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id="toc-Lack_of_monopoly_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_monopoly_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Lack of monopoly power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_monopoly_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggression_and_abuses_by_private_defense_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggression_and_abuses_by_private_defense_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Aggression and abuses by private defense agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggression_and_abuses_by_private_defense_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing_of_private_defense_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_of_private_defense_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Financing of private defense agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing_of_private_defense_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Medieval Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Old_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Old_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>American Old West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Old_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-capitalism" title="Category:Anarcho-capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 200%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism#Anarcho-capitalism_and_other_anarchist_schools" title="Anarcho-capitalism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/100px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/150px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/200px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school of economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">Subjective theory of value</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="French Liberal School">French Liberal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_roads" title="Free-market roads">Free-market roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdictional_arbitrage" title="Jurisdictional arbitrage">Jurisdictional arbitrage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li>Private defense (<a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_military_contractors" title="List of private military contractors">list</a>), <a href="/wiki/Private_intelligence_agency" title="Private intelligence agency">Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Investigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_police" title="Private police">Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_security_companies" title="List of private security companies">Security</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Benson" title="Bruce L. Benson">Bruce L. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Casey_(philosopher)" title="Gerard Casey (philosopher)">Gerard Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_Jasay" title="Anthony de Jasay">Anthony de Jasay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Stephan Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Malice" title="Michael Malice">Michael Malice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert P. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Joseph Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Jeffrey Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Tom Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voluntary_City" title="The Voluntary City">The Voluntary City</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012)</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_anarcho-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_anarcho-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of anarcho-capitalism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States#Debate" title="Estate tax in the United States">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-libertarianism">Paleo-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Private+defense+agency%22">"Private defense agency"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Private+defense+agency%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Private+defense+agency%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Private+defense+agency%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Private+defense+agency%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Private+defense+agency%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>private defense agency</b> (<b>PDA</b>) is a theoretical enterprise which would provide personal protection and <a href="/wiki/Military_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Military defense">military defense</a> services to individuals who would pay for its services. PDAs are advocated in <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> as a way of enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">system of private property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A PDA is distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private contractor</a> employed by a state which is usually <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidized</a>. Instead, such agencies would in theory be financed primarily by competing <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> companies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Gustave de Molinari</a> first explicitly proposed private defense agencies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The concept later was advanced and expanded upon by <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalists">anarcho-capitalists</a> who consider the state to be illegitimate and therefore believe defense is something that should be provided or determined privately by individuals and firms competing in a free market. The <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> published a book of essays entitled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Myth_of_National_Defense:_Essays_on_the_Theory_and_History_of_Security_Production&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Myth of National Defense: Essays on the Theory and History of Security Production (page does not exist)">The Myth of National Defense: Essays on the Theory and History of Security Production</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i> expand substantially on the idea. Both hold that a PDA would be part of a <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatized</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance companies">insurance companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> agencies who are responsible for preventing and dealing with aggression. In this environment, <a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">victimless crimes</a> and "crimes against the state" would be rendered <a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">moot</a>, and the legal realm would be limited to <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contractual</a> disputes and <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> damages, as from <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and all other forms of aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept is similar to <a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">polycentric