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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Qualitative Research</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">220,187 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Most downloaded papers in <b>Qualitative Research</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Qualitative_Research">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1561689" data-work_id="1561689" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1561689/The_use_of_semi_structured_interviews_in_qualitative_research_strengths_and_weaknesses">The use of semi-structured interviews in qualitative research: strengths and weaknesses</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What needs to be considered before collecting data through semi-structured interviews? How does thinking about analysis before questioning help or hinder interviewing practice? How should the strengths and weaknesses of the method be... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1561689" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What needs to be considered before collecting data through semi-structured interviews? How does thinking about analysis before questioning help or hinder interviewing practice? How should the strengths and weaknesses of the method be evaluated? <br /> <br />To cite this paper: <br />Newton, Nigel (2010) The use of semi-structured interviews in qualitative research: strengths and weaknesses. Paper submitted in part completion of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Bristol. Retrieved online at <a href="http://www.academia.edu/1561689/The_use_of_semi-structured_interviews_in_qualitative_research_strengths_and_weaknesses" rel="nofollow">http://www.academia.edu/1561689/The_use_of_semi-structured_interviews_in_qualitative_research_strengths_and_weaknesses</a> on [date accessed]</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1561689" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b5c451658d59e180c755982b483b69a7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":13728443,"asset_id":1561689,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/13728443/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1193519" href="https://cardiffmet.academia.edu/DrNigelNewton">Dr Nigel Newton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1193519" type="text/json">{"id":1193519,"first_name":"Dr Nigel","last_name":"Newton","domain_name":"cardiffmet","page_name":"DrNigelNewton","display_name":"Dr Nigel Newton","profile_url":"https://cardiffmet.academia.edu/DrNigelNewton?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1193519/600844/103319379/s65_dr_nigel.newton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1561689 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1561689"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1561689, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1561689", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1561689]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1561689").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1561689").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1561689"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15163" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Education_">Qualitative Research (Education)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15163" type="text/json">{"id":15163,"name":"Qualitative Research (Education)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Education_?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22540" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methods">Qualitative Research Methods</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22540" type="text/json">{"id":22540,"name":"Qualitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interviewing">Interviewing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30261" type="text/json">{"id":30261,"name":"Interviewing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interviewing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1561689]'), work: {"id":1561689,"title":"The use of semi-structured interviews in qualitative research: strengths and weaknesses","created_at":"2012-05-15T06:40:20.848-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1561689/The_use_of_semi_structured_interviews_in_qualitative_research_strengths_and_weaknesses?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_1561689","summary":"What needs to be considered before collecting data through semi-structured interviews? How does thinking about analysis before questioning help or hinder interviewing practice? How should the strengths and weaknesses of the method be evaluated?\r\n\r\nTo cite this paper: \r\nNewton, Nigel (2010) The use of semi-structured interviews in qualitative research: strengths and weaknesses. Paper submitted in part completion of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Bristol. Retrieved online at http://www.academia.edu/1561689/The_use_of_semi-structured_interviews_in_qualitative_research_strengths_and_weaknesses on [date accessed]","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":13728443,"asset_id":1561689,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1193519,"first_name":"Dr Nigel","last_name":"Newton","domain_name":"cardiffmet","page_name":"DrNigelNewton","display_name":"Dr Nigel Newton","profile_url":"https://cardiffmet.academia.edu/DrNigelNewton?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1193519/600844/103319379/s65_dr_nigel.newton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":15163,"name":"Qualitative Research (Education)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Education_?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":22540,"name":"Qualitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":30261,"name":"Interviewing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interviewing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":240061,"name":"Semi-Structured Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semi-Structured_Interviews?f_ri=12135"},{"id":483523,"name":"Interview Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interview_Analysis?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8434566" data-work_id="8434566" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8434566/Document_Analysis_as_a_Qualitative_Research_Method">Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8434566" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts-and-bolts approach to document analysis. It describes the nature and forms of documents, outlines the advantages and limitations of document analysis, and offers specific examples of the use of documents in the research process. The application of document analysis to a grounded theory study is illustrated.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8434566" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ae3156593e6fc058411a8fe89b3da8a4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34824202,"asset_id":8434566,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34824202/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14615905" href="https://barry.academia.edu/GlennBowen">Glenn A Bowen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14615905" type="text/json">{"id":14615905,"first_name":"Glenn","last_name":"Bowen","domain_name":"barry","page_name":"GlennBowen","display_name":"Glenn A Bowen","profile_url":"https://barry.academia.edu/GlennBowen?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14615905/4348708/5050142/s65_glenn.bowen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8434566 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8434566"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8434566, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8434566", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8434566]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8434566").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8434566").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8434566"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5518" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation_Programmes">Poverty Alleviation Programmes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5518" type="text/json">{"id":5518,"name":"Poverty Alleviation Programmes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation_Programmes?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="87342" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction">Poverty Reduction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="87342" type="text/json">{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8434566]'), work: {"id":8434566,"title":"Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method","created_at":"2014-09-22T01:35:04.453-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8434566/Document_Analysis_as_a_Qualitative_Research_Method?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_8434566","summary":"This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts-and-bolts approach to document analysis. It describes the nature and forms of documents, outlines the advantages and limitations of document analysis, and offers specific examples of the use of documents in the research process. The application of document analysis to a grounded theory study is illustrated.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34824202,"asset_id":8434566,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14615905,"first_name":"Glenn","last_name":"Bowen","domain_name":"barry","page_name":"GlennBowen","display_name":"Glenn A Bowen","profile_url":"https://barry.academia.edu/GlennBowen?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14615905/4348708/5050142/s65_glenn.bowen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5518,"name":"Poverty Alleviation Programmes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation_Programmes?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10092020" data-work_id="10092020" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10092020/CHAPTER_3_RESEARCH_METHODOLOGY_Data_collection_method_and_Research_tools">CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Data collection method and Research tools</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As it is indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research methodology of the dissertation. In more details, in this part the author outlines the research strategy, the research method, the research approach, the methods of data... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10092020" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As it is indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research methodology of the dissertation. In more details, in this part the author outlines the research strategy, the research method, the research approach, the methods of data collection, the selection of the sample, the research process, the type of data analysis, the ethical considerations and the research limitations of the project.  <br /> <br />The research held with respect to this dissertation was an applied one, but not new. Rather, numerous pieces of previous academic research exist regarding the role of DMOs in promoting and managing tourist destinations, not only for Athens in specific, but also for other tourist destinations in Greece and other places of the world. As such, the proposed research took the form of a new research but on an existing research subject. <br /> <br />In order to satisfy the objectives of the dissertation, a qualitative research was held. The main characteristic of qualitative research is that it is mostly appropriate for small samples, while its outcomes are not measurable and quantifiable (see table 3.1). Its basic advantage, which also constitutes its basic difference with quantitative research, is that it offers a complete description and analysis of a research subject, without limiting the scope of the research and the nature of participant’s responses (Collis & Hussey, 2003).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10092020" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="33c7b45258c2be9dc7cd63621e6403d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36214125,"asset_id":10092020,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36214125/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2657896" href="https://derby.academia.edu/spyroslangos">Spyros Langkos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2657896" type="text/json">{"id":2657896,"first_name":"Spyros","last_name":"Langkos","domain_name":"derby","page_name":"spyroslangos","display_name":"Spyros Langkos","profile_url":"https://derby.academia.edu/spyroslangos?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2657896/3929505/38722101/s65_spyros.langkos.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10092020 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10092020"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10092020, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10092020", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10092020]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10092020").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10092020").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10092020"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">24</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="909" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies">Tourism Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="909" type="text/json">{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="943" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management">Tourism Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="943" type="text/json">{"id":943,"name":"Tourism Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4071" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Tourism">Heritage Tourism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4071" type="text/json">{"id":4071,"name":"Heritage Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Tourism?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10092020]'), work: {"id":10092020,"title":"CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Data collection method and Research tools","created_at":"2015-01-09T13:18:22.476-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10092020/CHAPTER_3_RESEARCH_METHODOLOGY_Data_collection_method_and_Research_tools?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_10092020","summary":"As it is indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research methodology of the dissertation. In more details, in this part the author outlines the research strategy, the research method, the research approach, the methods of data collection, the selection of the sample, the research process, the type of data analysis, the ethical considerations and the research limitations of the project. \r\n\r\nThe research held with respect to this dissertation was an applied one, but not new. Rather, numerous pieces of previous academic research exist regarding the role of DMOs in promoting and managing tourist destinations, not only for Athens in specific, but also for other tourist destinations in Greece and other places of the world. As such, the proposed research took the form of a new research but on an existing research subject.\r\n\r\nIn order to satisfy the objectives of the dissertation, a qualitative research was held. The main characteristic of qualitative research is that it is mostly appropriate for small samples, while its outcomes are not measurable and quantifiable (see table 3.1). Its basic advantage, which also constitutes its basic difference with quantitative research, is that it offers a complete description and analysis of a research subject, without limiting the scope of the research and the nature of participant’s responses (Collis \u0026 Hussey, 2003).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36214125,"asset_id":10092020,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2657896,"first_name":"Spyros","last_name":"Langkos","domain_name":"derby","page_name":"spyroslangos","display_name":"Spyros Langkos","profile_url":"https://derby.academia.edu/spyroslangos?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2657896/3929505/38722101/s65_spyros.langkos.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":943,"name":"Tourism Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":4071,"name":"Heritage Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Tourism?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=12135"},{"id":6426,"name":"Content Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis?f_ri=12135"},{"id":11847,"name":"Quantitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":31307,"name":"Marketing Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing_Management?f_ri=12135"},{"id":90962,"name":"Academic research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":123233,"name":"Qualitative data analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_data_analysis?f_ri=12135"},{"id":133265,"name":"Dissertation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissertation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":158591,"name":"Research Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Method?f_ri=12135"},{"id":174353,"name":"Research Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Process?f_ri=12135"},{"id":420087,"name":"Research Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Strategy?f_ri=12135"},{"id":753393,"name":"Methods of Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methods_of_Data_Collection?f_ri=12135"},{"id":923142,"name":"Tourist destination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourist_destination?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1753240,"name":"International Tourism Destination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Tourism_Destination?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1753293,"name":"INDEPENDENT STUDΥ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/INDEPENDENT_STUD%CE%A5?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1753421,"name":"Research Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Approach?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1753434,"name":"Inductive Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inductive_Approach?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1753435,"name":"In Depth Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Depth_Interviews?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1753437,"name":"Research Subject","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Subject?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1753440,"name":"Research Objectives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Objectives?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20146916" data-work_id="20146916" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20146916/A_Front_to_Back_Guide_to_Writing_a_Qualitative_Research_Article">A Front-to-Back Guide to Writing a Qualitative Research Article</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose: This paper offers junior scholars a front-to-back guide to writing an academic, theoretically positioned, qualitative research article in the social sciences. Approach: The paper draws on formal (published) advice from books... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20146916" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose: This paper offers junior scholars a front-to-back guide to writing an academic, theoretically positioned, qualitative research article in the social sciences. <br /><br />Approach: The paper draws on formal (published) advice from books and articles as well as informal (word-of-mouth) advice from senior scholars. <br /><br />Findings: Most qualitative research articles can be divided into four major parts: the frontend, the methods, the findings, and the backend. This paper offers step-by-step instructions for writing each of these four parts. <br /><br />Value: Much of the advice in this paper is taken-for-granted wisdom among senior scholars. This article makes such wisdom available to junior scholars in a concise guide.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20146916" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f90a123a0d0b0cfef2368e5abc3eb631" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54191153,"asset_id":20146916,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54191153/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7106669" href="https://fordham.academia.edu/AhirGopaldas">Ahir Gopaldas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7106669" type="text/json">{"id":7106669,"first_name":"Ahir","last_name":"Gopaldas","domain_name":"fordham","page_name":"AhirGopaldas","display_name":"Ahir Gopaldas","profile_url":"https://fordham.academia.edu/AhirGopaldas?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20146916 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20146916"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20146916, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20146916", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20146916]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20146916").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20146916").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20146916"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences">Social Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1237" type="text/json">{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology">Qualitative methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3136" type="text/json">{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4738" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Writing">Academic Writing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4738" type="text/json">{"id":4738,"name":"Academic Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Writing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20146916]'), work: {"id":20146916,"title":"A Front-to-Back Guide to Writing a Qualitative Research Article","created_at":"2016-01-10T16:47:32.069-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20146916/A_Front_to_Back_Guide_to_Writing_a_Qualitative_Research_Article?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_20146916","summary":"Purpose: This paper offers junior scholars a front-to-back guide to writing an academic, theoretically positioned, qualitative research article in the social sciences. \n\nApproach: The paper draws on formal (published) advice from books and articles as well as informal (word-of-mouth) advice from senior scholars. \n\nFindings: Most qualitative research articles can be divided into four major parts: the frontend, the methods, the findings, and the backend. This paper offers step-by-step instructions for writing each of these four parts. \n\nValue: Much of the advice in this paper is taken-for-granted wisdom among senior scholars. This article makes such wisdom available to junior scholars in a concise guide.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54191153,"asset_id":20146916,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7106669,"first_name":"Ahir","last_name":"Gopaldas","domain_name":"fordham","page_name":"AhirGopaldas","display_name":"Ahir Gopaldas","profile_url":"https://fordham.academia.edu/AhirGopaldas?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":4738,"name":"Academic Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Writing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1442442" data-work_id="1442442" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1442442/Qualitative_research_in_information_systems">Qualitative research in information systems</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Welcome to the ISWorld Section on Qualitative Research in Information Systems (IS). This section aims to provide qualitative researchers in IS -and those wanting to know how to do qualitative research -with useful information on the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1442442" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Welcome to the ISWorld Section on Qualitative Research in Information Systems (IS). This section aims to provide qualitative researchers in IS -and those wanting to know how to do qualitative research -with useful information on the conduct, evaluation and publication of qualitative research.