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href="#Nazi_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nazi era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boroughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boroughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Boroughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boroughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Quarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Religious life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Museums and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre,_cabaret_and_musical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre,_cabaret_and_musical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Theatre, cabaret and musical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre,_cabaret_and_musical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regular_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Regular events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_and_light_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_and_light_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Bus and light rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_and_light_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Bicycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_largest_employers_in_Hanover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_largest_employers_in_Hanover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>List of largest employers in Hanover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_largest_employers_in_Hanover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Key figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Business development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8A%96%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD" title="ሃኖቨር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃኖቨር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="هانوفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هانوفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A8%D6%80" title="Հանովըր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հանովըր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="هانوفر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هانوفر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হানোফার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হানোফার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Һанновер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һанновер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гановер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гановер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Гановэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гановэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хановер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хановер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ганновер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ганновер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_(munisipyo)" title="Hannover (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hannover (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Αννόβερο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αννόβερο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanovro" title="Hanovro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hanovro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="هانوفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هانوفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanovre" title="Hanovre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanovre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nobhar" title="Hànobhar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hànobhar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%84" title="하노버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하노버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հաննովեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաննովեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="हनोवर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हनोवर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ганновер – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ганновер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHanoveri_(eJamani)" title="IHanoveri (eJamani) – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IHanoveri (eJamani)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="הנובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰანოვერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰანოვერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ганновер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ганновер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ганновер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ганновер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannovera" title="Hannovera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hannovera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannovere" title="Hannovere – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hannovere" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoveris" title="Hanoveris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hanoveris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хановер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хановер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="ഹാനോവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാനോവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="हॅनोव्हर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅनोव्हर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%B1" title="هانوڤر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هانوڤر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="هانوفر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هانوفر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4an%C3%B3ber" title="Ḥanóber – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ḥanóber" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Ганновэр – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ганновэр" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ханновер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ханновер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_(stad)" title="Hannover (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hannover (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0" title="हनोभर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हनोभर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC" title="ハノーファー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハノーファー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хановер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хановер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹੈਨੋਫ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਨੋਫ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ہینوور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہینوور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هانوور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هانوور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuova" title="Anuova – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Anuova" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannober" title="Hannober – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hannober" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanower" title="Hanower – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hanower" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%B4ver" title="Hanôver – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hanôver" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganover" title="Ganover – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ganover" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanovra" title="Hanovra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hanovra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ганновер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ганновер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ганновер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ганновер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Ганновэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ганновэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoveri" title="Hanoveri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hanoveri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ھنور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھنور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanowery" title="Hanowery – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hanowery" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ھانۆفەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھانۆفەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хановер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хановер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹனோவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹனோவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮันโนเฟอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮันโนเฟอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80)" title="Ҳаннофер (шаҳр) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳаннофер (шаҳр)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ганновер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ганновер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ہانوور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہانوور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanof%C3%A9r" title="Hanofér – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Hanofér" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannover" title="Gannover – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gannover" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81" title="汉诺威 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉诺威" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="האנאווער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האנאווער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AB%BE%E5%A8%81" title="漢諾威 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="漢諾威" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hanover" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuoveris" title="Hanuoveris – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hanuoveris" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81" title="汉诺威 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉诺威" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hannover" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1715#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hanover&params=52_22_N_9_43_E_type:city(545,000)_region:DE-NI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°22′N</span> <span class="longitude">9°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.367°N 9.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.367; 9.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Lower Saxony, Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the German city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hanover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hanover (disambiguation)">Hanover (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hannover" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hannover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hannover (disambiguation)">Hannover (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hanover" title="Special:EditPage/Hanover">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hanover%22">"Hanover"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hanover%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hanover%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hanover%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hanover%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hanover%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Lower Saxony, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Hanover </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hannover</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span> <br /> <span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Hannober</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_Blick_Neues_Rathaus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hannover_Blick_Neues_Rathaus_01.jpg/280px-Hannover_Blick_Neues_Rathaus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hannover_Blick_Neues_Rathaus_01.jpg/420px-Hannover_Blick_Neues_Rathaus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hannover_Blick_Neues_Rathaus_01.jpg/560px-Hannover_Blick_Neues_Rathaus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1449" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg/139px-Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg/209px-Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg/278px-Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5398" data-file-height="3599" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marktkirche_St_Georgii_et_Jacobi_Mitte_Hannover_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Marktkirche_St_Georgii_et_Jacobi_Mitte_Hannover_Germany.jpg/139px-Marktkirche_St_Georgii_et_Jacobi_Mitte_Hannover_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Marktkirche_St_Georgii_et_Jacobi_Mitte_Hannover_Germany.jpg/209px-Marktkirche_St_Georgii_et_Jacobi_Mitte_Hannover_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Marktkirche_St_Georgii_et_Jacobi_Mitte_Hannover_Germany.jpg/278px-Marktkirche_St_Georgii_et_Jacobi_Mitte_Hannover_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5284" data-file-height="3523" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herrenh%C3%A4user_g%C3%A4rten_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Herrenh%C3%A4user_g%C3%A4rten_2.jpg/139px-Herrenh%C3%A4user_g%C3%A4rten_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Herrenh%C3%A4user_g%C3%A4rten_2.jpg/209px-Herrenh%C3%A4user_g%C3%A4rten_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Herrenh%C3%A4user_g%C3%A4rten_2.jpg/278px-Herrenh%C3%A4user_g%C3%A4rten_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neues_Rathaus_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Neues_Rathaus_bei_Nacht.jpg/139px-Neues_Rathaus_bei_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Neues_Rathaus_bei_Nacht.jpg/209px-Neues_Rathaus_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Neues_Rathaus_bei_Nacht.jpg/278px-Neues_Rathaus_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="1579" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_Hannover_-_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_-_B02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Universit%C3%A4t_Hannover_-_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_-_B02.jpg/280px-Universit%C3%A4t_Hannover_-_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_-_B02.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Universit%C3%A4t_Hannover_-_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_-_B02.jpg/420px-Universit%C3%A4t_Hannover_-_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_-_B02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Universit%C3%A4t_Hannover_-_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_-_B02.jpg/560px-Universit%C3%A4t_Hannover_-_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_-_B02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6286" data-file-height="1956" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: view over the city centre, <a href="/wiki/Marktkirche_St._Georgii_et_Jacobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marktkirche St. Georgii et Jacobi">Market Church of Saints George and James</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Hannover)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Town Hall (Hannover)">New Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hannover">University of Hannover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herrenhausen_Gardens" title="Herrenhausen Gardens">Herrenhausen Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altes_Rathaus,_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Altes Rathaus, Hannover">Old Town Hall</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Hannover.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hanover"><img alt="Flag of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flagge_Hannover.svg/100px-Flagge_Hannover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flagge_Hannover.svg/150px-Flagge_Hannover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flagge_Hannover.svg/200px-Flagge_Hannover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Hanover"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg/73px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg/109px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg/145px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="564" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Hanover">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:0.2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em;">Location of Hanover within <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover Region</a> district</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hannover_in_H.svg/240px-Hannover_in_H.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hannover_in_H.svg/360px-Hannover_in_H.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hannover_in_H.svg/480px-Hannover_in_H.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="558" usemap="#ImageMap_8357ca5fe6c9ecbb" resource="/wiki/File:Hannover_in_H.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_8357ca5fe6c9ecbb"><area href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" shape="rect" coords="211,168,222,176" alt="Hanover Region" title="Hanover Region" /><area href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" shape="rect" coords="179,143,238,198" alt="Lower Saxony" title="Lower Saxony" /><area href="/wiki/Wedemark" shape="poly" coords="85,64,80,38,94,28,105,28,106,18,129,26,120,64" alt="Wedemark" title="Wedemark" /><area href="/wiki/Burgwedel" shape="poly" coords="122,62,154,77,167,51,167,39,127,27" alt="Burgwedel" title="Burgwedel" /><area href="/wiki/Neustadt_am_R%C3%BCbenberge" shape="poly" coords="8,75,28,62,57,82,85,62,79,37,93,27,80,2,68,5,67,21,52,15,24,32,33,40,6,51" alt="Neustadt am Rübenberge" title="Neustadt am Rübenberge" /><area href="/wiki/Burgdorf,_Hanover" shape="poly" coords="153,79,153,90,187,95,191,81,182,67,187,57,167,51" alt="Burgdorf" title="Burgdorf" /><area href="/wiki/Uetze" shape="poly" coords="187,94,200,105,234,79,228,67,209,60,198,64,188,57,181,69,191,81" alt="Uetze" title="Uetze" /><area href="/wiki/Lehrte" shape="poly" coords="154,91,144,101,147,114,180,115,186,122,197,126,198,103,177,95,165,90" alt="Lehrte" title="Lehrte" /><area href="/wiki/Isernhagen" shape="poly" coords="118,62,118,80,129,83,130,90,150,94,151,75" alt="Isernhagen" title="Isernhagen" /><area href="/wiki/Langenhagen" shape="poly" coords="88,87,117,89,120,63,89,65" alt="Langenhagen" title="Langenhagen" /><area href="/wiki/Garbsen" shape="poly" coords="56,82,62,92,83,99,91,86,90,65,74,66,64,69,62,77" alt="Garbsen" title="Garbsen" /><area href="/wiki/Wunstorf" shape="poly" coords="19,99,32,86,13,86,10,78,31,64,40,66,57,85,61,91,45,111,40,96,27,103,20,100,33,85" alt="Wunstorf" title="Wunstorf" /><area href="/wiki/Seelze" shape="poly" coords="56,98,73,117,85,109,90,113,95,101,90,95,83,100,60,90" alt="Seelze" title="Seelze" /><area href="/wiki/Barsinghausen" shape="poly" coords="38,123,58,99,75,117,66,123,69,133,54,147,41,137" alt="Barsinghausen" title="Barsinghausen" /><area href="/wiki/Sehnde" shape="poly" coords="144,113,139,132,149,140,164,136,176,140,186,134,188,122,182,115,164,120,158,112" alt="Sehnde" title="Sehnde" /><area href="/wiki/Hanover" shape="poly" coords="90,113,98,119,96,123,100,128,114,121,118,128,124,126,138,133,140,116,147,114,143,100,151,99,150,93,130,91,129,83,120,80,117,89,90,88,87,95,92,95,96,100,93,104,96,108,92,113" alt="Hanover" title="Hanover" /><area href="/wiki/Gehrden" shape="poly" coords="66,135,77,137,79,141,86,138,85,122,90,114,88,110,80,113,74,121,66,122" alt="Gehrden" title="Gehrden" /><area href="/wiki/Laatzen" shape="poly" coords="117,128,120,136,125,137,129,147,142,145,142,147,150,146,150,139,137,134,123,125,118,129" alt="Laatzen" title="Laatzen" /><area href="/wiki/Wennigsen" shape="poly" coords="53,147,71,156,76,154,84,158,88,158,96,147,86,139,78,141,78,135,66,135" alt="Wennigsen" title="Wennigsen" /><area href="/wiki/Ronnenberg" shape="poly" coords="85,138,96,148,103,137,102,129,98,129,98,118,90,112,84,121" alt="Ronnenberg" title="Ronnenberg" /><area href="/wiki/Hemmingen" shape="poly" coords="96,144,101,147,111,145,112,139,117,140,121,134,118,127,112,121,106,124,99,129,102,129,104,136" alt="Hemmingen" title="Hemmingen" /><area href="/wiki/Pattensen" shape="poly" coords="105,147,110,143,112,138,117,140,121,134,130,147,118,157,129,159,125,172,121,170,120,177,115,179,109,170,114,165,101,154,105,152,102,148" alt="Pattensen" title="Pattensen" /><area href="/wiki/Springe" shape="poly" coords="53,146,86,159,98,147,104,150,101,154,114,165,111,168,100,171,109,180,99,193,86,193,72,180,63,184,57,177,63,165" alt="Springe" title="Springe" /><area href="/wiki/Hamelin-Pyrmont" shape="poly" coords="0,168,44,150,48,143,55,152,61,166,57,181,63,183,69,179,98,199,1,197" alt="Hamelin-Pyrmont" title="Hamelin-Pyrmont" /><area href="/wiki/Schaumburg" shape="poly" coords="1,168,29,160,46,144,39,135,36,123,45,113,37,98,24,105,18,99,32,85,26,84,0,93" alt="Schaumburg" title="Schaumburg" /><area href="/wiki/Nienburg_(district)" shape="poly" coords="0,89,10,86,10,77,3,75,3,71,9,72,5,57,2,51,29,41,29,37,23,31,39,22,45,21,46,16,51,13,65,20,68,15,67,8,64,9,59,0,3,2" alt="Nienburg (district)" title="Nienburg (district)" /><area href="/wiki/Heidekreis" shape="poly" coords="91,26,104,28,107,18,113,17,114,5,109,5,111,1,61,0,66,9,68,4,78,1,83,11,90,15,91,21" alt="Heidekreis" title="Heidekreis" /><area href="/wiki/Celle_(district)" shape="poly" coords="112,0,113,17,163,37,162,46,226,68,225,58,239,48,239,6" alt="Celle (district)" title="Celle (district)" /><area href="/wiki/Peine_(district)" shape="poly" coords="175,140,186,135,186,120,195,126,199,102,208,99,215,90,222,93,231,82,239,142,179,144,178,159,168,157,170,149,175,148" alt="Peine (district)" title="Peine (district)" /><area href="/wiki/Gifhorn_(district)" shape="poly" coords="225,64,228,62,231,63,229,71,233,76,231,81,238,87,238,50,228,58" alt="Gifhorn (district)" title="Gifhorn (district)" /><area href="/wiki/Hildesheim_(district)" shape="poly" coords="100,199,90,192,100,191,108,180,100,171,109,168,118,179,125,173,129,158,120,157,139,145,143,146,149,147,151,140,166,137,174,141,174,147,168,150,167,157,179,159,177,200" alt="Hildesheim (district)" title="Hildesheim (district)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanover is located in Germany"><img alt="Hanover is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.595%;left:42.17%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hanover"><img alt="Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Hanover </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanover is located in Lower Saxony"><img alt="Hanover is located in Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/250px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/375px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/500px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1202" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.321%;left:60.698%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hanover"><img alt="Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Hanover </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lower Saxony</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hanover&params=52_22_N_9_43_E_type:city(545,000)_region:DE-NI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°22′N</span> <span class="longitude">9°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.367°N 9.