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<li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Italian examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_and_the_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_and_the_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>France and the Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_the_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_and_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_and_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Materials and technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_and_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Past" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Past</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaketa" title="Plaketa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plaketa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakette" title="Plakette – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plakette" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaqueta_(artes_visuales)" title="Plaqueta (artes visuales) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plaqueta (artes visuales)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateto" title="Plateto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plateto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakett" title="Plakett – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plakett" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaquette_(kunst)" title="Plaquette (kunst) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plaquette (kunst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakett" title="Plakett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plakett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakieta" title="Plakieta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plakieta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Плакета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плакета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakett" title="Plakett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plakett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Плакета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plaques" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4364339" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of small low relief sculpture</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monogrammista_IO.F.F.,_italia_del_nord,_orazio_coclite,_fine_del_XV_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Monogrammista_IO.F.F.%2C_italia_del_nord%2C_orazio_coclite%2C_fine_del_XV_sec.JPG/220px-Monogrammista_IO.F.F.%2C_italia_del_nord%2C_orazio_coclite%2C_fine_del_XV_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Monogrammista_IO.F.F.%2C_italia_del_nord%2C_orazio_coclite%2C_fine_del_XV_sec.JPG/330px-Monogrammista_IO.F.F.%2C_italia_del_nord%2C_orazio_coclite%2C_fine_del_XV_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Monogrammista_IO.F.F.%2C_italia_del_nord%2C_orazio_coclite%2C_fine_del_XV_sec.JPG/440px-Monogrammista_IO.F.F.%2C_italia_del_nord%2C_orazio_coclite%2C_fine_del_XV_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horatius_Cocles" title="Horatius Cocles">Horatius Cocles</a> at the bridge, Renaissance plaquette by Master IO.F.F., late 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, 6.1 x 6.0 cm, in a shape for decorating a sword hilt<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner_Vanitas_BNM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner_Vanitas_BNM.jpg/220px-Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner_Vanitas_BNM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner_Vanitas_BNM.jpg/330px-Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner_Vanitas_BNM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner_Vanitas_BNM.jpg/440px-Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner_Vanitas_BNM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner" title="Peter Flötner">Peter Flötner</a>, <i>Vanitas</i>, 1535–1540, gilt bronze</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>plaquette</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[plakɛt]</a></span>; "small plaque") is a small <a href="/wiki/Low_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Low relief">low relief</a> sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> or other materials. These were popular in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> and later. They may be commemorative, but especially in the Renaissance and <a href="/wiki/Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a> periods were often made for purely decorative purposes, with often crowded scenes from religious, historical or mythological sources. Only one side is decorated, giving the main point of distinction with the artistic <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medal</a>, where both sides are normally decorated. They can usually be held within a hand. At the smaller end they overlap with medals, and at the larger they begin to be called <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaques</a>. They have always been closely related to the medal, and many awards today are in the form of plaquettes, but plaquettes were less restricted in their subject-matter than the medal, and allowed the artist more freedom. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The form began in the 1440s in Italy, but spread across Europe in the next century, especially to France, Germany and the Low Countries. By about 1550 it had fallen from fashion in Italy, but French plaquettes were entering their best period, and there and in Germany they continued to be popular into the 17th century. The form continued to be made at a low level, with something of a revival from about 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word plaquette is a 19th-century invention by the French art historian Eugene Piot. <i>Les Bronzes de la Renaissance. Les Plaquettes</i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Molinier" title="Émile Molinier">Émile Molinier</a> of 1886 was the first large study, and these two between them defined the form as it is understood today.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Renaissance Italians plaquettes were known, along with other similar types of objects, by a variety of somewhat vague terms such as <i>piastra</i> and <i>medaglietti</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>rilievi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>modelli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CdM,_presunto_autoritratto_di_leon_battista_alberti,_white_ground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CdM%2C_presunto_autoritratto_di_leon_battista_alberti%2C_white_ground.jpg/220px-CdM%2C_presunto_autoritratto_di_leon_battista_alberti%2C_white_ground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CdM%2C_presunto_autoritratto_di_leon_battista_alberti%2C_white_ground.jpg/330px-CdM%2C_presunto_autoritratto_di_leon_battista_alberti%2C_white_ground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CdM%2C_presunto_autoritratto_di_leon_battista_alberti%2C_white_ground.jpg/440px-CdM%2C_presunto_autoritratto_di_leon_battista_alberti%2C_white_ground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>Self-portrait head by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1435</span>, 20.1 cm high</figcaption></figure> <p>Plaquettes grew from two rather different Italian origins. In Rome in the 1440s and 1450s they began as a way of reproducing the designs of classical engraved gems, by taking a wax impression of them. The Venetian Pietro Barbo (1417–1471) became a cardinal when his uncle was elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugenius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eugenius IV">Pope Eugenius IV</a> in 1431. He became an enthusiastic pioneer of this form, maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a> in his new <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Venezia" title="Palazzo Venezia">Palazzo Venezia</a>, and perhaps participating in the casting himself.