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1442442" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8fe97083c34d67646ab6db1bc89b895a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":11137785,"asset_id":1442442,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/11137785/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1252153" href="https://srbiau.academia.edu/fatemeezzati">fateme ezzati</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1252153" type="text/json">{"id":1252153,"first_name":"fateme","last_name":"ezzati","domain_name":"srbiau","page_name":"fatemeezzati","display_name":"fateme ezzati","profile_url":"https://srbiau.academia.edu/fatemeezzati?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1252153/4879864/5612701/s65_fateme.ezzati.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1442442 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1442442"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1442442, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1442442", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1442442]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1442442").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1442442").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1442442"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems">Information Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37" type="text/json">{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1716" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Research">Action Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1716" type="text/json">{"id":1716,"name":"Action Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1442442]'), work: {"id":1442442,"title":"Qualitative research in information systems","created_at":"2012-02-28T18:46:14.996-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1442442/Qualitative_research_in_information_systems?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_1442442","summary":"Welcome to the ISWorld Section on Qualitative Research in Information Systems (IS). This section aims to provide qualitative researchers in IS -and those wanting to know how to do qualitative research -with useful information on the conduct, evaluation and publication of qualitative research.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":11137785,"asset_id":1442442,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1252153,"first_name":"fateme","last_name":"ezzati","domain_name":"srbiau","page_name":"fatemeezzati","display_name":"fateme ezzati","profile_url":"https://srbiau.academia.edu/fatemeezzati?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1252153/4879864/5612701/s65_fateme.ezzati.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":1716,"name":"Action Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=12135"},{"id":5114,"name":"Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hermeneutics?f_ri=12135"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=12135"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=12135"},{"id":2213585,"name":"Information System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_System?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3053549" data-work_id="3053549" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3053549/Language_and_meaning_Data_collection_in_qualitative_research">Language and meaning: Data collection in qualitative research</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Qualitative research is inquiry aimed at describing and clarifying human experience as it appears in people's lives. Researchers using qualitative methods gather data that serve as evidence for their distilled descriptions. Qualitative... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3053549" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Qualitative research is inquiry aimed at describing and clarifying human experience as it appears in people's lives. Researchers using qualitative methods gather data that serve as evidence for their distilled descriptions. Qualitative data are gathered primarily in the form of spoken or written language rather than in the form of numbers. Possible data sources are interviews with participants, observations, documents, and artifacts. The data are usually transformed into written text for analytic use. Selection of interview participants requires purposive and iterative strategies. Production of interview data requires awareness of the complexity of self-reports and the relation between experience and languaged expression. To generate interview data of sufficient breadth and depth requires practiced skill and time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3053549" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="17dd63333fd07477f3bc592d7c12b031" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30983437,"asset_id":3053549,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30983437/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3510544" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HassanMwandoba">Hassan Mwandoba</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3510544" type="text/json">{"id":3510544,"first_name":"Hassan","last_name":"Mwandoba","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HassanMwandoba","display_name":"Hassan Mwandoba","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HassanMwandoba?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3510544/79227385/67789923/s65_hassan.mwandoba.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3053549 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3053549"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3053549, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3053549", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3053549]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3053549").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3053549").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3053549"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2243" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counseling_Psychology">Counseling Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2243" type="text/json">{"id":2243,"name":"Counseling Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counseling_Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2349" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics">Semantics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2349" type="text/json">{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3053549]'), work: {"id":3053549,"title":"Language and meaning: Data collection in qualitative research","created_at":"2013-03-18T15:59:46.451-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3053549/Language_and_meaning_Data_collection_in_qualitative_research?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_3053549","summary":"Qualitative research is inquiry aimed at describing and clarifying human experience as it appears in people's lives. Researchers using qualitative methods gather data that serve as evidence for their distilled descriptions. Qualitative data are gathered primarily in the form of spoken or written language rather than in the form of numbers. Possible data sources are interviews with participants, observations, documents, and artifacts. The data are usually transformed into written text for analytic use. Selection of interview participants requires purposive and iterative strategies. Production of interview data requires awareness of the complexity of self-reports and the relation between experience and languaged expression. To generate interview data of sufficient breadth and depth requires practiced skill and time.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30983437,"asset_id":3053549,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3510544,"first_name":"Hassan","last_name":"Mwandoba","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HassanMwandoba","display_name":"Hassan Mwandoba","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HassanMwandoba?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3510544/79227385/67789923/s65_hassan.mwandoba.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2243,"name":"Counseling Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counseling_Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=12135"},{"id":62436,"name":"Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interviews?f_ri=12135"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=12135"},{"id":251886,"name":"Participant Observation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participant_Observation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":356201,"name":"Qualitative Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Data?f_ri=12135"},{"id":675549,"name":"Qualitative Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Method?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_746649" data-work_id="746649" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/746649/Methods_of_data_collection_in_qualitative_research_interviews_and_focus_groups">Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/746649" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0401a4aec7cb767ef86a27edea5d128d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":4277246,"asset_id":746649,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4277246/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="278003" href="https://northumbria.academia.edu/PaulGill">Paul Gill</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="278003" type="text/json">{"id":278003,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Gill","domain_name":"northumbria","page_name":"PaulGill","display_name":"Paul Gill","profile_url":"https://northumbria.academia.edu/PaulGill?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/278003/730462/906959/s65_paul.gill.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_746649 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="746649"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 746649, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_746649", }); 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A contribuição da teoria da argumentação EXCERTO.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Título original em italiano: La ricerca qualitativa Publicado por Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna, 2011 Todos os direitos reservados. Nenhuma parte desta obra poderá ser reproduzida ou transmitida por qualquer forma e/ou quaisquer... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34472883" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Título original em italiano: La ricerca qualitativa Publicado por Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna, 2011 Todos os direitos reservados. Nenhuma parte desta obra poderá ser reproduzida ou transmitida por qualquer forma e/ou quaisquer meios (eletrônico ou mecânico, incluindo fotocópia e gravação) ou arquivada em qualquer sistema ou banco de dados sem permissão escrita da editora. (Brasil) ISBN 978-88-15-14980-0 (Itália) Editado conforme o novo acordo ortográfico. Este livro foi composto e impresso pela Editora Vozes Ltda. Sumário Apresentação da coleção, 9 Prefácio, 11 Introdução, 15 1 A pesquisa qualitativa, 23 2 O desenho da pesquisa qualitativa, 46 3 A observação participante, 107 4 A entrevista discursiva, 166 5 O grupo focal, 221 6 Análise da documentação empírica e escrita, 266 Apêndices, 329 Glossário, 339 Referências, 341 Índice analítico, 361 Índice geral, 369</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34472883" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b7a7ad6eae1492491d362a6123619203" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54344846,"asset_id":34472883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54344846/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="168340" href="https://unito.academia.edu/MarioCardano">Mario Cardano</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="168340" type="text/json">{"id":168340,"first_name":"Mario","last_name":"Cardano","domain_name":"unito","page_name":"MarioCardano","display_name":"Mario Cardano","profile_url":"https://unito.academia.edu/MarioCardano?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/168340/42513/142874122/s65_mario.cardano.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34472883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34472883"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34472883, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34472883", }); 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A contribuição da teoria da argumentação EXCERTO.pdf","created_at":"2017-09-05T09:20:09.057-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34472883/CARDANO_Manual_de_pesquisa_qualitativa_A_contribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_teoria_da_argumenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_EXCERTO_pdf?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_34472883","summary":"Título original em italiano: La ricerca qualitativa Publicado por Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna, 2011 Todos os direitos reservados. Nenhuma parte desta obra poderá ser reproduzida ou transmitida por qualquer forma e/ou quaisquer meios (eletrônico ou mecânico, incluindo fotocópia e gravação) ou arquivada em qualquer sistema ou banco de dados sem permissão escrita da editora. (Brasil) ISBN 978-88-15-14980-0 (Itália) Editado conforme o novo acordo ortográfico. Este livro foi composto e impresso pela Editora Vozes Ltda. Sumário Apresentação da coleção, 9 Prefácio, 11 Introdução, 15 1 A pesquisa qualitativa, 23 2 O desenho da pesquisa qualitativa, 46 3 A observação participante, 107 4 A entrevista discursiva, 166 5 O grupo focal, 221 6 Análise da documentação empírica e escrita, 266 Apêndices, 329 Glossário, 339 Referências, 341 Índice analítico, 361 Índice geral, 369","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54344846,"asset_id":34472883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":168340,"first_name":"Mario","last_name":"Cardano","domain_name":"unito","page_name":"MarioCardano","display_name":"Mario Cardano","profile_url":"https://unito.academia.edu/MarioCardano?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/168340/42513/142874122/s65_mario.cardano.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2571,"name":"Qualitative Methods (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods_Sociology_?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3285,"name":"Qualitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":14533,"name":"In-depth Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In-depth_Interviews?f_ri=12135"},{"id":22540,"name":"Qualitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=12135"},{"id":23036,"name":"Argumentation Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Argumentation_Theory?f_ri=12135"},{"id":51053,"name":"Etnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etnography?f_ri=12135"},{"id":95885,"name":"Qualitative Methodologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methodologies?f_ri=12135"},{"id":113272,"name":"Focus Group","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus_Group?f_ri=12135"},{"id":205245,"name":"Pesquisa Qualitativa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesquisa_Qualitativa?f_ri=12135"},{"id":251886,"name":"Participant Observation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participant_Observation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":251894,"name":"Qualitative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Analysis?f_ri=12135"},{"id":514659,"name":"Metodologias de Pesquisa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metodologias_de_Pesquisa?f_ri=12135"},{"id":654066,"name":"Theory of Argumentation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Argumentation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1127823,"name":"Writing Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_949983" data-work_id="949983" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/949983/Bases_de_la_investigaci%C3%B3n_cualitativa_T%C3%A9cnicas_y_procedimientos_para_desarrollar_la_Teor%C3%ADa_Fundamentada">Bases de la investigación cualitativa. Técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la Teoría Fundamentada</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">MATERIAL PARA CURSOS DE ANALISIS DE DATOS CUALITATIVOS <br />MAESTRÍA EN PLANEACION Y DESARROLLO DE LA EDUCACION, UAM-X</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/949983" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="113a4a0de5f2e924b391e58c22aaf1ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5827333,"asset_id":949983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5827333/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="112281" href="https://uam-xochimilco.academia.edu/JorgeRamonZarcoLaveaga">Jorge Ramón Zarco Laveaga</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="112281" type="text/json">{"id":112281,"first_name":"Jorge Ramón","last_name":"Zarco Laveaga","domain_name":"uam-xochimilco","page_name":"JorgeRamonZarcoLaveaga","display_name":"Jorge Ramón Zarco Laveaga","profile_url":"https://uam-xochimilco.academia.edu/JorgeRamonZarcoLaveaga?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/112281/30393/27946/s65_jorge_ram_n.zarco_laveaga.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_949983 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="949983"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 949983, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_949983", }); 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/997438/Validity_and_Reliability_in_Qualitative_Research">Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">With reference to definitions of validity and reliability, and drawing extensively on conceptualisations of qualitative research, this essay examines the correlation between the reliability of effort to find answers to questions about the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_997438" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">With reference to definitions of validity and reliability, and drawing extensively on conceptualisations of qualitative research, this essay examines the correlation 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This is to point out the fundamental position to the role of theory in relation to research; as an inductivist strategy qualitative research tries to confer the correspondence between reality and representation. The problem of validity and reliability in qualitative research is entwined with the definition of qualitative research and the possibility to mirror this in practice to make a qualitative research properly valid and reliable. 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This is to point out the fundamental position to the role of theory in relation to research; as an inductivist strategy qualitative research tries to confer the correspondence between reality and representation. The problem of validity and reliability in qualitative research is entwined with the definition of qualitative research and the possibility to mirror this in practice to make a qualitative research properly valid and reliable. That presents both challenges and chances to qualitative researchers; yet, with taking into consideration qualitative criteria in social research, achieving validity and as well as reliability in qualitative research is not impossible.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":6108035,"asset_id":997438,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":432388,"first_name":"Mohammed Ali","last_name":"Bapir","domain_name":"warwick","page_name":"MohammedAliBapir","display_name":"Mohammed Ali Bapir","profile_url":"https://warwick.academia.edu/MohammedAliBapir?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/432388/102179/12403843/s65_mohammed_ali.bapir.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3285,"name":"Qualitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":19870,"name":"Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":46694,"name":"Validity Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Validity_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":64654,"name":"Social Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":298035,"name":"Validity and Reliability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Validity_and_Reliability?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20972329" data-work_id="20972329" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20972329/Three_Approaches_to_Case_Study_Methods_in_Education_Yin_Merriam_and_Stake">Three Approaches to Case Study Methods in Education: Yin, Merriam, and Stake</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Case study methodology has long been a contested terrain in social sciences research which is characterized by varying, sometimes opposing, approaches espoused by many research methodologists. Despite being one of the most frequently used... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20972329" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Case study methodology has long been a contested terrain in social sciences research which is characterized by varying, sometimes opposing, approaches espoused by many research methodologists. Despite being one of the most frequently used qualitative research methodologies in educational research, the methodologists do not have a full consensus on the design and implementation of case study, which hampers its full evolution. Focusing on the landmark works of three prominent methodologists, namely Robert Yin, Sharan Merriam, Robert Stake, I attempt to scrutinize the areas where their perspectives diverge, converge and complement one another in varying dimensions of case study research. I aim to help the emerging researchers in the field of education familiarize themselves with the diverse views regarding case study that lead to a vast array of techniques and strategies, out of which they can come up with a combined perspective which best serves their research purpose.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20972329" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1bac1655271291f61a650e879553af3f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41652542,"asset_id":20972329,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41652542/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="270237" href="https://utsa.academia.edu/BedrettinYazan">Bedrettin Yazan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="270237" type="text/json">{"id":270237,"first_name":"Bedrettin","last_name":"Yazan","domain_name":"utsa","page_name":"BedrettinYazan","display_name":"Bedrettin Yazan","profile_url":"https://utsa.academia.edu/BedrettinYazan?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/270237/66298/489281/s65_bedrettin.yazan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20972329 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20972329"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20972329, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20972329", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20972329]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20972329").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20972329").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20972329"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology">Qualitative methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3136" type="text/json">{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4702" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study_Research">Case Study Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4702" type="text/json">{"id":4702,"name":"Case Study Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96047" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study">Case Study</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="96047" type="text/json">{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20972329]'), work: {"id":20972329,"title":"Three Approaches to Case Study Methods in Education: Yin, Merriam, and Stake","created_at":"2016-01-27T12:27:59.467-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20972329/Three_Approaches_to_Case_Study_Methods_in_Education_Yin_Merriam_and_Stake?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_20972329","summary":"Case study methodology has long been a contested terrain in social sciences research which is characterized by varying, sometimes opposing, approaches espoused by many research methodologists. Despite being one of the most frequently used qualitative research methodologies in educational research, the methodologists do not have a full consensus on the design and implementation of case study, which hampers its full evolution. Focusing on the landmark works of three prominent methodologists, namely Robert Yin, Sharan Merriam, Robert Stake, I attempt to scrutinize the areas where their perspectives diverge, converge and complement one another in varying dimensions of case study research. I aim to help the emerging researchers in the field of education familiarize themselves with the diverse views regarding case study that lead to a vast array of techniques and strategies, out of which they can come up with a combined perspective which best serves their research purpose.