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.367; 9.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">13 districts</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2019–27) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belit_Onay" title="Belit Onay">Belit Onay</a><sup id="cite_ref-mayor_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">204.01 km<sup>2</sup> (78.77 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">55 m (180 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">545,045</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,700/km<sup>2</sup> (6,900/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,119,032</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">30001–30669</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0511</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">H</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hannover.de/">www<wbr />.hannover<wbr />.de</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1715#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hanover</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HAN</span>-oh-vər, <span style="font-size:90%">HAN</span>-ə-vər</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Hannover</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[haˈnoːfɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/07\/De-Hannover.ogg\/De-Hannover.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Hannover.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/De-Hannover.ogg/De-Hannover.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Hannover.ogg" title="File:De-Hannover.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>: <i lang="nds">Hannober</i>) is the capital and largest city of the German <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. Its 535,932 (2021) population makes it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">13th-largest city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> as well as the fourth-largest city in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">northern Germany</a> after <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>. Hanover's <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> comprises the towns of <a href="/wiki/Garbsen" title="Garbsen">Garbsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langenhagen" title="Langenhagen">Langenhagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laatzen" title="Laatzen">Laatzen</a> and has a population of about 791,000 (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover Region</a> has approximately 1.16 million inhabitants (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Hannover%E2%80%93Braunschweig%E2%80%93G%C3%B6ttingen%E2%80%93Wolfsburg_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region">Hanover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_EU_metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" title="List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP">17th biggest metropolitan area by GDP in the European Union</a>. </p><p>Before it became the capital of Lower Saxony in 1946, Hanover was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Principality of Calenberg</a> (1636–1692), the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a> (1692–1814), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> (1814–1866), the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Hannover">Province of Hanover</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (1868–1918), the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Hannover">Province of Hanover</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> (1918–1947) and of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">State of Hanover</a> (1946). From 1714 to 1837 Hanover was by <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> the family seat of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, under their title of the dukes of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> (later described as the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Elector of Hanover</a>). </p><p>The city lies at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/River_Leine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Leine">River Leine</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ihme" title="Ihme">Ihme</a>, in the south of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Plain" title="North German Plain">North German Plain</a>. The city is a major crossing point of railway lines and motorways (<a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahnen</a>), connecting European main lines in both the east–west (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr area</a>/<a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>) and north–south (Hamburg–<a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>/<a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>) directions. <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Airport" title="Hannover Airport">Hanover Airport</a> lies north of the city, in <a href="/wiki/Langenhagen" title="Langenhagen">Langenhagen</a>, and is Germany's ninth-busiest airport. The city's most notable institutes of higher education are the <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Medical_School" title="Hannover Medical School">Hanover Medical School</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Medizinische Hochschule Hannover</i></span>), one of Germany's leading <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical schools</a>, with its university hospital <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Klinikum der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover</i></span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_University_Hannover" title="Leibniz University Hannover">Leibniz University Hanover</a>. The city is also home to <a href="/wiki/International_Neuroscience_Institute" title="International Neuroscience Institute">International Neuroscience Institute</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Fairground" title="Hanover Fairground">Hanover Fairground</a>, owing to numerous extensions, especially for the <a href="/wiki/Expo_2000" title="Expo 2000">Expo 2000</a>, is the largest in the world. Hanover hosts annual commercial <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">trade fairs</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover Fair">Hanover Fair</a> and up to 2018 the <a href="/wiki/CeBIT" title="CeBIT">CeBIT</a>. The IAA Commercial Vehicles show takes place every two years. It is the world's leading trade show for transport, logistics and mobility. Every year Hanover hosts the <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCtzenfest_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Schützenfest Hannover">Schützenfest Hanover</a>, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations#Hannover" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest Hanover</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the city may derive from the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">(am) hohen Ufer</i></span>, literally 'on the high (river) bank'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the English spelling is <span class="nowrap">⟨<i>Hanover</i>⟩</span>. However, <span class="nowrap">⟨<i>Hannover</i>⟩</span>, the German spelling with a double-<span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, has become more popular in English. Recent editions of <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> prefer the German spelling,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the local government uses the German spelling on their English webpages.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English pronunciation, with <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> on the first syllable, is applied to both the German and English spellings, which is different from German pronunciation, with stress on the second syllable and a long second vowel. The traditional English spelling is still used in historical contexts, especially when referring to the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hanover" title="Timeline of Hanover">Timeline of Hanover</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanover_(region)" title="History of Hanover (region)">History of Hanover (region)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leine_at_Hannover_City.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Leine_at_Hannover_City.JPG/220px-Leine_at_Hannover_City.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Leine_at_Hannover_City.JPG/330px-Leine_at_Hannover_City.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Leine_at_Hannover_City.JPG/440px-Leine_at_Hannover_City.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leine" title="Leine">Leine</a> river in Hanover, seen right of (1) the Beguine Tower and remnants of the city's medieval city wall that have been integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Museum_Hannover" title="Historisches Museum Hannover">Hanover Historical Museum</a> and (2) the <a href="/wiki/Leineschloss" title="Leineschloss">Leine Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1641_erstmals_ver%C3%B6ffentlichter_Kupferstich_Hannover_vom_Nordosten,_Matth%C3%A4us_Merian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1641_erstmals_ver%C3%B6ffentlichter_Kupferstich_Hannover_vom_Nordosten%2C_Matth%C3%A4us_Merian.jpg/440px-1641_erstmals_ver%C3%B6ffentlichter_Kupferstich_Hannover_vom_Nordosten%2C_Matth%C3%A4us_Merian.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1641_erstmals_ver%C3%B6ffentlichter_Kupferstich_Hannover_vom_Nordosten%2C_Matth%C3%A4us_Merian.jpg/660px-1641_erstmals_ver%C3%B6ffentlichter_Kupferstich_Hannover_vom_Nordosten%2C_Matth%C3%A4us_Merian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1641_erstmals_ver%C3%B6ffentlichter_Kupferstich_Hannover_vom_Nordosten%2C_Matth%C3%A4us_Merian.jpg/880px-1641_erstmals_ver%C3%B6ffentlichter_Kupferstich_Hannover_vom_Nordosten%2C_Matth%C3%A4us_Merian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Hanover by <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian">Matthäus Merian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first issued 1641</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanover was founded in medieval times on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Leine" title="Leine">Leine</a> River. Its original name <i>Honovere</i> may mean 'high river bank', but that is debated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century and received <a href="/wiki/Town_privileges" title="Town privileges">town privileges</a> in 1241 because of its position at a natural crossroads. As overland travel was relatively difficult, its position on the upper navigable reaches of the river helped it grow from increasing trade. It was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> by the Leine River and was situated near the southern edge of the wide <a href="/wiki/North_German_Plain" title="North German Plain">North German Plain</a> and northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountains, so east–west traffic such as mule trains passed through it. Hanover was thus a gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_(river)" title="Ruhr (river)">Ruhr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar</a> river valleys, and their industrial areas which grew up to the southwest and the plains regions to the east and north for overland traffic skirting the Harz between the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. </p><p>In the 14th century, the main <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> of Hanover were built, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">city wall</a> with three city gates. The beginning of industrialization in Germany led to trade in iron and silver from the northern <a href="/wiki/Harz_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Harz Mountains">Harz Mountains</a>, which increased the city's importance. </p><p>In 1636 <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">principality of Calenberg</a>, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Elector" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Elector">Prince-Elector</a> in 1692, which was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> in 1708. Thus, the principality was upgraded to the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, colloquially known as the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a> after Calenberg's capital (see also <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>). Its electors later became monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (and from 1801 of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>). The first of them was <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I Louis</a>, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who reigned in Hanover was <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Semi-Salic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Salic law">Semi-Salic law</a>, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House of Hanover. Her descendants, however, bore her husband's titular name of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</a>. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were concurrently also <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electoral Princes</a> of Hanover. </p><p>During the time of the personal union of the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover (1714–1837), the monarchs rarely visited the city. In fact during the reigns of the last three joint rulers (1760–1837), there was only one short visit, by <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV</a> in 1821. From 1816 to 1837, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Adolphus</a> represented the monarch in Hanover. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastenbeck" title="Battle of Hastenbeck">Battle of Hastenbeck</a> was fought near the city on 26 July 1757. The French army defeated the <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Army_of_Observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian Army of Observation">Hanoverian Army of Observation</a>, which led to the city's occupation as part of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Hanover_(1757)" title="Invasion of Hanover (1757)">Invasion of Hanover</a>. It was recaptured by Anglo-German forces, led by <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_of_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick">Ferdinand of Brunswick</a>, the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_Georgstra%C3%9Fe_mit_Theater_(um_1895).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hannover_Georgstra%C3%9Fe_mit_Theater_%28um_1895%29.jpg/220px-Hannover_Georgstra%C3%9Fe_mit_Theater_%28um_1895%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hannover_Georgstra%C3%9Fe_mit_Theater_%28um_1895%29.jpg/330px-Hannover_Georgstra%C3%9Fe_mit_Theater_%28um_1895%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hannover_Georgstra%C3%9Fe_mit_Theater_%28um_1895%29.jpg/440px-Hannover_Georgstra%C3%9Fe_mit_Theater_%28um_1895%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3487" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption>Am <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6pcke" title="Kröpcke">Kröpcke</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_Schloss_zu_Herrenhausen_(um_1895).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hannover_Schloss_zu_Herrenhausen_%28um_1895%29.jpg/220px-Hannover_Schloss_zu_Herrenhausen_%28um_1895%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hannover_Schloss_zu_Herrenhausen_%28um_1895%29.jpg/330px-Hannover_Schloss_zu_Herrenhausen_%28um_1895%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hannover_Schloss_zu_Herrenhausen_%28um_1895%29.jpg/440px-Hannover_Schloss_zu_Herrenhausen_%28um_1895%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="2770" /></a><figcaption>Schloss <a href="/wiki/Herrenhausen_Gardens" title="Herrenhausen Gardens">Herrenhausen</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon</a> imposed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Convention of Artlenburg</a> (treaty of the Elbe) on 5 July 1803, about 35,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The convention also required disbanding the <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Army" title="Hanoverian Army">Hanoverian Army</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a> did not recognise the Convention of the Elbe, which resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain, where the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_German_Legion" title="King's German Legion">King's German Legion</a> was formed. It was only troops from Hanover and <a href="/wiki/Black_Brunswickers" title="Black Brunswickers">Brunswick</a> who consistently opposed France throughout the Napoleonic Wars. The Legion later played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815. In 1814 the electorate became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1837, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV</a>'s heir in the United Kingdom was female (<a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a>, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian war</a>. Though Hanover was expected to defeat Prussia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langensalza_(1866)" title="Battle of Langensalza (1866)">Battle of Langensalza</a> in 1866, Prussia employed <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army#Moltke_the_Elder" title="Prussian Army">Moltke the Elder's Kesselschlacht order of battle</a> to and destroyed the Hanoverian Army. Thereafter the city of Hanover became the capital of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1872, the first <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horse railway</a> was inaugurated, and in 1893, an electric <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> was installed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A local newspaper, the <i>Hanoverscher Kurier</i>, was published in Hanover at this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_era">Nazi era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nazi era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_Synagogenmahnmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hannover_Synagogenmahnmal.jpg/170px-Hannover_Synagogenmahnmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hannover_Synagogenmahnmal.jpg/255px-Hannover_Synagogenmahnmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hannover_Synagogenmahnmal.jpg/340px-Hannover_Synagogenmahnmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Synagogue site</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1937 the <a href="/wiki/Oberb%C3%BCrgermeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberbürgermeister">lord mayor</a> and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a> (Nazi party). A large <a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">Jewish population</a> then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Grynszpan" title="Herschel Grynszpan">Grynszpan family</a>. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them stranded at the border with thousands of other Polish-Jewish deportees, fed only intermittently by the Polish <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> and Jewish welfare organisations. The Grynszpans' son <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Grynszpan" title="Herschel Grynszpan">Herschel Grynszpan</a> was in Paris at the time. When he learned of what was happening, he drove to the German embassy in Paris and shot the German diplomat Eduard <a href="/wiki/Ernst_vom_Rath" title="Ernst vom Rath">Ernst vom Rath</a>, who died shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-book-on-grynszpan_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-on-grynszpan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazis took this act as a pretext to stage a nationwide pogrom known as <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> (9 November 1938).