pirate now roams the afterlife searching for his head, for fear that his friends, and the Devil, will not recognise him.<a href="#cite_note-141">[128]</a> A North Carolinian tale holds that Teach's skull was used as the basis for a silver drinking chalice; a local judge even claimed to have drunk from it one night in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-142">[129]</a> The name of Blackbeard has been attached to many local attractions, such as Charleston's Blackbeard's Cove.<a href="#cite_note-143">[130]</a> His name and persona have also featured heavily in literature. He is the main subject of Matilda Douglas's fictional 1835 work Blackbeard: A page from the colonial history of Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-144">[131]</a> Film renditions of his life include <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard_the_Pirate" title="Blackbeard the Pirate">Blackbeard the Pirate</a> (1952) starring <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> native <a href="/wiki/Robert_Newton" title="Robert Newton">Robert Newton</a> whose exaggerated <a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country accent</a> is credited with popularising the stereotypical "<a href="/wiki/West_Country_English#Social_stigma_and_future_of_the_dialect" title="West Country English">pirate voice</a>",<a href="#cite_note-145">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard%27s_Ghost" title="Blackbeard's Ghost">Blackbeard's Ghost</a> (1968), <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard_(2005_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbeard (2005 film)">Blackbeard: Terror at Sea</a> (2005) and the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Channel" title="Hallmark Channel">Hallmark Channel</a> miniseries <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard_(miniseries)" title="Blackbeard (miniseries)">Blackbeard</a>. Parallels have also been drawn between Johnson's Blackbeard and the character of Captain <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a> in the 2003 adventure film <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_The_Curse_of_the_Black_Pearl" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl">Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[133]</a> Blackbeard is also portrayed as a central character in three TV series: by <a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crossbones_(TV_series)" title="Crossbones (TV series)">Crossbones</a> (2014),<a href="#cite_note-147">[134]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Stevenson_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Stevenson (actor)">Ray Stevenson</a> in seasons three and four of <a href="/wiki/Black_Sails_(TV_series)" title="Black Sails (TV series)">Black Sails</a> (2016–2017),<a href="#cite_note-148">[135]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Taika_Waititi" title="Taika Waititi">Taika Waititi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Our_Flag_Means_Death" title="Our Flag Means Death">Our Flag Means Death</a> (2022).<a href="#cite_note-149">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[137]</a> In 2013 and 2015, the state government of North Carolina uploaded Nautilus Productions videos of the wreck of the Queen Anne's Revenge to its website without permission. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a>, the company documenting the recovery since 1998, filed suit in federal court over <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> violations and the passage of "<a href="/wiki/Blackbeard%27s_Law" title="Blackbeard's Law">Blackbeard's Law</a>" by the North Carolina <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="North Carolina General Assembly">General Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[140]</a> Before posting the videos the General Assembly passed "Blackbeard's Law", N.C. Gen Stat §121-25(b), which stated, "All photographs, video recordings, or other documentary materials of a derelict vessel or shipwreck or its contents, relics, artifacts, or historic materials in the custody of any agency of North Carolina government or its subdivisions shall be a public record pursuant to Chapter 132 of the General Statutes." On 5 November 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> heard oral arguments in <a href="/wiki/Allen_v._Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen v. Cooper">Allen v. Cooper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[144]</a> The Supreme Court subsequently ruled in the state's favor,<a href="#cite_note-158">[145]</a> and struck down the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a>, which Congress passed in 1989 to attempt to curb such infringements of copyright by states.<a href="#cite_note-159">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[147]</a> As a result of the ruling Nautilus filed a motion for reconsideration in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-161">[148]</a> On August 18, 2021 Judge <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Boyle" title="Terrence Boyle">Terrence Boyle</a> granted the motion for reconsideration which North Carolina promptly appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.<a href="#cite_note-162">[149]</a> The 4th Circuit denied the state's motion on October 14, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-163">[150]</a> Nautilus then filed their second amended complaint on February 8, 2023 alleging 5th and 14th Amendment violations of Nautilus' constitutional rights, additional copyright violations, and claiming that North Carolina's "Blackbeard's Law" represents a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Attainder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of Attainder">Bill of Attainder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[152]</a> Eight years after the passage of Blackbeard's Law, on June 30, 2023, North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper signed a bill repealing the law.<a href="#cite_note-166">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Konstam (2007) considers this unlikely and that the pirates were almost certainly "teasing the captive with tall stories."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Among these other ships, Bostock reported that Teach was intent on finding a Captain Pinkentham and asked about him repeatedly. Teach never found Pinkentham, who had instead been caught by a pirate named <a href="/wiki/Captain_Grinnaway" title="Captain Grinnaway">Grinnaway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Lee (1974) describes these matches as "fuses made of hemp cord about the thickness of a pencil and dipped in a solution of saltpeter and lime water."<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> For Teach, at least, this policy paid off. According to historian Angus Konstam, until Teach's final battle, he had not so much as killed a single man.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> According to University of Chicago economist Peter Leeson, he apparently did not need to.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Possibly a longboat from Queen Anne's Revenge.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The captured Revenge was later included in a fleet of ships commanded by the governor of South Carolina. The fleet made a ferocious attack on a group of pirates near the entrance to Charles Town Harbour, resulting in the execution of 49 pirates inside a month. Their bodies were hung in <a href="/wiki/Gibbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbet">gibbets</a> near <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park_(Charleston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Park (Charleston)">White Point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leepp5254-59">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Local legend held that Blackbeard built the <a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_House" title="Old Brick House">Old Brick House</a>, though it was in fact built in 1750, 32 years after Blackbeard's death.