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41652542,"asset_id":20972329,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":270237,"first_name":"Bedrettin","last_name":"Yazan","domain_name":"utsa","page_name":"BedrettinYazan","display_name":"Bedrettin Yazan","profile_url":"https://utsa.academia.edu/BedrettinYazan?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/270237/66298/489281/s65_bedrettin.yazan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":4702,"name":"Case Study Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":764445,"name":"Qualitative case study research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_case_study_research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1265079,"name":"Qualitative Case Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Case_Studies?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1441361,"name":"Research Methods In ELT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methods_In_ELT?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2082363" data-work_id="2082363" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2082363/Perceptions_of_EFL_Primary_School_Teachers_towards_CALL_page_339_">Perceptions of EFL Primary School Teachers towards CALL (page 339)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper focuses on life-log in computer supported ubiquitous learning environments. In ubiquitous learning, lifelog is one of important technologies to capture and reuse individual and/or collaborative learning process at anytime and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2082363" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper focuses on life-log in computer supported ubiquitous learning environments. In ubiquitous learning, lifelog is one of important technologies to capture and reuse individual and/or collaborative learning process at anytime and anywhere. In this task, I will talk about LORAMS (Link of RFID and Movies System), which supports the learners with a system to share and reuse learning experience by linking movies and environmental objects. These movies are not only related to classroom activities but also to daily experiences. In this system, you can share these movies with other people. LORAMS can infer some contexts from objects around the learner, and search for shared movies that match with the contexts. We think that these movies are very useful to learn various kinds of subjects. We conducted experiments in the context of computer assembling, cooking, and handicrafts. Finally, the findings and analysis are described.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2082363" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="815e0802910d7206b0aa52eb5ad167b5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30872641,"asset_id":2082363,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30872641/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2716768" href="https://cukurova.academia.edu/G%C3%BCls%C3%BCm%C3%96zerol">Gülsüm Özerol</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2716768" type="text/json">{"id":2716768,"first_name":"Gülsüm","last_name":"Özerol","domain_name":"cukurova","page_name":"GülsümÖzerol","display_name":"Gülsüm Özerol","profile_url":"https://cukurova.academia.edu/G%C3%BCls%C3%BCm%C3%96zerol?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2716768/874558/1092599/s65_g_ls_m._zerol.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2082363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2082363"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2082363, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2082363", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2082363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2082363; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2082363"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2082363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2082363"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2082363; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2082363]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2082363").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2082363").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2082363"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1009" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Assisted_Language_Learning">Computer Assisted Language Learning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1009" type="text/json">{"id":1009,"name":"Computer Assisted Language Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Assisted_Language_Learning?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7820" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Research">Teacher Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7820" type="text/json">{"id":7820,"name":"Teacher Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9246" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media">Social Media</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9246" type="text/json">{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2082363]'), work: {"id":2082363,"title":"Perceptions of EFL Primary School Teachers towards CALL (page 339)","created_at":"2012-11-02T19:39:31.641-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2082363/Perceptions_of_EFL_Primary_School_Teachers_towards_CALL_page_339_?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_2082363","summary":"This paper focuses on life-log in computer supported ubiquitous learning environments. In ubiquitous learning, lifelog is one of important technologies to capture and reuse individual and/or collaborative learning process at anytime and anywhere. In this task, I will talk about LORAMS (Link of RFID and Movies System), which supports the learners with a system to share and reuse learning experience by linking movies and environmental objects. These movies are not only related to classroom activities but also to daily experiences. In this system, you can share these movies with other people. LORAMS can infer some contexts from objects around the learner, and search for shared movies that match with the contexts. We think that these movies are very useful to learn various kinds of subjects. We conducted experiments in the context of computer assembling, cooking, and handicrafts. Finally, the findings and analysis are described.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30872641,"asset_id":2082363,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2716768,"first_name":"Gülsüm","last_name":"Özerol","domain_name":"cukurova","page_name":"GülsümÖzerol","display_name":"Gülsüm Özerol","profile_url":"https://cukurova.academia.edu/G%C3%BCls%C3%BCm%C3%96zerol?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2716768/874558/1092599/s65_g_ls_m._zerol.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1009,"name":"Computer Assisted Language Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Assisted_Language_Learning?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":7820,"name":"Teacher Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":20685,"name":"ESP, EFL. CALL","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ESP_EFL._CALL?f_ri=12135"},{"id":29169,"name":"Reflection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reflection?f_ri=12135"},{"id":48095,"name":"CALL","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CALL?f_ri=12135"},{"id":50024,"name":"Language Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Teaching?f_ri=12135"},{"id":50569,"name":"Language Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Learning?f_ri=12135"},{"id":61225,"name":"ELT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ELT?f_ri=12135"},{"id":228806,"name":"Teacher Reflection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Reflection?f_ri=12135"},{"id":583136,"name":"Modern Foreign Languages Teaching and Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Foreign_Languages_Teaching_and_Learning?f_ri=12135"},{"id":769010,"name":"MFL","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MFL?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26534736" data-work_id="26534736" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26534736/O_M%C3%89TODO_DO_ESTUDO_DE_CASO_1_Fl%C3%A1vio_Bressan_FEA_USP">O MÉTODO DO ESTUDO DE CASO 1 Flávio Bressan -FEA-USP</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The method of Case Study has been a frequent target of criticism and has been regarded more as a teaching resource or just as a way to generate initial insights. But if well used, it can be a meaningful tool for the study of many... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26534736" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The method of Case Study has been a frequent target of criticism and has been regarded more as a teaching resource or just as a way to generate initial insights. But if well used, it can be a meaningful  tool for the study of many problems in management for the difficulty of isolating them from their context in real life and where the body of knowledge is insufficient to support the proposition of formal issues. Therefore, when deciding on this research method, the investigator should keep in mind its dangers and criticism, and take the proper precautions and care to avoid them or minimize their consequences. This paper presents the concepts of the case-study method and its use, prejudices and criticism, the case-study design and development, and findings reports.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26534736" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="21e51e3e3d8799bbb388351606dba68b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46828876,"asset_id":26534736,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46828876/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32294572" href="https://puc-campinas.academia.edu/Fl%C3%A1vioBressan">Flávio Bressan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32294572" type="text/json">{"id":32294572,"first_name":"Flávio","last_name":"Bressan","domain_name":"puc-campinas","page_name":"FlávioBressan","display_name":"Flávio Bressan","profile_url":"https://puc-campinas.academia.edu/Fl%C3%A1vioBressan?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32294572/9664075/10763694/s65_fl_vio.bressan.jpg_oh_b0c611a3757b4f213c9cefd99edf3b9b_oe_55f08ba0___gda___1442152217_fd6891be72eb58918747be110e184906"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26534736 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26534736"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26534736, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26534736", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26534736]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26534736").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26534736").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26534736"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology">Qualitative methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3136" type="text/json">{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26534736]'), work: {"id":26534736,"title":"O MÉTODO DO ESTUDO DE CASO 1 Flávio Bressan -FEA-USP","created_at":"2016-06-27T06:09:38.136-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26534736/O_M%C3%89TODO_DO_ESTUDO_DE_CASO_1_Fl%C3%A1vio_Bressan_FEA_USP?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_26534736","summary":"The method of Case Study has been a frequent target of criticism and has been regarded more as a teaching resource or just as a way to generate initial insights. But if well used, it can be a meaningful tool for the study of many problems in management for the difficulty of isolating them from their context in real life and where the body of knowledge is insufficient to support the proposition of formal issues. Therefore, when deciding on this research method, the investigator should keep in mind its dangers and criticism, and take the proper precautions and care to avoid them or minimize their consequences. This paper presents the concepts of the case-study method and its use, prejudices and criticism, the case-study design and development, and findings reports.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46828876,"asset_id":26534736,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32294572,"first_name":"Flávio","last_name":"Bressan","domain_name":"puc-campinas","page_name":"FlávioBressan","display_name":"Flávio Bressan","profile_url":"https://puc-campinas.academia.edu/Fl%C3%A1vioBressan?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32294572/9664075/10763694/s65_fl_vio.bressan.jpg_oh_b0c611a3757b4f213c9cefd99edf3b9b_oe_55f08ba0___gda___1442152217_fd6891be72eb58918747be110e184906"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40812365" data-work_id="40812365" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40812365/Research_Paradigms_and_Meaning_Making_A_Primer">Research Paradigms and Meaning Making: A Primer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An introduction and explanation of the epistemological differences of quantitative and qualitative research paradigms is first provided, followed by an overview of the realist philosophical paradigm, which attempts to accommodate the two.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40812365" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An introduction and explanation of the epistemological differences of quantitative and qualitative research paradigms is first provided, followed by an overview of the realist philosophical paradigm, which attempts to accommodate the two. From this foundational discussion, the paper then introduces the concept of meaning making in research methods and looks at how meaning is generated from qualitative data analysis specifically. Finally, some examples from the literature of how meaning can be constructed and organized using a qualitative data analysis approach are provided. The paper aims to provide an introduction to research methodologies, coupled with a discussion on how meaning making actually occurs through qualitative data analysis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40812365" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8a1ce07ca5dd50c85ef13e9ff42f53b5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61095445,"asset_id":40812365,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61095445/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2598365" href="https://drlatiffah.academia.edu/StevenKrauss">Steven Krauss</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2598365" type="text/json">{"id":2598365,"first_name":"Steven","last_name":"Krauss","domain_name":"drlatiffah","page_name":"StevenKrauss","display_name":"Steven Krauss","profile_url":"https://drlatiffah.academia.edu/StevenKrauss?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2598365/818658/30560169/s65_steven.krauss.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40812365 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40812365"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40812365, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40812365", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40812365]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40812365").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40812365").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40812365"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="815" type="text/json">{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology">Qualitative methodology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3136" type="text/json">{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40812365]'), work: {"id":40812365,"title":"Research Paradigms and Meaning Making: A Primer","created_at":"2019-11-01T15:57:34.387-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40812365/Research_Paradigms_and_Meaning_Making_A_Primer?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_40812365","summary":"An introduction and explanation of the epistemological differences of quantitative and qualitative research paradigms is first provided, followed by an overview of the realist philosophical paradigm, which attempts to accommodate the two. From this foundational discussion, the paper then introduces the concept of meaning making in research methods and looks at how meaning is generated from qualitative data analysis specifically. Finally, some examples from the literature of how meaning can be constructed and organized using a qualitative data analysis approach are provided. The paper aims to provide an introduction to research methodologies, coupled with a discussion on how meaning making actually occurs through qualitative data analysis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61095445,"asset_id":40812365,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2598365,"first_name":"Steven","last_name":"Krauss","domain_name":"drlatiffah","page_name":"StevenKrauss","display_name":"Steven Krauss","profile_url":"https://drlatiffah.academia.edu/StevenKrauss?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2598365/818658/30560169/s65_steven.krauss.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3285,"name":"Qualitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods?f_ri=12135"},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=12135"},{"id":5187,"name":"Statistical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Analysis?f_ri=12135"},{"id":11847,"name":"Quantitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":22540,"name":"Qualitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=12135"},{"id":96288,"name":"The qualitative report","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_qualitative_report?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_709185" data-work_id="709185" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/709185/Analysing_and_presenting_qualitative_data">Analysing and presenting qualitative data</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Analysing and presenting qualitative data is one of the most confusing aspects of qualitative research.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/709185" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7936d5299388b7a7c523f7151d0d17c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":4000615,"asset_id":709185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4000615/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="278003" href="https://northumbria.academia.edu/PaulGill">Paul Gill</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="278003" type="text/json">{"id":278003,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Gill","domain_name":"northumbria","page_name":"PaulGill","display_name":"Paul Gill","profile_url":"https://northumbria.academia.edu/PaulGill?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/278003/730462/906959/s65_paul.gill.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_709185 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="709185"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 709185, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_709185", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_709185 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 709185; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_709185"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_709185 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="709185"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 709185; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=709185]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_709185").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_709185").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="709185"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology">Qualitative methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3136" type="text/json">{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4205" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis">Data Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4205" type="text/json">{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10416" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Health_Research">Qualitative Health Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10416" type="text/json">{"id":10416,"name":"Qualitative Health Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Health_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=709185]'), work: {"id":709185,"title":"Analysing and presenting qualitative data","created_at":"2011-06-30T23:46:36.239-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/709185/Analysing_and_presenting_qualitative_data?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_709185","summary":"Analysing and presenting qualitative data is one of the most confusing aspects of qualitative research.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4000615,"asset_id":709185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":278003,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Gill","domain_name":"northumbria","page_name":"PaulGill","display_name":"Paul Gill","profile_url":"https://northumbria.academia.edu/PaulGill?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/278003/730462/906959/s65_paul.gill.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":10416,"name":"Qualitative Health Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Health_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34783972" data-work_id="34783972" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34783972/_I_dont_need_people_to_tell_me_Im_pretty_on_social_media_A_qualitative_study_of_social_media_and_body_image_in_early_adolescent_females">"I don't need people to tell me I'm pretty on social media:" A qualitative study of social media and body image in early adolescent females</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Social media appear to contribute to body dissatisfaction in adolescents, although few empirical studies exist. This study used six focus groups (total N=38) to explore relations between social media use and body image in early adolescent... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34783972" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Social media appear to contribute to body dissatisfaction in adolescents, although few empirical studies exist. This study used six focus groups (total N=38) to explore relations between social media use and body image in early adolescent girls (ages 12–14). Thematic analysis identified patterns in the data. In this sample, social media use was high. Girls endorsed some appearance concerns and social comparison, particularly with peers. However, they displayed high media literacy, appreciation of differences, and confidence, strategies that appeared helpful in mitigating the potential negative association between social media exposure and body image. Girls reported these characteristics were nurtured by positive parental influence and a supportive school environment. Results support an ecological approach to the prevention of body dissatisfaction. Although peer influence strengthens throughout adolescence, current findings suggest that parents and the school environment are associated with girls’ attitudes and behaviors regarding social media and body image.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34783972" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8f555f8005137bbf73a5f7e1733c8ac0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54642972,"asset_id":34783972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54642972/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45246926" href="https://vcu.academia.edu/BlairBurnette">Blair Burnette</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45246926" type="text/json">{"id":45246926,"first_name":"Blair","last_name":"Burnette","domain_name":"vcu","page_name":"BlairBurnette","display_name":"Blair Burnette","profile_url":"https://vcu.academia.edu/BlairBurnette?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45246926/12025326/17949227/s65_blair.burnette.