law</a>. Within <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, discussion of the concept largely has been confined to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Hoppe">Hans Hoppe</a>'s article "The Private Production of Defense" published by the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accord to these authors, PDAs have different motives from existing <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> defense agencies: they believe that their survival depends on quality of service leading to a wide customer base, rather than "the ability to extract funds via the force of law",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and that customers and markets would thus dictate that PDAs minimize offensive tendencies and <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarization</a> in favor of a pure defense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Anarcho-capitalists believe such privatization and <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> of defense would eliminate the credibility of, and popular support for, the state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a private firm offering individually determined defense, the PDA provides a model for how an entirely private defense would work in a free market. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Frederic_Kosanke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Frederic Kosanke (page does not exist)">John Frederic Kosanke</a> argues that the need for large-scale defense is minimized in direct inverse proportion to the extent of domestic control by the state. He believes that since the greater number of <a href="/wiki/Proprietor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietor">proprietors</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a> more costly to an aggressor than a relatively authoritarian region, <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerability</a> to attack is less likely. Furthermore, he believes that since individuals minding their own business pose little threat to neighboring regions, official or <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> justification by those neighbors for attacking them is also proportionately diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_monopoly_power">Lack of monopoly power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lack of monopoly power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hans Hoppe believes that there is a contradiction in the beliefs of most philosophers and economists in reference to national defense. According to his argument, they generally hold that any <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> is "bad" for consumers because, shielded from potential new entrants into his area of production, the price of his product X will be higher and its quality lower than otherwise. Yet he says that they simultaneously hold that security must be undertaken by the government, which is a territorial monopoly of law and order (the ultimate decision maker and enforcer). Hoppe holds that the two propositions are clearly incompatible.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his essay <i>The Production of Security</i>, Molinari concluded: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If there is one well-established truth in political economy, it is this: That in all cases, for all commodities that serve to provide for the tangible or intangible needs of the consumer, it is in the consumer's best interest that labor and trade remain free, because the freedom of labor and of trade have as their necessary and permanent result the maximum reduction of price. And this: That the interests of the consumer of any commodity whatsoever should always prevail over the interests of the producer. Now in pursuing these principles, one arrives at this rigorous conclusion: That the production of security should, in the interests of the consumers of this intangible commodity, remain subject to the law of free competition. Whence it follows: That no government should have the right to prevent another government from going into competition with it, or to require consumers of security to come exclusively to it for this commodity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a> argues that allowing private defense agencies would not necessarily prevent a monopoly on defense services, by positing that a cooperating network of such firms could use aggressive force to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a>'s market domination. Noting that advocates of PDAs typically argue that abuses would be prevented by the presence of rival agencies acting under the authority of rulings made by arbitrators empowered by inter-agency <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitration agreement">arbitration agreements</a>, Cowen opines, "The adjudication network is stable only if it can use force to put down outlaw agencies that do not accept its higher-order arbitration decisions. Such a network could also use force to put down firms that do not adhere to the collusive agreement."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalist">Anarcho-capitalists</a> argue that competing defense providers would concentrate on comparatively lower-cost defense and security technology rather than relatively costly offensive weaponry, in order to maintain lower premiums and service charges. A company's offensive capabilities would also be readily exposed by such an aggressor's competitors. State-subsidized militaries, in contrast, are granted a distinct offensive advantage, resulting in a proportionately greater tendency toward monopolization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggression_and_abuses_by_private_defense_agencies">Aggression and abuses by private defense agencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aggression and abuses by private defense agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Randall_G._Holcombe" title="Randall G. Holcombe">Randall G. Holcombe</a> argues that "Firms might prey on their competitors' customers, as competing mafia groups do, to show those customers that their current protective firm is not doing the job and thus to induce them to switch protection firms. This action seems to be a profit-maximizing strategy; hence, protection firms that do not prey on noncustomers may not survive." Holcombe states that <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">mafias</a> offers protection for a fee, but it also uses its resources for predation; and thus profit-maximizing firms could be expected to employ them in the dual roles of protection and predation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Leeson" title="Peter Leeson">Peter Leeson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stringham" title="Edward Stringham">Edward Stringham</a> rebut this argument by claiming that unless the firm were overwhelmingly more powerful than its prey, it could incur substantial costs and risks in attempting to extract wealth by force. They argue that the potential for even a small state to inflict losses on a larger state explains why violent confrontations between states are less common than between individuals in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>; in other words, it is not the size of the group in question