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plaquettes had the same small size and classical subject matter as the gems they replicated. </p><p>Around the same time north Italian artists began making plaquettes, often much larger and with religious subject matter. <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, already an important centre of metalworking, is seen by many historians as the crucial location.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two significant works, neither typical of later examples, were the self-portrait head by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, oval and 20 cm high,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a slightly larger circular <i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_with_Four_Angels_(Donatello)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin and Child with Four Angels (Donatello)">Madonna and Child with putti</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> (<a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London). This remained highly unusual in that the reverse is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concave" class="extiw" title="wikt:concave">concave</a> and repeats the design. Other larger religious reliefs by Donatello were copied or adapted in a smaller plaquette format by other artists, probably including his own workshop.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These grew out of a wider context of small religious images that represented mass-produced versions for the middle classes of the larger and unique religious art made for the rich and for churches.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the 1440s <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a> was establishing the genre of the double-sided portrait medal, followed by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_de%27_Pasti" title="Matteo de' Pasti">Matteo de' Pasti</a> and others. By the later decades of the century medals and plaquettes were being produced in most of the north Italian artistic centres.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant later artists included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moderno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moderno (page does not exist)">Moderno</a> (as he signed many of his works), who was very likely Galleazzo Mondella, a goldsmith from <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> recorded in Rome around 1500. Some 45 plaquettes are signed by or attributed to him (and hardly any medals), and a number of members of his workshop have been identified by their styles.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccio" title="Andrea Riccio">Andrea Riccio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bernardi" title="Giovanni Bernardi">Giovanni Bernardi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Giorgio_Martini" title="Francesco di Giorgio Martini">Francesco di Giorgio Martini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Belli" title="Valerio Belli">Valerio Belli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Leone_Leoni" title="Leone Leoni">Leone Leoni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are among the artists to whom a clear name can be attached. Many significant unidentified masters are given <a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">notnames</a> by art historians, such as Moderno and Master IO.F.F., who often signed their works. Belli and Bernardi were the leaders in the luxury form of small <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(jewellery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio (jewellery)">intaglios</a> engraved in <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">rock crystal</a>, and several of these were reproduced in plaquette form around 1520–40, some cast from wax impressions taken off the crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riccio was also a sculptor of small bronzes, and his plaquettes tended to have a relatively high relief. He had a large workshop and many followers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_examples">Italian examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Italian examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gianfrancesco_enzola,_cavaliere_con_armatura_contro_tre_leoni,_1465_circa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Knight attacked by three lions, Italian, c. 1465"><img alt="Knight attacked by three lions, Italian, c. 1465" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gianfrancesco_enzola%2C_cavaliere_con_armatura_contro_tre_leoni%2C_1465_circa.JPG/199px-Gianfrancesco_enzola%2C_cavaliere_con_armatura_contro_tre_leoni%2C_1465_circa.JPG" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gianfrancesco_enzola%2C_cavaliere_con_armatura_contro_tre_leoni%2C_1465_circa.JPG/299px-Gianfrancesco_enzola%2C_cavaliere_con_armatura_contro_tre_leoni%2C_1465_circa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gianfrancesco_enzola%2C_cavaliere_con_armatura_contro_tre_leoni%2C_1465_circa.JPG/399px-Gianfrancesco_enzola%2C_cavaliere_con_armatura_contro_tre_leoni%2C_1465_circa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knight attacked by three lions, Italian, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1465</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_moderno,_battaglia_di_canne,_1503-1504.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Moderno, Battle of Cannae, 1503–04"><img alt="Moderno, Battle of Cannae, 1503–04" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Il_moderno%2C_battaglia_di_canne%2C_1503-1504.JPG/200px-Il_moderno%2C_battaglia_di_canne%2C_1503-1504.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Il_moderno%2C_battaglia_di_canne%2C_1503-1504.JPG/300px-Il_moderno%2C_battaglia_di_canne%2C_1503-1504.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Il_moderno%2C_battaglia_di_canne%2C_1503-1504.JPG/400px-Il_moderno%2C_battaglia_di_canne%2C_1503-1504.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moderno, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a>, 1503–04</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_valerio_belli,_presentazione_di_ges%C3%B9_al_tempio,_1530-50_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Valerio Belli, Christ Carrying the Cross, 1530–50"><img alt="Valerio Belli, Christ Carrying the Cross, 1530–50" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Da_valerio_belli%2C_presentazione_di_ges%C3%B9_al_tempio%2C_1530-50_ca..JPG/200px-Da_valerio_belli%2C_presentazione_di_ges%C3%B9_al_tempio%2C_1530-50_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Da_valerio_belli%2C_presentazione_di_ges%C3%B9_al_tempio%2C_1530-50_ca..JPG/300px-Da_valerio_belli%2C_presentazione_di_ges%C3%B9_al_tempio%2C_1530-50_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Da_valerio_belli%2C_presentazione_di_ges%C3%B9_al_tempio%2C_1530-50_ca..JPG/400px-Da_valerio_belli%2C_presentazione_di_ges%C3%B9_al_tempio%2C_1530-50_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1719" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Belli" title="Valerio Belli">Valerio Belli</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross" title="Christ Carrying the Cross">Christ Carrying the Cross</a></i>, 1530–50</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_cavino,_i_primi_12_imperatori_romani,_padova_1550_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Giovanni