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34783972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34783972"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34783972, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34783972", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34783972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34783972; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34783972"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34783972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34783972"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34783972; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34783972]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34783972").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34783972").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34783972"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="243" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Psychology">Positive Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="243" type="text/json">{"id":243,"name":"Positive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4193" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus_Groups">Focus Groups</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4193" type="text/json">{"id":4193,"name":"Focus Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus_Groups?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8882" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women">Women</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8882" type="text/json">{"id":8882,"name":"Women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9246" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media">Social Media</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9246" type="text/json">{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34783972]'), work: {"id":34783972,"title":"\"I don't need people to tell me I'm pretty on social media:\" A qualitative study of social media and body image in early adolescent females","created_at":"2017-10-06T10:07:25.802-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34783972/_I_dont_need_people_to_tell_me_Im_pretty_on_social_media_A_qualitative_study_of_social_media_and_body_image_in_early_adolescent_females?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_34783972","summary":"Social media appear to contribute to body dissatisfaction in adolescents, although few empirical studies exist. This study used six focus groups (total N=38) to explore relations between social media use and body image in early adolescent girls (ages 12–14). Thematic analysis identified patterns in the data. In this sample, social media use was high. Girls endorsed some appearance concerns and social comparison, particularly with peers. However, they displayed high media literacy, appreciation of differences, and confidence, strategies that appeared helpful in mitigating the potential negative association between social media exposure and body image. Girls reported these characteristics were nurtured by positive parental influence and a supportive school environment. Results support an ecological approach to the prevention of body dissatisfaction. Although peer influence strengthens throughout adolescence, current findings suggest that parents and the school environment are associated with girls’ attitudes and behaviors regarding social media and body image.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54642972,"asset_id":34783972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45246926,"first_name":"Blair","last_name":"Burnette","domain_name":"vcu","page_name":"BlairBurnette","display_name":"Blair Burnette","profile_url":"https://vcu.academia.edu/BlairBurnette?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45246926/12025326/17949227/s65_blair.burnette.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":243,"name":"Positive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":4193,"name":"Focus Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus_Groups?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":8882,"name":"Women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":12693,"name":"Body Image","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Image?f_ri=12135"},{"id":24443,"name":"Adolescence (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescence_Psychology_?f_ri=12135"},{"id":82944,"name":"Adolescence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescence?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31122205 coauthored" data-work_id="31122205" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31122205/Why_Papers_Are_Rejected_and_How_to_Get_Yours_Accepted_Advice_on_the_Construction_of_Interpretive_Consumer_Research_Articles">Why Papers Are Rejected and How to Get Yours Accepted: Advice on the Construction of Interpretive Consumer Research Articles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose – Interpretive consumer researchers frequently devote months, if not years, to writing a new paper. Despite their best efforts, the vast majority of these papers are rejected by top academic journals. This paper aims to explain... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31122205" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose – Interpretive consumer researchers frequently devote months, if not years, to writing a new paper. Despite their best efforts, the vast majority of these papers are rejected by top academic journals. This paper aims to explain some of the key reasons that scholarly articles are rejected and illuminate how to reduce the likelihood of rejection.<br /><br />Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a dialogical collaboration between a co-editor of the Journal of Consumer Research and two junior scholars who represent the intended audience of this paper. Each common reason for rejecting papers, labeled as Problems 1-8, is followed by precautionary measures and detailed examples, labeled as solutions.<br /><br />Findings – The paper offers eight pieces of advice on the construction of interpretive consumer research articles: (1) Clearly indicate which theoretical conversation your paper is joining as early as possible. (2) Join a conversation that belongs in your target journal. (3) Conclude your review of the conversation with gaps, problems and questions. (4) Only ask research questions that your data can answer. (5) Build your descriptive observations about contexts into theoretical claims about concepts. (6) Explain both how things are and why things are the way that they are. (7) Illustrate your theoretical claims with data and support them with theoretical argumentation. (8) Advance the theoretical conversation in a novel and radical way.<br /><br />Originality/value – The goal of this paper is to help interpretive consumer researchers, especially junior scholars, publish more papers in top academic journals such as the Journal of Consumer Research.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31122205" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a4d8b2f93adb0923ca5af5d3d4d8ee1a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51557587,"asset_id":31122205,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51557587/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32848410" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EileenFischer">Eileen Fischer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32848410" type="text/json">{"id":32848410,"first_name":"Eileen","last_name":"Fischer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EileenFischer","display_name":"Eileen Fischer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EileenFischer?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-31122205">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-31122205"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://fordham.academia.edu/AhirGopaldas">Ahir Gopaldas</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uc-cl.academia.edu/DaianeScaraboto">Daiane Scaraboto</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-31122205'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-31122205').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31122205 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31122205"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31122205, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31122205", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31122205 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31122205; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31122205"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31122205 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31122205"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31122205; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31122205]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31122205").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31122205").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31122205"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31122205]'), work: {"id":31122205,"title":"Why Papers Are Rejected and How to Get Yours Accepted: Advice on the Construction of Interpretive Consumer Research Articles","created_at":"2017-01-30T10:13:16.830-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31122205/Why_Papers_Are_Rejected_and_How_to_Get_Yours_Accepted_Advice_on_the_Construction_of_Interpretive_Consumer_Research_Articles?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_31122205","summary":"Purpose – Interpretive consumer researchers frequently devote months, if not years, to writing a new paper. Despite their best efforts, the vast majority of these papers are rejected by top academic journals. This paper aims to explain some of the key reasons that scholarly articles are rejected and illuminate how to reduce the likelihood of rejection.\n\nDesign/methodology/approach – This paper is a dialogical collaboration between a co-editor of the Journal of Consumer Research and two junior scholars who represent the intended audience of this paper. Each common reason for rejecting papers, labeled as Problems 1-8, is followed by precautionary measures and detailed examples, labeled as solutions.\n\nFindings – The paper offers eight pieces of advice on the construction of interpretive consumer research articles: (1) Clearly indicate which theoretical conversation your paper is joining as early as possible. (2) Join a conversation that belongs in your target journal. (3) Conclude your review of the conversation with gaps, problems and questions. (4) Only ask research questions that your data can answer. (5) Build your descriptive observations about contexts into theoretical claims about concepts. (6) Explain both how things are and why things are the way that they are. (7) Illustrate your theoretical claims with data and support them with theoretical argumentation. (8) Advance the theoretical conversation in a novel and radical way.\n\nOriginality/value – The goal of this paper is to help interpretive consumer researchers, especially junior scholars, publish more papers in top academic journals such as the Journal of Consumer Research.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51557587,"asset_id":31122205,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32848410,"first_name":"Eileen","last_name":"Fischer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EileenFischer","display_name":"Eileen Fischer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EileenFischer?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":7106669,"first_name":"Ahir","last_name":"Gopaldas","domain_name":"fordham","page_name":"AhirGopaldas","display_name":"Ahir Gopaldas","profile_url":"https://fordham.academia.edu/AhirGopaldas?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":105296,"first_name":"Daiane","last_name":"Scaraboto","domain_name":"uc-cl","page_name":"DaianeScaraboto","display_name":"Daiane Scaraboto","profile_url":"https://uc-cl.academia.edu/DaianeScaraboto?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/105296/28977/16789434/s65_daiane.scaraboto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2094136" data-work_id="2094136" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2094136/Defining_cyberbullying_A_qualitative_research_into_the_perceptions_of_youngsters">Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Data from 53 focus groups, which involved students from 10 to 18 years old, show that youngsters often interpret "cyberbullying" as "Internet bullying" and associate the phenomenon with a wide range of practices. In order to be considered... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2094136" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Data from 53 focus groups, which involved students from 10 to 18 years old, show that youngsters often interpret "cyberbullying" as "Internet bullying" and associate the phenomenon with a wide range of practices. In order to be considered "true" cyberbullying, these practices must meet several criteria. They should be intended to hurt (by the perpetrator) and perceived as hurtful (by the victim); be part of a repetitive pattern of negative offline or online actions; and be performed in a relationship characterized by a power imbalance (based on "real-life" power criteria, such as physical strength or age, and/or on ICT-related criteria such as technological know-how and anonymity). 499 VANDEBOSCH AND VAN CLEEMPUT 500</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2094136" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="48fe6527117103e1f745f752e6110720" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30163464,"asset_id":2094136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30163464/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2199566" href="https://antwerp.academia.edu/HeidiVandebosch">Heidi Vandebosch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2199566" type="text/json">{"id":2199566,"first_name":"Heidi","last_name":"Vandebosch","domain_name":"antwerp","page_name":"HeidiVandebosch","display_name":"Heidi Vandebosch","profile_url":"https://antwerp.academia.edu/HeidiVandebosch?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2199566/705449/876212/s65_heidi.vandebosch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2094136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2094136"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2094136, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2094136", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2094136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2094136; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2094136"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2094136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2094136"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2094136; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2094136]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2094136").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2094136").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2094136"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems">Information Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37" type="text/json">{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1580" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberpsychology">Cyberpsychology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1580" type="text/json">{"id":1580,"name":"Cyberpsychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberpsychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2094136]'), work: {"id":2094136,"title":"Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters","created_at":"2012-11-05T18:40:24.151-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2094136/Defining_cyberbullying_A_qualitative_research_into_the_perceptions_of_youngsters?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_2094136","summary":"Data from 53 focus groups, which involved students from 10 to 18 years old, show that youngsters often interpret \"cyberbullying\" as \"Internet bullying\" and associate the phenomenon with a wide range of practices. In order to be considered \"true\" cyberbullying, these practices must meet several criteria. They should be intended to hurt (by the perpetrator) and perceived as hurtful (by the victim); be part of a repetitive pattern of negative offline or online actions; and be performed in a relationship characterized by a power imbalance (based on \"real-life\" power criteria, such as physical strength or age, and/or on ICT-related criteria such as technological know-how and anonymity). 499 VANDEBOSCH AND VAN CLEEMPUT 500","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30163464,"asset_id":2094136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2199566,"first_name":"Heidi","last_name":"Vandebosch","domain_name":"antwerp","page_name":"HeidiVandebosch","display_name":"Heidi Vandebosch","profile_url":"https://antwerp.academia.edu/HeidiVandebosch?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2199566/705449/876212/s65_heidi.vandebosch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":1580,"name":"Cyberpsychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberpsychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":4193,"name":"Focus Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus_Groups?f_ri=12135"},{"id":8202,"name":"Cell Phones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Phones?f_ri=12135"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":18440,"name":"Social Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Perception?f_ri=12135"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=12135"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=12135"},{"id":82732,"name":"Aggression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aggression?f_ri=12135"},{"id":116271,"name":"Child Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Psychology?f_ri=12135"},{"id":118928,"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_and_Adolescent_Psychology?f_ri=12135"},{"id":855798,"name":"Cyberpsychology \u0026 Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberpsychology_and_Behavior?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1000427,"name":"Reference Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reference_Values?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1191356,"name":"Internet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1302828,"name":"Psychology Social","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_Social?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4853811" data-work_id="4853811" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4853811/The_qualitative_research_interview">The qualitative research interview</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">BACKGROUND Interviews are among the most familiar strategies for collecting qualitative data. The different qualitative interviewing strategies in common use emerged from diverse disciplinary perspectives resulting in a wide variation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4853811" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">BACKGROUND Interviews are among the most familiar strategies for collecting qualitative data. The different qualitative interviewing strategies in common use emerged from diverse disciplinary perspectives resulting in a wide variation among interviewing approaches. Unlike the highly structured survey interviews and questionnaires used in epidemiology and most health services research, we examine less structured interview strategies in which the person interviewed is more a participant in meaning making than a conduit from which information is retrieved.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4853811" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="88fe5007812c49e38f47ea78db277f36" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32135295,"asset_id":4853811,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32135295/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6300628" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GlenLekgau">Glen Lekgau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6300628" type="text/json">{"id":6300628,"first_name":"Glen","last_name":"Lekgau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GlenLekgau","display_name":"Glen Lekgau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GlenLekgau?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6300628/89041455/77748623/s65_glen.lekgau.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4853811 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4853811"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4853811, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4853811", }); 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The different qualitative interviewing strategies in common use emerged from diverse disciplinary perspectives resulting in a wide variation among interviewing approaches. Unlike the highly structured survey interviews and questionnaires used in epidemiology and most health services research, we examine less structured interview strategies in which the person interviewed is more a participant in meaning making than a conduit from which information is retrieved.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32135295,"asset_id":4853811,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6300628,"first_name":"Glen","last_name":"Lekgau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GlenLekgau","display_name":"Glen Lekgau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GlenLekgau?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6300628/89041455/77748623/s65_glen.lekgau.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":172809,"name":"Interpersonal Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal_Relations?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8400345" data-work_id="8400345" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8400345/qualitative_research_in_linguistics">qualitative research in linguistics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8400345" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7c313daa3381ee03cde1415df9676195" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34796568,"asset_id":8400345,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34796568/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3281151" href="https://unirow.academia.edu/AnangMardani">Anang Mardani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3281151" type="text/json">{"id":3281151,"first_name":"Anang","last_name":"Mardani","domain_name":"unirow","page_name":"AnangMardani","display_name":"Anang Mardani","profile_url":"https://unirow.academia.edu/AnangMardani?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3281151/1088540/5379248/s65_anang.mardani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8400345 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8400345"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8400345, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8400345", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8400345]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8400345").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8400345").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8400345"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology">Qualitative methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3136" type="text/json">{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics">Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15674" type="text/json">{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8400345]'), work: {"id":8400345,"title":"qualitative research in linguistics","created_at":"2014-09-19T10:06:54.434-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8400345/qualitative_research_in_linguistics?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_8400345","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34796568,"asset_id":8400345,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3281151,"first_name":"Anang","last_name":"Mardani","domain_name":"unirow","page_name":"AnangMardani","display_name":"Anang Mardani","profile_url":"https://unirow.academia.edu/AnangMardani?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3281151/1088540/5379248/s65_anang.mardani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":95885,"name":"Qualitative Methodologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methodologies?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12401631 coauthored" data-work_id="12401631" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12401631/Content_analysis_and_thematic_analysis_Implications_for_conducting_a_qualitative_descriptive_study">Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis are two commonly used approaches in data analysis of nursing research, but boundaries between the two have not been clearly specified. In other words, they are being used interchangeably... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12401631" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis are two commonly used approaches in data analysis of nursing research, but boundaries between the two have not been clearly specified. In other words, they are being used interchangeably and it seems difficult for the researcher to choose between them. In this respect, this paper describes and discusses the boundaries between qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis and presents implications to improve the consistency between the purpose of related studies and the method of data analyses. This is a discussion paper, comprising an analytical overview and discussion of the definitions, aims, philosophical background, data gathering, and analysis of content analysis and thematic analysis, and addressing their methodological subtleties. It is concluded that in spite of many similarities between the approaches, including cutting across data and searching for patterns and themes, their main difference lies in the opportunity for quantification of data. It means that measuring the frequency of different categories and themes is possible in content analysis with caution as a proxy for significance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12401631" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aed31ab633b9f38a53df0b27b90c76c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46208392,"asset_id":12401631,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46208392/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31166532" href="https://uef.academia.edu/HanneleTurunen">Hannele Turunen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31166532" type="text/json">{"id":31166532,"first_name":"Hannele","last_name":"Turunen","domain_name":"uef","page_name":"HanneleTurunen","display_name":"Hannele Turunen","profile_url":"https://uef.academia.edu/HanneleTurunen?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12401631">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12401631"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/TereseBondas">Terese Bondas</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12401631'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12401631').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12401631 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12401631"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12401631; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12401631]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12401631").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12401631").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12401631"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing">Nursing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="588" type="text/json">{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="410370" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1">Public health systems and services research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="410370" type="text/json">{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="901876" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity">Sensitivity and Specificity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="901876" type="text/json">{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12401631]'), work: {"id":12401631,"title":"Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study","created_at":"2015-05-15T12:37:24.885-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12401631/Content_analysis_and_thematic_analysis_Implications_for_conducting_a_qualitative_descriptive_study?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_12401631","summary":"Qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis are two commonly used approaches in data analysis of nursing research, but boundaries between the two have not been clearly specified. In other words, they are being used interchangeably and it seems difficult for the researcher to choose between them. In this respect, this paper describes and discusses the boundaries between qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis and presents implications to improve the consistency between the purpose of related studies and the method of data analyses. This is a discussion paper, comprising an analytical overview and discussion of the definitions, aims, philosophical background, data gathering, and analysis of content analysis and thematic analysis, and addressing their methodological subtleties. It is concluded that in spite of many similarities between the approaches, including cutting across data and searching for patterns and themes, their main difference lies in the opportunity for quantification of data. It means that measuring the frequency of different categories and themes is possible in content analysis with caution as a proxy for significance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46208392,"asset_id":12401631,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31166532,"first_name":"Hannele","last_name":"Turunen","domain_name":"uef","page_name":"HanneleTurunen","display_name":"Hannele Turunen","profile_url":"https://uef.academia.edu/HanneleTurunen?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":31238518,"first_name":"Terese","last_name":"Bondas","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TereseBondas","display_name":"Terese Bondas","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TereseBondas?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":1147017,"name":"I.J. KEARNS Health Sciences NURSING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/I.J._KEARNS_Health_Sciences_NURSING?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31262974" data-work_id="31262974" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31262974/The_Five_Question_Method_for_Framing_a_Qualitative_Research_Study">The Five-Question Method for Framing a Qualitative Research Study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Five-Question Method is an approach to framing Qualitative Research, focusing on the methodologies of five of the major traditions in qualitative research: biography, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study. Asking... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31262974" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Five-Question Method is an approach to framing Qualitative Research, focusing on the methodologies of five of the major traditions in qualitative research: biography, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study. Asking Five Questions, novice researchers select a methodology appropriate to the desired perspective on the selected topic. The Method facilitates identifying and writing a Problem Statement. Through taking a future perspective, the researcher discovers the importance and direction of the study and composes a Purpose Statement. The process develops an overarching research question integrating the purpose and the research problem. The role of the researcher and management of assumptions and biases is discussed. The Five-Question Method simplifies the framing process promoting quality in qualitative research design. A course outline is appended.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31262974" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="25ad8ef44550a72a63135685700c00d9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51666615,"asset_id":31262974,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51666615/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="59728889" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MccaslinM">Mark Mccaslin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="59728889" type="text/json">{"id":59728889,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Mccaslin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MccaslinM","display_name":"Mark Mccaslin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MccaslinM?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31262974 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31262974"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31262974, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31262974", }); 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Asking Five Questions, novice researchers select a methodology appropriate to the desired perspective on the selected topic. The Method facilitates identifying and writing a Problem Statement. Through taking a future perspective, the researcher discovers the importance and direction of the study and composes a Purpose Statement. The process develops an overarching research question integrating the purpose and the research problem. The role of the researcher and management of assumptions and biases is discussed. The Five-Question Method simplifies the framing process promoting quality in qualitative research design. A course outline is appended.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51666615,"asset_id":31262974,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59728889,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Mccaslin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MccaslinM","display_name":"Mark Mccaslin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MccaslinM?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4702,"name":"Case Study Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":13675,"name":"Grounded Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grounded_Theory?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":96288,"name":"The qualitative report","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_qualitative_report?f_ri=12135"},{"id":832558,"name":"Process Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Development?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14679896" data-work_id="14679896" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14679896/The_anatomy_of_an_academic_paper_a_brief_guide_version_2_0_">The anatomy of an academic paper: a brief guide (version 2.0)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This document gives an overview of key aspects of formatting an academic paper — unwritten rules or good practice that can be applied on a general basis to create a professional and reader-friendly document.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14679896" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ddd83f5faf2c6278cd7da73914140503" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38386971,"asset_id":14679896,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38386971/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="336973" href="https://prio.academia.edu/carling">Jørgen Carling</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="336973" type="text/json">{"id":336973,"first_name":"Jørgen","last_name":"Carling","domain_name":"prio","page_name":"carling","display_name":"Jørgen Carling","profile_url":"https://prio.academia.edu/carling?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/336973/139030/2516435/s65_j_rgen.carling.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14679896 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14679896"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14679896, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14679896", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14679896]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14679896").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14679896").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14679896"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2793" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnationalism">Transnationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2793" type="text/json">{"id":2793,"name":"Transnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnationalism?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3843" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration">Immigration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3843" type="text/json">{"id":3843,"name":"Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4738" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Writing">Academic Writing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4738" type="text/json">{"id":4738,"name":"Academic Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Writing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14679896]'), work: {"id":14679896,"title":"The anatomy of an academic paper: a brief guide (version 2.0)","created_at":"2015-08-05T00:42:23.361-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14679896/The_anatomy_of_an_academic_paper_a_brief_guide_version_2_0_?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_14679896","summary":"This document gives an overview of key aspects of formatting an academic paper — unwritten rules or good practice that can be applied on a general basis to create a professional and reader-friendly document. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38386971,"asset_id":14679896,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":336973,"first_name":"Jørgen","last_name":"Carling","domain_name":"prio","page_name":"carling","display_name":"Jørgen Carling","profile_url":"https://prio.academia.edu/carling?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/336973/139030/2516435/s65_j_rgen.carling.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2793,"name":"Transnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnationalism?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3843,"name":"Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":4738,"name":"Academic 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u-tcGrayDarkest">RESEARCH METHODOLOGY SAMPLE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCHES by mwalimu martin otundo:freelance researcher +254721246744:<a href="mailto:martinotundo@gmail.com" rel="nofollow">martinotundo@gmail.com</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30090893" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="58edcb9b8705877edcd413bfd9ca2aa9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50546150,"asset_id":30090893,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen 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href="https://www.academia.edu/21683930/Methods_of_data_collection_in_qualitative_research_interviews_and_focus_groups">Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21683930" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="19f481411e743e7d4f45e030364eda6c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42377015,"asset_id":21683930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button 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type="text/json">{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="994" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism">Journalism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="994" type="text/json">{"id":994,"name":"Journalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21683930]'), work: {"id":21683930,"title":"Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus 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u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Qualitative content analysis as described in published literature shows conflicting opinions and unsolved issues regarding meaning and use of concepts, procedures and interpretation. This paper provides an overview of important concepts... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_949954" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Qualitative content analysis as described in published literature shows conflicting opinions and unsolved issues regarding meaning and use of concepts, procedures and interpretation. This paper provides an overview of important concepts (manifest and latent content, unit of analysis, meaning unit, condensation, abstraction, content area, code, category and theme) related to qualitative content analysis; illustrates the use of concepts related to the research procedure; and proposes measures to achieve trustworthiness (credibility, dependability and transferability) throughout the steps of the research procedure. Interpretation in qualitative content analysis is discussed in light of Watzlawick et al.'s [Pragmatics of Human Communication. A</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/949954" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="36c3d7687463cbb00c2112c9bcb288f2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5806922,"asset_id":949954,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5806922/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="787301" href="https://unair.academia.edu/khamidahzaki">khamidah zaki</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="787301" type="text/json">{"id":787301,"first_name":"khamidah","last_name":"zaki","domain_name":"unair","page_name":"khamidahzaki","display_name":"khamidah zaki","profile_url":"https://unair.academia.edu/khamidahzaki?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/787301/267388/315968/s65_khamidah.zaki.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_949954 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="949954"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 949954, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_949954", }); 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This paper provides an overview of important concepts (manifest and latent content, unit of analysis, meaning unit, condensation, abstraction, content area, code, category and theme) related to qualitative content analysis; illustrates the use of concepts related to the research procedure; and proposes measures to achieve trustworthiness (credibility, dependability and transferability) throughout the steps of the research procedure. Interpretation in qualitative content analysis is discussed in light of Watzlawick et al.'s [Pragmatics of Human Communication. A","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5806922,"asset_id":949954,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":787301,"first_name":"khamidah","last_name":"zaki","domain_name":"unair","page_name":"khamidahzaki","display_name":"khamidah zaki","profile_url":"https://unair.academia.edu/khamidahzaki?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/787301/267388/315968/s65_khamidah.zaki.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":6426,"name":"Content Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":47840,"name":"Dependability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dependability?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":49000,"name":"Observation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Observation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":57294,"name":"Nursing Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":97501,"name":"Concept Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concept_Formation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":489896,"name":"Trustworthiness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trustworthiness?f_ri=12135"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=12135"},{"id":650921,"name":"Unit of Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unit_of_Analysis?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1575675,"name":"Observation Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Observation_Methods?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3230311" data-work_id="3230311" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3230311/A_method_of_analysing_interview_transcripts_in_qualitative_research">A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A method of analysing qualitative interview data is outlined as a stage-by-stage process. Some of the problems associated with the method are identified. The researcher in the field of qualitative work is urged to be systematic and open... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3230311" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A method of analysing qualitative interview data is outlined as a stage-by-stage process. Some of the problems associated with the method are identified. The researcher in the field of qualitative work is urged to be systematic and open to the difficulties of the task of understanding other people's perceptions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3230311" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0cb53367bf4e04b6a96198971793bbe2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50403376,"asset_id":3230311,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50403376/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3696811" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasOgwang">Thomas Ogwang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3696811" type="text/json">{"id":3696811,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Ogwang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThomasOgwang","display_name":"Thomas Ogwang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasOgwang?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3230311 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3230311"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3230311, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3230311", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3230311]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3230311").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3230311").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3230311"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing">Nursing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="588" type="text/json">{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="549280" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results">Reproducibility of Results</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="549280" type="text/json">{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3230311]'), work: {"id":3230311,"title":"A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research","created_at":"2013-04-06T19:45:41.296-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3230311/A_method_of_analysing_interview_transcripts_in_qualitative_research?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_3230311","summary":"A method of analysing qualitative interview data is outlined as a stage-by-stage process. Some of the problems associated with the method are identified. The researcher in the field of qualitative work is urged to be systematic and open to the difficulties of the task of understanding other people's perceptions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50403376,"asset_id":3230311,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3696811,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Ogwang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThomasOgwang","display_name":"Thomas Ogwang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasOgwang?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34987454" data-work_id="34987454" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34987454/Research_Methods_for_Business_and_Management">Research Methods for Business and Management</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">After many years of working with undergraduate, postgraduate and research students we recognise only too well the struggles that they often experience wrestling with the somewhat strange and seemingly obtuse language used to describe... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34987454" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">After many years of working with undergraduate, postgraduate and research students we recognise only too well the struggles that they often experience wrestling with the somewhat strange and seemingly obtuse language used to describe research philosophy. We once experienced similar difficulties and empathise with the confusion and lack of confidence that flows from being unclear whether you have really understood terms such as methodology, ontology or epistemology. We set out to produce a text that dealt with two problems. The first was to provide something that guides novice researchers through the whole process from identifying a topic to the writing up of findings via engagement with the literature and a brief overview of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The second problem we wanted to tackle related to what we often refer to as ‘the ologies’. Here we wanted to offer a structured approach to familiarising yourself with the terminology and to demonstrate how a nested set of descriptions builds towards a coherent, comprehensive and consistent articulation of your research paradigm.