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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Earth_science_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Earth_science_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of Earth science topics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Earth_science_topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Earth science topics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Earth_science_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Biosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hydrosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithosphere_or_geosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithosphere_or_geosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lithosphere or geosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithosphere_or_geosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pedosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Earth science</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwetenskap" title="Aardwetenskap – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aardwetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="علوم الأرض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علوم الأرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_d%27a_Tierra" title="Ciencias d'a Tierra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ciencias d'a Tierra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_de_la_T%C3%A8rra" title="Sciences de la Tèrra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sciences de la Tèrra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভূ-বিজ্ঞান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভূ-বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencies_de_la_Tierra" title="Ciencies de la Tierra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciencies de la Tierra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer_haqq%C4%B1nda_elml%C9%99r" title="Yer haqqında elmlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yer haqqında elmlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভূবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-ki%C3%BB_kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tē-kiû kho-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-kiû kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B5_%D3%A9%D0%B9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" title="Ерҙе өйрәнеүсе фәндәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ерҙе өйрәнеүсе фәндәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Навукі аб Зямлі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навукі аб Зямлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E" title="Навукі пра Зямлю – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Навукі пра Зямлю" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पृथ्वी बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पृथ्वी बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Науки за Земята – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Науки за Земята" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skianto%C3%B9_an_douar" title="Skiantoù an douar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skiantoù an douar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncies_de_la_Terra" title="Ciències de la Terra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciències de la Terra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bdy_o_Zemi" title="Vědy o Zemi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vědy o Zemi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienze_di_a_Terra" title="Scienze di a Terra – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Scienze di a Terra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddorau_daear" title="Gwyddorau daear – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddorau daear" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geovidenskab" title="Geovidenskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geovidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geowissenschaften" title="Geowissenschaften – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geowissenschaften" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ބިމުގެ އިލްމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބިމުގެ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maateadus" title="Maateadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maateadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Γεωεπιστήμες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωεπιστήμες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Earth science" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_de_la_Tierra" title="Ciencias de la Tierra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencias de la Tierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terscienco" title="Terscienco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Terscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurraren_zientziak" title="Lurraren zientziak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurraren zientziak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="علوم زمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_de_la_Terre" title="Sciences de la Terre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sciences de la Terre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierdwittenskip" title="Ierdwittenskip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierdwittenskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siencis_de_tiere" title="Siencis de tiere – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Siencis de tiere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eola%C3%ADocht_an_domhain" title="Eolaíocht an domhain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eolaíocht an domhain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowan-oaylleeaght" title="Dowan-oaylleeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Dowan-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_da_Terra" title="Ciencias da Terra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciencias da Terra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-khi%C3%B9_Kh%C3%B4-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Thi-khiù Khô-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-khiù Khô-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="지구과학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Earth science" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երկրագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="भौमिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौमिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoznanosti" title="Geoznanosti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geoznanosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cienci_di_la_Tero" title="Cienci di la Tero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cienci di la Tero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_kebumian" title="Ilmu kebumian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu kebumian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientias_del_Terra" title="Scientias del Terra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scientias del Terra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0v%C3%ADsindi" title="Jarðvísindi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðvísindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienze_della_Terra" title="Scienze della Terra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienze della Terra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="מדעי כדור הארץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעי כדור הארץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_bumi" title="Èlmu bumi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èlmu bumi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೂಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="დედამიწის მეცნიერებები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დედამიწის მეცნიერებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жер туралы ғылымдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жер туралы ғылымдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayansi_za_dunia" title="Sayansi za dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayansi za dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_telluris" title="Scientia telluris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scientia telluris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemes_zin%C4%81tne" title="Zemes zinātne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zemes zinātne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geow%C3%ABssenschaften" title="Geowëssenschaften – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geowëssenschaften" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97s_mokslai" title="Žemės mokslai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemės mokslai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerdweitesjappe" title="Aerdweitesjappe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aerdweitesjappe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tedyske" title="tedyske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tedyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldtudom%C3%A1ny" title="Földtudomány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földtudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Науки за Земјата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Науки за Земјата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xjenza_tad-Dinja" title="Xjenza tad-Dinja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Xjenza tad-Dinja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="დიხაუჩაშ მენცარობეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიხაუჩაშ მენცარობეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains_bumi" title="Sains bumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sains bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimu_bumi" title="Ilimu bumi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ilimu