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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_and_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_and_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Conflicts and consolidation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_and_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Regno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_the_Regno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Conquest of the Regno </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Regno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conradin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conradin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Conradin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conradin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mediterranean empire </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mediterranean_empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mediterranean empire subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Eighth Crusade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_expand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_expand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Attempts to expand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_to_expand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papal_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Papal elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusade_against_Byzantium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusade_against_Byzantium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Crusade against Byzantium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusade_against_Byzantium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_empire's_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_empire's_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The empire's collapse </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_empire's_collapse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The empire's collapse subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_empire's_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sicilian_Vespers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicilian_Vespers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Sicilian Vespers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicilian_Vespers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Aragon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Aragon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 War with Aragon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Aragon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Charles I of Anjou</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" > 58 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_I._(Neapel)" title="Karl I. (Neapel) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karl I. (Neapel)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_I_Neapolis_Cyning" title="Carl I Neapolis Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Carl I Neapolis Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="شارل الأول ملك نابولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شارل الأول ملك نابولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I_d%27Anch%C3%BA" title="Carlos I d'Anchú – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carlos I d'Anchú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_(%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84)" title="بیرینجی کارل (ناپل) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی کارل (ناپل)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_I_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Карл I Анжуйскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл I Анжуйскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_I_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Карл I Анжуйскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карл I Анжуйскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_I_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Шарл I Анжуйски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шарл I Анжуйски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Ia%C3%B1_Sikilia" title="Carlo Iañ Sikilia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Carlo Iañ Sikilia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_I_d%27Anjou" title="Carles I d'Anjou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carles I d'Anjou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_I._z_Anjou" title="Karel I. z Anjou – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karel I. z Anjou" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_1._af_Sicilien" title="Karl 1. af Sicilien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl 1. af Sicilien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_I._(Neapel)" title="Karl I. (Neapel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl I. (Neapel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κάρολος ο Ανδεγαυός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος ο Ανδεγαυός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_de_Anjou" title="Carlos de Anjou – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carlos de Anjou" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_la_1-a_(Napolo)" title="Karlo la 1-a (Napolo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karlo la 1-a (Napolo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos_I.a_Napolikoa" title="Karlos I.a Napolikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karlos I.a Napolikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="شارل یکم، پادشاه ناپولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شارل یکم، پادشاه ناپولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ier_d%27Anjou" title="Charles Ier d'Anjou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Ier d'Anjou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_de_Anjou" title="Carlos de Anjou – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carlos de Anjou" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC%EB%A3%A8_1%EC%84%B8" title="카를루 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를루 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC_I_(%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1)" title="Կառլ I (Երուսաղեմի արքա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառլ I (Երուսաղեմի արքա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_I._An%C5%BEuvinac" title="Karlo I. Anžuvinac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karlo I. Anžuvinac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_I_dari_Napoli" title="Carlo I dari Napoli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carlo I dari Napoli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2" title="Carlo I d'Angiò – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carlo I d'Angiò" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="שארל הראשון, מלך נאפולי וסיציליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שארל הראשון, מלך נאפולי וסיציליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_I_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9F%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="შარლ I ანჟუელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შარლ I ანჟუელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_I_(rex_Siciliae)" title="Carolus I (rex Siciliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus I (rex Siciliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arls_I_An%C5%BE%C5%AB" title="Šarls I Anžū – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šarls I Anžū" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolis_I_An%C5%BEu" title="Karolis I Anžu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karolis I Anžu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._K%C3%A1roly_szic%C3%ADliai_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Károly szicíliai király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Károly szicíliai király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_I_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Карло I Анжујски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карло I Анжујски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="شارل الاول ملك نابولى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شارل الاول ملك نابولى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_I_van_Napels" title="Karel I van Napels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karel I van Napels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B7%E3%83%81%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8E%8B)" title="カルロ1世 (シチリア王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルロ1世 (シチリア王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_I_av_Napoli" title="Karl I av Napoli – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl I av Napoli" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_I%C3%A8r_d%27Anjau" title="Carles Ièr d'Anjau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carles Ièr d'Anjau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%98%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="د آنژو پاچا لومړی شارل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د آنژو پاچا لومړی شارل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_I_Andegawe%C5%84ski" title="Karol I Andegaweński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karol I Andegaweński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I,_Conde_de_Anjou" title="Carlos I, Conde de Anjou – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carlos I, Conde de Anjou" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_I_al_Neapolelui" title="Carol I al Neapolelui – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carol I al Neapolelui" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_I_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Карл I Анжуйский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карл I Анжуйский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karli_I_Anzhu" title="Karli I Anzhu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karli I Anzhu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlu_I_di_Sicilia" title="Carlu I di Sicilia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carlu I di Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_I._(Neapolsko)" title="Karol I. (Neapolsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karol I. (Neapolsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_I._An%C5%BEujski" title="Karel I. Anžujski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karel I. Anžujski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_I_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Карло I Анжујски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карло I Анжујски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_I_An%C5%BEujski" title="Karlo I Anžujski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karlo I Anžujski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarle_I_(Anjou_ja_Sisilia)" title="Kaarle I (Anjou ja Sisilia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaarle I (Anjou ja Sisilia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_I_av_Neapel" title="Karl I av Neapel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl I av Neapel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I_ng_Anjou" title="Carlos I ng Anjou – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carlos I ng Anjou" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="พระเจ้าการ์โลที่ 1 แห่งเนเปิลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าการ์โลที่ 1 แห่งเนเปิลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Carlo_(Napoli)" title="I. Carlo (Napoli) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Carlo (Napoli)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_I_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Карл I Анжуйський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл I Анжуйський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_x%E1%BB%A9_Anjou" title="Charles I xứ Anjou – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles I xứ Anjou" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_van_Anjou" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Charles of Anjou (disambiguation)">Charles of Anjou (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Charles I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_Old_Guy_2_(5642308121)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone head wearing crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Some_Old_Guy_2_%285642308121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Some_Old_Guy_2_%285642308121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Some_Old_Guy_2_%285642308121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Some_Old_Guy_2_%285642308121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Some_Old_Guy_2_%285642308121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Some_Old_Guy_2_%285642308121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="2363" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Head from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statue of Charles I of Anjou (page does not exist)">portrait statue</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_de_Charles_Ier_d%27Anjou" class="extiw" title="fr:Portrait de Charles Ier d'Anjou">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritratto_di_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2" class="extiw" title="it:Ritratto di Carlo I d'Angiò">it</a>; <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standbeeld_van_Karel_van_Anjou" class="extiw" title="nl:Standbeeld van Karel van Anjou">nl</a>] by <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a>, c. 1277</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">King of Sicily</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1266–1282 (<a href="/wiki/Island_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Sicily">island of Sicily</a> and mainland territories) 1282–1285 (mainland territories, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 1266</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successors</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constance_II_of_Sicily" title="Constance II of Sicily">Constance II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Island_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Sicily">island of Sicily</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">mainland territories</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contenders</th><td class="infobox-data">Peter I and Constance II (1282–1285)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Maine">Maine</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1246–1285</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles II</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Provence">Count of Provence</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1246–1285</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles II</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">King of Albania</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1272 – 1285</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles II</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Achaea" title="Prince of Achaea">Prince of Achaea</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1278–1285</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles II</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Early 1226/1227</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 January 1285 (aged 57–59) <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>, Kingdom of Naples</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Naples_Cathedral" title="Naples Cathedral">Naples Cathedral</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice of Provence</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1246; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />1267)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Sicily">Margaret of Burgundy</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />1268)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Family">more...</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Sicily" title="Blanche of Sicily">Blanche of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice,_Latin_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrice, Latin Empress">Beatrice, Latin Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II, King of Naples">Charles II, King of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Sicily" title="Philip of Sicily">Philip of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Sicily,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary">Elisabeth, Queen of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capet" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet">Capet</a> (by birth) <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Anjou-Sicily</a> (founder)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Charles I (early 1226/1227 – 7 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou or Charles d'Anjou, was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">King of Sicily</a> from 1266 to 1285. He was a member of the royal <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a> and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Anjou-Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Anjou-Sicily">House of Anjou-Sicily</a>. Between 1246 and 1285, he was <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Provence">Count of Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Forcalquier" title="County of Forcalquier">Forcalquier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Maine">Maine</a> in France. In 1272 he was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">King of Albania</a>, in 1277 he purchased a claim to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, and in 1278 he became <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Achaea" title="Prince of Achaea">Prince of Achaea</a> after the previous ruler, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William of Villehardouin</a>, died without heirs. The youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a>, Charles was destined for a Church career until the early 1240s. He acquired Provence and Forcalquier through his marriage to their heiress, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice</a>. His attempts to restore central authority brought him into conflict with his mother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Beatrice of Savoy">Beatrice of Savoy</a>, and the nobility. He relinquished control of Forcalquier to his mother-in-law in 1248, although she returned it to him in 1256. Charles received Anjou and Maine from his brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a>. He accompanied Louis during the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Egypt</a>. Shortly after he returned to Provence in 1250, Charles forced three wealthy autonomous cities—<a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>—to acknowledge his <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. Charles supported <a href="/wiki/Margaret_II,_Countess_of_Flanders_and_Hainaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut">Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut</a>, against her eldest son, <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="John I, Count of Hainaut">John</a>, in exchange for <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> in 1253. Two years later, Louis IX persuaded him to renounce the county, but compensated him by instructing Margaret to pay him 160,000 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a>. Charles forced the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> nobles and towns into submission and expanded his suzerainty over a dozen towns and lordships in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Arles" title="Kingdom of Arles">Kingdom of Arles</a>. In 1263, after years of negotiations, he accepted the offer of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> to seize the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufens" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenstaufens">Hohenstaufens</a>. This kingdom included, in addition to the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, southern Italy to well north of Naples and was known as the Regno. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Pope Urban IV</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Crusade_against_the_Hohenstaufen" title="Crusade against the Hohenstaufen">a crusade</a> against the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Manfred_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred of Sicily">Manfred of Sicily</a> and assisted Charles in raising funds for the military campaign. Charles was crowned king in Rome on 5 January 1266. He <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benevento" title="Battle of Benevento">annihilated Manfred's army</a> and occupied the Regno almost without resistance. His victory over Manfred's young nephew, <a href="/wiki/Conradin" title="Conradin">Conradin</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tagliacozzo" title="Battle of Tagliacozzo">Battle of Tagliacozzo</a> in 1268 strengthened his rule. In 1270, he took part in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth Crusade</a> organised by Louis IX and forced the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> Caliph <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_al-Mustansir" title="Muhammad I al-Mustansir">Muhammad I</a> to pay a yearly tribute to him. Charles's victories secured his undisputed leadership among the Papacy's Italian partisans (known as <a href="/wiki/Guelphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelphs">Guelphs</a>), but his influence on <a href="/wiki/Papal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election">papal elections</a> and his strong military presence in Italy disturbed the popes. They tried to channel his ambitions towards other territories and assisted him in acquiring claims to Achaea, Jerusalem and Arles through treaties. In 1281, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Pope Martin IV</a> authorised Charles to launch a crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Charles's ships were gathering at <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, ready to begin the campaign when the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> rebellion broke out on 30 March 1282 which put an end to Charles's rule on the island of Sicily. He was able to defend the mainland territories (or the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>) with the support of France and the Holy See. Charles died while making preparations for an invasion of Sicily. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> Charles was the youngest child of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810–11-1">[1]</a> The date of his birth has not survived, but he was probably born <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_birth" title="Posthumous birth">posthumously</a> in early 1227.<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195871-4">[3]</a> Charles was Louis' only surviving son to be "<a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_purple" title="Born in the purple">born in the purple</a>" (after his father's coronation), a fact he often emphasised in his youth, as the contemporaneous chronicler <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> noted in his <a href="/wiki/Chronica_Majora" title="Chronica Majora">Chronica Majora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810-2">[2]</a> He was the first <a href="/wiki/Capet" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet">Capetian</a> to be named for <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_of_Anjou_from_BnF_fr._844.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A knight on horseback, sword raised" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Charles_of_Anjou_from_BnF_fr._844.png/220px-Charles_of_Anjou_from_BnF_fr._844.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Charles_of_Anjou_from_BnF_fr._844.png/330px-Charles_of_Anjou_from_BnF_fr._844.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Charles_of_Anjou_from_BnF_fr._844.png/440px-Charles_of_Anjou_from_BnF_fr._844.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Charles depicted alongside his composition Li granz desire et la douce pensée in the <a href="/wiki/Chansonnier_du_Roi" title="Chansonnier du Roi">Chansonnier du Roi</a></figcaption></figure> Louis VIII died in November 1226 and his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a>, succeeded him. The late King willed that his youngest sons were to be prepared for a career in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19983,_10-5">[4]</a> The details of Charles's tuition are unknown, but he received a good education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195872-7">[6]</a> He understood the principal Catholic doctrines and could identify errors in Latin texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811–12-8">[7]</a> His passion for poetry, medical sciences, and law is well documented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195872-7">[6]</a> Charles later said that his mother had a strong impact on her children's education;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810–11-1">[1]</a> in reality, Blanche was fully engaged in state administration, and could likely spare little time for her youngest children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195871-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811-6">[5]</a> Charles lived at the court of a brother, <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Artois" title="Robert I, Count of Artois">Robert I, Count of Artois</a>, from 1237.