Cavino, set of 1st 12 Roman emperors, Padua, c. 1550"><img alt="Giovanni Cavino, set of 1st 12 Roman emperors, Padua, c. 1550" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Giovanni_cavino%2C_i_primi_12_imperatori_romani%2C_padova_1550_ca.JPG/200px-Giovanni_cavino%2C_i_primi_12_imperatori_romani%2C_padova_1550_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Giovanni_cavino%2C_i_primi_12_imperatori_romani%2C_padova_1550_ca.JPG/300px-Giovanni_cavino%2C_i_primi_12_imperatori_romani%2C_padova_1550_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Giovanni_cavino%2C_i_primi_12_imperatori_romani%2C_padova_1550_ca.JPG/400px-Giovanni_cavino%2C_i_primi_12_imperatori_romani%2C_padova_1550_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Cavino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Cavino (page does not exist)">Giovanni Cavino</a>, set of 1st 12 Roman emperors, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>German production began in Nuremberg, around 1500, but by 1600 <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> was the main centre. German examples tended to draw their designs from prints, and were in turn frequently reused in other media, and perhaps more often produced primarily as models for other trades. The repeated reuse of moulds, and their distribution far from their place of making, are especially typical of south German plaquettes. Even fewer of the artists involved are known than in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production lasted well into the 17th century, when it became involved in the "<a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Dürer</a> revival", with several of his prints being turned into plaquettes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maestro_delle_antiche_leggende_eroiche,_giustizia_di_traiano,_1525-50_ca._(germania).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Master of the Heroic Antique Legends, Justice of Trajan, 1525–50"><img alt="Master of the Heroic Antique Legends, Justice of Trajan, 1525–50" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maestro_delle_antiche_leggende_eroiche%2C_giustizia_di_traiano%2C_1525-50_ca._%28germania%29.JPG/200px-Maestro_delle_antiche_leggende_eroiche%2C_giustizia_di_traiano%2C_1525-50_ca._%28germania%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maestro_delle_antiche_leggende_eroiche%2C_giustizia_di_traiano%2C_1525-50_ca._%28germania%29.JPG/300px-Maestro_delle_antiche_leggende_eroiche%2C_giustizia_di_traiano%2C_1525-50_ca._%28germania%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maestro_delle_antiche_leggende_eroiche%2C_giustizia_di_traiano%2C_1525-50_ca._%28germania%29.JPG/400px-Maestro_delle_antiche_leggende_eroiche%2C_giustizia_di_traiano%2C_1525-50_ca._%28germania%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Master of the Heroic Antique Legends, <i>Justice of Trajan</i>, 1525–50</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_labenwolf,_caccia_alla_lepre,_1550_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Georg Labenwolf, Hunt for hares, c. 1550"><img alt="Georg Labenwolf, Hunt for hares, c. 1550" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Georg_labenwolf%2C_caccia_alla_lepre%2C_1550_ca..JPG/200px-Georg_labenwolf%2C_caccia_alla_lepre%2C_1550_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Georg_labenwolf%2C_caccia_alla_lepre%2C_1550_ca..JPG/300px-Georg_labenwolf%2C_caccia_alla_lepre%2C_1550_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Georg_labenwolf%2C_caccia_alla_lepre%2C_1550_ca..JPG/400px-Georg_labenwolf%2C_caccia_alla_lepre%2C_1550_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Labenwolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Labenwolf (page does not exist)">Georg Labenwolf</a>, <i>Hunt for hares</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_jamnitzer_(bottega),_giudizio_di_salomone,_1575_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Workshop of Hans Jamnitzer, Judgement of Solomon, c. 1575"><img alt="Workshop of Hans Jamnitzer, Judgement of Solomon, c. 1575" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hans_jamnitzer_%28bottega%29%2C_giudizio_di_salomone%2C_1575_ca..JPG/200px-Hans_jamnitzer_%28bottega%29%2C_giudizio_di_salomone%2C_1575_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hans_jamnitzer_%28bottega%29%2C_giudizio_di_salomone%2C_1575_ca..JPG/300px-Hans_jamnitzer_%28bottega%29%2C_giudizio_di_salomone%2C_1575_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hans_jamnitzer_%28bottega%29%2C_giudizio_di_salomone%2C_1575_ca..JPG/400px-Hans_jamnitzer_%28bottega%29%2C_giudizio_di_salomone%2C_1575_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1167" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Workshop of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jamnitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Jamnitzer">Hans Jamnitzer</a>, <i>Judgement of Solomon</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1575</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_enderlein,_europa,_1610-11_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Caspar Enderlein, Europe, 1610–11"><img alt="Caspar Enderlein, Europe, 1610–11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caspar_enderlein%2C_europa%2C_1610-11_ca..JPG/200px-Caspar_enderlein%2C_europa%2C_1610-11_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caspar_enderlein%2C_europa%2C_1610-11_ca..JPG/300px-Caspar_enderlein%2C_europa%2C_1610-11_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caspar_enderlein%2C_europa%2C_1610-11_ca..JPG/400px-Caspar_enderlein%2C_europa%2C_1610-11_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_Enderlein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caspar Enderlein (page does not exist)">Caspar Enderlein</a>, <i>Europe</i>, 1610–11</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_and_the_Netherlands">France and the Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France and the Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further north plaquettes were produced from around 1550, initially under influence more from Germany than Italy. Artists (often <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> in France) included <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Delaune" title="Étienne Delaune">Étienne Delaune</a>, who mostly lived in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Briot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Briot (page does not exist)">François Briot</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (duchy)">Lorraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duquesnoy" title="François Duquesnoy">François Duquesnoy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> worked as a sculptor in Rome from 1618, and influenced Flemish plaquettes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francia,_venere,_marte_e_amore,_1590_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus, Mars and Cupid, c. 1590"><img alt="Venus, Mars and Cupid, c. 1590" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Francia%2C_venere%2C_marte_e_amore%2C_1590_ca..JPG/200px-Francia%2C_venere%2C_marte_e_amore%2C_1590_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Francia%2C_venere%2C_marte_e_amore%2C_1590_ca..JPG/300px-Francia%2C_venere%2C_marte_e_amore%2C_1590_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Francia%2C_venere%2C_marte_e_amore%2C_1590_ca..JPG/400px-Francia%2C_venere%2C_marte_e_amore%2C_1590_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Venus, Mars and Cupid, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francia,_maria_de%27_medici,_1600-10_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Marie de' Medici, 1600–10"><img alt="Marie de' Medici, 