<sup id="cite_ref-kristal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that day, the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> of Hanover, designed in 1870 by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Oppler" title="Edwin Oppler">Edwin Oppler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">neo-romantic</a> style, was burnt by the Nazis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1941, through the "Action Lauterbacher" plan, a <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettoisation</a> of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began. Even before the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>, on 15 December 1941, the first Jews from Hanover were deported to <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 2,400 people were deported, and very few survived. During the war seven <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> were constructed in Hanover, in which many Jews were confined,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> women.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the approximately 4,800 Jews who had lived in Hanover in 1938, fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the United States Army arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, a memorial at the Opera Square is a reminder of the persecution of the Jews in Hanover. After the war a large group of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> survivors of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a> settled in Hanover.<sup id="cite_ref-lexikon_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexikon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also a camp for <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dozens of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> subcamps of the <a href="/wiki/Stalag_XI-B" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalag XI-B">Stalag XI-B</a> <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">prisoner-of-war camp</a> for <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegidienkirche_Hannover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aegidienkirche_Hannover.jpg/220px-Aegidienkirche_Hannover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aegidienkirche_Hannover.jpg/330px-Aegidienkirche_Hannover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aegidienkirche_Hannover.jpg/440px-Aegidienkirche_Hannover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Aegidienkirche was not rebuilt and its ruins were kept as a WWII memorial.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Bombing of Hanover in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1943_WWII_map_of_Hannover,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1943_WWII_map_of_Hannover%2C_Germany.jpg/220px-1943_WWII_map_of_Hannover%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1943_WWII_map_of_Hannover%2C_Germany.jpg/330px-1943_WWII_map_of_Hannover%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1943_WWII_map_of_Hannover%2C_Germany.jpg/440px-1943_WWII_map_of_Hannover%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="17700" data-file-height="15426" /></a><figcaption>WWII map of Hanover in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>As an important railway and <a href="/wiki/Junction_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Junction (road)">road junction</a> and production centre, Hanover was a major target for <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing during World War II</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">Oil Campaign</a>. Targets included the <a href="/wiki/VARTA" title="VARTA">AFA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herrenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrenhausen">Stöcken</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">Deurag-Nerag</a> refinery (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Misburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misburg (page does not exist)">Misburg</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental</a> plants (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vahrenwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vahrenwald (page does not exist)">Vahrenwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linden-Limmer" title="Linden-Limmer">Limmer</a>), the United light metal works (VLW) in <a href="/wiki/Ricklingen" title="Ricklingen">Ricklingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laatzen" title="Laatzen">Laatzen</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Hanover_fairground" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover fairground">Hanover fairground</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II#References" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">the Hanover/Limmer rubber reclamation plant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hanomag" title="Hanomag">Hanomag</a> factory (<a href="/wiki/Linden-Limmer" title="Linden-Limmer">Linden</a>) and the tank factory <i>M.N.H. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen</i> (Badenstedt). Residential areas were also targeted, and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids. More than 90% of the city centre was destroyed in a total of 88 bombing raids.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, the <a href="/wiki/Aegidienkirche,_Hanover" title="Aegidienkirche, Hanover">Aegidienkirche</a> was not rebuilt and its ruins were left as a war memorial. Today around 25 % of the city consists of buildings from before 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Hanover in April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US <a href="/wiki/84th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="84th Infantry Division (United States)">84th Infantry Division</a> captured the city on 10 April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanover was in the British zone of occupation of Germany and became part of the new <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state (Land)</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> in 1946. In 1947, Hanover established its relationship with <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol, England</a> in exchanges of goods, students and music. This would link the two cities to <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a> as one of the models for establishing these types of programs. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today Hanover is a vice-president city of <a href="/wiki/Mayors_for_Peace" title="Mayors for Peace">Mayors for Peace</a>, an international mayoral organisation mobilising cities and citizens worldwide to abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanover has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>) independent of the isotherm. Although the city is not on a coastal location, the predominant <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air masses</a> are still from the ocean, unlike other places further east or south-central Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hanover weather station has recorded the following extreme values:<sup id="cite_ref-sklima_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Its highest temperature was 39.2 °C (102.6 °F) on <a href="/wiki/2022_European_heatwaves#July_heatwave_2" title="2022 European heatwaves">20 July 2022</a>.</li> <li>Its lowest temperature was −24.8 °C (−12.6 °F) on 22 January 1940.</li> <li>Its greatest annual precipitation was 935.4 mm (36.83 in) in 1981.</li> <li>Its least annual precipitation was 337.4 mm (13.28 in) in 1959.</li> <li>The longest annual sunshine was 1,971.6 hours in 1959.</li> <li>The shortest annual sunshine was 1,274.3 hours in 1998.</li></ul> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Hannover (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–2023) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.9<br />(14.2) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4<br />(16.9) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.4<br />(9.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.8<br />(−12.6) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.3<br />(−11.7) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.3<br />(−0.9) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.9<br />(17.8) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.1<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.9<br />(−5.6) </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24.8<br />(−12.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.6<br />(2.07) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.5<br />(1.59) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8<br />(1.76) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(1.40) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.0<br />(2.05) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7<br />(2.07) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.2<br />(2.69) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3<br />(2.57) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.1<br />(2.05) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.7<br />(2.23) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6<br />(2.03) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.6<br />(2.15) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">626.7<br />(24.67) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.1<br />(3.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.4 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.2 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.3 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">183 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.7 </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.4 </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.9 </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.1 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.2 </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.2 </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.0 </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.2 </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.0 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #565656; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.4 </td> <td style="background: #898989; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.4 </td> <td style="background: #B5B567; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.2 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.1 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212.1 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">211.1 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.5 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.6 </td> <td style="background: #B0B085; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.2 </td> <td style="background: #616161; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.8 </td> <td style="background: #474747; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD35; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,596.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">DWD</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sklima_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanover_from_the_ISS.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hanover_from_the_ISS.jpeg/277px-Hanover_from_the_ISS.jpeg" decoding="async" width="277" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hanover_from_the_ISS.jpeg/416px-Hanover_from_the_ISS.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hanover_from_the_ISS.jpeg/554px-Hanover_from_the_ISS.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Hanover, as seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtbezirke_in_Hannover.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stadtbezirke_in_Hannover.svg/220px-Stadtbezirke_in_Hannover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stadtbezirke_in_Hannover.svg/330px-Stadtbezirke_in_Hannover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stadtbezirke_in_Hannover.svg/440px-Stadtbezirke_in_Hannover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Boroughs of Hanover</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtteile_in_Hannover.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stadtteile_in_Hannover.svg/220px-Stadtteile_in_Hannover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stadtteile_in_Hannover.svg/330px-Stadtteile_in_Hannover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stadtteile_in_Hannover.svg/440px-Stadtteile_in_Hannover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Quarters of Hanover</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_in_H.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hannover_in_H.svg/220px-Hannover_in_H.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hannover_in_H.svg/330px-Hannover_in_H.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hannover_in_H.svg/440px-Hannover_in_H.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Hanover in the Hanover Region</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city of Hanover is divided into 13 boroughs (<i><a href="/wiki/Stadtbezirk" title="Stadtbezirk">Stadtbezirke</a></i>) and 53 quarters (<i><a href="/wiki/Stadtteil" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtteil">Stadtteile</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boroughs">Boroughs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Boroughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hanover-Mitte" title="Hanover-Mitte">Mitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahrenwald-List" title="Vahrenwald-List">Vahrenwald-List</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bothfeld-Vahrenheide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bothfeld-Vahrenheide (page does not exist)">Bothfeld-Vahrenheide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchholz-Kleefeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchholz-Kleefeld">Buchholz-Kleefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misburg-Anderten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misburg-Anderten (page does not exist)">Misburg-Anderten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchrode-Bemerode-W%C3%BClferode" title="Kirchrode-Bemerode-Wülferode">Kirchrode-Bemerode-Wülferode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCdstadt-Bult&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Südstadt-Bult (page does not exist)">Südstadt-Bult</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B6hren-W%C3%BClfel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Döhren-Wülfel (page does not exist)">Döhren-Wülfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricklingen" title="Ricklingen">Ricklingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linden-Limmer" title="Linden-Limmer">Linden-Limmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahlem-Badenstedt-Davenstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahlem-Badenstedt-Davenstedt (page does not exist)">Ahlem-Badenstedt-Davenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenhausen-St%C3%B6cken" title="Herrenhausen-Stöcken">Herrenhausen-Stöcken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover-Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanover-Nord (page does not exist)">Nord</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quarters">Quarters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A selection of the 53 quarters: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannover-Nordstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover-Nordstadt">Nordstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannover-S%C3%BCdstadt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannover-Südstadt (page does not exist)">Südstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannover-Oststadt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannover-Oststadt (page does not exist)">Oststadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannover-Zoo" title="Hannover-Zoo">Zoo</a> (for the zoo itself, see <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Zoo" title="Hanover Zoo">Hanover Zoo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrenhausen">Herrenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldheim_(Hanover)" title="Waldheim (Hanover)">Waldheim</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Hanover_mayoral_election_(2nd_round).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2019_Hanover_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/350px-2019_Hanover_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2019_Hanover_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/525px-2019_Hanover_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2019_Hanover_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/700px-2019_Hanover_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Results of the second round of the 2019 mayoral election</figcaption></figure> <p>The current mayor of Hanover is <a href="/wiki/Belit_Onay" title="Belit Onay">Belit Onay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a>, elected in 2019. The most recent mayoral election was held on 17 October 2019, with a runoff held on 10 November, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Belit_Onay" title="Belit Onay">Belit Onay</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>60,096 </td> <td>32.2 </td> <td>92,146 </td> <td>52.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left">Eckhard Scholz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>) </td> <td>60,046 </td> <td>32.2 </td> <td>82,116 </td> <td>47.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left">Marc Hansmann </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>43,727 </td> <td>23.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left">Joachim Wundrak </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>8,645 </td> <td>4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Jessica Kaußen </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>3,628 </td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Iyabo Kaczmarek </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>3,593 </td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left">Catharina Gutwerk </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>2,886 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left">Bruno Adam Wolf </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a> </td> <td>2,382 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Ruth Esther Gilmore </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>841 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Julian Klippert </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>536 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>186,380 </th> <th>99.7 </th> <th>174,262 </th> <th>99.6 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>647 </th> <th>0.3 </th> <th>769 </th> <th>0.4 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>187,027 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>175,031 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>401,847 </th> <th>46.5 </th> <th>402,129 </th> <th>43.5 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: City of Hanover (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahl.hannover-stadt.de/wahlen.php?site=left/gebiete&wahl=5110#">1st round</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308161126/https://wahl.hannover-stadt.de/wahlen.php?site=left/gebiete&wahl=5110">Archived</a> 2022-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahl.hannover-stadt.de/wahlen.php?site=left/gebiete&wahl=5211#">2nd round</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075037/https://wahl.hannover-stadt.de/wahlen.php?site=left%2Fgebiete&wahl=5211">Archived</a> 2022-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Hanover_City_Council_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2021_Hanover_City_Council_election.svg/350px-2021_Hanover_City_Council_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2021_Hanover_City_Council_election.svg/525px-2021_Hanover_City_Council_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2021_Hanover_City_Council_election.svg/700px-2021_Hanover_City_Council_election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2341" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 2021 city council election</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hanover city council governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 12 September 2021, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td>165,105 </td> <td>27.