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811-6">[5]</a> About four years later he was put into the care of his youngest brother, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="Alphonse, Count of Poitiers">Alphonse, Count of Poitiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811-6">[5]</a> His participation in his brothers' military campaign against <a href="/wiki/Hugh_X_of_Lusignan" title="Hugh X of Lusignan">Hugh X of Lusignan</a>, Count of La Marche, in 1242 showed that he was no longer destined for a Church career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provence_and_Anjou">Provence and Anjou</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Provence and Anjou">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Berengar_V_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Berengar V of Provence">Raymond Berengar V of Provence</a> died in August 1245,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974145–146-9">[8]</a> bequeathing <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Provence" title="List of rulers of Provence">Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Forcalquier" title="County of Forcalquier">Forcalquier</a> to his youngest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice</a>, allegedly because he had given generous <a href="/wiki/Dowries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowries">dowries</a> to her three sisters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974146,_151-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842-11">[10]</a> The dowries were actually not fully discharged,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195872-7">[6]</a> causing two of her sisters, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret</a> (Louis IX's wife) and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor</a> (the wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a>), to believe that they had been unlawfully disinherited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842-11">[10]</a> Their mother, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Beatrice of Savoy">Beatrice of Savoy</a>, claimed that Raymond Berengar had willed the <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> of Provence to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974145–146-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842-11">[10]</a> The Hohenstaufen <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Frederick II">Emperor Frederick II</a> (whom <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> had recently <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Excommunication in the Catholic Church">excommunicated</a> for his alleged "crimes against the Church"), <a href="/wiki/Count_Raymond_VII_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Raymond VII of Toulouse">Count Raymond VII of Toulouse</a> and other neighbouring rulers proposed themselves or their sons as husbands for the young Countess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974142,_147-12">[11]</a> Her mother put her under the protection of the Holy See.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974147-13">[12]</a> Louis IX and Margaret suggested that Beatrice should be given in marriage to Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842-11">[10]</a> To secure the support of France against Frederick II, Pope Innocent IV accepted their proposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842-11">[10]</a> Charles hurried to <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> at the head of an army to prevent other suitors from invading Provence, and married Beatrice on 31 January 1246.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974152-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974153-15">[14]</a> Provence was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Arles" title="Kingdom of Arles">Kingdom of Arles</a> and so of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">[15]</a> but Charles never swore fealty to the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199844-17">[16]</a> He ordered a survey of the counts' rights and revenues, outraging both his subjects and his mother-in-law, who regarded this action as an attack against her rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974160-18">[17]</a> Being a younger child, destined for a church career, Charles had not received an <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> (a hereditary county or duchy) from his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199812-19">[18]</a> Louis VIII had willed that his fourth son, John, should receive <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Maine">Maine</a> upon reaching the age of majority, but John died in 1232.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199812–13-20">[19]</a> Louis IX knighted Charles at <a href="/wiki/Melun" title="Melun">Melun</a> in May 1246 and three months later bestowed Anjou and Maine on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199813-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200478-22">[21]</a> Charles rarely visited his two counties and appointed <a href="/wiki/Bailli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailli">baillies</a> (or regents) to administer them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199830-23">[22]</a> While Charles was absent from Provence, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>—three wealthy cities, directly subject to the emperor—formed a league and appointed a Provençal nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Barral_of_Baux" title="Barral of Baux">Barral of Baux</a>, as the commander of their combined armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">[15]</a> Charles's mother-in-law put the disobedient Provençals under her protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">[15]</a> Charles could not deal with the rebels as he was about to join <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">his brother's crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">[15]</a> To pacify his mother-in-law he acknowledged her right to rule Forcalquier and granted a third of his revenues from Provence to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_Crusade">Seventh Crusade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seventh Crusade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mounted knight fights against footmen, while a crowned man is carried from the battlefield." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mansura.jpg/220px-Mansura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mansura.jpg/330px-Mansura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mansura.jpg/440px-Mansura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption>The crusaders' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1250)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1250)">Battle of Al Mansurah</a>, forcing them to abandon the invasion of Egypt. During the withdrawal, the Egyptians captured Charles and his two brothers, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_of_Poitiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse of Poitiers">Alphonse of Poitiers</a>.</figcaption></figure> In December 1244 Louis IX took a vow to lead a crusade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012580-24">[23]</a> Ignoring their mother's strong opposition, his three brothers—Robert, Alphonse and Charles—also took the cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012580–581-25">[24]</a> Preparations for the crusade lasted for years, with the crusaders embarking at <a href="/wiki/Aigues-Mortes" title="Aigues-Mortes">Aigues-Mortes</a> on 25 August 1248.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012580-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200610-26">[25]</a> After spending several months in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> they invaded <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> on 5 June 1249.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006177–178-27">[26]</a> They captured <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> and decided to attack <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006178-28">[27]</a> During their advance Louis's biographer <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville" title="Jean de Joinville">Jean de Joinville</a> noted Charles's personal courage which saved dozens of crusaders' lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998194-29">[28]</a> Robert of Artois died <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1250)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1250)">fighting against the Egyptians at Al Mansurah</a>. His three brothers survived, but they had to abandon the campaign. While withdrawing from Egypt, they fell into captivity on 6 April 1250.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998194-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006108-30">[29]</a> The Egyptians released Louis, Charles and Alphonse in exchange for 800,000 <a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">bezants</a> and the surrender of Damietta on 6 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006108-30">[29]</a> During their voyage to <a href="/wiki/Acre_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acre (city)">Acre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006108-30">[29]</a> Charles outraged Louis by gambling while the king was mourning Robert's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998194-29">[28]</a> Louis remained in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, but Charles returned to France in October 1250.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wider_ambitions">Wider ambitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wider ambitions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_and_consolidation">Conflicts and consolidation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflicts and consolidation">edit</a>]</div> Charles's officers continued the survey of the counts' rights and revenues in Provence, provoking a new rebellion during his absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">[15]</a> On his return he applied both diplomacy and military force to deal with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Arles">Archbishop of Arles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Digne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Digne">Bishop of Digne</a> ceded their secular rights in the two towns to Charles in 1250.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199850-31">[30]</a> He received military assistance from his brother, Alphonse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199843-32">[31]</a> Arles was the first town to surrender to them in April 1251.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a> In May they forced Avignon to acknowledge their joint rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199843-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a> A month later Barral of Baux also capitulated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a> Marseilles was the only town to resist for several months, but it also sought peace in July 1252.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgher (title)">burghers</a> acknowledged Charles as their lord, but retained their self-governing bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:128_Cristaux_de_sel_en_formation_dans_une_flaque_d%27eau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scattered patches of salt crystals in a puddle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/128_Cristaux_de_sel_en_formation_dans_une_flaque_d%27eau.jpg/250px-128_Cristaux_de_sel_en_formation_dans_une_flaque_d%27eau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/128_Cristaux_de_sel_en_formation_dans_une_flaque_d%27eau.jpg/330px-128_Cristaux_de_sel_en_formation_dans_une_flaque_d%27eau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/128_Cristaux_de_sel_en_formation_dans_une_flaque_d%27eau.jpg/500px-128_Cristaux_de_sel_en_formation_dans_une_flaque_d%27eau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Salt crystals in a puddle in <a href="/wiki/Camargue" title="Camargue">Camargue</a>. Salt pans at the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone">Rhone</a> significantly increased Charles's revenues in Provence.</figcaption></figure> Charles's officials continued to ascertain his rights,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199848-34">[33]</a> visiting each town and holding public enquiries to obtain information about all claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199848-34">[33]</a> The count's salt monopoly (or <a href="/wiki/Gabelle" title="Gabelle">gabelle</a>) was introduced in the whole county.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199848-34">[33]</a> Income from the salt trade made up about 50% of state revenues by the late 1250s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199848-34">[33]</a> Charles abolished local tolls and promoted shipbuilding and <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199847-35">[34]</a> He ordered the issue of new coins, called provencaux, to enable the use of the local currency in smaller transactions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199846-36">[35]</a> Emperor Frederick II, who was also the ruler of Sicily, died in 1250. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, also known as the Regno, included the island of Sicily and southern Italy nearly as far as Rome. Pope Innocent IV claimed that the Regno had reverted to the Holy See.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195857-37">[36]</a> The Pope first offered it to <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a>, but Richard did not want to fight against Frederick's son, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV of Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195857-37">[36]</a> Then the Pope proposed to <a href="/wiki/Enfeoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoff">enfeoff</a> Charles with the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195857-37">[36]</a> Charles sought instructions from Louis IX, who forbade him to accept the offer, because he regarded Conrad as the lawful ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195857-37">[36]</a> After Charles informed the Holy See on 30 October 1253 that he would not accept the Regno, the Pope offered it to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund of Lancaster">Edmund of Lancaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195858-38">[37]</a> Queen Blanche, who had administered France during Louis' crusade,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a> died on 1 December 1252.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006109-39">[38]</a> Louis made Alphonse and Charles co-regents, so that he could remain in the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199816-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_II,_Countess_of_Flanders_and_Hainaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut">Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut</a>, had come into <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Flemish_Succession" title="War of the Flemish Succession">conflict with her son</a> by her first marriage, <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="John I, Count of Hainaut">John of Avesnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas1992156–157-41">[40]</a> After her sons by her second marriage were captured in July 1253, she needed foreign assistance to secure their release.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199837-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas1992157-43">[42]</a> Ignoring Louis IX's 1246 ruling that Hainaut should pass to John, she promised the county to Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199837-42">[41]</a> He accepted the offer and invaded Hainaut, forcing most local noblemen to swear fealty to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199837-42">[41]</a> After his return to France, Louis IX insisted that his ruling was to be respected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a> In November 1255 he ordered Charles to restore Hainaut to Margaret, but her sons were obliged to swear fealty to Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199838-44">[43]</a> Louis also ruled that she was to pay 160,000 marks to Charles over the following 13 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199838-44">[43]</a> Charles returned to Provence, which had again become restive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a> His mother-in-law continued to support the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Castellane" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface of Castellane">Boniface of Castellane</a> and his allies, but Louis IX persuaded her to return Forcalquier to Charles and relinquish her claims for a lump sum payment from Charles and a pension from Louis in November 1256.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199847-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874–75-45">[44]</a> A coup by Charles's supporters in Marseilles resulted in the surrender of all political powers there to his officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195875-46">[45]</a> Charles continued to expand his power along the borders of Provence in the next four years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195875-46">[45]</a> He received territories in the Lower Alps from the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_Vienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauphin of Vienne">Dauphin of Vienne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195875-46">[45]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_I_of_Baux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond I of Baux (page does not exist)">Raymond I of Baux</a>, Count of Orange, ceded the title of regent of the Kingdom of Arles to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195875-46">[45]</a> The burghers of <a href="/wiki/Cuneo" title="Cuneo">Cuneo</a>—a town strategically located on the routes from Provence to Lombardy—sought Charles's protection against <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a> in July 1259.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199879-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974285-48">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alba,_Piedmont" title="Alba, Piedmont">Alba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherasco" title="Cherasco">Cherasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savigliano" title="Savigliano">Savigliano</a> and other nearby towns acknowledged his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974286-49">[48]</a> The rulers of <a href="/wiki/Mondov%C3%AC" title="Mondovì">Mondovì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biandrate" title="Biandrate">Biandrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Saluzzo</a> did homage to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195875-46">[45]</a> Emperor Frederick II's illegitimate son, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred of Sicily">Manfred</a>, had been crowned king of Sicily in 1258.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006111-50">[49]</a> After the English barons had announced that they opposed a war against Manfred, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> annulled the 1253 grant of Sicily to Edmund of Lancaster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195863-51">[50]</a> Alexander's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Pope Urban IV</a>, was determined to put an end to the Emperor's rule in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198217-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200476-53">[52]</a> He sent his notary, Albert of Parma, to Paris to negotiate with Louis IX for Charles to be placed on the Sicilian throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198218-54">[53]</a> Charles met with the Pope's envoy in early 1262.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">[32]</a> Taking advantage of Charles's absence, Boniface of Castellane stirred up a new revolt in Provence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195875-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199877–78-55">[54]</a> The burghers of Marseilles expelled Charles's officials, but Barral of Baux stopped the spread of the rebellion before Charles's return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195875–76-56">[55]</a> Charles renounced <a href="/wiki/Ventimiglia" title="Ventimiglia">Ventimiglia</a> in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> to secure her neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195876-57">[56]</a> He defeated the rebels and forced Castellane into exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195876-57">[56]</a> The mediation of <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I of Aragon</a> brought about a settlement with Marseilles: its fortifications were dismantled and the townspeople surrendered their arms, but the town retained its autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195876-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_the_Regno">Conquest of the Regno</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conquest of the Regno">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KorunovaceKarlazAnjou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four bishops and five young men kneeling before a man who sits on a throne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/KorunovaceKarlazAnjou.jpg/220px-KorunovaceKarlazAnjou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/KorunovaceKarlazAnjou.jpg/330px-KorunovaceKarlazAnjou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/KorunovaceKarlazAnjou.jpg/440px-KorunovaceKarlazAnjou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Charles is crowned King of Sicily in Rome (1266), illustration from the next century</figcaption></figure> Louis IX decided to support Charles's military campaign in Italy in May 1263.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998131-58">[57]</a> Pope Urban IV promised to proclaim a crusade against Manfred, while Charles pledged that he would not accept any offices in the Italian towns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195878-59">[58]</a> Manfred staged a coup in Rome, but the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelphs">Guelphs</a> elected Charles <a href="/wiki/Summus_Senator" title="Summus Senator">senator</a> (or the head of the civil government of Rome).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195878-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998132-60">[59]</a> He accepted the office, at which a group of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a> requested that the Pope revoke the agreement with him, but the Pope, being otherwise defenceless against Manfred, could not break with Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195879-61">[60]</a> In the spring of 1264 Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Brie" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon of Brie">Simon of Brie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Guy Foulquois</a> were sent to France to reach a compromise and start raising support for the crusade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198218-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195879-61">[60]</a> Charles sent troops to Rome to protect the Pope against Manfred's allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195881-62">[61]</a> At Foulquois' request, Charles's sister-in-law Margaret (who had not abandoned her claims to her dowry) pledged that she would not take actions against Charles during his absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195881-62">[61]</a> Foulquois also persuaded the French and Provençal prelates to offer financial support for the crusade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998132-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195881-62">[61]</a> Pope Urban died before the final agreement was concluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195882-63">[62]</a> Charles made arrangements for his campaign against Sicily during the interregnum; he concluded agreements to secure his army's route across Lombardy and had the leaders of the Provençal rebels executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195882-63">[62]</a> Foulquois was elected pope in February 1265; he soon confirmed Charles's senatorship and urged him to come to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195882–83-64">[63]</a> Charles agreed that he would hold the Kingdom of Sicily as the popes' vassal for an annual tribute of 8,000 ounces of gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998132-60">[59]</a> He also promised that he would never seek the imperial title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998132-60">[59]</a> He embarked at Marseilles on 10 May and landed at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Rome)" title="Ostia (Rome)">Ostia</a> ten days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195882-63">[62]</a> He was installed as senator on 21 June and four cardinals invested him with the Regno a week later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195882-63">[62]</a> To finance further military actions he borrowed money from Italian bankers with the Pope's assistance, who had authorised him to pledge Church property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195887-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998133-66">[65]</a> Five cardinals crowned him king of Sicily on 5 January 1266.