that matters, since in either case being the aggressor is likely to bring about undesirable risks and diminution of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i>, Linda and Morris Tannehill argue that a private defense agency would be unlikely to engage in aggression, as it would not only become a target of retaliatory force, but would become the subject of severe business ostracism. They suggest that honest and productive individuals would dissociate themselves from it, fearing that it might use its aggressive force against them in the event of a dispute; or that they might become accidental casualties when retaliatory force is used by one of its other victims; or that their own reputation would suffer due to their ties to it. Moreover, they say private defense agency's reputation would suffer and it would be regarded as a poor credit and insurance risk, the latter due to the high risk of claims resulting from its involvement in aggression. The employees and leaders of such an agency as well could face personal civil liability for their involvement, and the agency would not be shielded by <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a>. High-quality employees would presumably be less willing to be involved with such an organization.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also argue that a defense company would be less likely to abuse its power and impose tyranny, noting that it "couldn't extract taxes from them, as a government does...A market relationship is a free relationship, and if a customer doesn't like a company's service or mistrusts its goals, he is free to take his business elsewhere, or to start his own competitive company, or to do without the service and just provide from himself...The objection that a tyrant might take over is actually a devastating argument against government."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rothbard makes a similar point, arguing, "Of course, some of the private defense agencies will become criminal, just as some people become criminal now. But the point is that in a stateless society there would be no regular, <i>legalized</i> channel for crime and aggression, no government apparatus the control of which provides a secure monopoly for invasion of person and property...To create such an instrument <i>de novo</i> is very difficult, and, indeed, almost impossible; historically, it took State rulers centuries to create a functioning State apparatus."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Villacampa argued, "If Defense Agency A instead of invading a business decides to invade a more worthwhile target such as a gold warehouse they are left with a much more complicated problem. The gold warehouse is owned by an entrepreneur who has his own defense agency and the gold in the warehouse also have owners that have hired their own respective defense agencies. In essence, Defense Agency A will have to deal with the wrath of the warehouse owner, the warehouse owner's defense agency and the defense agencies of all the owners of the gold in that warehouse."<sup id="cite_ref-Villacampa_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villacampa-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Robert P. Murphy opines that given the privatization of other services in an anarcho-capitalist society, "We must consider that in such an environment, the law-abiding majority would have all sorts of mechanisms at their disposal, beyond physical confrontation. Once private judges had ruled against a particular rogue agency, the private banks could freeze its assets (up to the amount of fines levied by the arbitrators). In addition, the private utility companies could shut down electricity and water to the agency’s headquarters, in accordance with standard provisions in their contracts."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The argument that customers will be able to hire a competing firm to protect them against a rogue defense agency has been critiqued by Jonathan Bond's essay, <i>The Price of Private Law</i>, which argues, "If two defense firms are engaged in a truly ‘local’ dispute, and the remaining firms are not convinced that either their own interests will be affected or that systemic destabilization will result if the conflict continues, then the costs of intervening and ending the inter-agency war could presumably bar such third parties from stepping into the crossfire." Bond also argues that some firms may not be concerned with the risk of alienating other clients, because their clientele may consist of a small number of, or even only one, enormous multinational corporations. Bond further argues that some PDAs may reduce their risk of retaliation by carrying out anonymous sabotage or terrorist attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Villacampa argues that consumers with large amounts of wealth would likely pay more for private defense, stating "There is no reason for someone void of valuable assets to hire a defense agency that is meant to protect assets other than oneself; but, in an involuntary government payment is demanded for the services regardless of whether they are use or not." He argues an alliance of aggressor private defense agencies would likely be unprofitable: "Chances are high that a mobilization of a mass army of defense agencies will cost more to each individual than his gain from gold, land, and such divided equally amongst themselves. If the region being attacked has large stashes of valuable goods, they will most likely have very effective defense agencies (stronger defense agencies for more valuable assets are logical) and thus the fight against the invading defense agencies will inflict more cost upon the invaders."<sup id="cite_ref-Villacampa_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villacampa-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing_of_private_defense_agencies">Financing of private defense agencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Financing of private defense agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Private_defense_agency##" title="Talk:Private defense agency">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Defense is often viewed as an archetypical <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a> – i.e., a product that can only be provided by government because of its <a href="/wiki/Non-excludability" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-excludability">non-excludability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-rivalrous_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-rivalrous consumption">non-rivalrous consumption</a>. Specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Free_rider_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Free rider problem">free rider problem</a>, in which people refuse to pay for defense but instead rely on their neighbors to pay for defending the community, is said to make it inevitable that it be financed by taxes if an equitable allocation of costs is to be achieved. According to anarcho-capitalist theorists, there are many ways by which this problem can be overcome or rendered irrelevant. Rothbard's solution was to simply say "Who cares?" when it comes to the issue of free riders. He points out that free riders are commonplace in other aspects of our economy, asking