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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sea cruises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_cruises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scenic_flights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scenic_flights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scenic flights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scenic_flights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yachting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yachting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Yachting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yachting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Land activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tourism in Antarctica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktidada_turizm" title="Antarktidada turizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antarktidada turizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turisme_ant%C3%A0rtic" title="Turisme antàrtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turisme antàrtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turismo_en_la_Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Turismo en la Antártida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turismo en la Antártida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گردشگری در جنوبگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گردشگری در جنوبگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourisme_en_Antarctique" title="Tourisme en Antarctique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tourisme en Antarctique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariwisata_di_Antarktika" title="Pariwisata di Antarktika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pariwisata di Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turismo_in_Antartide" title="Turismo in Antartide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turismo in Antartide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turizmas_Antarktidoje" title="Turizmas Antarktidoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turizmas Antarktidoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Туризам на Антарктикот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туризам на Антарктикот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E3%81%AE%E8%A6%B3%E5%85%89" title="南極の観光 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南極の観光" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turismo_na_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Turismo na Antártica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turismo na Antártica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Туризм в Антарктиде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туризм в Антарктиде" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Туризм в Антарктиді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туризм в Антарктиді" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Special:EditPage/Tourism in Antarctica">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tourism+in+Antarctica%22">"Tourism in Antarctica"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tourism+in+Antarctica%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tourism+in+Antarctica%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tourism+in+Antarctica%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tourism+in+Antarctica%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tourism+in+Antarctica%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_pole_skiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/South_pole_skiers.jpg/300px-South_pole_skiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/South_pole_skiers.jpg/450px-South_pole_skiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/South_pole_skiers.jpg/600px-South_pole_skiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A party of skiers arrives after traversing overland to the South Pole, December 2009</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> started in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> by the sea in the 1960s. Air overflights started in the 1970s with sightseeing flights by airliners from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and were resumed in the 1990s. The (summer) tour season lasts from November to March. Most of the estimated 14,762 visitors to Antarctica from 1999–2000 were on sea cruises.<sup id="cite_ref-Trewby_page_188_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trewby_page_188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2009 to 2010 tourist season, over 37,000 people visited Antarctica. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landing_in_Antarctica">Landing in Antarctica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Landing in Antarctica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tourism companies are required by the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a> to have a permit to visit Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WTG_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because no country owns Antarctica, countries which have signed the Antarctic Treaty issue permits, rather than visas.<sup id="cite_ref-WTG_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an Australian traveling to Antarctica with a tourist company would need to show compliance with the Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980 by means of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) approved by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a> (AAD) of the Department of Agriculture, Water, and the Environment.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many sea cruises by cruise ships include a landing by <a href="/wiki/Rigid_inflatable_boat" title="Rigid inflatable boat">RIB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zodiac_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zodiac (boat)">Zodiac</a>) or helicopter. Some land visits may include mountaineering, skiing or even a visit to the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trewby_page_188_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trewby_page_188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sea_cruises">Sea cruises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sea cruises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Geographic_Explorer_in_fast_ice,_Antarctica_-_edit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/National_Geographic_Explorer_in_fast_ice%2C_Antarctica_-_edit_1.jpg/220px-National_Geographic_Explorer_in_fast_ice%2C_Antarctica_-_edit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/National_Geographic_Explorer_in_fast_ice%2C_Antarctica_-_edit_1.jpg/330px-National_Geographic_Explorer_in_fast_ice%2C_Antarctica_-_edit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/National_Geographic_Explorer_in_fast_ice%2C_Antarctica_-_edit_1.jpg/440px-National_Geographic_Explorer_in_fast_ice%2C_Antarctica_-_edit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The expedition ship <a href="/wiki/MS_National_Geographic_Explorer" title="MS National Geographic Explorer"><i>National Geographic Explorer</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1920s, a Falkland Islands mail ship, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Fleurus_(1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Fleurus (1919)">SS <i>Fleurus</i></a>, made annual trips to the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkney Islands</a> to serve whaling and sealing stations there. It carried a small number of commercial passengers, and marketed round-trip "tourist tickets"; these were probably the first commercial tourists to sail to Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern expedition cruising was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Lars-Eric_Lindblad" title="Lars-Eric Lindblad">Lars-Eric Lindblad</a>; in 1969, he launched the <a href="/wiki/MS_Lindblad_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Lindblad Explorer">MS <i>Lindblad Explorer</i></a>, a purpose-built liner.