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998133-66">[65]</a> The crusaders from France and Provence—reportedly 6,000 fully equipped mounted warriors, 600 mounted bowmen and 20,000 foot-soldiers—arrived in Rome ten days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195887-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198219-67">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villani_Benevento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Knights fighting against each other, with shields each depicting either lilies or an eagle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Villani_Benevento.jpg/330px-Villani_Benevento.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Villani_Benevento.jpg/495px-Villani_Benevento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Villani_Benevento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benevento" title="Battle of Benevento">Battle of Benevento</a>: Charles defeats his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred, King of Sicily</a> (1266).</figcaption></figure> Charles decided to invade southern Italy without delay, because he was unable to finance a lengthy campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198219-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195890-68">[67]</a> He left Rome on 20 January 1266.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195890-68">[67]</a> He marched towards <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, but changed his strategy after learning of a muster of Manfred's forces near <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195891-69">[68]</a> He led his troops across the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195891-69">[68]</a> Manfred also hurried to the town and reached it before Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195891-69">[68]</a> Worried that further delays might endanger his subjects' loyalty, Manfred attacked Charles's army, then in disarray from the crossing of the hills, on 26 February 1266.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195891-69">[68]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benevento" title="Battle of Benevento">ensuing battle</a>, Manfred's army was defeated and he was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195891-69">[68]</a> Resistance throughout the Regno collapsed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198219-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195896-70">[69]</a> and towns surrendered even before Charles's troops reached them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195896-70">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Muslim_settlement_of_Lucera" title="Muslim settlement of Lucera">Muslim colony established during Frederick II's reign</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198216-71">[70]</a>—paid homage to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195896-70">[69]</a> His commander, <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Montfort,_Lord_of_Castres" title="Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres">Philip of Montfort</a>, took control of the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195896-70">[69]</a> Manfred's widow, <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Epirus">Helena of Epirus</a>, and their children were captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199889-72">[71]</a> Charles laid claim to her dowry—the island of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> and the region of Durazzo (now <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> in Albania)—by right of conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199889-72">[71]</a> His troops seized Corfu before the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958136-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conradin">Conradin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conradin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen">Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen</a></div> Charles was lenient with Manfred's supporters, but they did not believe that this conciliatory policy could last.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199856-74">[73]</a> They knew that he had promised to return estates to the Guelph lords expelled from the Regno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199856-74">[73]</a> Neither could Charles gain the commoners' loyalty, partly because he continued enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Subventio_generalis" title="Subventio generalis">subventio generalis</a> despite the popes declaring it an illegal charge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199857-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200477-76">[75]</a> He introduced a ban on the use of foreign currency in large transactions and made a profit of the compulsory exchange of foreign coinage for locally minted currency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998163–164-77">[76]</a> He also traded in grain, spices and sugar, through a joint venture with Pisan merchants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998158-78">[77]</a> Pope Clement censured Charles for his methods of state administration, describing him as an arrogant and obstinate monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195898-79">[78]</a> The consolidation of Charles's power in northern Italy also alarmed Clement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195898–99-80">[79]</a> To appease the Pope, Charles resigned his senatorship in May 1267.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195898-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998134-81">[80]</a> His successors, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Monaldeschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Monaldeschi (page does not exist)">Conrad Monaldeschi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luca_Savelli" title="Luca Savelli">Luca Savelli</a>, demanded the re-payment of the money that Charles and the Pope had borrowed from the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195898-79">[78]</a> Victories by the <a href="/wiki/Ghibellines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibellines">Ghibellines</a>, the imperial family's supporters, forced the Pope to ask Charles to send his troops to <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100-82">[81]</a> Charles's troops ousted the Ghibellines from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in April 1267.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100-82">[81]</a> After being elected the <a href="/wiki/Podest%C3%A0" title="Podestà">Podestà</a> (ruler) of Florence and <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> for seven years, Charles hurried to Tuscany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100-82">[81]</a> Charles's expansionism along the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>' borders alarmed Pope Clement and he decided to change the direction of Charles's ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998134-81">[80]</a> The Pope summoned him to <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>, forcing him to promise that he would abandon all claims to Tuscany in three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100–101-83">[82]</a> He persuaded Charles to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Viterbo" title="Treaty of Viterbo">conclude agreements</a> with <a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William of Villehardouin</a>, Prince of Achaea, and the titular <a href="/wiki/Latin_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin emperor">Latin emperor</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[note 2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin II, Latin Emperor">Baldwin II</a> in late May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199889,_134-86">[84]</a> According to the first treaty, Villehardouin acknowledged Charles's suzerainty and made Charles's younger son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Sicily" title="Philip of Sicily">Philip</a>, his heir, also stipulating that Charles would inherit Achaea if Philip died childless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009168-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006114-88">[86]</a> Baldwin confirmed the first agreement and renounced his claims to suzerainty over his vassals in favour of Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006114-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009170-89">[87]</a> Charles pledged that he would assist Baldwin in recapturing Constantinople from the Byzantine emperor, <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>, in exchange for one third of the conquered lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199894,_137-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014202-91">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enthauptung_Konradins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young man who holds a sword above his head stands by an other young man who is kneeling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Enthauptung_Konradins.jpg/220px-Enthauptung_Konradins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Enthauptung_Konradins.jpg/330px-Enthauptung_Konradins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Enthauptung_Konradins.jpg/440px-Enthauptung_Konradins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Charles's sixteen-year-old enemy, <a href="/wiki/Conradin" title="Conradin">Conradin</a>, is executed in Naples (1268).</figcaption></figure> Charles returned to Tuscany and laid siege to the fortress of Poggibonsi, but it did not fall until the end of November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958101-92">[90]</a> Manfred's staunchest supporters had meanwhile fled to Bavaria to attempt to persuade Conrad IV's 15-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Conradin" title="Conradin">Conradin</a> to assert his hereditary right to the Kingdom of Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958103-93">[91]</a> After Conradin accepted their proposal, Manfred's former vicar in Sicily, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Capece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Capece (page does not exist)">Conrad Capece</a>, returned to the island and stirred up a revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958103-93">[91]</a> At Capece's request <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_al-Mustansir" title="Muhammad I al-Mustansir">Muhammad I al-Mustansir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid caliph of Tunis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000105-94">[92]</a> allowed Manfred's former ally, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Castile" title="Frederick of Castile">Frederick of Castile</a>, to invade Sicily from North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195899,_103-95">[93]</a> Frederick's brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Castile_the_Senator" title="Henry of Castile the Senator">Henry</a>—who had been elected senator of Rome—also offered support to Conradin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958103-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199887-96">[94]</a> Henry had been Charles's friend, but Charles had failed to repay a loan to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195899-97">[95]</a> Conradin left Bavaria in September 1267.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958105-98">[96]</a> His supporters' revolt was spreading from Sicily to Calabria; the Saracens of Lucera also rose up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958105-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2009292-99">[97]</a> Pope Clement urged Charles to return to the Regno, but he continued his campaign in Tuscany until March 1268, when he met with the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958105-98">[96]</a> In April, the Pope made Charles <a href="/wiki/Imperial_vicar" title="Imperial vicar">imperial vicar</a> of Tuscany "during the vacancy of the empire", a move of dubious legality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartner1972270,_272-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998135-101">[99]</a> Charles marched to southern Italy and laid siege to Lucera, but he then had to hurry north to prevent Conradin's invasion of <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> in late August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958109-102">[100]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tagliacozzo" title="Battle of Tagliacozzo">Battle of Tagliacozzo</a>, on 23 August 1268, it appeared that Conradin had won the day, but a sudden charge by Charles's reserve routed Conradin's army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958109-102">[100]</a> The burghers of <a href="/wiki/Potenza" title="Potenza">Potenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aversa" title="Aversa">Aversa</a> and other towns in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> and Apulia massacred their fellows who had agitated on Conradin's behalf, but the Sicilians and the Saracens of Lucera did not surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198219-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118,_124-103">[101]</a> Charles marched to Rome where he was again elected senator in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118-104">[102]</a> He appointed new officials to administer justice and collect state revenues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118-104">[102]</a> New coins bearing his name were struck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118-104">[102]</a> During the following decade, Rome was ruled by Charles's vicars, each appointed for one year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118-104">[102]</a> Conradin was captured at <a href="/wiki/Torre_Astura" title="Torre Astura">Torre Astura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958114-105">[103]</a> Most of his retainers were summarily executed, but Conradin and his friend, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Margrave_of_Baden" title="Frederick I, Margrave of Baden">Frederick I, Margrave of Baden</a>, were brought to trial for robbery and treason in Naples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958114–115-106">[104]</a> They were sentenced to death and beheaded on 29 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958115-107">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Antioch" title="Conrad of Antioch">Conrad of Antioch</a> was Conradin's only partisan to be released, but only after his wife threatened to execute the Guelph lords she held captive in her castle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958114-105">[103]</a> The Ghibelline noblemen of the Regno fled to the court of <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III of Aragon</a>, who had married Manfred's daughter <a href="/wiki/Constance_II_of_Sicily" title="Constance II of Sicily">Constance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199899-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mediterranean_empire">Mediterranean empire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mediterranean empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> Charles's wife, Beatrice of Provence, had died in July 1267. The widowed Charles married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Sicily">Margaret of Nevers</a> in November 1268.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998182-109">[107]</a> She was co-heiress to her father, <a href="/wiki/Odo,_Count_of_Nevers" title="Odo, Count of Nevers">Odo</a>, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998182-109">[107]</a> Pope Clement died on 29 November 1268.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118-104">[102]</a> The papal vacancy lasted for three years, which strengthened Charles's authority in Italy, but it also deprived him of the ecclesiastic support that only a pope could provide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958119-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998136-111">[109]</a> Charles returned to Lucera to personally direct its siege in April 1269.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958119-110">[108]</a> The Saracens and the Ghibellines who had escaped to the town<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958119-110">[108]</a> resisted until starvation forced them to surrender in August 1269.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198219-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2009293-112">[110]</a> Charles sent Philip and <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Montfort,_Count_of_Nola" title="Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola">Guy of Montfort</a> to Sicily to force the rebels there into submission, but they could only capture <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily" title="Augusta, Sicily">Augusta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958124-113">[111]</a> Charles made <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_l%27Estandart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William l'Estandart (page does not exist)">William l'Estandart</a> the commander of the army in Sicily in August 1269.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958124-113">[111]</a> L'Estandart captured <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, forcing Frederick of Castile and Frederick Lancia to seek refuge in Tunis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958124-113">[111]</a> After L'Estandart's subsequent victory at <a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Sciacca</a>, only Capece resisted, but he also had to surrender in early 1270.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958124-113">[111]</a> Charles's troops forced Siena and Pisa—the last towns to resist him in Tuscany—to sue for peace in August 1270.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958120-114">[112]</a> He granted privileges to the Tuscan merchants and bankers which strengthened their position in the Regno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199884-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958120–121-116">[114]</a> His influence was declining in Lombardy, because the Lombard towns no longer feared an invasion from Germany after Conradin's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199880-117">[115]</a> In May 1269 Charles sent Walter of La Roche to represent him in the province, but this failed to strengthen his authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199880-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958122-118">[116]</a> In October Charles's officials convoked an assembly at Cremona, and invited the Lombard towns to attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199880-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958122-118">[116]</a> The Lombard towns accepted the invitation, but some towns—Milan, Bologna, Alessandria and Tortona—only confirmed their alliance with Charles, without acknowledging his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199880-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958122-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighth_Crusade">Eighth Crusade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eighth Crusade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth Crusade</a></div> Louis IX never abandoned the idea of the liberation of Jerusalem, but he decided to begin his new crusade with a military campaign against Tunis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998196-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006183-120">[118]</a> According to his confessor, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Beaulieu" title="Geoffrey of Beaulieu">Geoffrey of Beaulieu</a>, Louis was convinced that al-Mustansir of Tunis was ready to convert to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998196-119">[117]</a> The 13th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Saba_Malaspina" title="Saba Malaspina">Saba Malaspina</a> stated that Charles persuaded Louis to attack Tunis, because he wanted to secure the payment of the tribute that the rulers of Tunis had paid to the former Sicilian monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998195-121">[119]</a> The French crusaders embarked at Aigues-Mortes on 2 July 1270; Charles departed from Naples six days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958142-122">[120]</a> He spent more than a month in Sicily, waiting for his fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958142-122">[120]</a> By the time he landed at Tunis on 25 August,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958142-122">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> had decimated the French army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006183-120">[118]</a> Louis died the day Charles arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006183-120">[118]</a> The crusaders twice defeated Al-Mustansir's army, forcing him to sue for peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143-123">[121]</a> According to the peace treaty, signed on 1 November, Al-Mustansir agreed to fully compensate Louis' son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III of France</a>, and Charles for the expenses of the military campaign and to release his Christian prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143-123">[121]</a> He also promised to pay a yearly tribute to Charles and to expel Charles's opponents from Tunis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143–144-124">[122]</a> The gold from Tunis, along with silver from the newly opened mine at <a href="/wiki/Longobucco" title="Longobucco">Longobucco</a>, enabled Charles to mint new coins, known as carlini, in the Regno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998157,_161-125">[123]</a> Charles and Philip departed Tunis on 10 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006183-120">[118]</a> A storm dispersed their fleet at <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a> and most of Charles's galleys were lost or damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143-123">[121]</a> Genoese ships returning from the crusade were also sunk or forced to land in Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150-126">[124]</a> Charles seized the damaged ships and their cargo, ignoring all protests from the Ghibelline authorities of Genoa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150-126">[124]</a> Before leaving Sicily he granted temporary tax concessions to the Sicilians, because he realised that the conquest of the island had caused much destruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998106-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_to_expand">Attempts to expand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attempts to expand">edit</a>]</div> Charles accompanied Philip III as far as Viterbo in March 1271.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958162-128">[126]</a> Here they failed to convince the cardinals to elect a new pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958145-129">[127]</a> Charles's brother, Alphonse of Poitiers, fell ill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199817-130">[128]</a> Charles sent his best doctors to cure him, but Alphonse died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199817-130">[128]</a> He claimed the major part of Alphonse's inheritance, including the <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquisate of Provence">Marquisate of Provence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Poitiers" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Poitiers">County of Poitiers</a>, because he was Alphonse's <a href="/wiki/Proximity_of_blood" title="Proximity of blood">nearest kin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199839-131">[129]</a> After Philip III objected, he took the case to the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a> of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199839-131">[129]</a> In 1284 the court ruled that appanages <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheated</a> to the French crown if their rulers died without descendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199839–40-132">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesofAnjouempire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map presenting Charles's realms: Anjou and Maine in the middle of present-day France; Provence in southeastern France; the Regno in southern Italy; Albania in present-day Albania and northeastern Greece; Achaea in southern Greece." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CharlesofAnjouempire.png/330px-CharlesofAnjouempire.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CharlesofAnjouempire.png/500px-CharlesofAnjouempire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CharlesofAnjouempire.png/660px-CharlesofAnjouempire.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Charles's empire in the early 1270s</figcaption></figure> An earthquake destroyed the walls of Durazzo in the late 1260s or early 1270s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198414–15-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009184-134">[132]</a> Charles's troops took possession of the town with the assistance of the leaders of the nearby Albanian communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198415-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199890-136">[134]</a> Charles concluded an agreement with the Albanian chiefs, promising to protect them and their ancient liberties in February 1272.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198415-135">[133]</a> He adopted the title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Albania" title="King of Albania">King of Albania</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Gazzo_Chinardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazzo Chinardo">Gazzo Chinardo</a> as his vicar-general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199890-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009185-137">[135]</a> He also sent his fleet to Achaea to defend the principality against Byzantine attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199891-138">[136]</a> Charles hurried to Rome to attend the enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a> on 27 March 1272.