hypothetically, "Are we to be critical because more than one person benefits from someone's actions?...In short, am I to be taxed for enjoying the view of my neighbor's well-kept garden?" He notes that we are all free riders on the past, as we would be living in a <a href="/wiki/Urgesellschaft" title="Urgesellschaft">primitive society</a> if it were not for the efforts of our ancestors; and we are free riders on the present, because we benefit from the continuing investment of our fellow men and from their specialized skills on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph R. Stromberg notes that the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> occurred despite the fact that some individuals might have been free riders who benefited from it without funding it; he opines that successful defense of freedom often relies not on precise allocations of cost, but on "nationalism, religion, the desire for freedom, hatred of the enemy, social pressure to do the right thing, and so on," some of which might represent "<a href="/wiki/Enlightened_self_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightened self interest">enlightened self interest</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linda_and_Morris_Tannehill" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda and Morris Tannehill">Linda and Morris Tannehill</a> believe that big businesses will tend to pay the bulk of the defense costs (since they stand to lose the most in the event of an attack); they would then pass on the costs to their customers, and so the costs of defense would be spread out among the whole population.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A landowner seeking to establish a community may sell or lease the land with provisions written into the deed or lease agreement, requiring the new owner or tenant to pay for defense on a permanent basis; this same technique has already been in some neighborhoods to ensure that residents pay for private streets shared in common by all of them. As is true for homeowners today, everyone would be responsible for buying or otherwise being covered by aggression insurance in order to protect themselves against catastrophic loss from foreign attack; in the event of an invasion, a claim would be filed with right of <a href="/wiki/Subrogation" title="Subrogation">subrogation</a>, and the insurer would hire a private defense company to collect from the aggressor. An argument against this method of funding is that other aggression insurers who didn't pay for defense would still benefit from the reduced risk of attack on their customers in the same area, in effect becoming free riders who could drive the "altruistic" insurer out of business.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the private defense agency's activity need not be limited to defensive and retaliatory measures funded by the insurer; It could also go after the aggressor in an effort to obtain restitution (including reasonable <a href="/wiki/Collection_cost" title="Collection cost">collection costs</a>), perhaps through ransom or capture of enemy assets, as <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> did in the 18th and 19th centuries under <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letters of marque and reprisal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners of war also used to have <a href="/wiki/Shadow_price" title="Shadow price">shadow prices</a> (ransoms) which were a source of income for victorious forces; this represents another potential alternative to taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes arguments are made<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> for voluntary funding of defense by way of attacking taxation. Anarcho-capitalists often argue, for instance, that the argument that taxation is needed to fund protection of liberty and property from aggression is a contradiction, because they believe taxation itself "requires aggression in order to be enforced". Another argument used by anarcho-capitalists states that, unlike voluntary transactions, no <a href="/wiki/Demonstrated_preference" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrated preference">demonstrated preference</a> has been made by the taxpayer; so they believe there is no objective way of showing that they are receiving a service they want and need, at a price that is fair.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some libertarians have presented historical examples of what they think were forms of private defense agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Iceland">Medieval Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_speaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Law_speaker.jpg/220px-Law_speaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Law_speaker.jpg/330px-Law_speaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Law_speaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>19th-century interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Icelandic Commonwealth</a> which authors such as <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a> and Roderick T. Long believe to have some features of anarcho-capitalist society or private defense agencies</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Medieval Icelandic institutions</a> have several peculiar and interesting characteristics; they might almost have been invented by a mad economist to test the lengths to which market systems could supplant government in its most fundamental functions."<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-79_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-79-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not directly labeling it anarcho-capitalist, he argues that the Icelandic Commonwealth between 930 and 1262 had "some features" of an anarcho-capitalist society – while there was a single legal system, enforcement of law was entirely private and highly capitalist; and so provides some evidence of how such a society would function. "Even where the Icelandic legal system recognized an essentially "public" offense, it dealt with it by giving some individual (in some cases chosen by lot from those affected) the right to pursue the case and collect the resulting fine, thus fitting it into an essentially private system."<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-79_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-79-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Old_West">American Old West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American Old West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the research of <a href="/wiki/Terry_L._Anderson" title="Terry L. Anderson">Terry L. Anderson</a> and P. J. Hill, the <a href="/wiki/Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West">Old West</a> in the United States in the period of 1830 to 1900 was similar to anarcho-capitalism in that "private agencies provided the necessary basis for an orderly society in which property was protected and conflicts were resolved," and that the common popular perception that the Old West was chaotic with little respect for property rights is incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Squatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatter">squatters</a> had no claim to western lands under federal law, extra-legal organizations formed to fill the void. Benson explains: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Land_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Land club">land clubs</a> and claim associations each adopted their own written contract setting out the laws that provided the means for defining and protecting property rights in the land. They established procedures for registration of land claims, as well as for protection of those claims against outsiders, and for adjudication of internal disputes that arose. The reciprocal arrangements for protection would be maintained only if a member complied with the association's rules and its court's rulings. Anyone who refused would be ostracized. Boycott by a land club meant that an individual had no protection against aggression other than what he could provide himself.