bumi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-gi%C3%B9_Ku%C5%8F-h%C5%8Fk" title="Dê-giù Kuŏ-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-giù Kuŏ-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A9ncia_de_la_Tierra" title="Ciéncia de la Tierra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ciéncia de la Tierra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дэлхий судлал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхий судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6" title="ကမ္ဘာမြေ သိပ္ပံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာမြေ သိပ္ပံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwetenschappen" title="Aardwetenschappen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardwetenschappen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdwetenschoppen" title="Eerdwetenschoppen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eerdwetenschoppen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पृथ्वी विज्ञान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पृथ्वी विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дуьненах лаьцна Ӏилманаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дуьненах лаьцна Ӏилманаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geovitenskap" title="Geovitenskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geovitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofag" title="Geofag – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geofag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teral_sienties" title="Teral sienties – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Teral sienties" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncias_de_la_T%C3%A8rra" title="Sciéncias de la Tèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sciéncias de la Tèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਧਰਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B6%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6" title="ကမ္ဘာႏဟံႏသိပ္ပံ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကမ္ဘာႏဟံႏသိပ္ပံ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90" title="ځمکپوهنې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکپوهنې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oert_sayans" title="Oert sayans – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Oert sayans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdwetenschoppen" title="Eerdwetenschoppen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eerdwetenschoppen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauki_o_Ziemi" title="Nauki o Ziemi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nauki o Ziemi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoci%C3%AAncia" title="Geociência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geociência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bele_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Științele Pământului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Științele Pământului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienzas_da_la_Terra" title="Scienzas da la Terra – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Scienzas da la Terra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Науки о Земле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Науки о Земле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D2%AF%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Сир үөрэхтэрэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сир үөрэхтэрэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भूगर्भशास्त्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भूगर्भशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isci%C3%A8ntzias_de_sa_Terra" title="Iscièntzias de sa Terra – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscièntzias de sa Terra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yird_science" title="Yird science – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yird science" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84idkunde_af_Geowietenskuppe" title="Äidkunde af Geowietenskuppe – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Äidkunde af Geowietenskuppe" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkencat_e_Tok%C3%ABs" title="Shkencat e Tokës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkencat e Tokës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienzi_d%C3%A2_terra" title="Scienzi dâ terra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scienzi dâ terra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ڌرتي سائنس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڌرتي سائنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedy_o_Zemi" title="Vedy o Zemi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vedy o Zemi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vede_o_Zemlji" title="Vede o Zemlji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vede o Zemlji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="زانستی زەوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانستی زەوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B8" title="Науке о Земљи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Науке о Земљи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauke_o_Zemlji" title="Nauke o Zemlji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nauke o Zemlji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lmu_bumi" title="Élmu bumi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Élmu bumi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotieteet" title="Geotieteet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geotieteet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geovetenskap" title="Geovetenskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geovetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agham_pandaigdig" title="Agham pandaigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agham pandaigdig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="புவி அறிவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவி அறிவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timassanin_n_wakal" title="Timassanin n wakal – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Timassanin n wakal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D3%A9%D0%B9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80" title="Җирне өйрәнүче фәннәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җирне өйрәнүче фәннәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భూ శాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="วิทยาศาสตร์โลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาศาสตร์โลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer_bilimleri" title="Yer bilimleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yer bilimleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E" title="Науки про Землю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Науки про Землю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="زمینیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمینیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siense_de_%C5%82a_Tera" title="Siense de ła Tera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Siense de ła Tera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Khoa học Trái Đất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học Trái Đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyensya_han_Kalibutan" title="Siyensya han Kalibutan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Siyensya han Kalibutan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xam-xamu_suuf_si_ak_jawwu_ji" title="Xam-xamu suuf si ak jawwu ji – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xam-xamu suuf si ak jawwu ji" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="地球科學 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地球科學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayensi_ya_Misava" title="Sayensi ya Misava – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Sayensi ya Misava" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="ערד וויסנשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערד וויסנשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="地球科學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地球科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muokslos_api_%C5%BDem%C4%97" title="Muokslos api Žemė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Muokslos api Žemė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地球科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/375px-Volcano_q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/500px-Volcano_q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> eruption is the release of stored energy from below the surface of Earth. The heat comes mostly from <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>, in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Earth science</b> is an all-embracing term for the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a> related to the planet <a href="/wiki/Earth_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth (planet)">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earth science may also be called <b>geoscience</b>. Geoscience is the study of the <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> of the Earth. </p><p>It is a broader term than <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> because it includes aspects of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a>, which is part of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. The Earth sciences include the study of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>, as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists use ideas from <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> to understand the Earth, and how it evolved to its current state. </p><p>If there is one fact which underlies all Earth science it is this: the Earth is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient" class="mw-disambig" title="Ancient">ancient</a> <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> which has been changing the whole time since its <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">formation</a>. The extent of the changes is much greater than people used to think.