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958146-139">[137]</a> The new pope was determined to put an end to the conflicts between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150–151-140">[138]</a> While in Rome Charles met with the Guelph leaders who had been exiled from Genoa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150-126">[124]</a> After they offered him the office of <a href="/wiki/Capitano_del_popolo" title="Capitano del popolo">captain of the people</a>, Charles promised military assistance to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150-126">[124]</a> In November 1272 Charles commanded his officials to take prisoner all Genoese within his territories, except for the Guelphs, and to seize their property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199882-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156-142">[140]</a> His fleet occupied <a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> in Corsica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156-142">[140]</a> Pope Gregory condemned his aggressive policy, but proposed that the Genoese should elect Guelph officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156-142">[140]</a> Ignoring the Pope's proposal, the Genoese made alliance with Alfonso X of Castile, <a href="/wiki/William_VII_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="William VII of Montferrat">William VII of Montferrat</a> and the Ghibelline towns of Lombardy in October 1273.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156-142">[140]</a> The conflict with Genoa prevented Charles from invading the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, but he continued to forge alliances in the Balkan Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156,_158-143">[141]</a> The Bulgarian ruler, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tih" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Tih">Konstantin Tih</a>, was the first to conclude a treaty with him in 1272 or 1273.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009185-137">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_I_Doukas_of_Thessaly" title="John I Doukas of Thessaly">John I Doukas of Thessaly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_I" title="Stefan Uroš I">Stefan Uroš I</a>, King of Serbia, joined the coalition in 1273.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009185-137">[135]</a> However, Pope Gregory forbade Charles to attack, because he hoped to unify the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> and Catholic churches with the assistance of Emperor Michael VIII.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009186-145">[143]</a> The renowned theologian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> died unexpectedly near Naples on 7 March 1274, before departing to attend the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958161-146">[144]</a> According to a popular legend, immortalised by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, Charles had him poisoned, because he feared that Aquinas would make complaint against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958161-146">[144]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> emphasises that "there is no evidence for supposing that the great doctor's death was not natural".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958161-146">[144]</a> Southern Italian churchmen at the council accused Charles of tyrannical acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137-144">[142]</a> Their report reinforced the Pope's attempt to reach a compromise with <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf of Habsburg</a>, who had been elected king of Germany by the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> of the Holy Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138-147">[145]</a> In June, the Pope acknowledged Rudolf as the lawful ruler of both Germany and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138-147">[145]</a> Charles's sisters-in-law, Margaret and Eleanor, approached Rudolf, claiming that they had been unlawfully disinherited in favour of Charles's late wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958167-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBárány201062-149">[147]</a> Michael VIII's personal envoy announced at the Council of Lyon on 6 July that he had accepted the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Catholic creed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">papal primacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014202-91">[89]</a> About three weeks later, Pope Gregory again prohibited Charles from launching military actions against the Byzantine Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958166-150">[148]</a> The Pope also tried to mediate a truce between Charles and Michael, but the latter chose to attack several smaller states in the Balkans, including Charles's vassals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137-144">[142]</a> The Byzantine fleet took control of the maritime routes between Albania and southern Italy in the late 1270s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198418-151">[149]</a> Gregory only allowed Charles to send reinforcements to Achaea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137-144">[142]</a> The organisation of a new crusade to the Holy Land remained the Pope's principal object.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168–169-152">[150]</a> He persuaded Charles to start negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch_(pretender)" title="Maria of Antioch (pretender)">Maria of Antioch</a> about purchasing her claim to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006118-153">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Jerusalem" title="High Court of Jerusalem">High Court of Jerusalem</a> had already rejected her in favour of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III_of_Cyprus" title="Hugh III of Cyprus">Hugh III of Cyprus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006118-153">[151]</a> but the Pope had a low opinion of Hugh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958169-154">[152]</a> The war with Genoa and the Lombard towns increasingly occupied Charles's attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168-155">[153]</a> He appointed his nephew <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Artois" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert II of Artois">Robert II of Artois</a> as his deputy in Piedmont in October 1274, but Artois could not prevent <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a> and Alessandria from joining the Ghibelline League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168-155">[153]</a> The following summer, a Genoese fleet plundered Trapani and the island of <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168-155">[153]</a> Convinced that only Rudolf I could achieve a compromise between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, the Pope urged the Lombard towns to send envoys to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168-155">[153]</a> He also urged Charles to renounce Tuscany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138-147">[145]</a> In the autumn of 1275 the Ghibellines offered to make peace with Charles, but he did not accept their terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168-155">[153]</a> Early the next year the Ghibellines defeated his troops at <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Tende" title="Col de Tende">Col de Tende</a>, forcing them to withdraw to Provence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_elections">Papal elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Papal elections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viterbo,_palazzo_e_loggia_dei_papi,_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large building, built of bricks, with a tower, surrounded by trees and small houses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Viterbo%2C_palazzo_e_loggia_dei_papi%2C_05.jpg/330px-Viterbo%2C_palazzo_e_loggia_dei_papi%2C_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Viterbo%2C_palazzo_e_loggia_dei_papi%2C_05.jpg/500px-Viterbo%2C_palazzo_e_loggia_dei_papi%2C_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Viterbo%2C_palazzo_e_loggia_dei_papi%2C_05.jpg/960px-Viterbo%2C_palazzo_e_loggia_dei_papi%2C_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Popes_in_Viterbo" title="Palace of the Popes in Viterbo">Palace of the Popes in Viterbo</a></figcaption></figure> Pope Gregory X died on 10 January 1276.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958170-156">[154]</a> After the hostility he experienced during Gregory's pontificate, Charles was determined to secure the election of a pope willing to support his plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138–139-157">[155]</a> Gregory's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Pope Innocent V</a>, had always been Charles's partisan and he rapidly confirmed Charles as senator of Rome and imperial vicar of Tuscany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958171–172-158">[156]</a> He also mediated a peace treaty between Charles and Genoa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137-144">[142]</a> which was signed in Rome on 22 June 1276.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172-159">[157]</a> Charles restored the privileges of the Genoese merchants and renounced his conquests, and the Genoese acknowledged his rule in Ventimiglia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172-159">[157]</a> Pope Innocent died on 30 June 1276.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172-159">[157]</a> After the cardinals assembled in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a>, Charles's troops surrounded it, enabling only his allies to communicate with other cardinals and with outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172-159">[157]</a> On 11 July the cardinals elected Charles's old friend, <a href="/wiki/Ottobuono_de%27_Fieschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottobuono de' Fieschi">Ottobuono de' Fieschi</a>, pope, but he died on 18 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172–173-160">[158]</a> The cardinals met again, this time at Viterbo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958173-161">[159]</a> Although Charles was staying in the nearby Vetralla, he could not directly influence the election, because his vehement opponent, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Giovanni Gaetano Orsini</a>, dominated the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958173-161">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">Pope John XXI</a>, who was elected on 20 September, excommunicated Charles's opponents in Piedmont and prohibited Rudolf from coming to Lombardy, but did not forbid the Lombardian Guelph leaders swearing fealty to Rudolf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958173-161">[159]</a> The Pope also confirmed the treaty concluded by Charles and Maria of Antioch on 18 March which transferred her claims to Jerusalem to Charles for 1,000 bezants and a pension of 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Livres_tournois" class="mw-redirect" title="Livres tournois">livres tournois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958173-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006119-162">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnolfo_di_cambio,_monumento_a_carlo_I_d%27angi%C3%B2,_1277_ca._05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_monumento_a_carlo_I_d%27angi%C3%B2%2C_1277_ca._05.JPG/250px-Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_monumento_a_carlo_I_d%27angi%C3%B2%2C_1277_ca._05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_monumento_a_carlo_I_d%27angi%C3%B2%2C_1277_ca._05.JPG/330px-Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_monumento_a_carlo_I_d%27angi%C3%B2%2C_1277_ca._05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_monumento_a_carlo_I_d%27angi%C3%B2%2C_1277_ca._05.JPG/500px-Arnolfo_di_cambio%2C_monumento_a_carlo_I_d%27angi%C3%B2%2C_1277_ca._05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption>Statue by <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a> c. 1277</figcaption></figure> Charles appointed <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_San_Severino" title="Roger of San Severino">Roger of San Severino</a> to administer the Kingdom of Jerusalem as his <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailiff of the Kingdom of Jerusalem">bailiff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006119-162">[160]</a> San Severino landed at Acre on 7 June 1277.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958178-163">[161]</a> Hugh III's bailiff, <a href="/wiki/Balian_of_Arsuf" title="Balian of Arsuf">Balian of Arsuf</a>, surrendered the town without resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958179-164">[162]</a> Although initially only the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> and the Venetians acknowledged Charles as the lawful ruler, the barons of the realm also paid homage to San Severino in January 1278, after he had threatened to confiscate their estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006119-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958179-164">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mamluks_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks of Egypt">Mamluks of Egypt</a> had already confined the kingdom to a coastal strip covering 2,600 km2 (1,000 square miles)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958179-164">[162]</a> and Charles had ordered San Severino to avoid conflicts with Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199897-165">[163]</a> Pope John died on 20 May 1277.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958181–182-166">[164]</a> Charles was ill and could not prevent the election of Giovanni Gaetano Orsini as Pope Nicholas III on 25 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958182-167">[165]</a> The Pope soon declared that no foreign prince could rule in Rome<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998139-168">[166]</a> and reminded Charles that he had been elected senator for ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183-169">[167]</a> Charles swore fealty to the new pope on 24 May 1278 after lengthy negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183-169">[167]</a> He had to pledge that he would renounce both the senatorship of Rome and the vicariate of Tuscany in four months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183-169">[167]</a> On the other hand, Nicholas III confirmed the excommunication of Charles's enemies in Piedmont and started negotiations with Rudolf to prevent him from making an alliance against Charles with Margaret of Provence and her nephew, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183–184-170">[168]</a> The negotiations with Rudolf lay behind Nicholas' refusal to renew Charles's vicariate in Tuscany, to which Rudolf had appointed his own vicar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartner1972270,_272-100">[98]</a> Charles announced his resignation from the senatorship and the vicariate on 30 August 1278.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958185-171">[169]</a> He was succeeded by the Pope's brother, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Rosso_Orsini_(cardinal)" title="Matteo Rosso Orsini (cardinal)">Matteo Orsini</a>, in Rome, and by the Pope's nephew, Cardinal Latino Malabranca, in Tuscany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958185-171">[169]</a> To ensure that Charles fully abandoned his ambitions in central Italy the Pope started negotiations with Rudolf about the restoration of the Kingdom of Arles for Charles's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_of_Anjou" title="Charles Martel of Anjou">Charles Martel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998139-168">[166]</a> Margaret of Provence sharply opposed the plan, but Philip III of France did not stand by his mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958185-171">[169]</a> After lengthy negotiations, in the summer of 1279 Rudolf recognised Charles as the lawful ruler of Provence without demanding his oath of fealty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958185-171">[169]</a> An agreement about Charles Martel's rule in Arles and his marriage to Rudolf's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Clemence_of_Austria" title="Clemence of Austria">Clemence</a>, was signed in May 1280.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958186-172">[170]</a> The plan disturbed the rulers of the lands along the Upper Rhone, especially <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Robert II, Duke of Burgundy">Duke Robert II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_Otto_IV_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Otto IV of Burgundy">Count Otto IV of Burgundy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958192–193-173">[171]</a> Charles had meanwhile inherited the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a> from William II of Villehardouin, who had died on 1 May 1278.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006119-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198423-174">[172]</a> He appointed the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">senechal</a> of Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Galeran_of_Ivry" title="Galeran of Ivry">Galeran of Ivry</a>, as his baillif in Achaea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock199593-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958196-176">[174]</a> Galeran could not pay his troops who started to pillage the peasants' homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958196-176">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_I_de_la_Roche" title="John I de la Roche">John I de la Roche</a>, Duke of Athens, had to lend money to him to finance their salaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock199593-175">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicephoros_I_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephoros I of Epirus">Nicephoros I of Epirus</a> acknowledged Charles's suzerainty on 14 March 1279 to secure his assistance against the Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198423-174">[172]</a> Nicephoros also ceded three towns—<a href="/wiki/Butrinto" class="mw-redirect" title="Butrinto">Butrinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sopotos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopotos">Sopotos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panormos_(Epirus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panormos (Epirus)">Panormos</a>—to Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198423-174">[172]</a> Pope Nicholas died on 22 August 1280.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190-177">[175]</a> Charles sent agents to Viterbo to promote the election of one of his supporters, taking advantage of the rift between the late Pope's relatives and other Italian cardinals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190-177">[175]</a> When a riot broke out in Viterbo, after the cardinals had not reached a decision for months, Charles's troops took control of the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190-177">[175]</a> On 22 February 1281 his staunchest supporter, Simon of Brie, was elected pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190–191-178">[176]</a> Pope Martin IV dismissed his predecessor's relatives and made Charles the senator of Rome again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958191-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998141-180">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guido_I_da_Montefeltro" title="Guido I da Montefeltro">Guido I da Montefeltro</a> rose up against the Pope, but Charles's troops under <a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Eppe" title="Jean d'Eppe">Jean d'Eppe</a> stopped the spread of the rebellion at <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958191-179">[177]</a> Charles also sent an army to <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Thomas_I,_Marquess_of_Saluzzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas I, Marquess of Saluzzo">Thomas I, Marquess of Saluzzo</a>, annihilated it at <a href="/wiki/Borgo_San_Dalmazzo" title="Borgo San Dalmazzo">Borgo San Dalmazzo</a> in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958192-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusade_against_Byzantium">Crusade against Byzantium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crusade against Byzantium">edit</a>]</div> Pope Martin excommunicated Emperor Michael VIII on 10 April 1281 because the Emperor had not imposed the Church union in his empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006119-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009193-182">[180]</a> The Pope soon authorised Charles to invade the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009193-182">[180]</a> Charles's vicar in Albania, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Sully" title="Hugh of Sully">Hugh of Sully</a>, had already <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1280%E2%80%931281)" title="Siege of Berat (1280–1281)">laid siege to the Byzantine fortress of Berat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock199593-175">[173]</a> A Byzantine army of relief under <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tarchaneiotes" title="Michael Tarchaneiotes">Michael Tarchaneiotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Synadenos_(megas_stratopedarches)" title="John Synadenos (megas stratopedarches)">John Synadenos</a> arrived in March 1281.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198426-183">[181]</a> Sully was ambushed and captured, his army put to flight and the interior of Albania was lost to the Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198427-184">[182]</a> On 3 July 1281 Charles and his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Courtenay" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Courtenay">Philip of Courtenay</a>, the titular Latin emperor, made an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> "for the restoration of the Roman Empire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958194-185">[183]</a> They decided to start a full-scale campaign early the next year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009193-182">[180]</a> Margaret of Provence called Robert and Otto of Burgundy and other lords who held fiefs in the Kingdom of Arles to a meeting at <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> in the autumn of 1281.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958193-186">[184]</a> They were willing to unite their troops to prevent Charles's army from taking possession of the kingdom, but Philip III of France strongly opposed his mother's plan and Edward I of England would not promise any assistance to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958193-186">[184]</a> Charles acknowledged that his wife held the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tonnerre" title="County of Tonnerre">County of Tonnerre</a> and her other inherited estates as a Burgundian fief, which appeased Robert of Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199836-187">[185]</a> Charles's ships started to assemble at Marseilles to sail up the Rhone in the spring of 1282.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958193-186">[184]</a> Another fleet was gathering at Messina to start the crusade against the Byzantine Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958212-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_empire's_collapse">The empire's collapse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The empire's collapse">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicilian_Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sicilian Vespers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_of_Sicily.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two sides of a golden seal, one depicting a crowned man sitting on a throne, the other showing a coat-of-arms with lilies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Charles_of_Sicily.jpg/220px-Charles_of_Sicily.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="442" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Charles_of_Sicily.jpg/330px-Charles_of_Sicily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Charles_of_Sicily.jpg/440px-Charles_of_Sicily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Charles's Sicilian seal (from the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet des Médailles">Cabinet des Médailles</a> in Paris)</figcaption></figure> Always in need of funds, Charles could not cancel the subventio generalis, although it was the most unpopular tax in the Regno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998102-189">[187]</a> Instead he granted exemptions to individuals and communities, especially to the French and Provençal colonists, which increased the burden on those who did not enjoy such privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998103-190">[188]</a> The yearly, or occasionally more frequent, obligatory exchange of the deniers—the coins almost exclusively used in local transactions—was also an important, and unpopular, source of revenue for the royal treasury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000103-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998103–104-192">[190]</a> Charles took out forced loans whenever he needed "immediately a large sum of money for certain arduous and pressing business", as he explained in one of his decrees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998104-193">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Purveyance" title="Purveyance">Purveyances</a>, the requisitioning of goods, increased the unpopularity of Charles's government in southern Italy and Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998104-193">[191]</a> His subjects were also liable to be forced to guard prisoners or lodge soldiers in their homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998104-193">[191]</a> The restoration of old fortresses, bridges and aqueducts and the building of new castles required the employment of craftsmen, although most of them were unwilling to participate in such lengthy projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998161-194">[192]</a> Thousands of people were forced to serve in the army in foreign lands, especially after 1279.