1600–10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Francia%2C_maria_de%27_medici%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG/146px-Francia%2C_maria_de%27_medici%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Francia%2C_maria_de%27_medici%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG/219px-Francia%2C_maria_de%27_medici%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Francia%2C_maria_de%27_medici%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG/292px-Francia%2C_maria_de%27_medici%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="921" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a>, 1600–10</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francia,_allegoria_della_primavera_e_dell%27estate,_1600-10_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Allegory of Spring and Summer, 1600–10"><img alt="Allegory of Spring and Summer, 1600–10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Francia%2C_allegoria_della_primavera_e_dell%27estate%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG/182px-Francia%2C_allegoria_della_primavera_e_dell%27estate%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Francia%2C_allegoria_della_primavera_e_dell%27estate%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG/274px-Francia%2C_allegoria_della_primavera_e_dell%27estate%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Francia%2C_allegoria_della_primavera_e_dell%27estate%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG/365px-Francia%2C_allegoria_della_primavera_e_dell%27estate%2C_1600-10_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Allegory of Spring and Summer, 1600–10</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paesi_bassi,_maestro_I._B.,_scena_di_caccia,_xvii_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Low Counties, hunting scene, 17th century"><img alt="Low Counties, hunting scene, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paesi_bassi%2C_maestro_I._B.%2C_scena_di_caccia%2C_xvii_sec.JPG/159px-Paesi_bassi%2C_maestro_I._B.%2C_scena_di_caccia%2C_xvii_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paesi_bassi%2C_maestro_I._B.%2C_scena_di_caccia%2C_xvii_sec.JPG/238px-Paesi_bassi%2C_maestro_I._B.%2C_scena_di_caccia%2C_xvii_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paesi_bassi%2C_maestro_I._B.%2C_scena_di_caccia%2C_xvii_sec.JPG/318px-Paesi_bassi%2C_maestro_I._B.%2C_scena_di_caccia%2C_xvii_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low Counties, hunting scene, 17th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG/220px-Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG/330px-Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG/440px-Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Gies" title="Ludwig Gies">Ludwig Gies</a>, cast iron, 8x9.8cm, inscribed "1914·VERTRIEBEN·1915" ("Refugees 1914–1915")</figcaption></figure> <p>The form saw a small revival in the 19th century; examples from this period are typically rather larger than in the Renaissance. Artists such as, in America, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fuchs_(artist)" title="Emil Fuchs (artist)">Emil Fuchs</a> made commemorative portrait plaquettes of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> (both by Saint-Gaudens).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Especially in France and Germany, commemorative plaquettes for industry and institutions involved a wide range of contemporary subject matter. A number of artists produced examples purely because they were attracted by the form, or the possibility of reaching a wider market. A number of regular awards by institutions chose the plaquette form, though often retaining "medal" in the name of the award. The circular so-called "death penny" (the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Plaque_(medallion)" title="Memorial Plaque (medallion)">Memorial Plaque</a>) minted in the UK after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> is a large twentieth-century commemorative example.<sup id="cite_ref-cwgc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwgc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_and_technique">Materials and technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Materials and technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leone_leoni,_trionfo_allegorico_di_giannettino_doria,_1541-42,_v%26a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leone_leoni%2C_trionfo_allegorico_di_giannettino_doria%2C_1541-42%2C_v%26a.JPG/220px-Leone_leoni%2C_trionfo_allegorico_di_giannettino_doria%2C_1541-42%2C_v%26a.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leone_leoni%2C_trionfo_allegorico_di_giannettino_doria%2C_1541-42%2C_v%26a.JPG/330px-Leone_leoni%2C_trionfo_allegorico_di_giannettino_doria%2C_1541-42%2C_v%26a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leone_leoni%2C_trionfo_allegorico_di_giannettino_doria%2C_1541-42%2C_v%26a.JPG/440px-Leone_leoni%2C_trionfo_allegorico_di_giannettino_doria%2C_1541-42%2C_v%26a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption><i>Allegorical Triumph of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_Doria" title="Giovanni Andrea Doria">Giovanni Andrea Doria</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Leone_Leoni" title="Leone Leoni">Leone Leoni</a>, 1541–42</figcaption></figure> <p>As with medals, Renaissance plaquettes were normally made using the <a href="/wiki/Lost_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost wax">lost wax</a> technique of <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a>, and numbers of copies were presumably normally made, although many now only survive in a unique copy, and perhaps never had others. The quality of individual castings can vary considerably, and the time and locations of individual castings from the same mould my vary considerably. Some designs can be shown to have had different generations of casts made from casts. Most are in bronze, but silver and gold, in solid or plated and <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a> forms, are also found, as well as other metals. Often plaquettes with copies in precious metal also exist in bronze copies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, which was the main German centre,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plaquettes, like other metalwork types of objects, were often made in the relatively plebeian material of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, even by top artists like the <a href="/wiki/Vischer_family_of_Nuremberg" title="Vischer family of Nuremberg">Vischer family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner" title="Peter Flötner">Peter Flötner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lead was also used, especially in German castings intended as artisan's models rather than for collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 19th century onwards, <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> was also used, especially in Germany. In Italy lead was also used for an initial trial cast. The castings were normally not worked much further with tools, beyond polishing and often giving an artificial <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only one side is decorated, giving the main point of distinction with the artistic <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medal</a>, where both sides are normally decorated.