<sup id="cite_ref-Trewby_page_187_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trewby_page_187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the sea cruises leave from <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a> in Argentina. Sea cruises generally last anywhere between 10 days and 3 weeks and costs start from around US$6,000 per person for shared accommodation cabins.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are limited sea cruises to the Ross Sea and East Antarctic (Commonwealth Bay) regions of Antarctica. The New Zealand expedition travel company <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Expeditions" title="Heritage Expeditions">Heritage Expeditions</a> operates cruises to these regions several times a year in the ice-strengthened vessel <i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Adventurer" title="Heritage Adventurer">Heritage Adventurer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, very large cruise vessels have visited Antarctica carrying over 950 people. These vessels are usually cruise based and offer no landings. However, in 2009, new regulations were enforced that stopped large vessels from operating in Antarctic waters due to their heavier fuel oils. Ships normally can only land 100 people at a time and those that carry over 500 people are not allowed to land anyone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scenic_flights">Scenic flights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scenic flights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basler_south_pole_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Basler_south_pole_2.jpg/220px-Basler_south_pole_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Basler_south_pole_2.jpg/330px-Basler_south_pole_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Basler_south_pole_2.jpg/440px-Basler_south_pole_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Basler_BT-67" title="Basler BT-67">Basler BT-67</a> owned by Antarctic Logistics Centre International and used for tourist flights in Antarctica, at the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> in December 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Most scenic flights to Antarctica have been organised from Australia and New Zealand, with airlines from both countries commencing flights in February 1977. The majority of the flights are simple return trips, and in no cases have they landed in Antarctica.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a>'s first scenic flight took place on 15 February 1977 and was followed by five more that year, then four each in 1978 and 1979. The flights were operated with <a href="/wiki/McDonnell-Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell-Douglas">McDonnell-Douglas</a> <a href="/wiki/DC-10" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-10">DC-10s</a> and departed from <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, flying over <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a> to <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a> before returning to Auckland with a fuel stop in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>. Later flights flew down the middle of the Sound and over <a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a> rather than over Ross Island as the aircraft could descend to a low altitude to provide better visibility for passengers<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Many flights carried experienced Antarctic researchers as guides, including on at least one occasion Sir <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a>, and lasted roughly 12 hours with approximately four of them over or near the Antarctic mainland. Air New Zealand cancelled and never resumed their Antarctic flying programme in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901" class="mw-redirect" title="Air New Zealand Flight 901">TE901</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disaster, where a route planning error led to the aircraft crashing into <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a> on 28 November 1979 with the loss of all 257 lives aboard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> operated its first Antarctic flight on 13 February 1977, a charter organised by <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Dick_Smith_(entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick Smith (entrepreneur)">Dick Smith</a>. By 1979 twenty-seven flights had carried more than 7,000 passengers. Most used <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747#747-200" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-200Bs</a> and flew from Sydney, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> on one of two "ice" routes. One went along the coast of <a href="/wiki/George_V_Land" title="George V Land">George V Land</a> to the French base in <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a>, then back over the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">south magnetic pole</a>. The other went over <a href="/wiki/Oates_Land" title="Oates Land">Oates Land</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Washington" title="Cape Washington">Cape Washington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>. In 1977, one flight duplicated Air New Zealand's routing and overflew McMurdo Sound and Mount Erebus. Some shorter flights from Melbourne were also operated by <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qantas also cancelled its Antarctic programme after the TE901 disaster but eventually resumed it in 1994, and continues to operate charter flights in summer from Sydney, Perth and Melbourne to this day with Boeing 747-400s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2020, Qantas resumed its sightseeing flight program, which is currently operational. Flights last 12 hours and cost between $1000 and $8000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qantas also now flies in summer from <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> and other Australian capitals through Antarctica Flights. The Brisbane flights last 14 hours and 30 minutes in a Boeing 787 Dreamliner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There have also been earlier scenic overflights, including some from Chile in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Trewby_page_187_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trewby_page_187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yachting">Yachting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yachting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were private <a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yacht</a> voyages in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> from the late 1960s, with some circumnavigations of Antarctica e.g. by <a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="David Henry Lewis">David Henry Lewis</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are now about 30 yachts each year visiting the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>, which is in a <a href="/wiki/Banana_belt" title="Banana belt">banana belt</a> (warmer region of the continent). Many four-day cruises leave from <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> in Argentina, others from <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Only smaller vessels are allowed to bring their crew ashore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_activities">Land activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Land activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land activities include camping, hiking and cross country skiing. These activities have become especially popular in recent times,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> as suggested by the increased number of tourists that come to visit Antarctica.