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.5 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td>164,431 </td> <td>27.7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.7 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td>123,181 </td> <td>20.7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.7 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td>35,917 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td>33,019 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td>25,302 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (PARTEI) </td> <td>13,853 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">The Hanoverians (HAN) </td> <td>7,044 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.6 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a> (Piraten) </td> <td>7,089 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#502379"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt Germany</a> (Volt) </td> <td>10,135 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Climate Alliance Hanover </td> <td>4,022 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F7A800"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (FW) </td> <td>3,126 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#4AA79D"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">Grassroots Democratic Party</a> (dieBasis) </td> <td>1,981 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Active for a Social Hanover (ASH) </td> <td>260 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>594,465 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Valid votes </th> <th>201,998 </th> <th>98.8 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Invalid votes </th> <th>2,373 </th> <th>1.2 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>204,371 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>64 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>398,328 </th> <th>51.3 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlergebnis.hannover-stadt.de/Wahl-2021-09-12/03241001/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=17&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_3_id_1">City of Hanover</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120184516/https://wahlergebnis.hannover-stadt.de/Wahl-2021-09-12/03241001/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=17&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_3_id_1">Archived</a> 2021-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_Panorama2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view from the viewing platform of the New Town Hall"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hannover_Panorama2.jpg/1500px-Hannover_Panorama2.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hannover_Panorama2.jpg/2250px-Hannover_Panorama2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hannover_Panorama2.jpg/3000px-Hannover_Panorama2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15425" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_Panorama2.jpg" title="File:Hannover Panorama2.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view from the viewing platform of the <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Hanover)" title="New Town Hall (Hanover)">New Town Hall</a></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marketchurchhannover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marketchurchhannover.jpg/220px-Marketchurchhannover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marketchurchhannover.jpg/330px-Marketchurchhannover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marketchurchhannover.jpg/440px-Marketchurchhannover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Market Church in Hanover</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg/220px-Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg/330px-Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg/440px-Hannover_old_townhall_Karmarschstrasse_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5398" data-file-height="3599" /></a><figcaption>Old Town Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloos%C3%A4ule_sst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Waterloos%C3%A4ule_sst.jpg/170px-Waterloos%C3%A4ule_sst.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Waterloos%C3%A4ule_sst.jpg/255px-Waterloos%C3%A4ule_sst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Waterloos%C3%A4ule_sst.jpg/340px-Waterloos%C3%A4ule_sst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>Waterloo Column</i> in Hanover</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anzeiger_D%C3%A4mmerung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anzeiger_D%C3%A4mmerung.jpg/220px-Anzeiger_D%C3%A4mmerung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anzeiger_D%C3%A4mmerung.jpg/330px-Anzeiger_D%C3%A4mmerung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anzeiger_D%C3%A4mmerung.jpg/440px-Anzeiger_D%C3%A4mmerung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Anzeiger Tower Block</figcaption></figure> <p>There are around 5,500 buildings of major historic value within city limits. <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Hanover's most grandiose sights is the <a href="/wiki/Herrenhausen_Gardens" title="Herrenhausen Gardens">Royal Gardens of Herrenhausen</a>. Its Great Garden is an important European <a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque garden</a>. The palace itself was largely destroyed by Allied bombing, but was reconstructed and reopened in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among its points of interest is the Grotto, with the interior designed by French artist <a href="/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Garden consists of several parts and features Europe's tallest garden fountain. The historic <i>Garden Theatre</i> has hosted the musicals of the German rock musician <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rudolf_Kunze" title="Heinz Rudolf Kunze">Heinz Rudolf Kunze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Also at Herrenhausen, the <i><a href="/wiki/Berggarten" title="Berggarten">Berggarten</a></i> is a botanical garden with the most varied collection of orchids in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some points of interest are the <i>Tropical House</i>, the <i>Cactus House</i>, the <i>Canary House</i> and the <i>Orchid House</i>, and free-flying birds and butterflies. Near the entrance to the Berggarten is the historic <i>Library Pavillon</i>. The <i>Mausoleum</i> of the Guelphs is also in the Berggarten. Like the Great Garden, the Berggarten also consists of several parts, for example the <i>Paradies</i> and the <i>Prairie Garden</i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Georgengarten" title="Georgengarten">Georgengarten</a></i> is an English landscape garden. The <i>Leibniz Temple</i> and the <i>Georgen Palace</i> are two points of interest there.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maschsee_Hannover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Maschsee_Hannover.jpg/220px-Maschsee_Hannover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Maschsee_Hannover.jpg/330px-Maschsee_Hannover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Maschsee_Hannover.jpg/440px-Maschsee_Hannover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Maschsee seen from the viewing platform of the New Town Hall</figcaption></figure><p>The landmark of Hanover is the <a href="/wiki/New_City_Hall_(Hanover)" class="mw-redirect" title="New City Hall (Hanover)">New Town Hall</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neues Rathaus</i></span>). Inside the building are four scale models of the city. An elevator ascends to the observation deck at the top of the large dome along a variable angle of up to 17 degrees, thought to be unique in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Zoo" title="Hanover Zoo">Hanover Zoo</a></i> received the Park Scout Award for the fourth year running in 2009–10, placing it among the best zoos in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-zoo-hannover.de_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-hannover.de-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zoo consists of several theme areas: Sambesi, Meyers Farm, Gorilla-Mountain, Jungle-Palace, and Mullewapp. Some smaller areas are Australia, the wooded area for wolves, and the so-called swimming area with many seabirds. There is also a tropical house, a jungle house, and a show arena. The new Canadian-themed area, Yukon Bay, opened in 2010. In 2010 the Hanover Zoo had over 1.6 million visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-zoo-hannover.de_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-hannover.de-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Life_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Life Centres">Sea Life Centre</a> Hanover</i>, which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another point of interest is the <i>Old Town</i>. In the centre are the large <i><a href="/wiki/Marktkirche,_Hanover" title="Marktkirche, Hanover">Marktkirche</a></i> (Church <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">St. Georgii et Jacobi</i></span>, preaching venue of the bishop of the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_State_Church_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover">Landeskirche Hanovers</a>), and the 15th century <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Hall_(Hanover)" title="Old Town Hall (Hanover)">Old Town Hall</a></i>, heavily damaged by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> bombing in 1943, and reconstructed after World War II. Nearby are the <i>Leibniz House</i>, the <i>Nolte House</i>, and the <i>Beguine Tower</i>. The <i>Kreuz-Church-Quarter</i> around the <i>Kreuz Church</i> contains many little lanes. Nearby is the old royal sports hall, now called the <i>Ballhof</i> theatre. On the edge of the Old Town are the <i>Market Hall</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Leineschloss" title="Leineschloss">Leine Palace</a></i>, and the ruin of the <i>Aegidien Church</i> which is now a monument to the victims of war and violence. Through the <i>Marstall Gate</i> the bank of the river <i>Leine</i> can be reached; the <i>Nanas</i> of <a href="/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a> are there. They are part of the <i>Sculpture Mile</i>, which starts at <i>Trammplatz</i>, runs along the river bank, crosses <i>Königsworther Square</i>, and ends at the entrance of the <i>Georgengarten</i>. Near the Old Town is the district of Calenberger Neustadt where the Catholic <a href="/wiki/St._Clement%27s_Basilica,_Hanover" title="St. Clement's Basilica, Hanover">St. Clement's Basilica</a>, the <i>Reformed Church</i> and the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Neust%C3%A4dter_Kirche,_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Neustädter Kirche, Hannover">Neustädter Hof- und Stadtkirche St. Johannis</a> stand. </p><p>Some other popular sights are the <i>Waterloo Column</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_Friedrich_Laves" title="Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves">Laves</a> House</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Wangenheim_Palace" title="Wangenheim Palace">Wangenheim Palace</a></i>, the <i>Lower Saxony State Archives</i>, the <i>Hanover Playhouse</i>, the <i>Kröpcke Clock</i>, the <i>Anzeiger Tower Block</i>, the <i>Administration Building of the NORD/LB</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Stadthalle_Hannover" title="Stadthalle Hannover">Cupola Hall</a></i> of the Congress Centre, the <i>Lower Saxony Stock</i>, the <i>Ministry of Finance</i>, the <i>Garten Church</i>, the <i>Luther Church</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gehry_Tower" title="Gehry Tower">Gehry Tower</a></i> (designed by the American architect <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank O. Gehry</a>), the specially designed <i>Bus Stops</i>, the <i>Opera House</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hannover_Hauptbahnhof" title="Hannover Hauptbahnhof">Hanover Central Station</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Maschsee" title="Maschsee">Maschsee</a></i> lake and the city forest <i><a href="/wiki/Eilenriede" title="Eilenriede">Eilenriede</a></i>, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. For recreation, Hanover has 40 parks, forests and gardens, a couple of lakes, two rivers and a canal. </p><p>The historic <i>Leibniz Letters</i>, which can be viewed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> Library</i>, have been on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory of the World Register">Memory of the World Register</a> since 2007. </p><p>Outside the city centre is the <i><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Fairground" title="Hanover Fairground">Hanover Fairground</a></i>, which was the site of <a href="/wiki/Expo_2000" title="Expo 2000">EXPO 2000</a> fair. Some points of interest are the <i>Planet M.</i>, the former <i>German Pavillon</i>, some nations' vacant pavilions, the <i>Expowale</i>, the <i>EXPO-Plaza</i> and the <i>EXPO-Gardens</i> (Parc Agricole, EXPO-Park South and the Gardens of change). The fairground can be reached by the <i>Exponale</i>, one of the largest pedestrian bridges in Europe. </p><p>The <i>Hanover Fairground</i> is the largest exhibition centre in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides 496,000 square metres (5.34 million square feet) of covered indoor space, 58,000 square metres (620 thousand square feet) of open-air space, 27 halls and pavilions. Many of the Exhibition Centre's halls are architectural highlights. Furthermore, it offers the Convention Center with its 35 function rooms, glassed-in areas between halls, grassy park-like recreation zones and its own heliport. Two important sights on the fairground are the <i>Hermes Tower</i> (88.8 metres or 291 feet high) and the <i>EXPO Roof</i>, the largest wooden roof in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the district of Anderten is the <i>European Cheese Centre</i>, termed a "Cheese Experience Centre." Another tourist sight in Anderten is the <i>Hindenburg Lock</i>, which was the biggest lock in Europe when it was constructed in 1928. The <i>Tiergarten</i> in the district of Kirchrode is a forest originally used for deer and other game for the king's table. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telemax_Daemmerung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Telemax_Daemmerung.jpg/220px-Telemax_Daemmerung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Telemax_Daemmerung.jpg/330px-Telemax_Daemmerung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Telemax_Daemmerung.jpg/440px-Telemax_Daemmerung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>The Telemax tower is visible from up to 30 kilometres (19 mi) away on the Autobahns</figcaption></figure> <p>The 282-metre-high (925 ft) <i><a href="/wiki/Telemax_(tower)" title="Telemax (tower)">Telemax</a></i> communications tower, the tallest building in Lower Saxony and the highest television tower in northern Germany, lies in the district of Groß-Buchholz. Some other notable towers are the <i>VW-Tower</i> in the city centre and the old towers of the former middle-age defence belt: <i>Döhrener Tower</i>, <i>Lister Tower</i> and the <i>Horse Tower</i>. </p><p>The 36 most significant sights of the city centre are connected by a 4.2-kilometre-long (3 mi) walking trail called the <a href="/wiki/Roter_Faden" title="Roter Faden"><i>Red Thread</i></a> that is literally painted onto the pavement with red paint. It starts at the Tourist Information Office and ends on the Ernst-August-Square, both in front of the central train station. There is also a guided sightseeing bus tour through the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1190</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1435</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+233.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1811</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,816</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+236.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1836</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,898</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+42.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1855</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">33,148</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+38.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1875</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">106,667</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+221.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1895</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">209,535</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+96.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1905</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">250,632</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1919</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">321,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">477,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+48.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">325,841</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−31.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">469,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">574,481</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">522,098</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">534,623</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">513,010</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">516,415</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">506,416</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">513,291</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einwohnerentwicklung_Hannover_ab_1871_Geschlechter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Einwohnerentwicklung_Hannover_ab_1871_Geschlechter.svg/600px-Einwohnerentwicklung_Hannover_ab_1871_Geschlechter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Einwohnerentwicklung_Hannover_ab_1871_Geschlechter.svg/900px-Einwohnerentwicklung_Hannover_ab_1871_Geschlechter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Einwohnerentwicklung_Hannover_ab_1871_Geschlechter.svg/1200px-Einwohnerentwicklung_Hannover_ab_1871_Geschlechter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Population development of Hanover, Germany, from 1871 with gender breakdown since 31 December 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanover has a population of about 540,000. It is the largest city in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and is the 13th largest city in Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover Region</a>, a district that surrounds the city of Hanover and cities like <a href="/wiki/Langenhagen" title="Langenhagen">Langenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garbsen" title="Garbsen">Garbsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laatzen" title="Laatzen">Laatzen</a> has a population of about 1,160,000 and is the largest <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District (Landkreis)</a> in Germany. <a href="/wiki/Hannover%E2%80%93Braunschweig%E2%80%93G%C3%B6ttingen%E2%80%93Wolfsburg_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region">Hanover metropolitan region</a>, which includes also cities like <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, has a population of about 3,850,000 and is the 8th largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> in Germany. Hanover passed a population of 100,000 in 1875, and Hanover's population has grown since 1946, when Hanover became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> state and it grew rapidly in 1950s and 60s due to West German <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a>. This also saw the growth of a large migrant population, drawn largely from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Hanover has also one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Germany" title="Vietnamese people in Germany">Vietnamese communities</a> in former <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> due to its close distance to former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. The Viên Giác <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> in Mittelfeld, southern district of Hanover is the largest Vietnamese pagoda in Germany and one of the largest in Europe. Hanover is one of the liveable cities due to its good location and good population size. </p><p>It is the fifth-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> dialect area after Hamburg, <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> and Bremen. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="float:center;"> <caption>Largest groups of foreign residents<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population (31 December 2022) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>15,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>8,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>7,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>5,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>4,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>4,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>3,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>3,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>2,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>2,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>2,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>2,350 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>2,150 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>1,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1,850 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>1,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>1,200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_life">Religious life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religious life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanover is headquarters for several <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Alliance" title="Reformed Alliance">Reformed Alliance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Germany" title="United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany">United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Evangelical-Lutheran_Church" title="Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church">Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church</a>. </p><p>In 2015, 31.1% of the population were <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and 13.4% were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. The majority 55.5% were <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a> or other religion.