<br /><br />We are indebted to our colleagues for their help in delivering on the first<br />of these two problems in the first edition of the book. This was achieved at a pace which seemed frankly ridiculous but which produced a remarkably coherent guide for novice researchers. Despite positive feedback on many aspects of the first edition from both students and colleagues, we were however convinced that we could improve in relation to ‘the ologies’.<br /><br />For this reason, the second edition features some relatively minor<br />changes to many chapters and a complete rewrite of our account of research philosophy. Central to the revised text is the methods map (see Chapter 4), which sets out a logical process for researchers to articulate their position in relation to five key aspects of their research philosophy. We have road tested this approach with many colleagues and students to ensure that it is clear and concise. In addition, we have developed a free app to accompany the book and this enables novice researcher to quickly develop a comprehensive justification of their particular research design in an interactive way. We would acknowledge that the methods map makes some simplifications and would suggest that for all but the most sophisticated of purposes, this is entirely appropriate. Indeed, if you are well enough versed in the philosophical nuances of knowledge explored in the method map then you are probably not part of our intended audience since you already possess the skills, confidence and capacity to articulate and defend the underpinning philosophical assumptions of your research. For everyone else, we hope that the second edition of Research Methods for Business and Management helps demystify the dreaded ‘ologies’.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34987454" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="266d40a0f813b1cd3f1ecf1d83dfa5e9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54851949,"asset_id":34987454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54851949/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="104990" href="https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/KevinOGorman">Kevin D O'Gorman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="104990" type="text/json">{"id":104990,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"O'Gorman","domain_name":"independentresearcher","page_name":"KevinOGorman","display_name":"Kevin D O'Gorman","profile_url":"https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/KevinOGorman?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/104990/28896/26593/s65_kevin.o_gorman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34987454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34987454"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34987454, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34987454", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34987454]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34987454").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34987454").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34987454"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="804" type="text/json">{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="805" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology">Ontology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="805" type="text/json">{"id":805,"name":"Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34987454]'), work: {"id":34987454,"title":"Research Methods for Business and Management","created_at":"2017-10-29T01:15:56.070-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34987454/Research_Methods_for_Business_and_Management?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_34987454","summary":"After many years of working with undergraduate, postgraduate and research students we recognise only too well the struggles that they often experience wrestling with the somewhat strange and seemingly obtuse language used to describe research philosophy. We once experienced similar difficulties and empathise with the confusion and lack of confidence that flows from being unclear whether you have really understood terms such as methodology, ontology or epistemology. We set out to produce a text that dealt with two problems. The first was to provide something that guides novice researchers through the whole process from identifying a topic to the writing up of findings via engagement with the literature and a brief overview of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The second problem we wanted to tackle related to what we often refer to as ‘the ologies’. Here we wanted to offer a structured approach to familiarising yourself with the terminology and to demonstrate how a nested set of descriptions builds towards a coherent, comprehensive and consistent articulation of your research paradigm.\n\nWe are indebted to our colleagues for their help in delivering on the first\nof these two problems in the first edition of the book. This was achieved at a pace which seemed frankly ridiculous but which produced a remarkably coherent guide for novice researchers. Despite positive feedback on many aspects of the first edition from both students and colleagues, we were however convinced that we could improve in relation to ‘the ologies’.\n\nFor this reason, the second edition features some relatively minor\nchanges to many chapters and a complete rewrite of our account of research philosophy. Central to the revised text is the methods map (see Chapter 4), which sets out a logical process for researchers to articulate their position in relation to five key aspects of their research philosophy. We have road tested this approach with many colleagues and students to ensure that it is clear and concise. In addition, we have developed a free app to accompany the book and this enables novice researcher to quickly develop a comprehensive justification of their particular research design in an interactive way. We would acknowledge that the methods map makes some simplifications and would suggest that for all but the most sophisticated of purposes, this is entirely appropriate. Indeed, if you are well enough versed in the philosophical nuances of knowledge explored in the method map then you are probably not part of our intended audience since you already possess the skills, confidence and capacity to articulate and defend the underpinning philosophical assumptions of your research. For everyone else, we hope that the second edition of Research Methods for Business and Management helps demystify the dreaded ‘ologies’.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54851949,"asset_id":34987454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":104990,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"O'Gorman","domain_name":"independentresearcher","page_name":"KevinOGorman","display_name":"Kevin D O'Gorman","profile_url":"https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/KevinOGorman?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/104990/28896/26593/s65_kevin.o_gorman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":805,"name":"Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=12135"},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1599,"name":"Reflective Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reflective_Practice?f_ri=12135"},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135"},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=12135"},{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=12135"},{"id":3055,"name":"Mixed Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods?f_ri=12135"},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135"},{"id":4738,"name":"Academic Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Writing?f_ri=12135"},{"id":5114,"name":"Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hermeneutics?f_ri=12135"},{"id":5276,"name":"Reflexivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reflexivity?f_ri=12135"},{"id":5482,"name":"PLS (Partial Least Squares) Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLS_Partial_Least_Squares_Methods?f_ri=12135"},{"id":5639,"name":"Text Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Text_Mining?f_ri=12135"},{"id":11847,"name":"Quantitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":12620,"name":"Quantitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods?f_ri=12135"},{"id":14238,"name":"Survey Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survey_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":17693,"name":"Phd Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phd_Writing?f_ri=12135"},{"id":19063,"name":"Diary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diary_Studies?f_ri=12135"},{"id":32087,"name":"Business Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":55840,"name":"Business Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Management?f_ri=12135"},{"id":68758,"name":"Research Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Writing?f_ri=12135"},{"id":251886,"name":"Participant Observation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participant_Observation?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27402601" data-work_id="27402601" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27402601/Proximity_subjectivity_and_space_rethinking_distance_in_human_geography">Proximity, subjectivity, and space: rethinking distance in human geography</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper critically reviews the current status of the concept of distance in human geography in order to argue that recent experimentally-driven work in construal-level theory offers ample opportunities for recasting distance as a key... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27402601" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper critically reviews the current status of the concept of distance in human geography in order to argue that recent experimentally-driven work in construal-level theory offers ample opportunities for recasting distance as a key geographical trope. After analysing the four entangled dimensions of distance revealed by construal-level theory (spatial distance; temporal distance; social distance; and hypothetical distance), the paper articulates this research program from experimental psychology with geographical work on non-representational theory, geographical imaginations/imaginative geographies, learning as a geographical process, TimeSpace theorizing, and ontogenetic understandings of space. It is argued that the subjective understanding of distance afforded by construal-level theory can rescue distance from its entrenched association with positivistic geography and spatial analysis. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27402601" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bfdd98eea5cd886099cfd1b51c092ce2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48204171,"asset_id":27402601,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48204171/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51520644" href="https://brocku.academia.edu/DragosSimandan">Dragos Simandan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51520644" type="text/json">{"id":51520644,"first_name":"Dragos","last_name":"Simandan","domain_name":"brocku","page_name":"DragosSimandan","display_name":"Dragos Simandan","profile_url":"https://brocku.academia.edu/DragosSimandan?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51520644/13647557/43927866/s65_dragos.simandan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27402601 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27402601"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27402601, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27402601", }); 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After analysing the four entangled dimensions of distance revealed by construal-level theory (spatial distance; temporal distance; social distance; and hypothetical distance), the paper articulates this research program from experimental psychology with geographical work on non-representational theory, geographical imaginations/imaginative geographies, learning as a geographical process, TimeSpace theorizing, and ontogenetic understandings of space. It is argued that the subjective understanding of distance afforded by construal-level theory can rescue distance from its entrenched association with positivistic geography and spatial analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018 ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48204171,"asset_id":27402601,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51520644,"first_name":"Dragos","last_name":"Simandan","domain_name":"brocku","page_name":"DragosSimandan","display_name":"Dragos Simandan","profile_url":"https://brocku.academia.edu/DragosSimandan?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51520644/13647557/43927866/s65_dragos.simandan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3,"name":"Fiction Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiction_Writing?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":10,"name":"American 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href="https://www.academia.edu/9223938/Critical_Pedagogy_and_Qualitative_Research_Moving_to_the_Bricolage_From_Denzin_N_and_Lincoln_Y_2011_The_Sage_Handbook_of_Qualitative_Research_4th_Edition_Thousand_Oaks_CA_Sage_Publishing">Critical Pedagogy and Qualitative Research: Moving to the Bricolage From: Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (2011). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research 4th Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">From:  <br />Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y.  (2011).  The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research 4th Edition.  Thousand Oaks, CA:  Sage Publishing.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9223938" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38228" href="https://ucalgary.academia.edu/ShirleySteinberg">Shirley R Steinberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38228" type="text/json">{"id":38228,"first_name":"Shirley","last_name":"Steinberg","domain_name":"ucalgary","page_name":"ShirleySteinberg","display_name":"Shirley R Steinberg","profile_url":"https://ucalgary.academia.edu/ShirleySteinberg?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38228/12725/2492232/s65_shirley.steinberg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9223938 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9223938"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9223938, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9223938", }); 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(2011). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research 4th Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.","created_at":"2014-11-10T04:49:45.274-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9223938/Critical_Pedagogy_and_Qualitative_Research_Moving_to_the_Bricolage_From_Denzin_N_and_Lincoln_Y_2011_The_Sage_Handbook_of_Qualitative_Research_4th_Edition_Thousand_Oaks_CA_Sage_Publishing?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_9223938","summary":"From: \r\nDenzin, N. \u0026 Lincoln, Y. (2011). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research 4th Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38228,"first_name":"Shirley","last_name":"Steinberg","domain_name":"ucalgary","page_name":"ShirleySteinberg","display_name":"Shirley R Steinberg","profile_url":"https://ucalgary.academia.edu/ShirleySteinberg?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38228/12725/2492232/s65_shirley.steinberg.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3392,"name":"Critical Pedagogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Pedagogy?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":4162,"name":"Bricolage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bricolage?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2099177" data-work_id="2099177" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2099177/I_volontari_italiani_nelle_Waffen_SS_Il_pensiero_politico_la_formazione_culturale_e_le_motivazioni_al_volontariato_Una_storia_orale">I volontari italiani nelle Waffen-SS. Il pensiero politico, la formazione culturale e le motivazioni al volontariato. Una storia orale.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">My doctoral dissertation examines the experiences of the Italian volunteers in the Waffen-SS troops using in-depth interviews with former volunteers as the main primary source. This phenomenon, even if significant in size (depending on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2099177" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">My doctoral dissertation examines the experiences of the Italian volunteers in the Waffen-SS troops using in-depth interviews with former volunteers as the main primary source. This phenomenon, even if significant in size (depending on the source, some 15 000-20 000 Italian men volunteered in the Waffen-SS), has been hitherto largely unknown to historical research. The available literature on the Italian volunteers, mainly written by military history enthusiast journalists and methodologically weak, concentrates mainly on the combat operations and military organization, and offers a rather stereotypical profile of the volunteers. <br /> <br />My dissertation does not aim to reconstruct the military history of the different divisions of the Waffen-SS in which Italian volunteers operated but instead to examine the subjective, private and intimate experience of the volunteers in order to understand the motivations, attitudes, beliefs and cultural and family background, as well as their political ideas. The main objective of my doctoral dissertation is to discover the ideological precepts of the volunteers’ political credo. As the last phase of fascism and its ideology, often defined as the “Germanisation” or “Nazification” of fascism, is still the object of wide academic debate, a better understanding of the volunteers’ ideology also contributes to deepening overall knowledge of the nature of this last phase. <br /> <br />The theoretical frame of my dissertation lies in oral history, in particular in the postmodernist approach to oral history, through which I reconstruct the volunteers’ ideology. In-depth interviews with former volunteers are the main primary source, but multiple data collection methods have been adopted. Phone interviews and correspondence with the volunteers have also been considered as primary sources. In addition to interviews and correspondence, family archives consisting of diaries, correspondence with the volunteers’ relatives and photographic material have also been collected and examined. An ethnographic observation of the volunteers’ domestic spaces has been conducted during the in-depth interviews, and photo self-elicitation techniques have been used in cases where the volunteers were willing to share their photographs. <br /> <br />An exhaustive portrait of the ideological structure of the volunteers has been obtained, as well as of the cultural and social origins of the values that contributed to the rise and adoption of this ideology. Further, the volunteers’ motivations to enlist have been clearly reconstructed, together with their cultural, political, social and military backgrounds. The results of the research are particularly relevant both for comprehension of the Italian phenomenon of volunteering in the Waffen-SS and for the reconstruction of the ideological dynamics of the last phase of fascism. The volunteers’ political and ideological system, which can be defined as the Italian SS-fascist ideology, disagrees strongly with the vaguely described ideological profile offered by previous studies that describe volunteers as generically “super-fascist”. The research also offers the opportunity for a deeper understanding of the final fascist ideological trajectory, currently defined, not without a certain level of approximation, as the “Germanisation” or “Nazification” of fascist ideology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2099177" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0f7ee25ad420cbfdea6bb8297a7f5acc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57352093,"asset_id":2099177,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57352093/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2464243" href="https://utu.academia.edu/NicolaGuerra">Nicola Guerra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2464243" type="text/json">{"id":2464243,"first_name":"Nicola","last_name":"Guerra","domain_name":"utu","page_name":"NicolaGuerra","display_name":"Nicola Guerra","profile_url":"https://utu.academia.edu/NicolaGuerra?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2464243/793511/57524901/s65_nicola.guerra.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2099177 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2099177"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2099177, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2099177", }); 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Il pensiero politico, la formazione culturale e le motivazioni al volontariato. Una storia orale.","created_at":"2012-11-06T22:35:30.520-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2099177/I_volontari_italiani_nelle_Waffen_SS_Il_pensiero_politico_la_formazione_culturale_e_le_motivazioni_al_volontariato_Una_storia_orale?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_2099177","summary":"My doctoral dissertation examines the experiences of the Italian volunteers in the Waffen-SS troops using in-depth interviews with former volunteers as the main primary source. This phenomenon, even if significant in size (depending on the source, some 15 000-20 000 Italian men volunteered in the Waffen-SS), has been hitherto largely unknown to historical research. The available literature on the Italian volunteers, mainly written by military history enthusiast journalists and methodologically weak, concentrates mainly on the combat operations and military organization, and offers a rather stereotypical profile of the volunteers.\r\n \r\nMy dissertation does not aim to reconstruct the military history of the different divisions of the Waffen-SS in which Italian volunteers operated but instead to examine the subjective, private and intimate experience of the volunteers in order to understand the motivations, attitudes, beliefs and cultural and family background, as well as their political ideas. The main objective of my doctoral dissertation is to discover the ideological precepts of the volunteers’ political credo. As the last phase of fascism and its ideology, often defined as the “Germanisation” or “Nazification” of fascism, is still the object of wide academic debate, a better understanding of the volunteers’ ideology also contributes to deepening overall knowledge of the nature of this last phase.\r\n \r\nThe theoretical frame of my dissertation lies in oral history, in particular in the postmodernist approach to oral history, through which I reconstruct the volunteers’ ideology. In-depth interviews with former volunteers are the main primary source, but multiple data collection methods have been adopted. Phone interviews and correspondence with the volunteers have also been considered as primary sources. In addition to interviews and correspondence, family archives consisting of diaries, correspondence with the volunteers’ relatives and photographic material have also been collected and examined. An ethnographic observation of the volunteers’ domestic spaces has been conducted during the in-depth interviews, and photo self-elicitation techniques have been used in cases where the volunteers were willing to share their photographs.\r\n \r\nAn exhaustive portrait of the ideological structure of the volunteers has been obtained, as well as of the cultural and social origins of the values that contributed to the rise and adoption of this ideology. Further, the volunteers’ motivations to enlist have been clearly reconstructed, together with their cultural, political, social and military backgrounds. The results of the research are particularly relevant both for comprehension of the Italian phenomenon of volunteering in the Waffen-SS and for the reconstruction of the ideological dynamics of the last phase of fascism. The volunteers’ political and ideological system, which can be defined as the Italian SS-fascist ideology, disagrees strongly with the vaguely described ideological profile offered by previous studies that describe volunteers as generically “super-fascist”. The research also offers the opportunity for a deeper understanding of the final fascist ideological trajectory, currently defined, not without a certain level of approximation, as the “Germanisation” or “Nazification” of fascist ideology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57352093,"asset_id":2099177,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2464243,"first_name":"Nicola","last_name":"Guerra","domain_name":"utu","page_name":"NicolaGuerra","display_name":"Nicola Guerra","profile_url":"https://utu.academia.edu/NicolaGuerra?