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fields_of_study">Fields of study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Fields of study" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Fields of study"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg/250px-Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg/375px-Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg/500px-Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>–<a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> boundary, an example of <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> transgression as exposed on the Southern tip of the Hovedøya island, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. Due to the folding of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caledonian (not yet started)">Caledonian</a> mountain range, the layers have been inverted, leaving Ordovician granular <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> on top of the later Silurian brownish <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following disciplines are generally recognised as being within the geosciences: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocky</a> parts of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>) and its historic development. Major subdisciplines are <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a>, geochemistry, <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a>, petrophysics, <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>, structural geology, engineering <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">sedimentology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a> investigate the shape of the Earth, its reaction to forces and its <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> fields. Geophysicists explore the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">Earth's core</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">mantle</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismic</a> activity of the lithosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> covers the outermost layer of the Earth's crust that is subject to soil formation processes (or pedosphere).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">limnology</a>) describe the marine and freshwater domains of the <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">watery</a> parts of the Earth (or <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>). Includes <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a> covers the <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">icy</a> parts of the Earth (or <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">cryosphere</a>).</li> <li>Atmospheric sciences cover the <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaseous</a> parts of the Earth (or <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>) between the surface and the <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a> (about 1000 km). Major subdisciplines are <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>, atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a> includes the study of distant stars and galaxies to the examination of the 4.6 billion years old Earth from an astronomical point of view. It is also closely related with the study of the solar system and its <a href="/wiki/Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a>, a subdiscipline called <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetology</a>. A more distant relative of astronomy is <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a>, which aims to study the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Closely related to the earth sciences are <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Earth_science_topics">List of Earth science topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: List of Earth science topics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: List of Earth science topics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Atmosphere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Atmosphere"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li>Paleoclimatology</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosphere">Biosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Biosphere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Biosphere"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micropaleontology" title="Micropaleontology">Micropaleontology</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Hydrosphere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Hydrosphere"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li>Paleoceanography</li> <li>Physical oceanography</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithosphere_or_geosphere">Lithosphere or geosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Lithosphere or geosphere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Lithosphere or geosphere"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_geology" title="Environmental geology">Environmental geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical geology">Historical geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a></li> <li>Structural geology</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical geography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Geochemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> <ul><li>Geodynamics (see also <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">Tectonics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomagnetic">Geomagnetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">Volcanology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Pedosphere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Pedosphere"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems">Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Systems" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Systems"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental science (not yet started)">Environmental science</a></li> <li>Geography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Others" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Others"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Engineering Geology</li> <li>Geostatistics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Volcanoes</i>. Academic Press, London, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410063158/https://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=earth%20science">"Wordnet Search: Earth science"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=earth%20science">the original</a> on 2020-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wordnet+Search%3A+Earth+science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnet.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3Dearth%2520science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Andel, Tjeerd 1994. <i>New views on an old planet: a history of global change</i>. 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Simon & Lambert, David 2006. <i>Earth Science: an illustrated guide to science</i>. New York NY 10001: Chelsea House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-6164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-6164-5">0-8160-6164-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith_5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smith_5_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smith_5_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Gary A. & Pun, Aurora 2006. How does the Earth work?. Pearson Prentice Hall, NJ. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-034129-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-034129-0">0-13-034129-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=geodesy">Wordnet Search: Geodesy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since January 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/geodesy/welcome.html">NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Geodesy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030004610/http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/ped/pedosph.htm">"Elissa Levine, 2001, The Pedosphere As A Hub"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/ped/pedosph.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elissa+Levine%2C+2001%2C+The+Pedosphere+As+A+Hub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoil.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fped%2Fpedosph.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209052922/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html">"Duane Gardiner, Lecture: Why study soils? excerpted from Miller R.W. & D.T. Gardiner, 1998. <i>Soils in our environment</i>, 8th Edition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html">the original</a> on 2018-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duane+Gardiner%2C+Lecture%3A+Why+study+soils%3F+excerpted+from+Miller+R.W.+%26+D.T.+Gardiner%2C+1998.+Soils+in+our+environment%2C+8th+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjan.ucc.nau.edu%2F~doetqp-p%2Fcourses%2Fenv320%2Flec1%2FLec1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCrashCourse2015" class="citation cs2">CrashCourse (2015-01-15), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rHUDWjR5gg&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPAJr1ysd5yGIyiSFuh0mIL"><i>Introduction to Astronomy: Crash Course Astronomy #1</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Astronomy%3A+Crash+Course+Astronomy+%231&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft.au=CrashCourse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0rHUDWjR5gg%26list%3DPL8dPuuaLjXtPAJr1ysd5yGIyiSFuh0mIL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AEarth+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Earth_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Earth sciences"><span style="">Earth sciences</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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