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty does not specifically address tourism, but its provisions go some way to minimising the adverse <a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">impacts of tourists</a> because, once ratified, the protocol is legally binding over all visitors to the Antarctic, whether on government or private trips.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1994 the Treaty countries made further recommendations on tourism and non-government activities. This "Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic" is intended to help visitors become aware of their responsibilities under the treaty and protocol. The document concerns the protection of Antarctic wildlife and protected areas, the respecting of scientific research, personal safety and impact on the environment. Guidelines have also been written for the organisers of tourist and private ventures - these require prior notification of the trip to the organiser's national authority (e.g. Antarctica NZ), assessment of potential environmental impacts, the ability to cope with environmental emergencies such as oil spills, self-sufficiency, the proper disposal of wastes and respect for the Antarctic environment and research activities. The guidelines outline detailed procedures to be followed during the planning of the trip, when in the Antarctic Treaty area and on completion of the trip.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tourist operators in Antarctica have organised an association (the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Antarctic_Tour_Operators" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators">International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators</a>) to promote safety and environmental responsibility amongst cruise operators. The members of this association carry the majority of tourists to Antarctica.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Individual countries have also introduced measures to minimise effects of tourists. Chile requires all captains of ships that go to Antarctica to attend a month-long school in Antarctic navigation. New Zealand sends a government representative on all ships visiting the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> to supervise visits to the historic huts and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a> and to observe how well the provisions of the treaty and protocol are adhered to. In 2008, the South Korean government passed a law prohibiting Korean passport-holders from visiting Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even with reduced impact per visitor, the increasing number of visitors could still have a considerable effect on the environment. Monitoring of impacts at specific sites can be used to determine whether tourists should be allowed to continue to visit a particular area. Although visits are usually short, they are concentrated into a small number of landing sites and have the potential to destroy parts of a unique environment and to jeopardize scientific research.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport in Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Antarctica" title="Bibliography of Antarctica">Bibliography of Antarctica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The low pass could not, however, be conducted at low speed as doing so would require the deployment of the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a>, and had these become locked in their deployed positions the aircraft would not have sufficient fuel to return to an airport.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Air New Zealand used two <a href="/wiki/Airline_codes#IATA_airline_designator" title="Airline codes">IATA airline designators</a> from its establishment in 1978 until 1990, with NZ being used on flights within New Zealand and TE on international services as well Antarctic flights, even though they were considered domestic for purposes of customs and immigration.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Trewby_page_188-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trewby_page_188_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trewby_page_188_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrewby2002" class="citation book cs1">Trewby, Mary, ed. (2002). <i>Antarctica: An Encyclopaedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zoo Plankton</i>. Auckland NZ: David Bateman. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86953-453-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86953-453-0"><bdi>1-86953-453-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+from+Abbott+Ice+Shelf+to+Zoo+Plankton&rft.place=Auckland+NZ&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=David+Bateman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86953-453-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2008" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Jeff (2008) [1996]. <i>Antarctica</i>. Lonely Planet. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-549-9"><bdi>978-1-74104-549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-549-9&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTG-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WTG_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WTG_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/antarctica/antarctica/passport-visa/">"Antarctica Visa and Passport Requirements"</a>. worldtravelguide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antarctica+Visa+and+Passport+Requirements&rft.pub=worldtravelguide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtravelguide.net%2Fguides%2Fantarctica%2Fantarctica%2Fpassport-visa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIA_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/environment/environmental-impact-assessment-approvals-and-permits/tour-and-expedition-organisers/">"Environmental Approvals for Tour and Expedition Organisers"</a>. <i>Australian Antarctic Program</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>. 20 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Program&rft.atitle=Environmental+Approvals+for+Tour+and+Expedition+Organisers&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fenvironment%2Fenvironmental-impact-assessment-approvals-and-permits%2Ftour-and-expedition-organisers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hart_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2006" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Ian B. (2006). <i>Whaling in the Falkland Islands dependencies 1904–1931: A History of Shore and Bay-Based Whaling in the Antarctic</i>. Newton St. Margarets, Herefordshire: Pequena. pp. 220–221, 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0955292409" title="Special:BookSources/0955292409"><bdi>0955292409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whaling+in+the+Falkland+Islands+dependencies+1904%E2%80%931931%3A+A+History+of+Shore+and+Bay-Based+Whaling+in+the+Antarctic&rft.place=Newton+St.