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftbild_Hannover_Rathaus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Luftbild_Hannover_Rathaus.JPG/220px-Luftbild_Hannover_Rathaus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Luftbild_Hannover_Rathaus.JPG/330px-Luftbild_Hannover_Rathaus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Luftbild_Hannover_Rathaus.JPG/440px-Luftbild_Hannover_Rathaus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Hanover from the sky</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Museum_Hannover" title="Historisches Museum Hannover">Historisches Museum Hanover</a> (Historic museum) describes the history of Hanover, from the medieval settlement "Honovere" to the city of today. The museum focuses on the period from 1714 to 1834 when Hanover had a strong relationship with the British royal family of that period. </p><p>With more than 4,000 members, the <a href="/wiki/Kestnergesellschaft" title="Kestnergesellschaft">Kestnergesellschaft</a> is the largest art society in Germany. The museum hosts exhibitions from classical modernist art to contemporary art. Emphasis is placed on film, video, contemporary music and architecture, room installments and presentations of contemporary paintings, sculptures and video art. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kestner-Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kestner-Museum">Kestner-Museum</a> is located in the <i>House of 5,000 windows</i>. The museum is named after <a href="/wiki/August_Kestner" title="August Kestner">August Kestner</a> and exhibits 6,000 years of applied art in four areas: Ancient cultures, ancient Egypt, applied art and a valuable collection of historic coins. </p><p>The KUBUS is a forum for contemporary art. It features mostly exhibitions and projects of artists from Hanover. </p><p>The Kunstverein Hannover (Art Society Hanover) shows contemporary art and was established in 1832 as one of the first art societies in Germany. It is located in the <i>Künstlerhaus</i> (House of artists). There are around seven international exhibitions each year. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Landesmuseum_Hannover" title="Landesmuseum Hannover">Landesmuseum Hanover</a> is the largest museum in Hanover. The art gallery shows European art from the 11th to the 20th century, the nature department shows the zoology, geology, botanic, geology and a <i>vivarium</i> with fish, insects, reptiles and amphibians. The primeval department shows the primeval history of Lower Saxony, and the folklore department shows cultures from all over the world. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sprengel_Museum" title="Sprengel Museum">Sprengel Museum</a> shows the art of the 20th century. It is one of the most notable art museums in Germany. The focus is put on the classical modernist art with the collection of <i>Kurt Schwitters</i>, works of German expressionism, and French cubism, the cabinet of abstracts, the graphics and the department of photography and media. Furthermore, the museum shows the works of the French artist Niki de Saint-Phalle. </p><p>The Theatre Museum shows an exhibition of the history of the theatre in Hanover from the 17th century up to now: opera, concert, drama and ballet. The museum also hosts several touring exhibitions during the year. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch_Museum" title="Wilhelm Busch Museum">Wilhelm Busch Museum</a> is the <i>German Museum of Caricature and Critical Graphic Arts</i>. The collection of the works of Wilhelm Busch and the extensive collection of cartoons and critical graphics is unique in Germany. Furthermore, the museum hosts several exhibitions of national and international artists during the year. </p><p>A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG. The <i>Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen</i> is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the <i>Museum for textile art</i>. The <i>EXPOseeum</i> is the museum of the world-exhibition "EXPO 2000 Hanover". Carpets and objects from the orient can be visited in the <i>Oriental Carpet Museum</i>. The <i>Museum for the visually impaired</i> is a rarity in Germany, there is only one other of its kind in Berlin. The <i>Museum of veterinary medicine</i> is unique in Germany. The <i>Museum for Energy History</i> describes the 150 years old history of the application of energy. The <i>Heimat-Museum Ahlem</i> shows the history of the district of Ahlem. The <i>Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ahlem</i> describes the history of the Jewish people in Hanover and the <i>Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte / Kestner Pro Arte</i> shows modern art. Modern art is also the main topic of the <i>Kunsthalle Faust</i>, the <i>Nord/LB Art Gallery</i> and of the <i>Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik</i>. </p><p>Some leading art events in Hanover are the <i>Long Night of the Museums</i> and the <i>Zinnober Kunstvolkslauf</i> which features all the galleries in Hanover. </p><p>People who are interested in astronomy should visit the <i>Observatory Geschwister Herschel</i> on the Lindener Mountain or the small planetarium inside of the Bismarck School. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre,_cabaret_and_musical"><span id="Theatre.2C_cabaret_and_musical"></span>Theatre, cabaret and musical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Theatre, cabaret and musical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hanover" title="Special:EditPage/Hanover">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_Opernhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hannover_Opernhaus.jpg/220px-Hannover_Opernhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hannover_Opernhaus.jpg/330px-Hannover_Opernhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hannover_Opernhaus.jpg/440px-Hannover_Opernhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Staatsoper_Hannover" title="Staatsoper Hannover">Hanover State Opera</a> is resident in the classical 19th-century Hanover Opera House.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The <i>Opera House</i>, the <i>Schauspielhaus</i> (Play House), the <i>Ballhof eins</i>, the <i>Ballhof zwei</i> and the <i>Cumberlandsche Galerie</i> belong to the <i>Lower Saxony State Theatre</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Theater_am_Aegi" title="Theater am Aegi">Theater am Aegi</a> is Hanover's principal theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The <i>Neues Theater</i> (New Theatre) is the boulevard theatre of Hanover. The <i>Theater für Niedersachsen</i> is another large theatre in Hanover, which also has an own musical company. Some of the most important musical productions are the rock musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the <i>Garden-Theatre</i> in the Great Garden. </p><p>Some important theatre events are the <i>Tanztheater International</i>, the <i>Long Night of the Theatres</i>, the <i>Festival Theaterformen</i> and the <i>International Competition for Choreographers</i>. </p><p>Hanover's leading cabaret stage is the <i>GOP Variety theatre</i> which is located in the <i>Georgs Palace</i>. Some other cabaret-stages are the <i>Variety Marlene</i>, the <i>Uhu-Theatre</i>. the theatre <i>Die Hinterbühne</i>, the <i>Rampenlich Variety</i> and the revue-stage <i>TAK</i>. The most important cabaret event is the <i>Kleines Fest im Großen Garten</i> (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful cabaret festival in Germany. It features artists from around the world. Some other important events are the <i>Calenberger Cabaret Weeks</i>, the <i>Hanover Cabaret Festival</i> and the <i>Wintervariety</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanover has two symphony orchestras: The Lower Saxon State Orchestra Hanover and the <a href="/wiki/NDR_Radiophilharmonie" title="NDR Radiophilharmonie">NDR Radiophilharmonie</a> (North German Radio Philharmonic Orchestra). Two notable choirs have their homes in Hanover: the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4dchenchor_Hannover" title="Mädchenchor Hannover">Mädchenchor Hanover</a> (girls' choir) and the <a href="/wiki/Knabenchor_Hannover" title="Knabenchor Hannover">Knabenchor Hanover</a> (boys' choir). </p><p>There are two major international competitions for classical music in Hanover: </p> <ul><li>Hanover International Violin Competition (since 1991)</li> <li>Classica Nova International Music Competition<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (since 1997); the non-profit association Classica Nova exists in Hanover with the aim of continuing the Classica Nova competition</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpions_(10).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Scorpions_%2810%29.JPG/220px-Scorpions_%2810%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Scorpions_%2810%29.JPG/330px-Scorpions_%2810%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Scorpions_%2810%29.JPG/440px-Scorpions_%2810%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Hanover band, <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The rock bands <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fury_in_the_Slaughterhouse" title="Fury in the Slaughterhouse">Fury in the Slaughterhouse</a> are originally from Hanover. Acclaimed DJ <a href="/wiki/Mousse_T." title="Mousse T.">Mousse T</a> also has his main recording studio in the area. <a href="/wiki/Rick_J._Jordan" title="Rick J. Jordan">Rick J. Jordan</a>, member of the band <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(band)" title="Scooter (band)">Scooter</a> was born here in 1968. <a href="/wiki/Lena_Meyer-Landrut" title="Lena Meyer-Landrut">Lena</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2010">2010 Eurovision Song Contest</a>, is also from Hanover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hannover_96" title="Hannover 96">Hanover 96</a> (nicknamed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Roten</i></span>, literally 'the Reds') is the top local <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team that currently plays in the <a href="/wiki/2._Bundesliga" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a>. Home games are played at the <a href="/wiki/Niedersachsenstadion" title="Niedersachsenstadion">Niedersachsenstadion</a> (<i>Lower Saxony Stadium</i>), which hosted matches in the <a href="/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">1974</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006</a> <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cups</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1988" title="UEFA Euro 1988">Euro 1988</a>. Their reserve team Hanover 96 II plays in the fourth league. Their home games were played in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Eilenriedestadion" title="Eilenriedestadion">Eilenriedestadion</a> until they moved to the HDI Arena due to DFL directives. <a href="/wiki/Arminia_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminia Hannover">Arminia Hanover</a> is another traditional football team in Hanover that has played in the second division (then 2. Liga Nord) for years and plays now in the Niedersachsen-West Liga (Lower Saxony League West). Home matches are played in the Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadium. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Indians" title="Hannover Indians">Hanover Indians</a> are the local ice hockey team. They play in the third tier. Their home games are played at the traditional <a href="/wiki/Eisstadion_am_Pferdeturm" title="Eisstadion am Pferdeturm">Eisstadion am Pferdeturm</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Scorpions" title="Hannover Scorpions">Hanover Scorpions</a> played in Hanover in Germany's top league until 2013 when they sold their license and moved to <a href="/wiki/Langenhagen" title="Langenhagen">Langenhagen</a>. </p><p>Hanover was one of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> capitals in Germany. The first German rugby team was founded in Hanover in 1878. Hanover-based teams dominated the German rugby scene for a long time. <a href="/wiki/DSV_78_Hannover" title="DSV 78 Hannover">DSV 78 Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/SC_Germania_List" title="SC Germania List">SC Germania List</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SV_Odin_Hannover" title="SV Odin Hannover">SV Odin Hanover</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby-Bundesliga" title="Rugby-Bundesliga">first division</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DRC_Hannover" title="DRC Hannover">DRC Hanover</a> as well as SG 78/08 Hanover play in the second division. </p><p>Hanover has traditionally been one of Germany's hubs in <a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">Water sports</a> and especially in <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/SG_Waspo%2798_Hannover" title="SG Waspo'98 Hannover">SG Waspo'98 Hanover</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wasserball-Liga" title="Deutsche Wasserball-Liga">Deutsche Wasserball-Liga</a> in 2020 and 2021. In total, clubs from Hanover have won the German championship 11 times. Thanks to the Maschsee lake, the rivers Ihme and Leine and to the Mittellandkanal canal, Hanover hosts sailing schools, yacht schools, waterski clubs, rowing clubs, canoe clubs and paddle clubs. </p><p>The first German <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> club was founded in Hanover in 1862. Today there are three additional fencing clubs in Hanover. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Korbj%C3%A4ger" title="Hannover Korbjäger">Hanover Korbjäger</a> are the city's top basketball team. They play their home games at the IGS Linden. </p><p>The Hanover Regents play in the third <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga_(baseball)" title="Bundesliga (baseball)">Bundesliga (baseball)</a> division. The Hanover Grizzlies, Armina Spartans and Hanover Stampeders are the local American football teams. </p><p>The Hanover <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a> is the biggest running event in Hanover with more than 11,000 participants and usually around 200,000 spectators. Some other important running events are the Gilde Stadtstaffel (a relay event), the Sport-Check Nachtlauf (a night running event), the "Herrenhäuser Team-Challenge", the "Hannoversche Firmenlauf" (a company running event) and the Silvesterlauf (New Year's running event). </p><p>Hanover also hosts an important international <a href="/wiki/Cycle_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycle race">cycle race</a>, the "<i>Nacht von Hannover"</i> ("Night of Hanover"). The race takes place around the market hall. </p><p>The lake Maschsee hosts international <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Boat">dragon boat</a> races and <a href="/wiki/Canoe_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoe Polo">canoe olo</a> tournaments. Many <a href="/wiki/Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatta">regattas</a> take place during the year. "Head of the river Leine" on the river Leine is one of the biggest rowing regattas in Hanover. One of Germany's most successful dragon boat teams, the <a href="/wiki/All_Sports_Team_Hannover" title="All Sports Team Hannover">All Sports Team Hanover</a>, which has won since its foundation in year 2000 more than 100 medals on national and international competitions, regularly trains on the local Maschsee lake.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other important sport events include the Lower Saxony beach <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> tournament, the international <a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse show</a> "German Classics" and the international <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> tournament Nations Cup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regular_events">Regular events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Regular events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CeBit_2008_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/CeBit_2008_01.jpg/220px-CeBit_2008_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/CeBit_2008_01.jpg/330px-CeBit_2008_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/CeBit_2008_01.jpg/440px-CeBit_2008_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CeBIT" title="CeBIT">CeBIT</a> 2008 conference centre in Hanover</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanover is one of the leading exhibition cities in the world. It hosts more than 60 international and national exhibitions every year. The most popular ones are the <i><a href="/wiki/CeBIT" title="CeBIT">CeBIT</a></i>, the <i>Hanover Fair</i>, the <i>Domotex</i>, the <i>Ligna</i>, the <i>IAA Nutzfahrzeuge</i> and the <i>Agritechnica</i>. Hanover also hosts a huge number of congresses and symposiums like the <i>International Symposium on Society and Resource Management.</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanover is also host to the <i>Schützenfest Hannover,</i> the largest marksmen's fun fair in the world which takes place once a year from late June to early July.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1529, it consists of more than 260 rides and inns, five large beer tents and a large entertainment programme. The highlight of this fun fair is the 12-kilometre-long (7 mi) <i>Parade of the Marksmen</i> with more than 12,000 participants from all over the world, including around 5,000 marksmen, 128 bands, and more than 70 wagons, carriages, and other festival vehicles. This makes it the longest procession in Europe. Around 2 million people visit this fun fair every year. The landmark of this event is one of the largest transportable <a href="/wiki/Ferris_wheel" title="Ferris wheel">Ferris wheels</a> in the world, with a height of about 60 metres (197 ft). </p><p>Hanover also hosts one of the two largest spring festivals in Europe, with around 180 rides and inns, 2 large beer tents, and around 1.5 million visitors each year. The <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktoberfest Hannover">Oktoberfest Hanover</a> is the second largest Oktoberfest in the world with around 160 rides and inns, two large beer tents and around 1 million visitors each year. </p><p>The <i>Maschsee Festival</i> takes place around the Maschsee Lake. Each year around 2 million visitors come to enjoy live music, comedy, cabaret, and much more. It is the largest Volksfest of its kind in Northern Germany. The Great Garden hosts every year the <i>International Fireworks Competition</i>, and the <i>International Festival Weeks Herrenhausen,</i> with music and cabaret performances. The <i>Carnival Procession</i> is around 3 kilometres (2 mi) long and consists of 3,000 participants, around 30 festival vehicles and around 20 bands and takes place every year. </p><p>Other festivals include the Festival <i>Feuer und Flamme</i> (Fire and Flames), the <i>Gartenfestival</i> (Garden Festival), the <i>Herbstfestival</i> (Autumn Festival), the <i>Harley Days</i>, the <i>Steintor Festival</i> (Steintor is a party area in the city centre) and the <i>Lister-Meile-Festival</i> (Lister Meile is a large pedestrian area). </p><p>Hanover also hosts food-oriented festivals including the <i>Wine Festival</i> and the <i>Gourmet Festival</i>. It also hosts some special markets like the <i>Old Town Flea Market</i> and the <i>Market for Art and Trade</i>. Some other major markets include the <i>Christmas Markets of the City of Hanover</i> in the Old Town and city centre, and the Lister Meile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_-_Hauptbahnhof_Eingangsportal_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hannover_-_Hauptbahnhof_Eingangsportal_1.jpg/220px-Hannover_-_Hauptbahnhof_Eingangsportal_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hannover_-_Hauptbahnhof_Eingangsportal_1.jpg/330px-Hannover_-_Hauptbahnhof_Eingangsportal_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hannover_-_Hauptbahnhof_Eingangsportal_1.jpg/440px-Hannover_-_Hauptbahnhof_Eingangsportal_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernst August</a> memorial, central railway station</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanover is an attractive tourist place due to its many sights and famous events. Hanover had about 580,000 visitors in 2021, predominantly from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Famous sights in Hanover are <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Hanover)" title="New Town Hall (Hanover)">New Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herrenhausen_Gardens" title="Herrenhausen Gardens">Herrenhausen Gardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Zoo" title="Hanover Zoo">Hanover Zoo</a>, which is one of the largest zoos in Germany. </p><p>The annual trade fair "<a href="/wiki/Hannover_Messe" title="Hannover Messe">Hannover Messe</a>" usually attracts between 100,000 and 200,000 visitors. First held in 1947, it is dedicated to the topic of industry development and is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Trade_fairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fairs">trade fairs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_main_station_Ernst-August-Platz_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hannover_main_station_Ernst-August-Platz_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_03.jpg/220px-Hannover_main_station_Ernst-August-Platz_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hannover_main_station_Ernst-August-Platz_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_03.jpg/330px-Hannover_main_station_Ernst-August-Platz_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hannover_main_station_Ernst-August-Platz_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_03.jpg/440px-Hannover_main_station_Ernst-August-Platz_Mitte_Hannover_Germany_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hannover_Hauptbahnhof" title="Hannover Hauptbahnhof">Hanover Hauptbahnhof</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_irvine_citaro_sst.