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998104-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000109-195">[193]</a> Trading in salt was declared a royal monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998157-196">[194]</a> In December 1281, Charles again ordered the collection of the subventio generalis, requiring the payment of 150 per cent of the customary amount.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998102-189">[187]</a> Charles did not pay attention to the island of Sicily, although it had been the centre of resistance against him in 1268.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998105-197">[195]</a> He transferred the capital from Palermo to Naples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200478-22">[21]</a> He did not visit the island after 1271, preventing Sicilians from directly informing him of their grievances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998105-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000108-198">[196]</a> Sicilian noblemen were seldom employed as royal officials, although he often appointed their southern Italian peers to represent him in his other realms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998105-197">[195]</a> Furthermore, having seized large estates on the island in the late 1260s Charles almost exclusively employed French and Provençal clerics to administer them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998106-127">[125]</a> Popular stories credited <a href="/wiki/John_of_Procida" title="John of Procida">John of Procida</a>—Manfred of Sicily's former chancellor—with staging an international plot against Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998101-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000106-200">[198]</a> Rumour has it that he visited in disguise Constantinople, Sicily and Viterbo between 1279 and 1280 where he convinced the emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII</a>, the Sicilian barons and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Pope Nicholas III</a> to support a revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958206-201">[199]</a> Michael VIII's own autobiographical memoirs make a claim that it was he who became "God's instrument in bringing freedom to the Sicilians" and not a plot orchestrated by John of Procida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014203-202">[200]</a> At that time, still Byzantium's wealth could indeed have enabled him to set in motion a trans-national enterprise by bribing the discontented Sicilian barons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958207-203">[201]</a> Peter III of Aragon decided to lay claim to the Kingdom of Sicily in late 1280: he did not hide his disdain for the Angevin even when he met with Charles's son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles, Duke of Salerno</a>, in Toulouse in December 1280, even though it was the papacy that had sold the title of the kingdom of Naples to Charles I Anjou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958206-201">[199]</a> Peter began to assemble a fleet on the pretext of a crusade against Tunis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958210-204">[202]</a> Rioting broke out in Sicily after a burgher of Palermo killed a drunken French soldier who had insulted his wife before the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Spirit,_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Holy Spirit, Palermo">Church of the Holy Spirit</a> on Easter Monday (30 March) of 1282.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006120-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998107-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958214–215-207">[205]</a> When the soldier's comrades attacked the murderer, the mob turned against them and started to massacre all the French in the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998107-206">[204]</a> The riot, known since the 16th century as the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock199594-208">[206]</a> developed into an uprising and most of Charles's officials were killed or forced to flee the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998107-206">[204]</a> Charles ordered the transfer of soldiers and ships from Achaea to Sicily, but could not stop the spread of the revolt to <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109-209">[207]</a> San Severino also had to return to Italy, accompanied by the major part of the garrison at Acre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254-210">[208]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odo_Poilechien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odo Poilechien (page does not exist)">Odo Poilechien</a>, who succeeded him in Acre, had limited authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254-210">[208]</a> The burghers of the major Sicilian towns established <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">communes</a> which sent delegates to Pope Martin, asking him to take them under the protection of the Holy See.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958220-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000107-212">[210]</a> Instead of accepting their offer, the Pope excommunicated the rebels on 7 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958221-213">[211]</a> Charles issued an edict on 10 June, accusing his officials of having ignored his instructions on good administration, but he failed to promise fundamental changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109-209">[207]</a> In July he sailed to Sicily and laid siege to Messina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Aragon">War with Aragon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: War with Aragon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></div> Peter III of Aragon's envoy, William of Castelnou, started negotiations with the rebels' leaders in Palermo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958226-214">[212]</a> Realizing that they could not resist without foreign support, they acknowledged Peter and Constance as their king and queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958226-214">[212]</a> They appointed envoys to accompany Castelnou to <a href="/wiki/Collo" title="Collo">Collo</a> where the Aragonese fleet was assembling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958226–227-215">[213]</a> After a short hesitation, Peter decided to intervene on the rebels' behalf and sailed to Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958227-216">[214]</a> He was declared king of Sicily at Palermo on 4 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109-209">[207]</a> Thereafter two realms, each ruled by a monarch styled king (or queen) of Sicily, coexisted for more than a century, with Charles and his successors ruling in southern Italy (known as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>) while Peter and his descendants ruled the island of Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200480-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia200097-218">[216]</a> In the face of the Aragonese landing, Charles was compelled to withdraw from the island, but the Aragonese moved swiftly and destroyed part of his army and most of his baggage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109–110-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958229–230-220">[218]</a> Peter took control of the whole island and sent troops to Calabria, but they could not prevent Charles of Salerno from leading an army of 600 French knights to join his father at <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958232-221">[219]</a> Further French troops arrived under the command of Charles's nephews, Robert II of Artois and <a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Peter I, Count of Alençon">Peter of Alençon</a>, in November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958232-221">[219]</a> In the same month, the Pope excommunicated Peter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBárány201067-222">[220]</a> Neither Peter nor Charles could afford to wage a lengthy war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBárány201067-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958235–236-223">[221]</a> Charles made an astonishing proposal in late December 1282, challenging Peter to a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_duel" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial duel">judicial duel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236-224">[222]</a> Peter insisted that the war should be continued, but agreed that a battle between the two kings, each accompanied by 100 knights, should decide the possession of Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236-224">[222]</a> The duel was set to take place at <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> on 1 June 1283, but they did not fix the hour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236-224">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBárány201068-225">[223]</a> Charles appointed Charles of Salerno to administer the Regno during his absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236-224">[222]</a> To secure the loyalty of the local lords in Achaea, he made one of their peers, <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Dramelay" title="Guy of Dramelay">Guy of Dramelay</a>, baillif.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock199594-208">[206]</a> Pope Martin declared the war against the Sicilians a crusade on 13 January 1283.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198220-226">[224]</a> Charles met with the Pope in Viterbo on 9 March, but he ignored the Pope's ban on his duel with Peter of Aragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236-224">[222]</a> After visiting Provence and Paris in April, he left for Bordeaux to meet with Peter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236–237-227">[225]</a> The duel turned into a farce; the two kings each arriving at different times on the same day, declaring a victory over their absent opponent, and departing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958241-228">[226]</a> Skirmishes and raids continued to occur in southern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958238-229">[227]</a> Aragonese guerrillas attacked <a href="/wiki/Catona" title="Catona">Catona</a> and killed Peter of Alençon in January 1283; the Aragonese seized Reggio Calabria in February; and the Sicilian admiral, <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Lauria" title="Roger of Lauria">Roger of Lauria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malta" title="Battle of Malta">defeated</a> a newly raised Provençal fleet at Malta in April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958238,_244-230">[228]</a> However, tensions arose between the Aragonese and the Sicilians and in May 1283 one of the leaders of the anti-Angevin rebellion, Walter of Caltagirone, was executed for his secret correspondence with Charles's agents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958245-231">[229]</a> Pope Martin declared the <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade" title="Aragonese Crusade">war against Aragon</a> a crusade and conferred the kingdom upon Philip III of France's son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Valois">Charles of Valois</a>, on 2 February 1284.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958243-232">[230]</a> Charles started to raise new troops and a fleet in Provence, and instructed his son, Charles of Salerno, to maintain a defensive posture until his return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958246-233">[231]</a> Roger of Lauria based a small squadron on the island of <a href="/wiki/Nisida" title="Nisida">Nisida</a> to blockade Naples in May 1284.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958247-234">[232]</a> Charles of Salerno attempted to destroy the squadron, but most of his fleet was captured, and he himself was taken prisoner after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Naples" title="Battle of the Gulf of Naples">a short, sharp fight</a> on 5 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958247-234">[232]</a> News of the reverse caused a riot in Naples, but the papal legate, Gerard of Parma, crushed it with the assistance of local noblemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958248-235">[233]</a> Charles learnt of the disaster when he landed at <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a> on 6 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958248-235">[233]</a> He was furious at Charles of Salerno and his disobedience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958248-235">[233]</a> He allegedly stated that "Who loses a fool loses nothing", referring to his son's capture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958248-235">[233]</a> Charles left Naples for Calabria on 24 June 1284.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958249-236">[234]</a> A large army—reportedly 10,000 mounted warriors and 40,000 foot-soldiers—accompanied him as far as Reggio Calabria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958249-236">[234]</a> He laid siege to the town by sea and land in late July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958250-237">[235]</a> His fleet approached the coast of Sicily, but his troops could not land in the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958250-237">[235]</a> After Lauria landed troops near Reggio Calabria, Charles had to lift the siege and retreat from Calabria on 3 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958250-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karel_Anjou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crowned man lying in bed takes the Eucharist from two priest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Karel_Anjou.jpg/220px-Karel_Anjou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Karel_Anjou.jpg/330px-Karel_Anjou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Karel_Anjou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Charles's death</figcaption></figure> Charles went to <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> and made preparations for a campaign against Sicily in the new year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958253-238">[236]</a> He dispatched orders to his officials for the collection of the subventio generalis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254-210">[208]</a> However, he fell seriously ill before travelling to <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a> on 30 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254-210">[208]</a> He made his last will on 6 January 1285, appointing Robert II of Artois regent for his grandson, Charles Martel, who was to rule his realms until Charles of Salerno was released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254–255-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998232-240">[238]</a> He died in the morning of 7 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958255-241">[239]</a> He was buried in a marble sepulchre in Naples, but his heart was placed at the <a href="/wiki/Couvent_des_Jacobins_de_la_rue_Saint-Jacques" title="Couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Jacques">Couvent Saint-Jacques</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958255-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19989,_232-242">[240]</a> His corpse was moved to a chapel of the newly built <a href="/wiki/Naples_Cathedral" title="Naples Cathedral">Naples Cathedral</a> in 1296.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998232-240">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <div style="overflow:auto;"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII of France</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Berenguer IV of Provence">Ramon Berenguer IV of Provence</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Beatrice of Savoy">Beatrice of Savoy</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Artois" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Artois">Robert I of Artois</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_of_Poitiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse of Poitiers">Alphonse of Poitiers</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Charles I of Anjou</td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice of Provence</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret of Provence</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Artois" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert II of Artois">Robert II of Artois</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III of France</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Alen%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Alençon">Peter I of Alençon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beatrix_karlove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crowned woman and man, each sitting on a throne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Beatrix_karlove.jpg/250px-Beatrix_karlove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Beatrix_karlove.jpg/330px-Beatrix_karlove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Beatrix_karlove.jpg/500px-Beatrix_karlove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Charles and his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice of Provence</a></figcaption></figure> All records show that Charles was a faithful husband and a caring father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998183-243">[241]</a> His first wife, Beatrice of Provence, gave birth to at least six children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998182-109">[107]</a> According to contemporaneous gossips, she persuaded Charles to claim the Kingdom of Sicily, because she wanted to wear a crown like her sisters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998181–182-244">[242]</a> Before she died in July 1267,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958101-92">[90]</a> she had willed the usufruct of Provence to Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199843-32">[31]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Sicily" title="Blanche of Sicily">Blanche</a>, the eldest daughter of Charles and Beatrice, became the wife of <a href="/wiki/Robert_III,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert III, Count of Flanders">Robert of Béthune</a> in 1265, but she died four years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998184-245">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Sicily,_Latin_Empress" title="Beatrice of Sicily, Latin Empress">Beatrice</a>, her younger sister, married Philip, the titular Latin emperor, in 1273.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998183–184-246">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II, King of Naples">Charles II</a>, Charles's eldest son and namesake was granted the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a> in 1272.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998185-247">[245]</a> Charles the Lame (as he was called) and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary,_Queen_of_Naples" title="Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples">Maria of Hungary</a>, had fourteen children, which secured the survival of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958249-236">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Sicily" title="Philip of Sicily">Philip</a>, Charles and Beatrice's next son, was elected <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sardinia">king of Sardinia</a> by the local Guelphs in 1269, but without the pope's consent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000107-212">[210]</a> He died childless in 1278.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998185-247">[245]</a></li> <li>Robert, Charles's third son, died in 1265.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998185-247">[245]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Sicily_(1261%E2%80%931300)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Sicily (1261–1300)">Elisabeth</a>, Charles's youngest daughter, was given in marriage to the future <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV of Hungary</a> in 1269, but Ladislaus preferred his mistresses to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000109-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001107,_109-248">[246]</a></li></ul> The widowed Charles first proposed himself to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary_(saint)" title="Margaret of Hungary (saint)">Margaret of Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958155-249">[247]</a> However, Margaret, who had been brought up in a Dominican nunnery, did not want to marry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200197-250">[248]</a> According to legend, she disfigured herself to prevent the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958155-249">[247]</a> Charles and his second wife, Margaret of Nevers, had several children, but none survived to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998186-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> The works of two 13th-century historians, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_of_Neocastro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomaeus of Neocastro">Bartholomaeus of Neocastro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saba_Malaspina" title="Saba Malaspina">Saba Malaspina</a>, strongly influenced modern views about Charles, although they were biased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia200097-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199870,_233–234-252">[250]</a> The former described Charles as a tyrant to justify the Sicilian Vespers, the latter argued for the cancellation of the crusade against Aragon in 1285.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199870-253">[251]</a> Charles had continued his imperial predecessors' policies in several fields, including coinage, taxation, and the employment of unpopular officials from <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia200096–97,_102–103-254">[252]</a> Nevertheless, the monarchy underwent a "Frenchification" or "Provençalistion" during his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000104-255">[253]</a> He donated estates in the Regno to about 700 noblemen from France or Provence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199859-256">[254]</a> He did not adopt the rich ceremonial robes, inspired by Byzantine and Islamic royal styles, of earlier Sicilian kings, but dressed like other western European monarchs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000104-255">[253]</a> or as "a simple knight", as it was observed by the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tuscus" title="Thomas Tuscus">Thomas Tuscus</a> who visited Naples in 1267.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199821–22-257">[255]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_d%27Anjou_comte_de_Provence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A middle aged man who wears a hauberk covered by coat and holds a sword" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Charles_d%27Anjou_comte_de_Provence.jpg/250px-Charles_d%27Anjou_comte_de_Provence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Charles_d%27Anjou_comte_de_Provence.jpg/330px-Charles_d%27Anjou_comte_de_Provence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Charles_d%27Anjou_comte_de_Provence.jpg/500px-Charles_d%27Anjou_comte_de_Provence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="4684" /></a><figcaption>Charles as count of Provence (statue by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Daumas" title="Louis-Joseph Daumas">Louis-Joseph Daumas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Hyères</a>)</figcaption></figure> Around 1310, the Florentine historian, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a>, stated that Charles had been the most powerful Christian monarch in the late 1270s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998116-258">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luchetto_Gattilusio" title="Luchetto Gattilusio">Luchetto Gattilusio</a>, a Genoese poet, compared Charles directly with Charlemagne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998116-258">[256]</a> Both reports demonstrate that Charles was regarded almost as an emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998116-258">[256]</a> Among modern historians, Runciman says that Charles tried to build an empire in the eastern Mediterraneum;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958255-241">[239]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Siv%C3%A9ry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Sivéry (page does not exist)">Gérard Sivéry</a> writes that he wanted to dominate the west; and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dunbabin" title="Jean Dunbabin">Jean Dunbabin</a> argues that his "agglomeration of lands was in the process of forming an empire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998114–116-259">[257]</a> The historian Hiroshi Takayama concludes that Charles's dominion "was too large to control".