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are rectangular or circular, but other shapes are found, as in the example illustrated. Typical sizes range from about two inches up to about seven across a side, or as the diameter, with the smaller end or middle of that range more common. They "typically fit within the hand", as <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" title="Oxford Art Online">Grove</a> puts it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the smaller end they overlap with medals, and at the larger they begin to be called <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaques</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past">Past</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Past"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose and use of decorative plaquettes was evidently varied and remains somewhat unclear; their creation and use is relatively poorly documented. Some were mounted in furniture, boxes or other objects such as lamps, and many examples have holes for hanging on walls, added later. Other copies have three or four holes, for holding in a setting. Religious subjects in a pair or set might be set into the doors of <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">tabernacles</a>, and many were used for <a href="/wiki/Pax_(liturgical_object)" title="Pax (liturgical object)">paxes</a>, sometimes after being given a frame. Some shapes were designed for particular roles such as decorating sword hilts, though perhaps not all copies made were used in this way. Others were framed for hanging, but many were probably just kept and displayed loose, perhaps propped up on a shelf or desk, or in drawers or boxes. Many images show signs of wear. Devotional images were probably often carried around in a pocket, a habit that became common with <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifixes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> in 1373.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large part of the market was probably other artists and craftsmen looking for models for other forms.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plaquette_binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaquette binding">Plaquette bindings</a> are leather <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbindings</a> that incorporate plaquette casts in <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often of designs that are also found in metal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_moderno,_continenza_di_scipione,_1500-10_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Il_moderno%2C_continenza_di_scipione%2C_1500-10_ca..JPG/220px-Il_moderno%2C_continenza_di_scipione%2C_1500-10_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Il_moderno%2C_continenza_di_scipione%2C_1500-10_ca..JPG/330px-Il_moderno%2C_continenza_di_scipione%2C_1500-10_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Il_moderno%2C_continenza_di_scipione%2C_1500-10_ca..JPG/440px-Il_moderno%2C_continenza_di_scipione%2C_1500-10_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moderno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moderno (page does not exist)">Moderno</a>, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Continence_of_Scipio" class="mw-redirect" title="Continence of Scipio">Continence of Scipio</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500–1510</span>, 5.8 x 7.5 cm</figcaption></figure> <p>Plaquettes were also collected, and in particular 16th-century examples are often crowded with figures, making the scenes hard to read. They are best appreciated when held in the hand near a good light source, and were probably passed round when a collection was shown to fellow connoisseurs. The difficulty of reading the scenes, and an often obscure choice of subjects, suggest that a self-conscious display of classical learning was part of their appeal, for collectors and artists alike. They were one of the types of objects often found in the – normally male – environment of the <a href="/wiki/Studiolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Studiolo">studiolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet of curiosities</a>, along with other small forms such as classical coins and engraved gems.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artists who made them tended to be either sculptors in bronze, also making small figures and objects such as inkwells, or <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a>, who often practised in the related field of <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>. They were relatively cheap and transportable, and were soon disseminated widely across Europe, offering an opportunity for artists to display their virtuosity and sophistication, and promote themselves beyond their own city. The same factors, combined with their modern display behind glass, make them relatively little appreciated today. The moulds were also sometimes re-used at considerable distances from their time and place of creation, or new moulds were made from a plaquette.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German 17th-century plaquettes were still being used as models for silverware in <a href="/wiki/Regency_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency period">Regency</a> London.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plaquettes, like <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a>, played an important part in the diffusion of styles and trends in iconography, especially for classical subjects. Some drawings for plaquette designs survive; others copied prints, book illustrations and designs in other media, including classical <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gems" class="mw-redirect" title="Engraved gems">engraved gems</a> and sculpture. In Germany models in wood or limestone might be made. They were often made in sets, illustrating a story, or set of figures.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valerio_belli,_pace_con_l%27adorazione_die_pastori,_1520-30_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pax with plaquette by Valerio Belli"><img alt="Pax with plaquette by Valerio Belli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Valerio_belli%2C_pace_con_l%27adorazione_die_pastori%2C_1520-30_ca..JPG/105px-Valerio_belli%2C_pace_con_l%27adorazione_die_pastori%2C_1520-30_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="105" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Valerio_belli%2C_pace_con_l%27adorazione_die_pastori%2C_1520-30_ca..JPG/158px-Valerio_belli%2C_pace_con_l%27adorazione_die_pastori%2C_1520-30_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Valerio_belli%2C_pace_con_l%27adorazione_die_pastori%2C_1520-30_ca..JPG/211px-Valerio_belli%2C_pace_con_l%27adorazione_die_pastori%2C_1520-30_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="2740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pax_(liturgical_object)" title="Pax (liturgical object)">Pax</a> with plaquette by <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Belli" title="Valerio Belli">Valerio Belli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valerio_vicentino,_ecce_homo,_1532.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Valerio Belli, 1532, Ecce Homo, one of a set of four, for an inkpot or similar object"><img alt="Valerio Belli, 1532, Ecce Homo, one of a set of four, for an inkpot or similar object" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Valerio_vicentino%2C_ecce_homo%2C_1532.JPG/200px-Valerio_vicentino%2C_ecce_homo%2C_1532.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Valerio_vicentino%2C_ecce_homo%2C_1532.JPG/300px-Valerio_vicentino%2C_ecce_homo%2C_1532.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Valerio_vicentino%2C_ecce_homo%2C_1532.JPG/400px-Valerio_vicentino%2C_ecce_homo%2C_1532.