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Anderson, "Defining anarcho-capitalist to mean minimal government with property rights developed from the bottom up, the western frontier was anarcho-capitalistic. People on the frontier invented institutions that fit the resource constraints they faced."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinkerton National Detective Agency">Pinkerton National Detective Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Private governance">Private governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">Security guard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2019" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Ryan H. (2019). <i>Markets against Modernity: Ecological Irrationality, Public and Private</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498591188" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498591188"><bdi>978-1498591188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+against+Modernity%3A+Ecological+Irrationality%2C+Public+and+Private&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1498591188&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Ryan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Benjamin,<i>The Relation of the State to the Individual</i>, 1890</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker" class="citation journal cs1">Tucker, Benjamin. "Liberty and Taxation". <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberty&rft.atitle=Liberty+and+Taxation&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mises Review (Vol. 10, No. 1; Spring 2004) A summary is given in a review by David Gordon <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.mises.org/misesreview_detail.asp?control=247&sortorder=issue">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard1975" class="citation journal cs1">Rothbard, Murray N. (January 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard133.html">"Society without a State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Libertarian_Forum" title="The Libertarian Forum">The Libertarian Forum</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Libertarian+Forum&rft.atitle=Society+without+a+State&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1975-01&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lewrockwell.com%2Frothbard%2Frothbard133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Friedman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/Machinery_of_Freedom/MofF_Chapter_29.html">Police, Courts, and Laws---on the Market</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daviddfriedman.com">David Friedman home page</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppe2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hoppe, Hans (30 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/14_1/14_1_2.pdf">"The Private Production of Defense"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Libertarian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Private+Production+of+Defense&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fjournals%2Fjls%2F14_1%2F14_1_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Frederic Kosanke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091025181037/http://www.geocities.com/johnfkosanke/Civilization101.html#biv">"Civilization 101 - Elements of Security"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppe,_Hans-Hermann2003" class="citation book cs1">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2003). "Introduction". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythnationaldefe00hopp"><i>The Myth of National Defense</i></a></span>. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Inst. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythnationaldefe00hopp/page/n12">3</a>–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4"><bdi>0-945466-37-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+National+Defense&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Ala.&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Inst.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-945466-37-4&rft.au=Hoppe%2C+Hans-Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythnationaldefe00hopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426042135/http://www.mises.org/web/2716">"The Production of Security"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/web/2716">the original</a> on 2009-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Production+of+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fweb%2F2716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowen,_Tyler" class="citation journal cs1">Cowen, Tyler. "Rejoinder to David Friedman on the Economics of Anarchy".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rejoinder+to+David+Friedman+on+the+Economics+of+Anarchy&rft.au=Cowen%2C+Tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe,_Randall_G." class="citation journal cs1">Holcombe, Randall G. "Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Government%3A+Unnecessary+but+Inevitable&rft.au=Holcombe%2C+Randall+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeson,_PeterStringham,_Edward_P2005" class="citation journal cs1">Leeson, Peter & Stringham, Edward P (2005). "Is Government Inevitable? Comment on Holcombe's Analysis". <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Review">Independent Review</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1674461">1674461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Review&rft.atitle=Is+Government+Inevitable%3F+Comment+on+Holcombe%27s+Analysis&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1674461%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Leeson%2C+Peter&rft.au=Stringham%2C+Edward+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannehill,_Linda_and_Morris1993" class="citation book cs1">Tannehill, Linda and Morris (1993). "Warring Defense Agencies and Organized Crime". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marketforliberty00tann_471"><i>The Market for Liberty</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marketforliberty00tann_471/page/n112">109</a>–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930073-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-930073-08-8"><bdi>0-930073-08-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warring+Defense+Agencies+and+Organized+Crime&rft.btitle=The+Market+for+Liberty&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=109-111&rft.pub=Fox+%26+Wilkes&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-930073-08-8&rft.au=Tannehill%2C+Linda+and+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarketforliberty00tann_471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannehill,_Linda_and_Morris1993" class="citation book cs1">Tannehill, Linda and Morris (1993). "Warring Defense Agencies and Organized Crime". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marketforliberty00tann_471"><i>The Market for Liberty</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marketforliberty00tann_471/page/n118">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930073-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-930073-08-8"><bdi>0-930073-08-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warring+Defense+Agencies+and+Organized+Crime&rft.btitle=The+Market+for+Liberty&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Fox+%26+Wilkes&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-930073-08-8&rft.au=Tannehill%2C+Linda+and+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarketforliberty00tann_471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard,_Murray_N.2004" class="citation book cs1">Rothbard, Murray N. (2004). <i>Man, Economy and State with Power and Market</i>. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 1054. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-30-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-30-7"><bdi>0-945466-30-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man%2C+Economy+and+State+with+Power+and+Market&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Ala.&rft.pages=1054&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-945466-30-7&rft.au=Rothbard%2C+Murray+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villacampa-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villacampa_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villacampa_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillacampa,_Alexander" class="citation journal cs1">Villacampa, Alexander. "In a State of Anarchy". Grove City College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+a+State+of+Anarchy&rft.au=Villacampa%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/story/1855">"But Wouldn't Warlords Take Over?"</a>. 27 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=But+Wouldn%27t+Warlords+Take+Over%3F&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fstory%2F1855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond,_Jonathan_C.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bond, Jonathan C. (11 October 2004). "The Price of Private Law".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Price+of+Private+Law&rft.date=2004-10-11&rft.au=Bond%2C+Jonathan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard,_Murray_N.2004" class="citation book cs1">Rothbard, Murray N. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maneconomystatew00roth_516"><i>Man, Economy and State</i></a></span>. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maneconomystatew00roth_516/page/n1137">1037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-30-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-30-7"><bdi>0-945466-30-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man%2C+Economy+and+State&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Ala.&rft.pages=1037&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-945466-30-7&rft.au=Rothbard%2C+Murray+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaneconomystatew00roth_516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStromberg,_Joseph_R.2003" class="citation book cs1">Stromberg, Joseph R. (2003). "Mercenaries, Militias, Guerrillas, and the Defense of Minimal States and Free Societies". <i>The Myth of National Defense</i>. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Inst. pp. 237–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4"><bdi>0-945466-37-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mercenaries%2C+Militias%2C+Guerrillas%2C+and+the+Defense+of+Minimal+States+and+Free+Societies&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+National+Defense&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Ala.&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Inst.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-945466-37-4&rft.au=Stromberg%2C+Joseph+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannehill,_Morris_and_Linda1993" class="citation book cs1">Tannehill, Morris and Linda (1993). "Foreign Aggression". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marketforliberty00tann_471"><i>The Market for Liberty</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marketforliberty00tann_471/page/n134">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930073-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-930073-08-8"><bdi>0-930073-08-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Aggression&rft.btitle=The+Market+for+Liberty&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Fox+%26+Wilkes&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-930073-08-8&rft.au=Tannehill%2C+Morris+and+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarketforliberty00tann_471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522124329/http://www.no-treason.com/archives/2001/06/">"No Treason » 2001 » June"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.no-treason.com/archives/2001/06/">the original</a> on 2008-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Treason+%C2%BB+2001+%C2%BB+June&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.no-treason.com%2Farchives%2F2001%2F06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSechrest,_Larry_J.2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_J._Sechrest" title="Larry J. Sechrest">Sechrest, Larry J.</a> (2003). "Privateering and National Defense: Naval Warfare for Private Profit". <i>The Myth of National Defense</i>. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Inst. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4"><bdi>0-945466-37-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Privateering+and+National+Defense%3A+Naval+Warfare+for+Private+Profit&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+National+Defense&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Ala.&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Inst.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-945466-37-4&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Larry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadnitzky,_Gerard2003" class="citation book cs1">Radnitzky, Gerard (2003). "Is Democracy More Peaceful than Other Forms of Government?". <i>The Myth of National Defense</i>. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Inst. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4"><bdi>0-945466-37-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+Democracy+More+Peaceful+than+Other+Forms+of+Government%3F&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+National+Defense&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Ala.&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Inst.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-945466-37-4&rft.au=Radnitzky%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock,_Walter2003" class="citation book cs1">Block, Walter (2003). "National Defense and the Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Clubs". <i>The Myth of National Defense</i>. Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Inst. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-37-4"><bdi>0-945466-37-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Defense+and+the+Theory+of+Externalities%2C+Public+Goods%2C+and+Clubs&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+National+Defense&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Ala.&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Inst.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-945466-37-4&rft.au=Block%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-79-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-79_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-79_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, David D. (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Iceland/Iceland.html">Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case</a>. Retrieved 12 August 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Terry L. and Hill, P. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invisiblemolotov.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/wild-west3.pdf">An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild, Wild West</a>, The Journal of Libertarian Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson,_Bruce_L.1998" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Bruce L. (1998). "Private Justice in America". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toserveprotectpr00bens"><i>To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toserveprotectpr00bens/page/n129">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1327-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1327-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-1327-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Private+Justice+in+America&rft.btitle=To+Serve+and+Protect%3A+Privatization+and+Community+in+Criminal+Justice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1327-3&rft.au=Benson%2C+Bruce+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoserveprotectpr00bens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProbasco,_Christian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Probasco, Christian (2008-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newwest.net/topic/article/grilling_terry_l_anderson_free_market_environmentalist/C39/L39/">"Grilling Terry L. Anderson, Free-Market Environmentalist"</a>. New West.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grilling+Terry+L.+Anderson%2C+Free-Market+Environmentalist&rft.date=2008-06-18&rft.au=Probasco%2C+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newwest.net%2Ftopic%2Farticle%2Fgrilling_terry_l_anderson_free_market_environmentalist%2FC39%2FL39%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+defense+agency" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/Machinery_of_Freedom/MofF_Chapter_29.html">Police, Courts, and Law - On the Market</a> - Chapter 29 of <a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.seasteading.org/index.php/Las_Portadas">Las Portadas</a> (underwriting, arbitration, and government interface)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091025011532/http://www.geocities.com/johnfkosanke/RTR.htm">Restitution Transfer and Recoupment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214025916/http://libertariannation.org/b/natdef.htm#nostate">Stateless Defense</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colectivodeabogados.org/article.php3?id_article=1253">Private Security Transnational Enterprises in Colombia</a></li> <li>Human Rights First; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100508152055/http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/08115-usls-psc-final.pdf">Private Security Contractors at War: Ending the Culture of Impunity (2008)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=881776">Is Government Inevitable? Comment on Holcombe's Analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarcho-capitalism" title="Template talk:Anarcho-capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarcho-capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarcho-capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarcho-capitalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school of economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">Subjective theory of value</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="French Liberal School">French Liberal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism#Anarcho-capitalism_and_other_anarchist_schools" title="Anarcho-capitalism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/100px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/150px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/200px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_roads" title="Free-market roads">Free-market roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdictional_arbitrage" title="Jurisdictional arbitrage">Jurisdictional arbitrage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Private defense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_military_contractors" title="List of private military contractors">list</a>), <a href="/wiki/Private_intelligence_agency" title="Private intelligence agency">Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Investigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_police" title="Private police">Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_security_companies" title="List of private security companies">Security</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-capitalists" title="Category:Anarcho-capitalists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Benson" title="Bruce L. Benson">Bruce L. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Casey_(philosopher)" title="Gerard Casey (philosopher)">Gerard Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_Jasay" title="Anthony de Jasay">Anthony de Jasay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Stephan Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Malice" title="Michael Malice">Michael Malice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert P. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Joseph Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Jeffrey Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Tom Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voluntary_City" title="The Voluntary City">The Voluntary City</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012)</span></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_anarcho-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_anarcho-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of anarcho-capitalism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States#Debate" title="Estate tax in the United States">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-libertarianism">Paleo-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-capitalism" title="Category:Anarcho-capitalism">Category</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&oldid=1240826470">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_defense_agency&oldid=1240826470</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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