<a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv-66">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Colonial governors were given the power to try pirates outside England by proclamation of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> in 1702, but it had expired and Spotswood did not receive <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>'s new proclamation until December 1718.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> The two captains refused as Holloway was involved in the civil action. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> HMS Pearl and HMS Lyme drew too much water and were therefore unable to navigate the sandbars around Ocracoke.<a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> No separate account of this exchange exists and Johnson's account may be considered a literary decoration.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Konstam (2007) suggests that while imprisoned, Hands was an informant for Spotswood.<a href="#cite_note-111">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Amongst many questionable "facts" in Johnson's account is the encounter between Teach and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Scarborough_(1711)" title="HMS Scarborough (1711)">HMS Scarborough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> Neither the log of the Scarborough nor the letters of its captain mention such an encounter; historian Colin Woodard believes that Johnson confused and conflated two actual events: the Scarborough's battle against John Martel's band and Blackbeard's close encounter with another warship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Seaford_(1697)" title="HMS Seaford (1697)">HMS Seaford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry2006">Perry 2006</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, pp. 10–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-ONDB-Blackbeard-4"><a href="#cite_ref-ONDB-Blackbeard_4-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWood2004" class="citation cs2">Wood, Peter H (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27097">"Teach, Edward (Blackbeard) (d. 1718)"</a>, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27097">10.1093/ref:odnb/27097</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208223807/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27097">archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2012, retrieved 9 June 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Teach%2C+Edward+%28Blackbeard%29+%28d.+1718%29&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27097&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Peter+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F27097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, pp. 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_1724_70-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_1724_70_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_1724_70_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1724">Johnson 1724</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodbury1951">Woodbury 1951</a>, pp. 71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, pp. 9–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, pp. 11–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, pp. 64–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, pp. 78–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, pp. 66–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Woodard" title="Colin Woodard">Woodard, Colin</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSlRAgAAQBAJ">The Republic of Pirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Macmillan">Pan Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-724608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-724608-4"><bdi>978-1-44-724608-4</bdi></a>, <q>on August 1... [t]he council met... that very day... accepting the surrenders of some two hundred pirates who had not yet taken the king's pardon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Pirates&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-44-724608-4&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKSlRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodbury1951">Woodbury 1951</a>, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626–1786, Rif Winfield and Stephen S. Roberts, Seaforth Publishing, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, pp. 81–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gosse-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Gosse_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1924" class="citation cs2">Gosse, Philip (1924), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19564/19564-h/19564-h.htm">The Pirates' Who's Who by Philip Gosse</a>, New York: Burt Franklin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216221651/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19564/19564-h/19564-h.htm">archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2021, retrieved 23 June 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pirates%27+Who%27s+Who+by+Philip+Gosse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Burt+Franklin&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F19564%2F19564-h%2F19564-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, pp. 154–155 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, pp. 90–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodard2007">Woodard 2007</a>, pp. 224–225 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, pp. 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnsonp87-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnsonp87_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnsonp87_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1724">Johnson 1724</a>, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnsonp57-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnsonp57_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1724">Johnson 1724</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1974">Lee 1974</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstam2007">Konstam 2007</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeson2010" class="citation web cs1">Leeson, Peter T. 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Bagshaw</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobbett%27s+complete+collection+of+state+trials+and+proceedings+for+high+treason+and+other+crimes+and+misdemeanors+from+the+earliest+period+to+the+present+time+%281809%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=R.