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200479-260">[258]</a> Nevertheless, economic links among his realms strengthened during his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998119-261">[259]</a> Provençal salt was transported to his other lands, grain from the Regno was sold in Achaea, Albania, Acre and Tuscany, and Tuscan merchants settled in Anjou, Maine, Sicily and Naples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998119–120-262">[260]</a> His highest-ranking officials were transferred from their homelands to represent him in other territories: his senechals in Provence were from Anjou; French and Provençal noblemen held the highest offices in the Regno; and he chose his vicars in Rome from among southern Italian and Provençal nobles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998121-263">[261]</a> Although his empire collapsed before his death, his son retained southern Italy and Provence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998125-264">[262]</a> Charles always emphasised his royal rank, but did not adopt "imperial rhetoric".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998114–115-265">[263]</a> His renowned justiciar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_de_Caramanico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marino de Caramanico (page does not exist)">Marino de Caramanico</a>, developed a new political theory. Traditional interpretators of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> were convinced that the Holy Roman Emperors had a monopoly on law-making. In contrast with them, Caramanico stated that an emperor could not claim sovereignty over a king and emphasised Charles full competence to issue decrees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998219–220-266">[264]</a> To promote legal education Charles paid high salaries—20–50 ounces of gold in a year—to masters of law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Naples">University of Naples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998215-267">[265]</a> Masters of medicine received similar remunerations, and the university became a principal centre of medical science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998215,_217-268">[266]</a> Charles's personal interest in medicine grew during his life and he borrowed Arabic medical texts from the rulers of Tunis to have them translated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998222-269">[267]</a> He employed at least one Jewish scholar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_of_Palermo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moses of Palermo (page does not exist)">Moses of Palermo</a>, who could translate texts from Arabic to Latin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatai1977156-270">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi</a>'s medical encyclopaedia, known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Hawi" title="Al-Hawi">Kitab al-Hawi</a>, was one of the books translated at Charles's order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998222-269">[267]</a> Charles was also a poet, which distinguished him from his Capetian relatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998203-271">[269]</a> He composed love songs and a <a href="/wiki/Jeu-parti" title="Jeu-parti">jeu-parti</a> (the latter with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_d%27Angicourt" title="Pierre d'Angicourt">Pierre d'Angicourt</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998203-271">[269]</a> In 1269, he wrote a single <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Occitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Cobla_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobla exchange">cobla</a> (stanza) in an exchange with the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> <a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrossi2009-272">[270]</a> He was requested to judge two poetic competitions in his youth, but modern scholars do not esteem his poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998203–204-273">[271]</a> The Provençal <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> were mostly critical when writing of Charles, but French poets were willing to praise him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998205,_207-274">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertran_d%27Alamanon" title="Bertran d'Alamanon">Bertran d'Alamanon</a> wrote a poem against the salt tax and <a href="/wiki/Raimon_de_Tors_de_Marseilha" title="Raimon de Tors de Marseilha">Raimon de Tors de Marseilha</a> rebuked Charles for invading the Regno. The trouvère <a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a> dedicated an unfinished epic poem, entitled The King of Sicily, to Charles and <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Meun" title="Jean de Meun">Jean de Meun</a> glorified his victories in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance of the Rose">Romance of the Rose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998205,_208-275">[273]</a> Dante described Charles—"who bears a manly nose"—singing peacefully together with his one-time rival, Peter III of Aragon, in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander2004159-276">[274]</a> Charles also showed interest in architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998210–211-277">[275]</a> He designed a tower in Brindisi, but it soon collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998211-278">[276]</a> He ordered the erection of the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Nuovo" title="Castel Nuovo">Castel Nuovo</a> in Naples, of which only the palatine chapel survives from his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998211-278">[276]</a> He is also credited with the introduction of French-style <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows in southern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998212-279">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Herde" title="Peter Herde">Peter Herde</a> notes that Charles may have also been identical with the first son of Louis VIII and Blanche born in 1226, Stephen, or with the unnamed son who was born in late 1226. If Charles was identical with Stephen, he must have changed his name before the late 1230s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Empire of Constantinople">Latin Empire of Constantinople</a> was established on the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204. The <a href="/wiki/Emperors_of_Nicaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperors of Nicaea">emperors of Nicaea</a>, a Byzantine successor state, restored Greek rule on most territories lost to the Latin emperors during the following decades. The Latins also lost Constantinople to the Nicaeans in 1261.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock199535–36-84">[83]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810–11-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810–11_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810–11_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199810_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195871-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195871_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195871_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19983,_10-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19983,_10_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 3, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811_6-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195872-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195872_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195872_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195872_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811–12-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199811–12_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974145–146-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974145–146_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974145–146_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1974">Cox 1974</a>, pp. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974146,_151-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974146,_151_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1974">Cox 1974</a>, pp. 146, 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199842_11-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974142,_147-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974142,_147_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1974">Cox 1974</a>, pp. 142, 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974147-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974147_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1974">Cox 1974</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974152-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974152_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1974">Cox 1974</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974153-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974153_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1974">Cox 1974</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195873-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195873_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195873_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195873_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195873_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195873_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195873_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195873_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195873_16-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195873_16-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199844-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199844_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974160-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974160_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1974">Cox 1974</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199812-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199812_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199812–13-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199812–13_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199813-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199813_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200478-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakayama200478_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakayama200478_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTakayama2004">Takayama 2004</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199830-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199830_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012580-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012580_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012580_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2012">Asbridge 2012</a>, p. 580. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012580–581-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012580–581_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2012">Asbridge 2012</a>, pp. 580–581. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200610-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock200610_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006177–178-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006177–178_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, pp. 177–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006178-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006178_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998194-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998194_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998194_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998194_29-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006108-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006108_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006108_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006108_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199850-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199850_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199843-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199843_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199843_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199843_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874_33-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199848-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199848_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199848_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199848_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199848_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199847-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199847_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199847_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199846-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199846_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195857-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195857_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195857_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195857_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195857_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195858-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195858_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006109-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006109_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199816-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199816_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas1992156–157-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas1992156–157_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholas1992">Nicholas 1992</a>, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199837-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199837_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199837_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199837_42-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas1992157-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas1992157_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholas1992">Nicholas 1992</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199838-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199838_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199838_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195874–75-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195874–75_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195875-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195875_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195875_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195875_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195875_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195875_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195875_46-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199879-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199879_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974285-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974285_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1974">Cox 1974</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1974286-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1974286_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1974">Cox 1974</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006111-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006111_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195863-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195863_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198217-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198217_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHousley1982">Housley 1982</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200476-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakayama200476_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTakayama2004">Takayama 2004</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198218-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198218_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198218_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHousley1982">Housley 1982</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199877–78-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199877–78_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195875–76-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195875–76_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195876-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195876_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195876_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195876_57-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998131-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998131_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195878-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195878_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195878_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998132-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998132_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998132_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998132_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998132_60-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195879-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195879_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195879_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195881-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195881_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195881_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195881_62-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195882-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195882_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195882_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195882_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195882_63-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195882–83-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195882–83_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195887-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195887_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195887_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998133-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998133_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998133_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198219-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198219_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198219_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198219_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198219_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198219_67-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHousley1982">Housley 1982</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195890-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195890_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195890_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195891-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195891_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195891_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195891_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195891_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195891_69-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195896-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195896_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195896_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195896_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195896_70-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198216-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198216_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHousley1982">Housley 1982</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199889-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199889_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199889_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958136-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958136_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199856-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199856_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199856_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199857-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199857_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200477-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakayama200477_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTakayama2004">Takayama 2004</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998163–164-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998163–164_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998158-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998158_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195898-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195898_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195898_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195898_79-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195898–99-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195898–99_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998134-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998134_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998134_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100_82-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100–101-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958100–101_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock199535–36-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock199535–36_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock1995">Lock 1995</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199889,_134-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199889,_134_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 89, 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009168-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009168_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine2009">Fine 2009</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006114-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006114_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006114_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009170-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009170_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine2009">Fine 2009</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199894,_137-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199894,_137_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 94, 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014202-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014202_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014202_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2014">Harris 2014</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958101-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958101_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958101_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958103-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958103_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958103_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958103_93-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000105-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000105_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia2000">Abulafia 2000</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195899,_103-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195899,_103_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 99, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199887-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199887_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195899-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman195899_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958105-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958105_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958105_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958105_98-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2009292-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2009292_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe2009">Metcalfe 2009</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartner1972270,_272-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartner1972270,_272_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartner1972270,_272_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPartner1972">Partner 1972</a>, pp. 270, 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998135-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998135_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958109-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958109_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958109_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118,_124-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118,_124_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 118, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118_104-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958118_104-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958114-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958114_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958114_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958114–115-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958114–115_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958115-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958115_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199899-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199899_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998182-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998182_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998182_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998182_109-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958119-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958119_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958119_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958119_110-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998136-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998136_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2009293-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2009293_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe2009">Metcalfe 2009</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958124-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958124_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958124_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958124_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958124_113-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958120-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958120_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199884-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199884_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958120–121-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958120–121_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199880-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199880_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199880_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199880_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199880_117-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958122-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958122_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958122_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958122_118-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998196-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998196_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998196_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006183-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006183_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006183_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006183_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006183_120-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998195-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998195_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958142-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958142_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958142_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958142_122-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143_123-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143–144-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958143–144_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998157,_161-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998157,_161_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 157, 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150_126-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998106-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998106_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998106_127-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958162-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958162_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958145-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958145_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199817-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199817_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199817_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199839-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199839_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199839_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199839–40-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199839–40_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198414–15-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol198414–15_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009184-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009184_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine2009">Fine 2009</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198415-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol198415_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol198415_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199890-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199890_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199890_136-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009185-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009185_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009185_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009185_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine2009">Fine 2009</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199891-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199891_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958146-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958146_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150–151-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958150–151_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199882-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199882_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156_142-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156_142-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156,_158-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958156,_158_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 156, 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998137_144-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009186-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009186_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine2009">Fine 2009</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958161-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958161_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958161_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958161_146-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138_147-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958167-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958167_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBárány201062-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBárány201062_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBárány2010">Bárány 2010</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958166-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958166_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198418-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol198418_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168–169-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168–169_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006118-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006118_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006118_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958169-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958169_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168_155-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168_155-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168_155-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958168_155-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958170-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958170_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138–139-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998138–139_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958171–172-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958171–172_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172_159-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172–173-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958172–173_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958173-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958173_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958173_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958173_161-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958173_161-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006119-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006119_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006119_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006119_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006119_162-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006119_162-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958178-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958178_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958179-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958179_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958179_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958179_164-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199897-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199897_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958181–182-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958181–182_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958182-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958182_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998139-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998139_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998139_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183_169-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183–184-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958183–184_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 183–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958185-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958185_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958185_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958185_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958185_171-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958186-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958186_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958192–193-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958192–193_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198423-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol198423_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol198423_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol198423_174-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock199593-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock199593_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock199593_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock199593_175-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock1995">Lock 1995</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958196-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958196_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958196_176-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190_177-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190–191-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958190–191_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958191-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958191_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958191_179-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998141-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998141_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958192-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958192_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2009193-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009193_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009193_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2009193_182-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine2009">Fine 2009</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198426-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol198426_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol198427-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol198427_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958194-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958194_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958193-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958193_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958193_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958193_186-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199836-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199836_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958212-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958212_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998102-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998102_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998102_189-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998103-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998103_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000103-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000103_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia2000">Abulafia 2000</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998103–104-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998103–104_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 103–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998104-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998104_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998104_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998104_193-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998104_193-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998161-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998161_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000109-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000109_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000109_195-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia2000">Abulafia 2000</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998157-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998157_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998105-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998105_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998105_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998105_197-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000108-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000108_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia2000">Abulafia 2000</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998101-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998101_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000106-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000106_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia2000">Abulafia 2000</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958206-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958206_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958206_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014203-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014203_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2014">Harris 2014</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958207-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958207_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958210-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958210_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006120-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2006120_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2006">Lock 2006</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998107-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998107_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998107_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998107_206-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958214–215-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958214–215_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 214–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock199594-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock199594_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock199594_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock1995">Lock 1995</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109_209-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254_210-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254_210-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958220-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958220_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000107-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000107_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000107_212-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia2000">Abulafia 2000</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958221-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958221_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958226-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958226_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958226_214-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958226–227-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958226–227_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958227-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958227_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200480-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakayama200480_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTakayama2004">Takayama 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href="#CITEREFBárány2010">Bárány 2010</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958235–236-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958235–236_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236_224-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236_224-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236_224-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236_224-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBárány201068-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBárány201068_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBárány2010">Bárány 2010</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley198220-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley198220_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHousley1982">Housley 1982</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236–237-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958236–237_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 236–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958241-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958241_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958238-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958238_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958238,_244-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958238,_244_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 238, 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958245-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958245_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958243-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958243_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958246-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958246_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958247-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958247_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958247_234-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958248-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958248_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958248_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958248_235-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958248_235-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958249-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958249_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958249_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958249_236-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958250-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958250_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958250_237-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958250_237-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958253-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958253_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254–255-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958254–255_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, pp. 254–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998232-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998232_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998232_240-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958255-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958255_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958255_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958255_241-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19989,_232-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin19989,_232_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 9, 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998183-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998183_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998181–182-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998181–182_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998184-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998184_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998183–184-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998183–184_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 183–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998185-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998185_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998185_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998185_247-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001107,_109-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001107,_109_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, pp. 107, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1958155-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958155_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1958155_249-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1958">Runciman 1958</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200197-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200197_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998186-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998186_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199870,_233–234-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199870,_233–234_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 70, 233–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199870-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199870_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia200096–97,_102–103-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia200096–97,_102–103_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia2000">Abulafia 2000</a>, pp. 96–97, 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000104-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000104_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2000104_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia2000">Abulafia 2000</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199859-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199859_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199821–22-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin199821–22_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998116-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998116_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998116_258-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998116_258-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998114–116-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998114–116_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 114–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakayama200479-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakayama200479_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTakayama2004">Takayama 2004</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998119-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998119_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998119–120-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998119–120_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998121-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998121_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998125-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998125_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998114–115-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998114–115_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998219–220-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998219–220_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 219–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998215-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998215_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998215,_217-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998215,_217_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 215, 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998222-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998222_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998222_269-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatai1977156-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatai1977156_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatai1977">Patai 1977</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998203-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998203_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998203_271-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrossi2009-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrossi2009_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrossi2009">Petrossi 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998203–204-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998203–204_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 203–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998205,_207-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998205,_207_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 205, 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998205,_208-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998205,_208_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 205, 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander2004159-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollander2004159_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollander2004">Hollander 2004</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998210–211-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998210–211_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, pp. 210–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998211-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998211_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998211_278-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998212-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998212_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunbabin1998">Dunbabin 1998</a>, p. 212. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">Abulafia, David</a> (2000). 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The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84983-688-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84983-688-3"><bdi>978-1-84983-688-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+The+War+for+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84983-688-3&rft.aulast=Asbridge&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBárány2010" class="citation book cs1">Bárány, Attila (2010). "The English relations of Charles II of Sicily and Maria of Hungary". In Kordé, Zoltán; Petrovics, István (eds.). Diplomacy in the Countries of the Angevin Dynasty in the Thirteenth–Fourteenth Centuries. Accademia d'Ungheria in Roma. pp. 57–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-315-046-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-315-046-7"><bdi>978-963-315-046-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+English+relations+of+Charles+II+of+Sicily+and+Maria+of+Hungary&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+in+the+Countries+of+the+Angevin+Dynasty+in+the+Thirteenth%E2%80%93Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Accademia+d%27Ungheria+in+Roma&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-963-315-046-7&rft.aulast=B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny&rft.aufirst=Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCox1974" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Eugene L. (1974). The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05216-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05216-8"><bdi>978-0-691-05216-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagles+of+Savoy%3A+The+House+of+Savoy+in+Thirteenth-Century+Europe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05216-8&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Eugene+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dunbabin" title="Jean Dunbabin">Dunbabin, Jean</a> (1998). Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13816-162-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13816-162-7"><bdi>978-1-13816-162-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+I+of+Anjou%3A+Power%2C+Kingship+and+State-Making+in+Thirteenth-Century+Europe&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-13816-162-7&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngel2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Engel" title="Pál Engel">Engel, Pál</a> (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-061-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-061-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-061-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Realm+of+St+Stephen%3A+A+History+of+Medieval+Hungary%2C+895%E2%80%931526&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-061-2&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A.</a> (2009) [1994]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harris_(historian)" title="Jonathan Harris (historian)">Harris, Jonathan</a> (2014). Byzantium and the Crusades. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25370-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25370-4"><bdi>978-0-582-25370-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-582-25370-4&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHollander2004" class="citation book cs1">Hollander, Robert (2004). "Notes". In Hollander, Jean; Hollander, Robert (eds.). Purgatorio, Dante (A verse translation). First Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49700-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49700-8"><bdi>978-0-385-49700-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes&rft.btitle=Purgatorio%2C+Dante+%28A+verse+translation%29&rft.pub=First+Anchor+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49700-8&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHousley1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Housley" title="Norman Housley">Housley, Norman</a> (1982). The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821925-5"><bdi>978-0-19-821925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Crusades%3A+The+Papal-Angevin+Alliance+and+the+Crusades+against+Christian+Lay+Powers%2C+1254%E2%80%931343&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821925-5&rft.aulast=Housley&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLock1995" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Peter (1995). The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05139-3"><bdi>978-0-582-05139-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franks+in+the+Aegean%2C+1204%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-582-05139-3&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLock2006" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39312-6"><bdi>978-0-415-39312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39312-6&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe2009" class="citation book cs1">Metcalfe, Alex (2009). The Muslims of Medieval Italy. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2007-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2007-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-2007-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+of+Medieval+Italy&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2007-4&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicol1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1984). The Despotate of Epirus, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13089-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13089-9"><bdi>978-0-521-13089-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Despotate+of+Epirus%2C+1267%E2%80%931479%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+Greece+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13089-9&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholas1992" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, David (1992). Medieval Flanders. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-01678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-01678-1"><bdi>978-0-582-01678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Flanders&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-582-01678-1&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPartner1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Partner" title="Peter Partner">Partner, Peter</a> (1972). The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02181-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02181-9"><bdi>0-520-02181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lands+of+St.+Peter%3A+The+Papal+State+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Early+Renaissance&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-520-02181-9&rft.aulast=Partner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatai1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Patai" title="Raphael Patai">Patai, Raphael</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Mind" title="The Jewish Mind">The Jewish Mind</a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2651-0"><bdi>978-0-8143-2651-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Mind&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2651-0&rft.aulast=Patai&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetrossi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Petrossi, Antonio (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lt.unina.it/Petrossi-2009.pdf">"Sordello ~ Carlo d'Angiò, Toz hom me van disen en esta maladia. Sordels diz mal de mi, e far no lo·m deuria (BdT 437.37, 114a.1)"</a> (PDF). Lecturae Tropatorum. 2: 1–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lecturae+Tropatorum&rft.atitle=Sordello+~+Carlo+d%27Angi%C3%B2%2C+Toz+hom+me+van+disen+en+esta+maladia.+Sordels+diz+mal+de+mi%2C+e+far+no+lo%C2%B7m+deuria+%28BdT+437.37%2C+114a.1%29&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Petrossi&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lt.unina.it%2FPetrossi-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sicilianvesperst00runc">The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60474-2"><bdi>978-1-107-60474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sicilian+Vespers%3A+A+History+of+the+Mediterranean+World+in+the+Later+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-1-107-60474-2&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsicilianvesperst00runc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTakayama2004" class="citation book cs1">Takayama, Hiroshi (2004). "Law and monarchy in the south". In Abulafia, David (ed.). Italy in the Central Middle Ages, 1000–1300. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924704-2"><bdi>978-0-19-924704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law+and+monarchy+in+the+south&rft.btitle=Italy+in+the+Central+Middle+Ages%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924704-2&rft.aulast=Takayama&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischer1982" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Klaus Dietrich (1982). "Moses of Palermo: Translator from the Arabic at the Court of Charles of Anjou". Histoires des Sciences Médicales. 17 (Special 17): 278–281. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0440-8888">0440-8888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoires+des+Sciences+M%C3%A9dicales&rft.atitle=Moses+of+Palermo%3A+Translator+from+the+Arabic+at+the+Court+of+Charles+of+Anjou&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=Special+17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E278-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0440-8888&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Klaus+Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolloway1993" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, Julia Bolton (1993). Twice-Told Tales: Brunetto Latino and Dante Aligheri. Peter Lang Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82041-954-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82041-954-1"><bdi>978-0-82041-954-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twice-Told+Tales%3A+Brunetto+Latino+and+Dante+Aligheri&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Inc&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-82041-954-1&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Julia+Bolton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Anjou&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_I_of_Anjou" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Anjou</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Charles_of_Anjou">"Charles of Anjou" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+of+Anjou&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+I+of+Anjou" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles I of Anjou </div><div><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></div>Born: 1226/1227 Died: 7 January 1285 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred of Sicily">Manfred</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">King of Sicily</a> 1266–1282/1285 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constance_II_of_Sicily" title="Constance II of Sicily">Constance II</a></div>as co-monarchs on Sicily from 1282 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a></div>as king in Southern Italy from 1285 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Albania" title="King of Albania">King of Albania</a> 1272–1285 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Achaea" class="mw-redirect" title="William II of Achaea">William II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Achaea" title="Prince of Achaea">Prince of Achaea</a> 1278–1285 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Provence">Count of Provence</a> 1246–1285 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tristan,_Count_of_Anjou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tristan, Count of Anjou (page does not exist)">John Tristan, Count of Anjou</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Tristan_de_France_(1219-1232)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Tristan de France (1219-1232)">fr</a>] </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Maine">Maine</a> 1246–1285 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Forcalquier" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Forcalquier">Count of Forcalquier</a> 1246–1248 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Beatrice of Savoy">Beatrice II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Beatrice of Savoy">Beatrice II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Forcalquier" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Forcalquier">Count of Forcalquier</a> 1256–1285 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Senator_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator of Rome">Senator of Rome</a> 1263–1266 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Monaldeschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Monaldeschi (page does not exist)">Conrad Monaldeschi</a> <a href="/wiki/Luca_Savelli" title="Luca Savelli">Luca Savelli</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Castile_the_Senator" title="Henry of Castile the Senator">Henry of Castile</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Senator_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator of Rome">Senator of Rome</a> 1268–1278 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Rosso_Orsini_(cardinal)" title="Matteo Rosso Orsini (cardinal)">Matteo Orsini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Rosso_Orsini_(cardinal)" title="Matteo Rosso Orsini (cardinal)">Matteo Orsini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Senator_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator of Rome">Senator of Rome</a> 1281–1285 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Achaea" title="Prince of Achaea">Princes of Achaea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Ruling princes (1205–1432)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Champlitte</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Champlitte" title="William of Champlitte">William I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villehardouin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_I_of_Villehardouin" title="Geoffrey I of Villehardouin">Geoffrey I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II_of_Villehardouin" title="Geoffrey II of Villehardouin">Geoffrey II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Villehardouin" class="mw-redirect" title="William II of Villehardouin">William II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Angevin (various houses)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Villehardouin" title="Isabella of Villehardouin">Isabella</a> with <a href="/wiki/Florent_of_Hainaut" title="Florent of Hainaut">Florent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Piedmont" title="Philip I of Piedmont">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Prince_of_Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I, Prince of Taranto">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Majorca" title="Ferdinand of Majorca">Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Hainaut" title="Matilda of Hainaut">Matilda</a> with <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Burgundy" title="Louis of Burgundy">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Durazzo" title="John, Duke of Durazzo">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois%E2%80%93Courtenay" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine of Valois–Courtenay">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Prince_of_Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert, Prince of Taranto">Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Bourbon,_Princess_of_Achaea" title="Marie de Bourbon, Princess of Achaea">Maria I</a> with Hugh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Prince_of_Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II, Prince of Taranto">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna</a> with <a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Grubenhagen" title="Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_of_Baux" title="James of Baux">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Naples" title="Charles III of Naples">Charles III</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navarrese-Genoese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_San_Superano" title="Pedro de San Superano">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_Zaccaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria II Zaccaria">Maria II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centurione_II_Zaccaria" title="Centurione II Zaccaria">Centurione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Titular princes (1642–1933)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tocco" title="Antonio Tocco">Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Antonio_Tocco" title="Carlo Antonio Tocco">Carlo Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_VII_Tocco" title="Leonardo VII Tocco">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaino_di_Tocco_Cantelmo_Stuart" title="Restaino di Tocco Cantelmo Stuart">Restaino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_II_di_Tocco_Cantelmo_Stuart" title="Carlo II di Tocco Cantelmo Stuart">Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Tocco_Cantelmo_Stuart" title="Francesco di Tocco Cantelmo Stuart">Francesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_III_di_Tocco_Cantelmo_Stuart" title="Carlo III di Tocco Cantelmo Stuart">Carlo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capece Galeota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Capece_Galeota" title="Carlo Capece Galeota">Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Maddalena_Capece_Galeota" title="Maria Maddalena Capece Galeota">Maria Maddalena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡1383–1396: purely nominal control, Achaea de facto under the <a href="/wiki/Navarrese_Company" title="Navarrese Company">Navarrese Company</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Naples136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Naples" title="Template:Kings of Naples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Naples" title="Template talk:Kings of Naples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Naples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Naples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Naples136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">Monarchs of Naples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples" title="Robert, King of Naples">Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna I</a> with <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Naples" title="Louis I of Naples">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Naples" title="Charles III of Naples">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus</a> (1st reign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Anjou" title="Louis II of Anjou">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus</a> (2nd reign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_II_of_Naples" title="Joanna II of Naples">Joanna II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand II of Naples">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Naples" title="Frederick of Naples">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles V</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VII</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>* (1st reign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopean Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>* (2nd reign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>* (3rd reign)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">Monarch of Sicily</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Sicily91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Sicily" title="Template:Monarchs of Sicily"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Sicily" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Sicily91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Sicily">Monarchs of Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a> (1071–1130)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Sicily" title="Simon of Sicily">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> (1130–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily" title="William I of Sicily">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_III_of_Sicily" title="Roger III of Sicily">Roger III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Sicily" title="William III of Sicily">William III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradin" title="Conradin">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_II_of_Sicily" title="Constance II of Sicily">Constance II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Sicily" title="Peter II of Sicily">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_King_of_Sicily" title="Louis, King of Sicily">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Simple" title="Frederick the Simple">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Maria, Queen of Sicily">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_I_of_Sicily" title="Martin I of Sicily">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II" title="Victor Amadeus II">Victor Amadeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2850" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2850" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203829#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117476548">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17302763">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/137113/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpyhYpKqP4gB6HxbJhbVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118640100">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84101413">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12373762m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12373762m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700857&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1559991">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07301740X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000220667&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=278689">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz279t54j9s2v1">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810620849205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/14369">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259760905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058602637606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/380e7bb4-1541-4c98-b725-cc580ce8f1c8">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-i-d-angio-re-di-sicilia_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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