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2464243/793511/57524901/s65_nicola.guerra.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":131,"name":"European 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But he then goes on to argue forcefully that the methods of the sciences and the humanities cannot be seen as everywhere separate and complementary. In fact, at a deeper level, Keeves argues,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1424717" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">INTRODUCTION education as his starting point. But he then goes on to argue forcefully that the methods of the sciences and the humanities cannot be seen as everywhere separate and complementary. In fact, at a deeper level, Keeves argues, the same metaphysical problems face research using the methods of the humanities or the methods of the sciences in educational research and indeed in research in general. He takes us through a maze of arguments in which Habermas, Popper, and Quine prominently appear to show that the valuational and the factual and the intentional, the metaphysical and the physical, the theoretical and the empirical are not everywhere distinct and thus that Hus4n's analysis must ultimately be flawed. However, like Hus4n, he concludes that in educational research a thousand flowers must be let to bloom.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1424717" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b2a53dddb61f3de4bb37cc207643fd56" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50975799,"asset_id":1424717,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50975799/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="670094" href="https://ucalgary.academia.edu/IWinchester">Ian Winchester</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="670094" type="text/json">{"id":670094,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Winchester","domain_name":"ucalgary","page_name":"IWinchester","display_name":"Ian Winchester","profile_url":"https://ucalgary.academia.edu/IWinchester?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/670094/2041736/2405651/s65_ian.winchester.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1424717 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1424717"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1424717, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1424717", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1424717]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1424717").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1424717").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1424717"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3429" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Research">Educational Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3429" type="text/json">{"id":3429,"name":"Educational Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9385" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Paradigm">Research Paradigm</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9385" type="text/json">{"id":9385,"name":"Research Paradigm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Paradigm?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57415" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_methodology">Scientific methodology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="57415" type="text/json">{"id":57415,"name":"Scientific methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1424717]'), work: {"id":1424717,"title":"Research paradigms in education","created_at":"2012-02-22T02:15:43.123-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1424717/Research_paradigms_in_education?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_1424717","summary":"INTRODUCTION education as his starting point. But he then goes on to argue forcefully that the methods of the sciences and the humanities cannot be seen as everywhere separate and complementary. In fact, at a deeper level, Keeves argues, the same metaphysical problems face research using the methods of the humanities or the methods of the sciences in educational research and indeed in research in general. He takes us through a maze of arguments in which Habermas, Popper, and Quine prominently appear to show that the valuational and the factual and the intentional, the metaphysical and the physical, the theoretical and the empirical are not everywhere distinct and thus that Hus4n's analysis must ultimately be flawed. However, like Hus4n, he concludes that in educational research a thousand flowers must be let to bloom.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50975799,"asset_id":1424717,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":670094,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Winchester","domain_name":"ucalgary","page_name":"IWinchester","display_name":"Ian Winchester","profile_url":"https://ucalgary.academia.edu/IWinchester?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/670094/2041736/2405651/s65_ian.winchester.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3429,"name":"Educational Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":9385,"name":"Research Paradigm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Paradigm?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":57415,"name":"Scientific methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":296907,"name":"Interchange","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interchange?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_907662" data-work_id="907662" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/907662/Paradigms_lost_and_pragmatism_regained">Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article examines several methodological issues associated with combining qualitative and quantitative methods by comparing the increasing interest in this topic with the earlier renewal of interest in qualitative research during the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_907662" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article examines several methodological issues associated with combining qualitative and quantitative methods by comparing the increasing interest in this topic with the earlier renewal of interest in qualitative research during the 1980s. The first section argues for the value of Kuhn's concept of paradigm shifts as a tool for examining changes in research fields such as social science research methodology. The next two sections consider the initial rise of the "metaphysical paradigm" that justified the renewed interest in qualitative research and the subsequent problems that have encouraged efforts to replace that paradigm. The final section of the paper advocates a "pragmatic approach" as a new guiding paradigm in social science research methods, both as a basis for supporting work that combines qualitative and quantitative methods and as a way to redirect our attention to methodological rather than metaphysical concerns.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/907662" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7b4775f1293f4b3f15e11e8865747462" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5494235,"asset_id":907662,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5494235/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="80233" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/DavidMorgan">David Morgan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="80233" type="text/json">{"id":80233,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Morgan","domain_name":"pdx","page_name":"DavidMorgan","display_name":"David Morgan","profile_url":"https://pdx.academia.edu/DavidMorgan?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/80233/22256/20602/s65_david.morgan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_907662 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="907662"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 907662, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_907662", }); 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The first section argues for the value of Kuhn's concept of paradigm shifts as a tool for examining changes in research fields such as social science research methodology. The next two sections consider the initial rise of the \"metaphysical paradigm\" that justified the renewed interest in qualitative research and the subsequent problems that have encouraged efforts to replace that paradigm. The final section of the paper advocates a \"pragmatic approach\" as a new guiding paradigm in social science research methods, both as a basis for supporting work that combines qualitative and quantitative methods and as a way to redirect our attention to methodological rather than metaphysical concerns.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5494235,"asset_id":907662,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":80233,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Morgan","domain_name":"pdx","page_name":"DavidMorgan","display_name":"David Morgan","profile_url":"https://pdx.academia.edu/DavidMorgan?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/80233/22256/20602/s65_david.morgan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":893,"name":"Pragmatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatism?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=12135"},{"id":3055,"name":"Mixed Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods?f_ri=12135"},{"id":5187,"name":"Statistical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Analysis?f_ri=12135"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=12135"},{"id":48653,"name":"Paradigms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paradigms?f_ri=12135"},{"id":65140,"name":"Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Models?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1243829,"name":"Quantitative Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Method?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11082069" data-work_id="11082069" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11082069/Etnograf%C3%ADa_y_dise%C3%B1o_cualitativo_en_investigaci%C3%B3n_educativa">Etnografía y diseño cualitativo en investigación educativa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">MATERIAL PARA SEMINARIO DE METODOLOGÍA DE INVESTIGACIÓN CUALITATIVA -- COLMEX. UAM X Judith GOETZ y Margaret LeCOMPTE El avance en la comprensión e intervención en educación está produciéndose en la actualidad al mismo tiempo que nuevas... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11082069" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">MATERIAL PARA SEMINARIO DE METODOLOGÍA DE INVESTIGACIÓN CUALITATIVA -- COLMEX. UAM X<br /><br />Judith GOETZ y Margaret LeCOMPTE<br /><br />El avance en la comprensión e intervención en educación está produciéndose en la actualidad al mismo tiempo que nuevas teorías, valores y metodologías contribuyen a una mejor y más viva reconstrucción de los fenómenos objeto de estudio. La tradición etnográfica y los métodos cualitativos constituyen una decisiva ayuda para un mayor entendimiento crítico de las situaciones y fenómenos educativos y, por consiguiente, para una más adecuada y consciente intervención. Judith GOETZ y Margaret LeCOMPTE pasan revista en esta obra a los distintos modelos, más o menos en litigio, que dirigen hoy la investigación educativa. Una vez analizados minuciosamente sus pros y sus contras, asumen la existencia de una distinción fundamental entre las tradiciones dominantes de carácter experimental-positivista y otras más recientes de tipo hermenéutico-etnográfico y cualitativo. Las autoras preconizan el abandono de las concepciones reduccionistas de cientificidad en la investigación educativa, asumiendo la necesidad de incorporar nuevas perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas que permitan una penetración mayor en la realidad cotidiana de las situaciones escolares y captar las perspectivas subjetivas de quienes intervienen en esa realidad. Este manual ofrece, asimismo, una completa explicación de cómo realizar e interpretar investigaciones etnográficas y de las numerosas técnicas de carácter cualitativo que nos permiten obtener las informaciones que los profesores e investigadores necesitan actualmente.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11082069" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d7d5f1220406add83420089a9fe876af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36769619,"asset_id":11082069,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36769619/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="112281" href="https://uam-xochimilco.academia.edu/JorgeRamonZarcoLaveaga">Jorge Ramón Zarco Laveaga</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="112281" type="text/json">{"id":112281,"first_name":"Jorge Ramón","last_name":"Zarco Laveaga","domain_name":"uam-xochimilco","page_name":"JorgeRamonZarcoLaveaga","display_name":"Jorge Ramón Zarco Laveaga","profile_url":"https://uam-xochimilco.academia.edu/JorgeRamonZarcoLaveaga?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/112281/30393/27946/s65_jorge_ram_n.zarco_laveaga.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11082069 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11082069"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11082069, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11082069", }); 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UAM X\n\nJudith GOETZ y Margaret LeCOMPTE\n\nEl avance en la comprensión e intervención en educación está produciéndose en la actualidad al mismo tiempo que nuevas teorías, valores y metodologías contribuyen a una mejor y más viva reconstrucción de los fenómenos objeto de estudio. La tradición etnográfica y los métodos cualitativos constituyen una decisiva ayuda para un mayor entendimiento crítico de las situaciones y fenómenos educativos y, por consiguiente, para una más adecuada y consciente intervención. Judith GOETZ y Margaret LeCOMPTE pasan revista en esta obra a los distintos modelos, más o menos en litigio, que dirigen hoy la investigación educativa. Una vez analizados minuciosamente sus pros y sus contras, asumen la existencia de una distinción fundamental entre las tradiciones dominantes de carácter experimental-positivista y otras más recientes de tipo hermenéutico-etnográfico y cualitativo. Las autoras preconizan el abandono de las concepciones reduccionistas de cientificidad en la investigación educativa, asumiendo la necesidad de incorporar nuevas perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas que permitan una penetración mayor en la realidad cotidiana de las situaciones escolares y captar las perspectivas subjetivas de quienes intervienen en esa realidad. Este manual ofrece, asimismo, una completa explicación de cómo realizar e interpretar investigaciones etnográficas y de las numerosas técnicas de carácter cualitativo que nos permiten obtener las informaciones que los profesores e investigadores necesitan actualmente.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36769619,"asset_id":11082069,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":112281,"first_name":"Jorge Ramón","last_name":"Zarco Laveaga","domain_name":"uam-xochimilco","page_name":"JorgeRamonZarcoLaveaga","display_name":"Jorge Ramón Zarco Laveaga","profile_url":"https://uam-xochimilco.academia.edu/JorgeRamonZarcoLaveaga?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/112281/30393/27946/s65_jorge_ram_n.zarco_laveaga.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":51053,"name":"Etnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etnography?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":73983,"name":"Etnografía","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etnograf%C3%ADa?f_ri=12135"},{"id":88935,"name":"Sociología","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolog%C3%ADa?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1101612" data-work_id="1101612" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1101612/Potter_J_2012_Discourse_analysis_and_discursive_psychology_In_Cooper_H_Editor_in_Chief_APA_handbook_of_research_methods_in_psychology_Vol_2_Quantitative_qualitative_neuropsychological_and_biological_pp_111_130_Washington_American_Psychological_Association_Press">Potter, J. (2012). Discourse analysis and discursive psychology. In Cooper, H. (Editor-in-Chief). APA handbook of research methods in psychology: Vol. 2. Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 111-130). Washington: American Psychological Association Press.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1101612" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="351c2f26b7ecda834ad6941ad9511fee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6761514,"asset_id":1101612,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6761514/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32019" href="https://rutgers.academia.edu/JonathanPotter">Jonathan Potter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32019" type="text/json">{"id":32019,"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Potter","domain_name":"rutgers","page_name":"JonathanPotter","display_name":"Jonathan Potter","profile_url":"https://rutgers.academia.edu/JonathanPotter?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32019/10337/12451930/s65_jonathan.potter.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1101612 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1101612"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1101612, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1101612", }); 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(2012). Discourse analysis and discursive psychology. In Cooper, H. (Editor-in-Chief). APA handbook of research methods in psychology: Vol. 2. Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 111-130). Washington: American Psychological Association Press.","created_at":"2011-11-19T00:20:34.676-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1101612/Potter_J_2012_Discourse_analysis_and_discursive_psychology_In_Cooper_H_Editor_in_Chief_APA_handbook_of_research_methods_in_psychology_Vol_2_Quantitative_qualitative_neuropsychological_and_biological_pp_111_130_Washington_American_Psychological_Association_Press?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_1101612","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":6761514,"asset_id":1101612,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32019,"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Potter","domain_name":"rutgers","page_name":"JonathanPotter","display_name":"Jonathan Potter","profile_url":"https://rutgers.academia.edu/JonathanPotter?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32019/10337/12451930/s65_jonathan.potter.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":953,"name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhetoric?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":2847,"name":"Conversation Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conversation_Analysis?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":5073,"name":"Discursive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discursive_Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3621577" data-work_id="3621577" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3621577/Sosyal_Bilim_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1nda_Paradigma_De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fimi_Nitel_Yakla%C5%9F%C4%B1m%C4%B1n_Y%C3%BCkseli%C5%9Fi_Paradigm_Transformation_in_Social_Sciences_Research_Rise_of_Qualitative_Approach">Sosyal Bilim Araştırmalarında Paradigma Değişimi: Nitel Yaklaşımın Yükselişi / Paradigm Transformation in Social Sciences Research: Rise of Qualitative Approach</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article traces the transformation of descriptive paradigm into historicist and interpretive paradigm. Focusing on the social context, qualitative research method has gradually been the most preferred method for research. Since the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3621577" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article traces the transformation of descriptive paradigm into <br />historicist and interpretive paradigm. Focusing on the social context, qualitative <br />research method has gradually been the most preferred method for research. Since <br />the community and individual are dynamic, interpretation is taken as the leading <br />approach while studying phenomenology and cases within this field. The paradigm <br />transformation first affected life sciences then social sciences. It is acknowledged <br />that reality cannot be perceived through single viewpoint. The emphasis on <br />addressing social facts with its own aspects through holistic way has featured <br />qualitative approach in social sciences.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3621577" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="19885345df7f87d89b2a2c4b80d32634" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54966313,"asset_id":3621577,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54966313/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2953427" href="https://manevisosyalhizmet.academia.edu/ZekiKarata%C5%9F">Zeki Karataş</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2953427" type="text/json">{"id":2953427,"first_name":"Zeki","last_name":"Karataş","domain_name":"manevisosyalhizmet","page_name":"ZekiKarataş","display_name":"Zeki Karataş","profile_url":"https://manevisosyalhizmet.academia.edu/ZekiKarata%C5%9F?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2953427/975601/7283118/s65_zeki.karata_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3621577 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3621577"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3621577, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3621577", }); 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Focusing on the social context, qualitative\r\nresearch method has gradually been the most preferred method for research. Since\r\nthe community and individual are dynamic, interpretation is taken as the leading\r\napproach while studying phenomenology and cases within this field. The paradigm\r\ntransformation first affected life sciences then social sciences. It is acknowledged\r\nthat reality cannot be perceived through single viewpoint. The emphasis on\r\naddressing social facts with its own aspects through holistic way has featured\r\nqualitative approach in social sciences. 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The theoretical and methodological ideas behind the book, inspired by Aristotelian phronesis, represent an original perspective within the social... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2402090" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Back cover text: Real Social Science presents a new, hands-on approach to social inquiry. The theoretical and methodological ideas behind the book, inspired by Aristotelian phronesis, represent an original perspective within the social sciences, and this volume gives readers for the first time a set of studies exemplifying what applied phronesis looks like in practice. The reflexive analysis of values and power gives new meaning to the impact of research on policy and practice. Real Social Science is a major step forward in a novel and thriving field of research. 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u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose: To describe physical activity levels of children (6-11 yr), adolescents (12-19 yr), and adults (20+ yr), using objective data obtained with accelerometers from a representative sample of the U.S. population. Methods: These... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30558669" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose: To describe physical activity levels of children (6-11 yr), adolescents (12-19 yr), and adults (20+ yr), using objective data obtained with accelerometers from a representative sample of the U.S. population. Methods: These results were obtained from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-sectional study of a complex, multistage probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population in the United States. Data are described from 6329 participants who provided at least I d of accelerometer data and from 4867 participants who provided four or more days of accelerometer data. Results: Males are more physically active than females. Physical activity declines dramatically across age groups between childhood and adolescence and continues to decline with age. For example, 42% of children ages 6-11 yr obtain the recommended 60 min'd, 1 of physical activity, whereas only 8% of adolescents achieve this goal. Among adults, adherence to the recommendation to obtain 30 min'd-1 of physical activity is less than 5%. Conclusions: Objective and subjective measures of physical activity give qualitatively similar results regarding gender and age patterns of activity. However, 'adherence to physical activity recommendations according to accelerometer-measured activity is substantially lower than according to self-report. Great care must be taken when interpreting self-reported physical activity in clinical practice, public health program design and evaluation, and epidemiological research.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30558669" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b4fcf99e97d88067b5d0340cad744158" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51000823,"asset_id":30558669,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51000823/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58240903" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TroianoRichard">Richard Troiano</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58240903" type="text/json">{"id":58240903,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Troiano","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TroianoRichard","display_name":"Richard Troiano","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TroianoRichard?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30558669 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30558669"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30558669, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30558669", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30558669]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30558669").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30558669").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30558669"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1048" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Behavior">Health Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1048" type="text/json">{"id":1048,"name":"Health Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Behavior?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9112" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity">Physical Activity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9112" type="text/json">{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30558669]'), work: {"id":30558669,"title":"Physical Activity in the United States Measured by Accelerometer","created_at":"2016-12-21T07:06:18.645-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30558669/Physical_Activity_in_the_United_States_Measured_by_Accelerometer?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_30558669","summary":"Purpose: To describe physical activity levels of children (6-11 yr), adolescents (12-19 yr), and adults (20+ yr), using objective data obtained with accelerometers from a representative sample of the U.S. population. 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Conclusions: Objective and subjective measures of physical activity give qualitatively similar results regarding gender and age patterns of activity. However, 'adherence to physical activity recommendations according to accelerometer-measured activity is substantially lower than according to self-report. 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In order for designers to design for the real world, defining strategies rather than just implementing them, they need to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19075187" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Design is everywhere: it influences how we live, what we wear, how we communicate, what we buy, and how we behave. In order for designers to design for the real world, defining strategies rather than just implementing them, they need to learn how to understand and solve complex, intricate and often unexpected problems. This book is a guide to this new creative process. With this book in hand, students of design will:<br /><br />understand and apply the vocabulary and strategies of research methods<br />learn how to adapt themselves to unfamiliar situations<br />develop techniques for collaborating with non-designers<br />find and use facts from diverse sources in order to prove or disprove their ideas<br />make informed decisions in a systematic and insightful way<br />use research tools to find new and unexpected design solutions.<br />Research for Designers is an essential toolkit for a design education and a must-have for every design student who is getting ready to tackle their own research.<br /><br />With Foreword by Ken Friedman.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19075187" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1b8d05ada3c149734251f1c03954c520" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40416743,"asset_id":19075187,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40416743/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13212830" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/GjokoMuratovski">Gjoko Muratovski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13212830" type="text/json">{"id":13212830,"first_name":"Gjoko","last_name":"Muratovski","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"GjokoMuratovski","display_name":"Gjoko Muratovski","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/GjokoMuratovski?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13212830/3717167/4355550/s65_gjoko.muratovski.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19075187">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19075187"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://tongji.academia.edu/KenFriedman">Ken Friedman</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19075187'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19075187').html(); 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With this book in hand, students of design will:\n\nunderstand and apply the vocabulary and strategies of research methods\nlearn how to adapt themselves to unfamiliar situations\ndevelop techniques for collaborating with non-designers\nfind and use facts from diverse sources in order to prove or disprove their ideas\nmake informed decisions in a systematic and insightful way\nuse research tools to find new and unexpected design solutions.\nResearch for Designers is an essential toolkit for a design education and a must-have for every design student who is getting ready to tackle their own research.\n\nWith Foreword by Ken Friedman.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40416743,"asset_id":19075187,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13212830,"first_name":"Gjoko","last_name":"Muratovski","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"GjokoMuratovski","display_name":"Gjoko 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practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_design_practices?f_ri=12135"},{"id":44978,"name":"Design Driven Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Driven_Innovation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":60757,"name":"Visual Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Research_Methods?f_ri=12135"},{"id":66216,"name":"Integrating Design and Strategic Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrating_Design_and_Strategic_Thinking?f_ri=12135"},{"id":77904,"name":"Innovation, Design, Design Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovation_Design_Design_Thinking?f_ri=12135"},{"id":512687,"name":"Design Thinking Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Thinking_Practice?f_ri=12135"},{"id":680329,"name":"Quantitaive Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitaive_Research?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6203497 coauthored" data-work_id="6203497" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6203497/Reasons_women_give_for_abortion_a_review_of_the_literature">Reasons women give for abortion: a review of the literature</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The aim was to identify from empirical research that used quantitative or qualitative methods the reasons women give for having an abortion. A search was conducted of peer-reviewed, English language publications indexed in eight... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6203497" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The aim was to identify from empirical research that used quantitative or qualitative methods the reasons women give for having an abortion. A search was conducted of peer-reviewed, English language publications indexed in eight computerized databases with publication date 1996–2008, using keywords ‘abortion’ and ‘reason’ (Medline: ‘induced abortion’ OR ‘termination of pregnancy’ OR ‘elective abortion’ and ‘reason’). Inclusion criteria were empirical research on humans that identified women’s reasons for undergoing an abortion, conducted in ‘high-income’ countries. 19 eligible papers were found. Despite variation in methods of generating, collecting, and analysing reasons, and the inadequacy of methodological detail in some papers, all contributed to a consistent picture of the reasons women give for having an abortion, with three main categories (‘Woman-focused’, ‘Other-focused’, and ‘Material’) identified. Ambivalence was often evident in women’s awareness of reasons for continuing the pregnancy, but abortion was chosen because continuing with the pregnancy was assessed as having adverse effects on the life of the woman and significant others. Women’s reasons were complex and contingent, taking into account their own needs, a sense of responsibility to existing children and the potential child, and the contribution of significant others, including the genetic father.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6203497" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0d264964c7c65b1c136aa3fb76be8a00" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36563141,"asset_id":6203497,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36563141/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67812479" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShelleyMallett">Shelley Mallett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67812479" type="text/json">{"id":67812479,"first_name":"Shelley","last_name":"Mallett","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShelleyMallett","display_name":"Shelley Mallett","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShelleyMallett?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-6203497">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-6203497"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaggieKirkman">Maggie Kirkman</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-6203497'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-6203497').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6203497 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6203497"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6203497; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6203497]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6203497").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6203497").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6203497"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6203497]'), work: {"id":6203497,"title":"Reasons women give for abortion: a review of the literature","created_at":"2014-02-25T05:59:38.558-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6203497/Reasons_women_give_for_abortion_a_review_of_the_literature?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_6203497","summary":"The aim was to identify from empirical research that used quantitative or qualitative methods the reasons women give for having an abortion. A search was conducted of peer-reviewed, English language publications indexed in eight computerized databases with publication date 1996–2008, using keywords ‘abortion’ and ‘reason’ (Medline: ‘induced abortion’ OR ‘termination of pregnancy’ OR ‘elective abortion’ and ‘reason’). Inclusion criteria were empirical research on humans that identified women’s reasons for undergoing an abortion, conducted in ‘high-income’ countries. 19 eligible papers were found. Despite variation in methods of generating, collecting, and analysing reasons, and the inadequacy of methodological detail in some papers, all contributed to a consistent picture of the reasons women give for having an abortion, with three main categories (‘Woman-focused’, ‘Other-focused’, and ‘Material’) identified. Ambivalence was often evident in women’s awareness of reasons for continuing the pregnancy, but abortion was chosen because continuing with the pregnancy was assessed as having adverse effects on the life of the woman and significant others. Women’s reasons were complex and contingent, taking into account their own needs, a sense of responsibility to existing children and the potential child, and the contribution of significant others, including the genetic father.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36563141,"asset_id":6203497,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67812479,"first_name":"Shelley","last_name":"Mallett","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShelleyMallett","display_name":"Shelley Mallett","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShelleyMallett?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":9485732,"first_name":"Maggie","last_name":"Kirkman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MaggieKirkman","display_name":"Maggie Kirkman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaggieKirkman?f_ri=12135","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9485732/109684030/98925480/s65_maggie.kirkman.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":24837,"name":"Peer Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peer_Review?f_ri=12135"},{"id":44293,"name":"Literature Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_Review?f_ri=12135"},{"id":46406,"name":"Motivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motivation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy?f_ri=12135"},{"id":186492,"name":"Empirical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Research?f_ri=12135"},{"id":486566,"name":"Pregnant Women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnant_Women?f_ri=12135"},{"id":624707,"name":"English Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language-2?f_ri=12135"},{"id":675549,"name":"Qualitative Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Method?f_ri=12135"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":993913,"name":"Termination of Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Termination_of_Pregnancy?f_ri=12135"},{"id":1529835,"name":"Choice Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Choice_Behavior?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15783223 coauthored" data-work_id="15783223" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15783223/Innovation_in_healthcare_Issues_and_future_trends">Innovation in healthcare: Issues and future trends</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite the fact that there has been significant improvement in the healthcare industry, inefficiency still exists and little accomplished in understanding how to overcome those inefficiencies using innovation in healthcare. This study... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15783223" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite the fact that there has been significant improvement in the healthcare industry, inefficiency still exists and little accomplished in understanding how to overcome those inefficiencies using innovation in healthcare. This study seeks to answer the following research questions. How do executives and practitioners define the term innovation in healthcare? How do healthcare organizations come up with innovative ideas and how do they make those innovative decisions? How do healthcare executives and practitioners roll out those innovative changes in their organizations? What strategies do these organizations apply toward the formulation of innovative decisions? What role does information technology play in the innovative process? The researchers conducted in-depth interviews to answer several research questions. The respondents included 21C-level healthcare executives from 15 healthcare units. Results of the decision-making processes used by these executives concerning innovation conclude with a practical model. Finally, implications for practitioners and policy makers and future trends complete the paper.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15783223" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e0ac35e4e672bd2c74e9b550225c537" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42890769,"asset_id":15783223,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42890769/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34972475" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RamendraThakur">Ramendra Thakur</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34972475" type="text/json">{"id":34972475,"first_name":"Ramendra","last_name":"Thakur","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RamendraThakur","display_name":"Ramendra Thakur","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RamendraThakur?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15783223">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15783223"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/GwenFontenot">Gwen Fontenot</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15783223'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15783223').html(); 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Finally, implications for practitioners and policy makers and future trends complete the paper.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42890769,"asset_id":15783223,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34972475,"first_name":"Ramendra","last_name":"Thakur","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RamendraThakur","display_name":"Ramendra Thakur","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RamendraThakur?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":35175546,"first_name":"Gwen","last_name":"Fontenot","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GwenFontenot","display_name":"Gwen Fontenot","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GwenFontenot?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":26904,"name":"Strategic Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Decision_Making?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=12135"},{"id":133652,"name":"Diffusion of Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diffusion_of_Innovation?f_ri=12135"},{"id":288876,"name":"Decision making process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_making_process?f_ri=12135"},{"id":290635,"name":"Innovation process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovation_process?f_ri=12135"},{"id":405824,"name":"Technology Acceptance Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_Acceptance_Model?f_ri=12135"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1099909" data-work_id="1099909" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1099909/The_importance_of_context_Qualitative_research_and_the_study_of_leadership">The importance of context: Qualitative research and the study of leadership</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1099909" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d703023b2e767090444cb5d5728a29b3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51103295,"asset_id":1099909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51103295/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="958373" href="https://aegean.academia.edu/johnnous">john nous</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="958373" type="text/json">{"id":958373,"first_name":"john","last_name":"nous","domain_name":"aegean","page_name":"johnnous","display_name":"john nous","profile_url":"https://aegean.academia.edu/johnnous?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1099909 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1099909"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1099909, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1099909", }); 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Foram pesquisados... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25472733" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura sobre uso de entrevista, observação e videogravação (filmagem) na coleta de dados em pesquisa qualitativa, detalhando-se o caminho percorrido na utilização destas três técnicas. Foram pesquisados artigos com os termos "entrevista", "filmagem", "observação" e "métodos de coleta de dados" disponíveis on line nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e BIREME, no período de 1977 a 2005, e acervo bibliográfico. Após análise do material selecionado, concluiu-se que a utilização destas três técnicas, de forma complementar, pode nortear o método utilizado pelos pesquisadores na coleta de dados. Palavras-chave: Pesquisa qualitativa, Entrevista, Observação, Videogravação.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25472733" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a4c996c2a4d95bfe7c228a49fdfc031c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45788808,"asset_id":25472733,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45788808/download_file?st=MTczOTg0NjExOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48983679" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RenataBelei">Renata Belei</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48983679" type="text/json">{"id":48983679,"first_name":"Renata","last_name":"Belei","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RenataBelei","display_name":"Renata Belei","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RenataBelei?f_ri=12135","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25472733 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25472733"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25472733, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25472733", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25472733 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25472733; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25472733"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25472733 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25472733"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25472733; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25472733]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25472733").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25472733").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25472733"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research">Qualitative Research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12135" type="text/json">{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=12135","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25472733]'), work: {"id":25472733,"title":"O uso de entrevista, observa��o e videograva��o em pesquisa qualitativa","created_at":"2016-05-19T17:23:18.547-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25472733/O_uso_de_entrevista_observa_o_e_videograva_o_em_pesquisa_qualitativa?f_ri=12135","dom_id":"work_25472733","summary":"Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura sobre uso de entrevista, observação e videogravação (filmagem) na coleta de dados em pesquisa qualitativa, detalhando-se o caminho percorrido na utilização destas três técnicas. Foram pesquisados artigos com os termos \"entrevista\", \"filmagem\", \"observação\" e \"métodos de coleta de dados\" disponíveis on line nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e BIREME, no período de 1977 a 2005, e acervo bibliográfico. Após análise do material selecionado, concluiu-se que a utilização destas três técnicas, de forma complementar, pode nortear o método utilizado pelos pesquisadores na coleta de dados. 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