+Margarets%2C+Herefordshire&rft.pages=220-221%2C+343&rft.pub=Pequena&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0955292409&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Ian+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trewby_page_187-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trewby_page_187_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trewby_page_187_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby (2002)</a>, p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2023" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Helen (9 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/travel/2023/10/pioneering-spirit-meets-industry-leading-expedition-cruising/">"Pioneering spirit meets industry-leading expedition cruising"</a>. <i>Australian Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Geographic&rft.atitle=Pioneering+spirit+meets+industry-leading+expedition+cruising&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiangeographic.com.au%2Ftravel%2F2023%2F10%2Fpioneering-spirit-meets-industry-leading-expedition-cruising%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfarlane1991" class="citation book cs1">Macfarlane, Stuart (1991). <i>The Erebus Papers: Edited Extracts from the Erebus Proceedings with Commentary</i>. Auckland: Avon Press. pp. 155–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0473008440" title="Special:BookSources/0473008440"><bdi>0473008440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Erebus+Papers%3A+Edited+Extracts+from+the+Erebus+Proceedings+with+Commentary&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=Avon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0473008440&rft.aulast=Macfarlane&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickson1980" class="citation book cs1">Hickson, Ken (1980). <i>Flight 901 to Erebus</i>. Christchurch: Whitcoulls. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7233-0641-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7233-0641-9"><bdi>0-7233-0641-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight+901+to+Erebus&rft.place=Christchurch&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Whitcoulls&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7233-0641-9&rft.aulast=Hickson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarcticaflights.com.au/">"Antarctica in a Day"</a>. <i>Antarctica Flights</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antarctica+Flights&rft.atitle=Antarctica+in+a+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarcticaflights.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubin2008">Rubin (2008)</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://likms.assembly.go.kr/law/jsp/law/Law.jsp?WORK_TYPE=LAW_BON&LAW_ID=A1886&PROM_NO=09256&PROM_DT=20081226&HanChk=Y">"Law on Activities in the Antarctic and Protection of its Environment"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+on+Activities+in+the+Antarctic+and+Protection+of+its+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flikms.assembly.go.kr%2Flaw%2Fjsp%2Flaw%2FLaw.jsp%3FWORK_TYPE%3DLAW_BON%26LAW_ID%3DA1886%26PROM_NO%3D09256%26PROM_DT%3D20081226%26HanChk%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>Antarctica</i> (2nd edition). Reader's Digest. 1990.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareyFranklin2009" class="citation book cs1">Carey, Peter; Franklin, Craig (2009) [2006]. <i>Antarctica Cruising Guide</i>. Wellington: Awa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9582916-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9582916-3-7"><bdi>978-0-9582916-3-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica+Cruising+Guide&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Awa+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9582916-3-7&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Explore Antarctica. L. Crossley. 1995. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain_Hydrographic_Office2004" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain Hydrographic Office (2004). <i>The Antarctic Pilot</i>. Taunton: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0707715032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0707715032"><bdi>978-0707715032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antarctic+Pilot&rft.place=Taunton&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Hydrographic+Office&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0707715032&rft.au=Great+Britain+Hydrographic+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoncet2007" class="citation book cs1">Poncet, Sally & Jerome (2007) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.era.gs/resources/soc/index.shtml"><i>Southern Ocean Cruising</i></a>. Environmental Research and Assessment. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955220517" title="Special:BookSources/9780955220517"><bdi>9780955220517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Ocean+Cruising&rft.pub=Environmental+Research+and+Assessment&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780955220517&rft.aulast=Poncet&rft.aufirst=Sally+%26+Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.era.gs%2Fresources%2Fsoc%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>State of the Ice. Greenpeace. 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Defense_Mapping_Agency_Hydrographic/Topographic_CenterUnited_States_National_Imagery_and_Mapping_AgencyUnited_States_National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency2007" class="citation book cs1">United States Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center; United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency; United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2007). <i>Sailing Directions (Planning Guide & Enroute) for Antarctica</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Imagery_and_Mapping_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Imagery and Mapping Agency">National Imagery and Mapping Agency</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2380-2812">2380-2812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Directions+%28Planning+Guide+%26+Enroute%29+for+Antarctica&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Imagery+and+Mapping+Agency&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=2380-2812&rft.au=United+States+Defense+Mapping+Agency+Hydrographic%2FTopographic+Center&rft.au=United+States+National+Imagery+and+Mapping+Agency&rft.au=United+States+National+Geospatial-Intelligence+Agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATourism+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lyubomir Ivanov and Nusha Ivanova. Tourism. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364087925_The_World_of_Antarctica"><i>The World of Antarctica</i>.</a> Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 148-151. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1">979-8-88676-403-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tourism_in_Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism in Antarctica</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Antarctica#Q3534048" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Antarctica">Antarctica</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaato.org/">Website of IAATO (International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ats.aq/index_e.htm">Antarctic Treaty Secretariat website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarcticanz.govt.nz/travelling-to-antarctica/private-visits"><i>Private Visits</i> from Antarctica New Zealand website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/Att483_e.pdf">General Guidelines for Visitors to Antarctica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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