+Bagshaw&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Cobbett&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Howell%2C+Thomas+Bayly&rft.au=Howell%2C+Thomas+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facompletecollec00cobbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1835" class="citation cs2">Douglas, Matilda (1835), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6IlAAAAMAAJ">Blackbeard: A page from the colonial history of Philadelphia</a>, vol. 1, New York: Harper & brothers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackbeard%3A+A+page+from+the+colonial+history+of+Philadelphia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Matilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6IlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1724" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Johnson, Captain Charles</a> (1724), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof00defo">A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates</a> (Second ed.), Paternoster Row, London: T Warner</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+History+of+the+Robberies+and+Murders+of+the+Most+Notorious+Pirates&rft.place=Paternoster+Row%2C+London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=T+Warner&rft.date=1724&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Captain+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralhistoryof00defo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstam2007" class="citation cs2">Konstam, Angus (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdTMkYgOkLYC">Blackbeard: America's Most Notorious Pirate</a>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12821-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12821-3"><bdi>978-0-470-12821-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackbeard%3A+America%27s+Most+Notorious+Pirate&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-12821-3&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdTMkYgOkLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackbeardameric00kons">2006 edition</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-75885-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-75885-X">0-471-75885-X</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1974" class="citation cs2">Lee, Robert E. (1974), Blackbeard the Pirate (2002 ed.), North Carolina: John F. Blair, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89587-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89587-032-0"><bdi>0-89587-032-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackbeard+the+Pirate&rft.place=North+Carolina&rft.edition=2002&rft.pub=John+F.+Blair&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-89587-032-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackbeardpirate00leer">1974 edition</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910244-77-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-910244-77-4">0-910244-77-4</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2006" class="citation cs2">Perry, Dan (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackbeardrealpi00parr">Blackbeard: The Real Pirate of the Caribbean</a>, Thunder's Mouth Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-885-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-885-3"><bdi>1-56025-885-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackbeard%3A+The+Real+Pirate+of+the+Caribbean&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-56025-885-3&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackbeardrealpi00parr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhedbee1989" class="citation cs2">Whedbee, Charles Henry (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi_VecDTnS4C">Blackbeard's Cup and Stories of the Outer Banks</a>, North Carolina: John F. Blair, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89587-070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89587-070-4"><bdi>978-0-89587-070-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackbeard%27s+Cup+and+Stories+of+the+Outer+Banks&rft.place=North+Carolina&rft.pub=John+F.+Blair&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-89587-070-4&rft.aulast=Whedbee&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQi_VecDTnS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Woodard" title="Colin Woodard">Woodard, Colin</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd8XAAAAYAAJ">The Republic of Pirates</a>, Harcourt, Inc, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101302-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101302-9"><bdi>978-0-15-101302-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Pirates&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-15-101302-9&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSd8XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodbury1951" class="citation cs2">Woodbury, George (1951), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507498">The Great Days of Piracy</a>, New York: W. W. Norton & Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Days+of+Piracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Woodbury&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.507498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Duffus, Kevin P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofblackb0000duff">Last Days Black Beard Pirate: Within Every Legend Lies a Grain of Truth</a> (2nd ed.). Raleigh: Looking Glass Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888285-27-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888285-27-7"><bdi>978-1-888285-27-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Days+Black+Beard+Pirate%3A+Within+Every+Legend+Lies+a+Grain+of+Truth&rft.place=Raleigh&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Looking+Glass+Productions&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-888285-27-7&rft.aulast=Duffus&rft.aufirst=Kevin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastdaysofblackb0000duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Moore, David D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030226033855/https://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/qar/rcorner/genhistory.htm">"A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate, the Queen Anne's Revenge and the Adventure"</a>. Tributaries. Vol. 7. North Carolina Division of Archives and History. pp. 31–35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/qar/rcorner/genhistory.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tributaries&rft.atitle=A+General+History+of+Blackbeard+the+Pirate%2C+the+Queen+Anne%E2%80%99s+Revenge+and+the+Adventure&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=31-35&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ah.dcr.state.nc.us%2Fqar%2Frcorner%2Fgenhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pendered, Norman C. (1975). Blackbeard, The Fiercest Pirate of All. Manteo, NC: Times Printing Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1959318">1959318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackbeard%2C+The+Fiercest+Pirate+of+All&rft.place=Manteo%2C+NC&rft.pub=Times+Printing+Co.&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1959318&rft.aulast=Pendered&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shomette, Donald G. (1985). Pirates on the Chesapeake: Being a True History of Pirates, Picaroons, and Raiders on Chesapeake Bay, 1610-1807. Centreville, Md: Tidewater Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-343-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-343-9"><bdi>978-0-87033-343-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirates+on+the+Chesapeake%3A+Being+a+True+History+of+Pirates%2C+Picaroons%2C+and+Raiders+on+Chesapeake+Bay%2C+1610-1807&rft.place=Centreville%2C+Md&rft.pub=Tidewater+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87033-343-9&rft.aulast=Shomette&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackbeard" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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title="q:Special:Search/Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blackbeard" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fayobserver.com/news/20191111/nc-supreme-court-revives-lawsuit-over-blackbeards-ship-and-lost-spanish-treasure-ship">N.C Supreme Court revives lawsuit over Blackbeard’s ship and lost Spanish treasure ship</a>, Fayetteville Observer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ukfs_news/hi/bb_wm_fs.stm?news=1&bbram=1&bbwm=1&nbram=1&nbwm=1&nol_storyid=5139780">BBC Video about the potential discovery of Teach's ship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403083614/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/photogalleries/blackbeard-artifacts/">Images of artefacts recovered from the shipwreck thought to be the Queen Anne's Revenge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160308162912/http://www.fayobserver.com/elite/travel/out-to-sea/article_4f3210cd-21fb-501d-b4a3-6d65e237cd65.html">Out to Sea</a> Elite Magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925015850/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/08/110829-blackbeard-shipwreck-pirates-archaeology-science">Blackbeard's Ship Confirmed off North Carolina</a> National Geographic News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917032435/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/07/blackbeard-shipwreck/bourne-text">Blackbeard's Shipwreck</a> National Geographic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/episodes/blackbeards-lost-ship/212/">Blackbeard's Lost Ship</a> Documentary produced by the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> Series <a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Dead" title="Secrets of the Dead">Secrets of the Dead</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.military.com/undertheradar/2018/05/16/blackbeard-american-patriot.html">Blackbeard: American Patriot?