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mercedes_irvine_citaro_sst.JPG/220px-Mercedes_irvine_citaro_sst.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mercedes_irvine_citaro_sst.JPG/330px-Mercedes_irvine_citaro_sst.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mercedes_irvine_citaro_sst.JPG/440px-Mercedes_irvine_citaro_sst.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Citaro" title="Mercedes-Benz Citaro">Citaro</a> G natural gas bus designed by <a href="/wiki/James_Irvine_(designer)" title="James Irvine (designer)">James Irvine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg/220px-2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg/330px-2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg/440px-2001-03-31.H-TW2000-Vahrenwalder-Platz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TW_2000" title="TW 2000">TW 2000</a> tram designed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lindinger" title="Herbert Lindinger">Herbert Lindinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Morrison" title="Jasper Morrison">Jasper Morrison</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's central station, <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Hauptbahnhof" title="Hannover Hauptbahnhof">Hanover Hauptbahnhof</a>, is a hub of the German high-speed <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">ICE</a> network. It is the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Hanover%E2%80%93W%C3%BCrzburg_high-speed_railway" title="Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway">Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line</a> and also the central hub for the <a href="/wiki/Hanover_S-Bahn" title="Hanover S-Bahn">Hanover S-Bahn</a>. It offers many international and national connections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanover and its area is served by <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Airport" title="Hannover Airport">Hanover Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_code" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA code">IATA code</a>: HAJ; <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_airport_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Civil Aviation Organization airport code">ICAO code</a>: EDDV) in Langenhagen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanover is also an important hub of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">autobahn</a> network; the junction of two major autobahns, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_2" title="Bundesautobahn 2">A 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_7" title="Bundesautobahn 7">A 7</a> is at <i>Kreuz Hanover-Ost</i>, at the northeastern edge of the city. </p><p>Local autobahns are <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_352" title="Bundesautobahn 352">A 352</a> (a shortcut between A<span class="nowrap"> </span>7 and A<span class="nowrap"> </span>2, also known as the <i>Airport autobahn</i> because it passes Hanover Airport), and the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_37" title="Bundesautobahn 37">A 37</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">expressway</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schnellweg</i></span>) system, a number of <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bundesstraße">Bundesstraße</a> roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large <a href="/wiki/Beltway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway">ring road</a> together with A<span class="nowrap"> </span>2 and A<span class="nowrap"> </span>7. The roads are <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_3" title="Bundesstraße 3">B 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_6" title="Bundesstraße 6">B 6</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_65&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 65 (page does not exist)">B 65</a>, called <i>Westschnellweg</i> (B<span class="nowrap"> </span>6 on the northern part, B<span class="nowrap"> </span>3 on the southern part), <i>Messeschnellweg</i> (B<span class="nowrap"> </span>3, becomes A<span class="nowrap"> </span>37 near <a href="/wiki/Burgdorf,_Hanover" title="Burgdorf, Hanover">Burgdorf</a>, crosses A<span class="nowrap"> </span>2, becomes B<span class="nowrap"> </span>3 again, changes to B<span class="nowrap"> </span>6 at <i>Seelhorster Kreuz</i>, then passes the <a href="/wiki/Hanover_fairground" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover fairground">Hanover fairground</a> as B<span class="nowrap"> </span>6 and becomes A<span class="nowrap"> </span>37 again before merging into A<span class="nowrap"> </span>7) and <i>Südschnellweg</i> (starts out as B<span class="nowrap"> </span>65, becomes B<span class="nowrap"> </span>3/B<span class="nowrap"> </span>6/B<span class="nowrap"> </span>65 upon crossing Westschnellweg, then becomes B<span class="nowrap"> </span>65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_and_light_rail">Bus and light rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bus and light rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Stadtbahn" title="Hanover Stadtbahn">Hanover Stadtbahn</a></div> <p>Hanover has an extensive <a href="/wiki/Stadtbahn" title="Stadtbahn">Stadtbahn</a> and bus system, operated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cstra" title="Üstra">üstra</a>. The city uses <a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">designer</a> buses and tramways, the <a href="/wiki/TW_6000" title="TW 6000">TW 6000</a> and <a href="/wiki/TW_2000" title="TW 2000">TW 2000</a> trams being examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicycle">Bicycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bicycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicycle paths are very common in the city centre. At off-peak hours you are allowed to take your bike on a tram or bus.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hanover" title="Special:EditPage/Hanover">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TUI_KWA4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TUI_KWA4.JPG/220px-TUI_KWA4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TUI_KWA4.JPG/330px-TUI_KWA4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TUI_KWA4.JPG/440px-TUI_KWA4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TUI_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="TUI AG">TUI AG</a> headquarters in Hanover</figcaption></figure> <p>Various industrial businesses are located in Hanover. The <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles">Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles</a> <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Transporter_(T4)" title="Volkswagen Transporter (T4)">Transporter</a> (VWN) factory at Hanover-Stöcken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a large plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the canal Mittellandkanal and the autobahn A<span class="nowrap"> </span>2. Volkswagen shares a coal-burning power plant with a factory of German tire and automobile parts manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental AG</a>. Continental, founded in Hanover in 1871, is one of the city's major companies. Since 2008 a take-over has been in progress:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/Schaeffler_Group" title="Schaeffler Group">Schaeffler Group</a> from <a href="/wiki/Herzogenaurach" title="Herzogenaurach">Herzogenaurach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>) holds the majority of Continental's stock but were required due to the financial crisis to deposit the options as securities at banks.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The audio equipment company <a href="/wiki/Sennheiser" title="Sennheiser">Sennheiser</a> and the travel group <a href="/wiki/TUI_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="TUI AG">TUI AG</a> are both based in Hanover.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanover is home to many insurance companies including <a href="/wiki/Talanx" title="Talanx">Talanx</a>, <a href="/wiki/VHV_Group" title="VHV Group">VHV Group</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordia_Insurance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concordia Insurance (page does not exist)">Concordia Insurance</a>. The major global reinsurance company <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Re" title="Hannover Re">Hannover Re</a> also has its headquarters east of the city centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_largest_employers_in_Hanover">List of largest employers in Hanover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: List of largest employers in Hanover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> <p>Employer </p> </th> <th>est.</th> <th>Hanover located employees<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles">Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (VWN)</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>14,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Klinikum Region Hannover</td> <td>2005</td> <td>8,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hannover_Medical_School" title="Hannover Medical School">Hannover Medical School</a></td> <td>1961</td> <td>7,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental</a></td> <td>1871</td> <td>7,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a></span></span></td> <td>1994</td> <td>6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/TUI_Group" title="TUI Group">TUI</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td>4,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/DHL_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="DHL Express">DHL</a></td> <td>1969</td> <td>4,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Norddeutsche_Landesbank" title="Norddeutsche Landesbank">Nord/LB</a></td> <td>1970</td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Talanx" title="Talanx">Talanx</a></td> <td>1996</td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/WABCO_Vehicle_Control_Systems" title="WABCO Vehicle Control Systems">WABCO</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td>2,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/VHV_Group" title="VHV Group">VHV Group</a></td> <td>2003</td> <td>2,500 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_figures">Key figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Key figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, the city generated a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> of €29.5 billion, which is equivalent to €74,822 per employee. The <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">gross value</a> of production in 2012 was €26.4 billion, which is equivalent to €66,822 per employee.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 300,000 employees were counted in 2014. Of these, 189,000 had their <a href="/wiki/Primary_residence" title="Primary residence">primary residence</a> in Hanover, while 164,892 commute into the city every day.<sup id="cite_ref-trendsUndFakten-2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trendsUndFakten-2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 the city was home to 34,198 businesses, of which 9,342 were registered in the <a href="/wiki/German_Trade_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="German Trade Register">German Trade Register</a> and 24,856 counted as <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small businesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, more than half of the metropolitan area's businesses in the <a href="/wiki/German_Trade_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="German Trade Register">German Trade Register</a> are located in Hanover (17,485 total).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_development">Business development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Business development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hannoverimpuls GMBH is a joint <a href="/wiki/Business_development_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Business development company">business development company</a> from the city and <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">region of Hanover</a>. The company was founded in 2003 and supports the start-up, growth and relocation of businesses in the Hanover Region. The focus is on thirteen sectors, which stand for sustainable economic growth: <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">Automotive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Solutions">Energy Solutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Communications_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Communications Technology">Information and Communications Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">Life Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical technology">Optical Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creative_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Industries">Creative Industries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Production_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Production engineering">Production Engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A range of programmes supports companies from the key industries in their <a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">expansion plans</a> in Hanover or abroad. Three regional centres specifically promote international economic relations with Russia, India and Turkey. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Integrierte_Produktion_Hannover" title="Institut für Integrierte Produktion Hannover">Institut für Integrierte Produktion Hannover</a> is a spin-off from Leibniz University Hanover in the field of production technology that promotes transfer of scientific knowledge to business.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_University_Hannover" title="Leibniz University Hannover">Leibniz University Hanover</a> is the largest funded institution in Hanover for providing higher education to students from around the world. Below are the names of the universities and some of the important schools, including newly opened <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Medical_School" title="Hannover Medical School">Hannover Medical Research School</a> in 2003 for attracting the students from biology background from around the world. </p><p>There are several universities in Hanover: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leibniz_University_Hannover" title="Leibniz University Hannover">Leibniz University Hannover</a>, host institution to the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Gravitational_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics">Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik,_Theater_und_Medien_Hannover" title="Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover">Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannover_Medical_School" title="Hannover Medical School">Hannover Medical School</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Veterinary_Medicine_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover">School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover</a> (<i>Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GISMA_Business_School" title="GISMA Business School">GISMA Business School</a>, part of the for-profit education company <a href="/wiki/Global_University_Systems" title="Global University Systems">Global University Systems</a>.</li></ul> <p>There is one University of Applied Science and Arts in Hanover: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule Hannover">Hochschule Hannover</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <i>Schulbiologiezentrum Hannover</i> maintains practical biology schools in four locations (<a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Schulgarten_Burg" title="Botanischer Schulgarten Burg">Botanischer Schulgarten Burg</a>, Freiluftschule Burg, Zooschule Hannover, and Botanischer Schulgarten Linden). The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Veterinary_Medicine_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover">University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover</a> also maintains its own <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> specializing in medicinal and poisonous plants, the <a href="/wiki/Heil-_und_Giftpflanzengarten_der_Tier%C3%A4rztlichen_Hochschule_Hannover" title="Heil- und Giftpflanzengarten der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover">Heil- und Giftpflanzengarten der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover</a>. </p><p>Hannover have several vocational schools like Berufsbildende Schulen (BBS) ME - Metalltechnik und Elektrotechnik Specializes in metal and electrical engineering <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and BBS Cora Berliner specializes in business administration, the leisure and the trading industry.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the "<a href="/wiki/Problem_Dog" title="Problem Dog">Problem Dog</a>" episode of American crime drama <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a>, viewers learn that Madrigall Electromotive GmbH, the parent company of <a href="/wiki/Los_Pollos_Hermanos" title="Los Pollos Hermanos">Los Pollos Hermanos</a>, is located in Hanover.<sup id="cite_ref-SL_2012_h824_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SL_2012_h824-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannah_Arendt_auf_dem_1._Kulturkritikerkongress,_Barbara_Niggl_Radloff,_FM-2019-1-5-9-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hannah_Arendt_auf_dem_1._Kulturkritikerkongress%2C_Barbara_Niggl_Radloff%2C_FM-2019-1-5-9-16.jpg/140px-Hannah_Arendt_auf_dem_1._Kulturkritikerkongress%2C_Barbara_Niggl_Radloff%2C_FM-2019-1-5-9-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hannah_Arendt_auf_dem_1._Kulturkritikerkongress%2C_Barbara_Niggl_Radloff%2C_FM-2019-1-5-9-16.jpg/210px-Hannah_Arendt_auf_dem_1._Kulturkritikerkongress%2C_Barbara_Niggl_Radloff%2C_FM-2019-1-5-9-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hannah_Arendt_auf_dem_1._Kulturkritikerkongress%2C_Barbara_Niggl_Radloff%2C_FM-2019-1-5-9-16.jpg/280px-Hannah_Arendt_auf_dem_1._Kulturkritikerkongress%2C_Barbara_Niggl_Radloff%2C_FM-2019-1-5-9-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, 1958</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Busch_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wilhelm_Busch_1878.jpg/140px-Wilhelm_Busch_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wilhelm_Busch_1878.jpg/210px-Wilhelm_Busch_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wilhelm_Busch_1878.jpg/280px-Wilhelm_Busch_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch" title="Wilhelm Busch">Wilhelm Busch</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend.jpg/140px-Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend.jpg/210px-Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend.jpg/280px-Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend" title="Georg Friedrich Grotefend">Georg Friedrich Grotefend</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz,_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg/140px-Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg/210px-Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg/280px-Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4486" data-file-height="5538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Lena_-_by_2eight_-_DSC4551.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/2019_Lena_-_by_2eight_-_DSC4551.jpg/140px-2019_Lena_-_by_2eight_-_DSC4551.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/2019_Lena_-_by_2eight_-_DSC4551.jpg/210px-2019_Lena_-_by_2eight_-_DSC4551.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/2019_Lena_-_by_2eight_-_DSC4551.jpg/280px-2019_Lena_-_by_2eight_-_DSC4551.