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="1113" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Belli" title="Valerio Belli">Valerio Belli</a>, 1532, <i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo">Ecce Homo</a></i>, one of a set of four, for an inkpot or similar object</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio,_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto,_1490-1510_ca._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Two small plaquettes by Riccio used in a dagger hilt"><img alt="Two small plaquettes by Riccio used in a dagger hilt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._02.JPG/200px-Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._02.JPG/300px-Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._02.JPG/400px-Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two small plaquettes by Riccio used in a dagger hilt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio,_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto,_1490-1510_ca._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Another view"><img alt="Another view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._01.JPG/200px-Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._01.JPG/300px-Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._01.JPG/400px-Andrea_briosco_detto_il_riccio%2C_allegoria_dello_spirito_e_della_materia_su_uno_stiletto%2C_1490-1510_ca._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another view</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many awards are in the form of plaquettes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Film_Academy" title="Swedish Film Academy">Swedish Film Academy</a>'s Silver Plaquette was awarded to filmmakers in some years between 1968 and 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> current examples include plaquettes as awards for <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tennis,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> community,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and singing.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paesi_bassi,_diana_e_atteone,_1610_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paesi_bassi%2C_diana_e_atteone%2C_1610_ca..JPG/220px-Paesi_bassi%2C_diana_e_atteone%2C_1610_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paesi_bassi%2C_diana_e_atteone%2C_1610_ca..JPG/330px-Paesi_bassi%2C_diana_e_atteone%2C_1610_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paesi_bassi%2C_diana_e_atteone%2C_1610_ca..JPG/440px-Paesi_bassi%2C_diana_e_atteone%2C_1610_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Low countries, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1610</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diana_and_Actaeon" title="Diana and Actaeon">Diana and Actaeon</a></i>, in lead</figcaption></figure> <p>Many major museums have collections, which are not always given room in the gallery displays. The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> in Washington D.C., despite being essentially a collection of paintings, has what is recognised as the finest single collection, especially of Italian Renaissance work, which includes over 450 plaquettes,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is very well displayed on the ground floor.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Washington collection of medals, plaquettes and small bronzes includes the leading French collection assembled by Gustave Dreyfus (1837–1914), which was bought by Samuel H. Kress (1863–1955). In 1945 the Kress Foundation added over 1,300 bronzes collected by the British art dealer <a href="/wiki/Lord_Duveen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Duveen">Lord Duveen</a>, and donated all its collection to the museum in 1957. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Widener" title="Joseph E. Widener">Joseph E. Widener</a> had already given the museum a significant collection in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a> in London has a good smaller display, as do the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_des_m%C3%A9dailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet des médailles">Cabinet des médailles</a>, Paris, the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashmolean">Ashmolean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, and a number of German museums, although the outstanding Berlin collection was lost in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not much of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>'s important collection is on display, nor that of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Bargello</a> in Florence has some 400 plaquettes, about half from the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Medici_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici family">Medici family</a>, who played an important role in the development of the form. Most of the rest are from the collection of Louis Carrand, who bequeathed it to Florence. After that of Drefus, this is the next most important collection assembled in Paris in the 19th century and still intact. Paris was then the centre of plaquette collecting.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Copenhagen_2010_plaquettes" title="Royal Copenhagen 2010 plaquettes">Royal Copenhagen 2010 plaquettes</a> – modern ceramic examples</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 220–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, 833</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 220; Syson and Thornton, 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syson and Thornton, 117 ("reliefs")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 220–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, throughout; Wilson, 14; Grove, 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, 76–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 14–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 105–110; Grove, 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 76–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 111–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 114–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 127–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 221–222; Wilson, 111–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 221–222; Wilson,76–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, 779–780; Grove 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner, Albert Ten Eyck, <i>American Sculpture: A Catalogue of the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>, pp. 92–94, 1965, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cwgc-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cwgc_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jackclegg.com/Plaque-history.htm">"Bronze Memorial Plaques - Notes on origins, history & identification"</a>. <i>Campaigners for War Graves Commemorations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Campaigners+for+War+Graves+Commemorations&rft.atitle=Bronze+Memorial+Plaques+-+Notes+on+origins%2C+history+%26+identification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jackclegg.com%2FPlaque-history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaquette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 220–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gothic and Renaissance Art in Nuremberg, 1300–1550", pp. 75–76; #s 193, 194, 204, 205, 254–257, 261, 1986, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nürnberg, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870994662" title="Special:BookSources/0870994662">0870994662</a>, 9780870994661, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OD8g4Eb-3EsC&pg=PA395&lpg=PA395">google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, 779</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, 74; Grove, 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, p.8 and various entries, Grove, 220–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, p.8, Grove, 220, 222; Syson and Thornton, 78–91 for a wider context</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 220–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, 779</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 220, 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/utmarkelser/?sortby=chrono_desc&award-award-sv=Svenska+Filmakademins+silverplakett">"Utmärkelser (Awards); Search"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Film_Database" title="Swedish Film Database">Swedish Film Database</a></i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swedish+Film+Database&rft.atitle=Utm%C3%A4rkelser+%28Awards%29%3B+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svenskfilmdatabas.se%2Fsv%2Futmarkelser%2F%3Fsortby%3Dchrono_desc%26award-award-sv%3DSvenska%2BFilmakademins%2Bsilverplakett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaquette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldarchery.sport/about-us/organisation/honours">"Honours"</a>. <i>World Archery</i>. 