</a> Military.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pirates_since_the_1660s" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CEDFF2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates_of_the_Modern_Age" title="Template:Pirates of the Modern Age"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates_of_the_Modern_Age" title="Template talk:Pirates of the Modern Age"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates_of_the_Modern_Age" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates of the Modern Age"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pirates_since_the_1660s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Pirates</a> since the 1660s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Halsey_(privateer)" title="John Halsey (privateer)">John Halsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_Al_Jalhami" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir Al Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir Al Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jennings" title="Henry Jennings">Henry Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Johnston_(pirate)" title="Bill Johnston (pirate)">Bill Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jordan_(pirate)" title="Edward Jordan (pirate)">Edward Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Jolly-Roger.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jolly-Roger.svg/95px-Jolly-Roger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jolly-Roger.svg/143px-Jolly-Roger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jolly-Roger.svg/190px-Jolly-Roger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="272" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a> and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident">Beluga Nomination incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident">Carré d'As IV incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">Dai Hong Dan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident">Irene incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking">Maersk Alabama hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT Zafirah hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT Orkim Harmony hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV Moscow University hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair">North Star affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident">Quest incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">Amistad Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the Veloz Passagera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig Brillante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/20px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/30px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/40px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213518#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213518#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213518#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000085984897">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4022838">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1850450/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJq6Yvw3PGyqYWghCmPCwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1033320315">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88118985">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16270360g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16270360g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090403004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p303528125">Netherlands</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p296079626">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=291961">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810685283105606">Poland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ks70hd">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackbeard&oldid=1258483951">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackbeard&oldid=1258483951</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blackbeard" title="Category:Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1680s_births" title="Category:1680s births">1680s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1718_deaths" title="Category:1718 deaths">1718 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_English_criminals" title="Category:18th-century English criminals">18th-century English criminals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_pirates" title="Category:18th-century pirates">18th-century pirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1716_crimes" title="Category:1716 crimes">1716 crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1717_crimes" title="Category:1717 crimes">1717 crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1718_crimes" title="Category:1718 crimes">1718 crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminals_from_Bristol" title="Category:Criminals from Bristol">Criminals from Bristol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_American_folklore" title="Category:People from American folklore">People from American folklore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_folklore" title="Category:English folklore">English folklore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_privateers" title="Category:English privateers">English privateers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_pirates" title="Category:English pirates">English pirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_North_Carolina" title="Category:History of North Carolina">History of North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pardoned_pirates" title="Category:Pardoned pirates">Pardoned pirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_British_royal_pardons" title="Category:Recipients of British royal pardons">Recipients of British royal pardons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maritime_folklore" title="Category:Maritime folklore">Maritime folklore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_killed_in_action" title="Category:People killed in action">People killed in action</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nicknames_in_crime" title="Category:Nicknames in crime">Nicknames in crime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_military_personnel_of_the_War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="Category:British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession">British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_male_criminals" title="Category:English male criminals">English male 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