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lena_Meyer-Landrut" title="Lena Meyer-Landrut">Lena Meyer-Landrut</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Gareis_Portrait_Friedrich_Schlegel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Franz_Gareis_Portrait_Friedrich_Schlegel.jpg/140px-Franz_Gareis_Portrait_Friedrich_Schlegel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Franz_Gareis_Portrait_Friedrich_Schlegel.jpg/210px-Franz_Gareis_Portrait_Friedrich_Schlegel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Franz_Gareis_Portrait_Friedrich_Schlegel.jpg/280px-Franz_Gareis_Portrait_Friedrich_Schlegel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a>, 1801</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> (1906–1975), American political theorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fan_Atalay" title="Erdoğan Atalay">Erdoğan Atalay</a> (born 1966), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Augstein" title="Rudolf Augstein">Rudolf Augstein</a> (1923–2002), journalist, founder of the weekly journal <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahlsen" title="Hermann Bahlsen">Hermann Bahlsen</a> (1859–1919), businessman, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Leibniz-Keks" title="Leibniz-Keks">Leibniz-Keks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bator" title="Marc Bator">Marc Bator</a> (born 1972), journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Bennigsen" title="Rudolf von Bennigsen">Rudolf von Bennigsen</a> (1824–1902), liberal politician<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Bernbacher" title="Klaus Bernbacher">Klaus Bernbacher</a> (born 1931), conductor, music event manager, broadcasting manager and academic teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Johann_Hartwig_Ernst_von_Bernstorff" title="Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff">Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff</a> (1712–1772) a German-Danish statesman<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Peter_Bernstorff" title="Andreas Peter Bernstorff">Andreas Peter Bernstorff</a> (1735–1797), Danish diplomat and Foreign Minister<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gero_von_Boehm" title="Gero von Boehm">Gero von Boehm</a> (born 1954), director, journalist and television presenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Berliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Berliner">Emil Berliner</a> (1851–1929), inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anke_Blume" title="Anke Blume">Anke Blume</a> (born 1969), engineering technology professor, works on <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">silane</a> chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-rpn22_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpn22-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruch" title="Walter Bruch">Walter Bruch</a> (1908–1990), inventor of the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">color television</a> system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch" title="Wilhelm Busch">Wilhelm Busch</a> (1832–1908), caricaturist, painter and poet<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Chappuzeau" title="Laurent Chappuzeau">Laurent Chappuzeau</a>, (ca.1652-??), clockmaker to the Elector of Hanover 1689–1701</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Dielman" title="Frederick Dielman">Frederick Dielman</a> (1847–1935), German-American portrait and figure painter<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Christoph_Dies" title="Albert Christoph Dies">Albert Christoph Dies</a> (1755–1822), German painter, engraver and biographer<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_Jack_Dupree" title="Champion Jack Dupree">Champion Jack Dupree</a> (1910–1992), American Born Blues Musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a> (1707–1751), eldest son and heir apparent of King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Gustav Fröhlich">Gustav Fröhlich</a> (1902–1987), actor and film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Garvens" title="Oskar Garvens">Oskar Garvens</a> (1874–1951), sculptor and caricaturist<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, (1660–1727), King of Great Britain and Ireland, prince elector of Hanover<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>, (1683–1760), King of Great Britain and Ireland, prince elector of Hanover<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, (1738–1820), King of Great Britain and Ireland, prince elector of Hanover<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cambridge#Fourth_creation,_1801" title="Duke of Cambridge">George William Frederick Charles, duke of Cambridge</a> (1819–1904), Prince George<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Glogowski" title="Gerhard Glogowski">Gerhard Glogowski</a> (born 1943), politician (SPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend" title="Georg Friedrich Grotefend">Georg Friedrich Grotefend</a> (1775–1853), <a href="/wiki/Epigraphist" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphist">epigraphist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_E._Haak" title="Robin E. Haak">Robin E. Haak</a> (born 1986), political scientist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haarmann" title="Fritz Haarmann">Fritz Haarmann</a> (1870–1925), prolific serial killer and rapist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Hamburg" title="Julia Hamburg">Julia Hamburg</a> (born 1986), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Wilhelm_Hase" title="Conrad Wilhelm Hase">Conrad Wilhelm Hase</a>, (1818–1902), architect, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hanover_school_of_architecture" title="Hanover school of architecture">Hanover school of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Hausmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann</a> (1782–1859) German mineralogist<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Herschel" title="Caroline Herschel">Caroline Herschel</a> (1750–1848)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> (1738–1822),<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> astronomers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyn_Hoop" title="Wyn Hoop">Wyn Hoop</a> (born 1936), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a> (1865–1951), businessman and politician (DNVP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Iffland" title="August Wilhelm Iffland">August Wilhelm Iffland</a> (1759–1814), German actor and dramatic author<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Kohrs" title="Manfred Kohrs">Manfred Kohrs</a> (born 1957), tattooist, conceptual artist and Master of Economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Gindi" title="Dr. Gindi">Dr. Gindi</a> (born 1965), contemporary sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_Friedrich_Laves" title="Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves">Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves</a> (1788–1864), architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> (1646–1716), philosopher, mathematician, developed differential and integral calculus<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Meine" title="Klaus Meine">Klaus Meine</a> (born 1948), rock musician, vocalist of the rock band <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Meissner" title="Georg Meissner">Georg Meissner</a> (1829–1905), anatomist and physiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Fritz Meyerhof</a> (1884–1951), recipient of the Nobel prize in medicine, 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Meyer-Landrut" title="Lena Meyer-Landrut">Lena Meyer-Landrut</a> (born 1991), winner of the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2010">Eurovision Song Contest 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiner_E._Moritz" title="Reiner E. Moritz">Reiner E. Moritz</a> (born 1938), film director and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_Pertz" title="Georg Heinrich Pertz">Georg Heinrich Pertz</a> (1795–1876), German historian.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Pocher" title="Oliver Pocher">Oliver Pocher</a> (born 1978), comedian and television presenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Erich_Raspe" title="Rudolf Erich Raspe">Rudolf Erich Raspe</a> (1736–1794), German librarian, writer and scientist<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Raydt" title="Else Raydt">Else Raydt</a> (1883–1931), fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_R._R%C3%B6hrbein" title="Waldemar R. Röhrbein">Waldemar R. Röhrbein</a> (1935–2014), historian, director of <a href="/wiki/Historisches_Museum_Hannover" title="Historisches Museum Hannover">Historisches Museum Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher">Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher</a> (1817–1894), German economist<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Rossmann" title="Dirk Rossmann">Dirk Rossmann</a> (born 1946), businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Roth" title="Dieter Roth">Dieter Roth</a> (1930–1998), artist, print-maker, author, poet and world renowned composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a> (1930–2002), sculptor, painter and film maker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a> (1772–1829), poet, literary critic, philosopher and Indologist<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> (born 1944), politician (SPD) (former <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Schuchardt" title="Helga Schuchardt">Helga Schuchardt</a> (born 1939), politician and engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Kurt Schumacher</a> (1895–1952), politician, re-organiser of the <a href="/wiki/SPD" class="mw-redirect" title="SPD">SPD</a> after World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a> (1887–1948), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Moritz_Simon" title="Alexander Moritz Simon">Alexander Moritz Simon</a> (1837–1905), Jewish philanthropist, banker and American vice consul</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uli_Stein_(artist)" title="Uli Stein (artist)">Uli Stein</a> (1954–2020), artist, cartoonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wachsmuth" title="Charles Wachsmuth">Charles Wachsmuth</a> (1829–1896), German-American paleontologist and businessman<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagemann" title="Gustav Wagemann">Gustav Wagemann</a> (1885–1933), German lawyer, judge and civil servant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehrmann" title="Hans Wehrmann">Hans Wehrmann</a> (born 1964), <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a>, author and racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylicia_Whitney" title="Phylicia Whitney">Phylicia Whitney</a> (born 1950<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), journalist and public speaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a> (born 1959), politician (CDU), former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Zev_Zweigenhaft" title="Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft">Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft</a> (1915–2005), Chief Rabbi of Hanover and Lower Saxony</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_2">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023-07-03_Fussball,_Frauen,_Deutsche_Nationalmannschaft,_Media_Day_1DX_6605_by_Stepro-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2023-07-03_Fussball%2C_Frauen%2C_Deutsche_Nationalmannschaft%2C_Media_Day_1DX_6605_by_Stepro-2.jpg/140px-2023-07-03_Fussball%2C_Frauen%2C_Deutsche_Nationalmannschaft%2C_Media_Day_1DX_6605_by_Stepro-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2023-07-03_Fussball%2C_Frauen%2C_Deutsche_Nationalmannschaft%2C_Media_Day_1DX_6605_by_Stepro-2.jpg/210px-2023-07-03_Fussball%2C_Frauen%2C_Deutsche_Nationalmannschaft%2C_Media_Day_1DX_6605_by_Stepro-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2023-07-03_Fussball%2C_Frauen%2C_Deutsche_Nationalmannschaft%2C_Media_Day_1DX_6605_by_Stepro-2.jpg/280px-2023-07-03_Fussball%2C_Frauen%2C_Deutsche_Nationalmannschaft%2C_Media_Day_1DX_6605_by_Stepro-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stina_Johannes" title="Stina Johannes">Stina Johannes</a>, 2023</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Dietwald" title="Johannes Dietwald">Johannes Dietwald</a> (born 1985), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilal_El-Helwe" title="Hilal El-Helwe">Hilal El-Helwe</a> (born 1994), German-Lebanese football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niclas_F%C3%BCllkrug" title="Niclas Füllkrug">Niclas Füllkrug</a> (born 1993), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stina_Johannes" title="Stina Johannes">Stina Johannes</a> (born 2000), footballer, goalkeeper for the <a href="/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Germany women's national football team">Germany women's national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Mackschin" title="Niklas Mackschin">Niklas Mackschin</a> (born 1994), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Jan Martín">Jan Martín</a> (born 1984), German-Israeli-Spanish basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnd_Meier" title="Arnd Meier">Arnd Meier</a> (born 1973), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Mertesacker" title="Per Mertesacker">Per Mertesacker</a> (born 1984), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Reiss" title="Daniel Reiss">Daniel Reiss</a> (born 1982), professional ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Werner" title="Dirk Werner">Dirk Werner</a> (born 1981), racing driver</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Hanover is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi"><img alt="Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Blantyre" title="Blantyre">Blantyre</a>, Malawi (1968)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England, United Kingdom (1947)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, Japan (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Germany (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>, France (1960)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, Poland (1979)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, France (1966)</li></ul> </div> <p>Hanover also cooperates with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a>, Ukraine (2022)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="CeBIT">CeBIT</a> (CeBIT Computer Messe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2000" title="Expo 2000">Expo 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover Fair">Hanover Fair</a> (Hannover Messe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hannover" title="History of the Jews in Hannover">History of the Jews in Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannover%E2%80%93Braunschweig%E2%80%93G%C3%B6ttingen%E2%80%93Wolfsburg_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region">Metropolitan region Hanover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCtzenfest_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Schützenfest Hannover">Schützenfest Hanover</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2015 Encyclopædia Britannica said <span class="nowrap">⟨Hanover⟩</span> is the English spelling and an alternate title for their entry, but used <span class="nowrap">⟨Hannover⟩</span>, with a double-<span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, as the title for their entry and in its text (that is written in English) except when referring to the historical kingdom and the province.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024 it used <span class="nowrap">⟨Hannover⟩</span> in the title and in the text, and <span class="nowrap">⟨Hanover⟩</span> as an alternative spelling and when referring to the historical kingdom and the province.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mayor-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mayor_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahl.hannover-stadt.de/wahlen.php?site=left/gebiete&wahl=5211#index.php?site=right/ergebnis&wahl=5211&gebiet=1&typ=3&stimme=1">Stichwahl zur Oberbürgermeisterin oder zum Oberbürgermeister 2019 Landeshauptstadt Hannover (10.11.2019)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075037/https://wahl.hannover-stadt.de/wahlen.php?site=left%2Fgebiete&wahl=5211#index.php?site=right/ergebnis&wahl=5211&gebiet=1&typ=3&stimme=1">Archived</a> 2022-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), Region Hannover, accessed 3 August 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/">"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen">Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSN-Online+Regionaldatenbank%2C+Tabelle+A100001G%3A+Fortschreibung+des+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstandes%2C+Stand+31.+Dezember+2022&rft.pub=Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik+Niedersachsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.niedersachsen.de%2Fstartseite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/">"Germany: Urban Areas"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603133151/https://citypopulation.de/en/germany/urbanareas/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+Urban+Areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Furbanareas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/374885/umfrage/entwicklung-der-gesamtbevoelkerung-der-region-hannover/">"Entwicklung der Einwohnerzahl in der Region Hannover (Landkreis) von 1995 bis 2019"</a>. <i>Statista</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702020447/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/374885/umfrage/entwicklung-der-gesamtbevoelkerung-der-region-hannover/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Entwicklung+der+Einwohnerzahl+in+der+Region+Hannover+%28Landkreis%29+von+1995+bis+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F374885%2Fumfrage%2Fentwicklung-der-gesamtbevoelkerung-der-region-hannover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeichlerGroßkreutz2014" class="citation web cs1">Meichler, Jelena; Großkreutz, Jan-Eric (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freundeskreis-stadtarchiv-hannover.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Hannoversche-Geschichtsbl%C3%A4tter-1898%E2%80%902013.pdf">"Übersicht über alle Artikel in den Hannoverschen Geschichtsblättern 1898-2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>City Archives, Hannover, Germany</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118090304/http://freundeskreis-stadtarchiv-hannover.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Hannoversche-Geschichtsbl%C3%A4tter-1898%E2%80%902013.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Archives%2C+Hannover%2C+Germany&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cbersicht+%C3%BCber+alle+Artikel+in+den+Hannoverschen+Geschichtsbl%C3%A4ttern+1898-2013&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Meichler&rft.aufirst=Jelena&rft.au=Gro%C3%9Fkreutz%2C+Jan-Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreundeskreis-stadtarchiv-hannover.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F09%2FHannoversche-Geschichtsbl%25C3%25A4tter-1898%25E2%2580%25902013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426143852/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254472/Hannover">"Hannover"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254472/Hannover">the original</a> on 26 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hannover&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F254472%2FHannover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516060643/https://www.britannica.com/place/Hannover-Germany">"Hannover"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 1 May 2024. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hannover&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHannover-Germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hannover.de/english/">"Official Website of the City and Region of Hannover"</a>. Hannover.de. 27 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517140950/http://www.hannover.de/english/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+of+the+City+and+Region+of+Hannover&rft.pub=Hannover.de&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hannover.de%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Angelius_Werdenhagen1641" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Johannes Angelius Werdenhagen (1641). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3vMOgvNWKiYC"><i>De rebuspublicis Hanseaticis</i></a> (in Latin). Illustrator: <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian_the_Elder" title="Matthäus Merian the Elder">Matthäus Merian the Elder</a> (2nd ed.). Frankfurt: <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian_the_Elder" title="Matthäus Merian the Elder">Matthäus Merian the Elder</a>. pp. 1297–1298. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65321745">65321745</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127276178" class="extiw" title="d:Q127276178">Q127276178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+rebuspublicis+Hanseaticis&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=1297-1298&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Matth%C3%A4us+Merian+the+Elder&rft.date=1641&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65321745&rft.au=Johannes+Angelius+Werdenhagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_3vMOgvNWKiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/hanover">"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Hanover"</a>. Office of the Historian: US Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114211056/https://history.state.gov/countries/hanover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+United+States%27+History+of+Recognition%2C+Diplomatic%2C+and+Consular+Relations%2C+by+Country%2C+since+1776%3A+Hanover&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian%3A+US+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fcountries%2Fhanover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedjung" title="Heinrich Friedjung">Heinrich Friedjung</a>, <i>The Struggle for Supremacy in Germany 1859-1866</i> (New York: Russell & Russell, 1897), p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monovisions.com/hanover-germany-circa-1890s-19th-century-vintage-historic-photos/">"Historic B&W photos of Hanover, Germany (19th century)"</a>. <i>monovisions.com</i>. MonoVisions Black & White Photography Magazine. 21 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521235746/https://monovisions.com/hanover-germany-circa-1890s-19th-century-vintage-historic-photos/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monovisions.com&rft.atitle=Historic+B%26W+photos+of+Hanover%2C+Germany+%2819th+century%29&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonovisions.com%2Fhanover-germany-circa-1890s-19th-century-vintage-historic-photos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-on-grynszpan-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book-on-grynszpan_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwab1990" class="citation book cs1">Schwab, Gerald (1990). <i>The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan</i>. Praeger. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+the+Holocaust+Began%3A+The+Odyssey+of+Herschel+Grynszpan&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kristal-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kristal_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005201">"Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 9–10, 1938"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915232439/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005201">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht%3A+A+Nationwide+Pogrom%2C+November+9%E2%80%9310%2C+1938&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer,_Michael2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meyer, Michael (2000). <i>Deutsch-jüdische Geschichte der Neuzeit. Band IV</i> (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-39705-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-39705-0"><bdi>3-406-39705-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsch-j%C3%BCdische+Geschichte+der+Neuzeit.+Band+IV&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-406-39705-0&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFröbe,_Rainer1989" class="citation book cs1">Fröbe, Rainer (1989). <i>Konzentrationslager in Hannover - KZ-Arbeit und Rüstungsindustrie in der Spätphase des Zweiten Weltkriegs</i>. Hildesheim: August Lax. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7848-2422-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-7848-2422-6"><bdi>3-7848-2422-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konzentrationslager+in+Hannover+-+KZ-Arbeit+und+R%C3%BCstungsindustrie+in+der+Sp%C3%A4tphase+des+Zweiten+Weltkriegs&rft.place=Hildesheim&rft.pub=August+Lax&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-7848-2422-6&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6be%2C+Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hannover-langenhagen/">"Hannover-Langenhagen"</a>. <i>KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028232120/https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hannover-langenhagen/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KZ-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+Neuengamme&rft.atitle=Hannover-Langenhagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fsatellite-camps%2Fsatellite-camps%2Fhannover-langenhagen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hannover-limmer/">"Hannover-Limmer"</a>. <i>KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303142044/https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hannover-limmer/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KZ-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+Neuengamme&rft.atitle=Hannover-Limmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fsatellite-camps%2Fsatellite-camps%2Fhannover-limmer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexikon-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lexikon_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMlynek,_Klaus2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mlynek, Klaus (2009). <i><span></span>'Stadtlexikon Hannover: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart'<span></span></i> (in German). Hannover: Schlütersche. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Stadtlexikon+Hannover%3A+Von+den+Anf%C3%A4ngen+bis+zur+Gegenwart%27&rft.place=Hannover&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Schl%C3%BCtersche&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Mlynek%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1776">"Lager für Sinti und Roma Hannover"</a>. <i>Bundesarchiv.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028232116/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1776">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Lager+f%C3%BCr+Sinti+und+Roma+Hannover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D1776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargeeOvermansVogt2022" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). <i>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV</i>. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1"><bdi>978-0-253-06089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos+1933%E2%80%931945.+Volume+IV&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-253-06089-1&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rft.au=Overmans%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=Vogt%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615131140/http://www.hannover.de/de/kultur_freizeit/geschichte/geschichte_/Stadt_Hannover/gesch_zah/gesch_za3.html">"History of Hanover 1866-1945, official web site of the city"</a> (in German). Hannover.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hannover.de/de/kultur_freizeit/geschichte/geschichte_/Stadt_Hannover/gesch_zah/gesch_za3.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Hanover+1866-1945%2C+official+web+site+of+the+city&rft.pub=Hannover.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hannover.de%2Fde%2Fkultur_freizeit%2Fgeschichte%2Fgeschichte_%2FStadt_Hannover%2Fgesch_zah%2Fgesch_za3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329165923/https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Hannover%2C+Germany+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D83301%26cityname%3DHannover%2C%2BGermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sklima-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sklima_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sklima_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2">"Monatsauswertung"</a>. <i>sklima.de</i> (in German). SKlima<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Hannover_10338.csv">the original</a> on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FHannover_10338.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">"Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">the original</a> on 12 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausgabe+der+Klimadaten%3A+Monatswerte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2Fbvbw%2Fappmanager%2Fbvbw%2FdwdwwwDesktop%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3D_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland%26T82002gsbDocumentPath%3DNavigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denkmalpflege.niedersachsen.de/denkmalatlas/listen">"Denkmal.listen | NDS. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240605231832/https://denkmalpflege.niedersachsen.de/denkmalatlas/listen">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denkmal.listen+%26%23124%3B+NDS.+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Denkmalpflege&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdenkmalpflege.niedersachsen.de%2Fdenkmalatlas%2Flisten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hannover.de/en/Tourism-Culture/Places-of-Interest-City-Tours/Tourist-Highlights/Royal-Gardens-of-Herrenhausen/Herrenhausen-Palace-and-Museum"><i>Herrenhausen Palace and Museum.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051445/https://www.hannover.de/en/Tourism-Culture/Places-of-Interest-City-Tours/Tourist-Highlights/Royal-Gardens-of-Herrenhausen/Herrenhausen-Palace-and-Museum">Archived</a> 31 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i>Hannover.de</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hannover.de/en/Tourism-Culture/Places-of-Interest-City-Tours/Tourist-Highlights/Royal-Gardens-of-Herrenhausen/The-Grotto-by-Niki-de-Saint-Phalle"><i>The Grotto by Niki de Saint Phalle.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909095255/https://www.hannover.de/en/Tourism-Culture/Places-of-Interest-City-Tours/Tourist-Highlights/Royal-Gardens-of-Herrenhausen/The-Grotto-by-Niki-de-Saint-Phalle">Archived</a> 2017-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i>Hannover.de</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Meyer-Arlt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Uebersicht/Was-wird-aus-dem-Gartentheater"><i>Was wird aus dem Gartentheater?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132631/http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Uebersicht/Was-wird-aus-dem-Gartentheater">Archived</a> 2018-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i>Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung</i>, 28 August 2017 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hannover.de/en/Tourism-Culture/Places-of-Interest-City-Tours/Tourist-Highlights/Royal-Gardens-of-Herrenhausen/The-Herrenhausen-Gardens/Berggarten"><i>Berggarten.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132703/https://www.hannover.de/en/Tourism-Culture/Places-of-Interest-City-Tours/Tourist-Highlights/Royal-Gardens-of-Herrenhausen/The-Herrenhausen-Gardens/Berggarten">Archived</a> 2018-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i>Hannover.de</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004517/https://storki.wordpress.com/2014/05/09/the-old-new-town-hall-rathaus-in-hannover-germany/">"The old "New" Town Hall (Rathaus) in Hannover, Germany"</a>. 10 May 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+old+%22New%22+Town+Hall+%28Rathaus%29+in+Hannover%2C+Germany&rft.date=2014-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorki.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F05%2F09%2Fthe-old-new-town-hall-rathaus-in-hannover-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zoo-hannover.de-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zoo-hannover.de_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zoo-hannover.de_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115745/http://www.zoo-hannover.de/unternehmen-zoo/aktuellespresse/aktuelle-nachricht/news/hannover-hat-den-besten-zoo-1.html">"Hannover hat den "Besten Zoo" Aktuelle Nachricht Erlebnis-Zoo Hannover - Top Freizeitziel und Sehenswürdigkeit Niedersachsen"</a> (in German). Zoo-hannover.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoo-hannover.de/unternehmen-zoo/aktuellespresse/aktuelle-nachricht/news/hannover-hat-den-besten-zoo-1.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hannover+hat+den+%22Besten+Zoo%22+Aktuelle+Nachricht+Erlebnis-Zoo+Hannover+-+Top+Freizeitziel+und+Sehensw%C3%BCrdigkeit+Niedersachsen&rft.pub=Zoo-hannover.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoo-hannover.de%2Funternehmen-zoo%2Faktuellespresse%2Faktuelle-nachricht%2Fnews%2Fhannover-hat-den-besten-zoo-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224230911/http://crowncom2009.org/p/Lodging-Travel/Visit-Hannover/">"<i>crowncom2009.org</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crowncom2009.org/p/Lodging-Travel/Visit-Hannover/">the original</a> on 24 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=crowncom2009.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crowncom2009.org%2Fp%2FLodging-Travel%2FVisit-Hannover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716162450/http://www.messe.de/messegelaende_e">"Exhibition Grounds – Deutsche Messe AG, Hannover - Germany"</a>. Messe.de. 20 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.messe.de/messegelaende_e">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibition+Grounds+%E2%80%93+Deutsche+Messe+AG%2C+Hannover+-+Germany&rft.pub=Messe.de&rft.date=2005-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.messe.de%2Fmessegelaende_e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natterer, Julius. 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Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 89–90, see para 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambridge%2C+Earls+and+Dukes+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=89-90%2C+see+para+5&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Grotefend, Georg Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grotefend,_Georg_Friedrich">"Grotefend, Georg Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 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Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 70–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hausmann%2C+Johann+Friedrich+Ludwig&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=70-71&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herschel, Caroline Lucretia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Herschel,_Caroline_Lucretia">"Herschel, Caroline Lucretia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herschel%2C+Caroline+Lucretia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=391&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchardClerke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pritchard" title="Charles Pritchard">Pritchard, Charles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Mary_Clerke" title="Agnes Mary Clerke">Clerke, Agnes Mary</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herschel, Sir Frederick William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Herschel,_Sir_Frederick_William">"Herschel, Sir Frederick William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 391–393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herschel%2C+Sir+Frederick+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=391-393&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Clerke%2C+Agnes+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Iffland, August Wilhelm"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Iffland,_August_Wilhelm">"Iffland, August Wilhelm" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iffland%2C+August+Wilhelm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ritchie_Sorley" title="William Ritchie Sorley">Sorley, William Ritchie</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leibnitz,_Gottfried_Wilhelm">"Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 385–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leibnitz%2C+Gottfried+Wilhelm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=385-390&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Sorley&rft.aufirst=William+Ritchie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pertz, Georg Heinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pertz,_Georg_Heinrich">"Pertz, Georg Heinrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 263–264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pertz%2C+Georg+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=263-264&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Raspe, Rudolf Erich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Raspe,_Rudolf_Erich">"Raspe, Rudolf Erich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raspe%2C+Rudolf+Erich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Roscher,_Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich">"Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 725.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roscher%2C+Wilhelm+Georg+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=725&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schlegel, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schlegel,_Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_von">"Schlegel, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 329–330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schlegel%2C+Karl+Wilhelm+Friedrich+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=329-330&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wachsmuth, Charles"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wachsmuth,_Charles">"Wachsmuth, Charles" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 224–225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wachsmuth%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=224-225&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hannover.de/Leben-in-der-Region-Hannover/Politik/St%C3%A4dte-Regionspartnerschaften/St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften-der-Landeshauptstadt-Hannover">"Städtepartnerschaften der Landeshauptstadt Hannover"</a>. <i>hannover.de</i> (in German). Hanover. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005200112/https://www.hannover.de/Leben-in-der-Region-Hannover/Politik/St%C3%A4dte-Regionspartnerschaften/St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften-der-Landeshauptstadt-Hannover">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hannover.de&rft.atitle=St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften+der+Landeshauptstadt+Hannover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hannover.de%2FLeben-in-der-Region-Hannover%2FPolitik%2FSt%25C3%25A4dte-Regionspartnerschaften%2FSt%25C3%25A4dtepartnerschaften-der-Landeshauptstadt-Hannover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hanover#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Hanover">Bibliography of the history of Hanover</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hannover" class="extiw" title="c:Hannover">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niedersachsen-tourism.com/">Official website for tourism, holiday and leisure in Lower Saxony and Hanover</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505204729/https://www.niedersachsen-tourism.com/">Archived</a> 2018-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Hanover" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Hanover" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Hanover</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nienburg,_Lower_Saxony" title="Nienburg, Lower Saxony">Nienburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soltau" title="Soltau">Soltau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Celle" title="Celle">Celle</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Minden" title="Minden">Minden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Hanover</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Peine" title="Peine">Peine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamelin" title="Hamelin">Hamelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detmold" title="Detmold">Detmold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of area states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">City of Bremen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">State of Bremen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg, the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Towns_and_municipalities_in_Hanover_Region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Hanover_(district)" title="Template:Cities and towns in Hanover (district)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_and_towns_in_Hanover_(district)" title="Template talk:Cities and towns in Hanover (district)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Hanover_(district)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities and towns in Hanover (district)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Towns_and_municipalities_in_Hanover_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Towns and municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barsinghausen" title="Barsinghausen">Barsinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgdorf,_Hanover" title="Burgdorf, Hanover">Burgdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgwedel" title="Burgwedel">Burgwedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbsen" title="Garbsen">Garbsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehrden" title="Gehrden">Gehrden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemmingen" title="Hemmingen">Hemmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isernhagen" title="Isernhagen">Isernhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laatzen" title="Laatzen">Laatzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langenhagen" title="Langenhagen">Langenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrte" title="Lehrte">Lehrte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_am_R%C3%BCbenberge" title="Neustadt am Rübenberge">Neustadt am Rübenberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattensen" title="Pattensen">Pattensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnenberg" title="Ronnenberg">Ronnenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seelze" title="Seelze">Seelze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehnde" title="Sehnde">Sehnde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springe" title="Springe">Springe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uetze" title="Uetze">Uetze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedemark" title="Wedemark">Wedemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wennigsen" title="Wennigsen">Wennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wunstorf" title="Wunstorf">Wunstorf</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_der_Region_Hannover.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Hanover district"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Hanover district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wappen_der_Region_Hannover.svg/30px-Wappen_der_Region_Hannover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wappen_der_Region_Hannover.svg/45px-Wappen_der_Region_Hannover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wappen_der_Region_Hannover.svg/60px-Wappen_der_Region_Hannover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Hanover district</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1715#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1715#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1715#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123315273">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126622508">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206136/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxPvY6KjWDfX7f7c9VYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4023349-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79093323">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864270m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864270m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hannover (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134203&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550339805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/eca79b55-a6c4-4078-a383-8353271ee81e">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/14872552X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10036554">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=28600">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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