29 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Archery&rft.atitle=Honours&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldarchery.sport%2Fabout-us%2Forganisation%2Fhonours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaquette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVodenicharova2023" class="citation web cs1">Vodenicharova, Yoana (11 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bta.bg/en/news/sport/567597-european-title-winning-bulgarian-tennis-players-awarded-commemorative-plaquettes">"European Title-Winning Bulgarian Tennis Players Awarded Commemorative Plaquettes"</a>. <i>БТА</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%A2%D0%90&rft.atitle=European+Title-Winning+Bulgarian+Tennis+Players+Awarded+Commemorative+Plaquettes&rft.date=2023-11-11&rft.aulast=Vodenicharova&rft.aufirst=Yoana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bta.bg%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsport%2F567597-european-title-winning-bulgarian-tennis-players-awarded-commemorative-plaquettes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaquette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mentalhealthmonth.wayahead.org.au/about-the-awards/">"About the Awards"</a>. <i>Mental Health Month</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Health+Month&rft.atitle=About+the+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmentalhealthmonth.wayahead.org.au%2Fabout-the-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaquette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aegiscarminis.si/en/competitions/choral-competition/prizes-and-plaquettes">"Prizes and plaquettes"</a>. <i>Aegis carminis</i>. 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aegis+carminis&rft.atitle=Prizes+and+plaquettes&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegiscarminis.si%2Fen%2Fcompetitions%2Fchoral-competition%2Fprizes-and-plaquettes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaquette" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, 220; Wilson is the handbook for this collection</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bober, 593</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, 833</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bober, Phyllis Pray, review of <i>Italian Plaquettes</i> by Alison Luchs, <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 590–593, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America, Article DOI: 10.2307/2862612, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862612">JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>"Grove": "Plaquette" in <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" title="Oxford Art Online">The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts</a></i>, Volume 1, Editor, Gordon Campbell, pp. 220–223, 2006, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195189485" title="Special:BookSources/0195189485">0195189485</a>, 9780195189483, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8BMW6Au7pQC&pg=PA220">Google books</a>.</li> <li>Hayward, J.F., review of <i>Deutsche, Niederländische und Französische Plaketten 1500–1650</i>, 2 Vols by Ingrid Weber, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine" title="The Burlington Magazine">The Burlington Magazine</a></i>, Vol. 118, No. 884 (Nov., 1976), pp. 779–780, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/878599">JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Marks, P.J.M., <i>Beautiful Bookbindings, A Thousand Years of the Bookbinder's Art</i>, 2011, British Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5823-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5823-1">978-0-7123-5823-1</a>.</li> <li>Palmer, Allison Lee, <i>The Walters' "Madonna and Child" Plaquette and Private Devotional Art in Early Renaissance Italy</i>, <i>The Journal of the Walters Art Museum</i>, Vol. 59, Focus on the Collections (2001), pp. 73–84, The <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20168604">JSTOR</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Syson" title="Luke Syson">Syson, Luke</a> and Thornton, Dora, <i>Objects of Virtue: Art in Renaissance Italy</i>, 2001, Getty Trust Publications: J. Paul Getty Museum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892366575" title="Special:BookSources/0892366575">0892366575</a>, 9780892366576, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mNnNbvhsP2MC&pg=PA117">google books</a>.</li> <li>Warren, Jeremy, Review of <i>Placchette, secoli XV-XVIII nel Museo Nazionale del Bargello</i> by Giuseppe Toderi, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine" title="The Burlington Magazine">The Burlington Magazine</a></i>, Vol. 138, No. 1125 (Dec., 1996), pp. 832–833, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/887190">JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Wilson, Carolyn C., <i>Renaissance Small Bronze Sculpture and Associated Decorative Arts</i>, 1983, National Gallery of Art (Washington). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0894680676" title="Special:BookSources/0894680676">0894680676</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Studies in the History of Art</i>, Vol. 22, Symposium Papers IX: Italian Plaquettes (1989).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquette&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Auxiliary science of history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a> about <a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Distinctions</i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_awards" title="Lists of awards">Lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By conferee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">Founts of honour</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_decoration" title="State decoration">States</a> <ul><li>and their national/public/official authorities</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order" title="Dynastic order">Dynasties</a> <ul><li>heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_award" title="Ecclesiastical award">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organisations</a></li> <li>Commercial</li> 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order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">Order of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family_order" title="Royal family order">Royal family order</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Titles(Styles,Post-nominal)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">Titles</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_function" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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title="Commandery">Commandery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_obedience" title="Vow of obedience">Obedience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Lodge</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_awards" title="Lists of awards">Others,<br />by field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Military</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">List of highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_medal" title="Campaign medal">Campaign medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_awards_and_honors" title="List of law enforcement awards and honors">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_awards_and_decorations" title="Civil awards and decorations">Civilian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_for_contributions_to_society" title="List of awards for contributions to society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intellectual_freedom_awards" title="List of intellectual freedom awards">Intellectual freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_awards" title="List of human rights awards">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_awards" title="List of legal awards">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_and_service_awards" title="List of humanitarian and service awards">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politics_awards" title="List of politics awards">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volunteer_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volunteer awards">Volunteer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_for_contributions_to_culture" title="List of awards for contributions to culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architecture_awards" title="List of architecture awards">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_art_awards" title="Lists of art awards">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_awards" title="List of film awards">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_awards" title="List of history awards">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophy_awards" title="List of philosophy awards">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatre_awards" title="List of theatre awards">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards" title="Lists of science and technology awards">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religion-related_awards" title="List of religion-related awards">Religion-related</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_decoration" title="Ecclesiastical decoration">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sport_awards" title="List of sport awards">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_awards_in_Scouting" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest awards in Scouting">Scouting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_pageants" title="List of beauty pageants">Beauty</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia">insignia</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_people" title="List of awards named after people">Named after <br />people</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For wearing<br /><i>(decorations)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(order)" title="Collar (order)">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a><i>/Grand Cordon</i> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necklet" title="Necklet">Necklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">Medal bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_ribbon" title="Medal ribbon">Medal ribbon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(decoration)" title="Rosette (decoration)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_pin" title="Award pin">Award pin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge" title="Badge">Badge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_badge" title="Pilgrim badge">Pilgrim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">Epaulette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon" title="Ribbon">Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin-back_button" title="Pin-back button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_button" title="Campaign button">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_lapel_button_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Service lapel button (disambiguation)">Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_mark" title="Shoulder mark">Shoulder mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prize" title="Prize">Prizes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy" title="Trophy">Trophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_trophy" title="War trophy">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plaquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(award)" title="Rosette (award)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">Money</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the Nobel of a field</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_the_Garter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/80px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/120px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/160px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="89" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/80px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/120px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/160px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="411" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span><br /><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonies <br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accolade" title="Accolade">Accolade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vigil#Medieval_knights" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_fee" title="Passage fee">Passage fee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_day" title="Collar day">Collar day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">Fraternity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">Honor society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hereditary_and_lineage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hereditary and lineage organizations">Hereditary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_(organization)" title="Club (organization)">Club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">Gentlemen's club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Orders_of_Chivalry" title="International Commission for Orders of Chivalry">International Commission for Orders of Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">Religious order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_flag" title="Service flag">Service flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">Battle honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_streamer" title="Campaign streamer">Campaign streamer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">Order of precedence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotional_medal" title="Devotional medal">Devotional medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness_ribbon" title="Awareness ribbon">Awareness ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Code of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_honor" title="Code of honor">Code of honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><small>* = Direct or indirect reference to <a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount of honour</a> is the accepted criterion for official distinctions</small></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals" title="Category:Orders, decorations, and medals">Category:Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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