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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg/220px-Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg/330px-Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Leonidas_C._Dyer_Edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_C._Dyer" title="Leonidas C. Dyer">Leonidas C. Dyer</a>, Republican representative from Missouri, sponsor of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</b> (1918) was first introduced in the <a href="/wiki/65th_United_States_Congress" title="65th United States Congress">65th United States Congress</a> by Representative <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_C._Dyer" title="Leonidas C. Dyer">Leonidas C. Dyer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> as H.R. 11279<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order "to protect citizens of the United States against lynching in default of protection by the States."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended to establish <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> as a federal crime. The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was re-introduced in subsequent sessions of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and passed, 230 to 119,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the House of Representatives on January 26, 1922,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its passage was halted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Southern Democrats</a>, who formed a powerful block. Southern Democrats justified their opposition to the bill by arguing that lynchings were a response to rapes and proclaiming that lynchings were an issue that should be left for states to deal with.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to pass similar legislation took a halt until the <a href="/wiki/Costigan-Wagner_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Costigan-Wagner Bill">Costigan-Wagner Bill</a> of 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-NAACP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAACP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent bills followed but the Congress never made lynching a federal crime due to powerful opposition from Southern senators;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was not until 2022 that both houses passed <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act" title="Emmett Till Antilynching Act">an Act</a> to make lynching a federal crime.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mp210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mp210.jpg/220px-Mp210.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mp210.jpg/330px-Mp210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mp210.jpg/440px-Mp210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>1922 <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> advertisement attempted to raise awareness about the lynching epidemic and the proposed Dyer anti-lynching bill.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Lynchings were predominantly committed by whites against African Americans in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the Southern</a> and border states. According to statistics compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute">Tuskegee Institute</a>, between the years 1882 and 1951 some 4,730 people were lynched in the United States, of whom 3,437 were black and 1,293 were white.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first wave of lynchings occurred in the years immediately following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, but fell off sharply with the dissolution of the first <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> about 1870. There was a revival in the 1890s; the largest annual number of lynchings occurred in 1892 (230 persons were lynched that year: 161 African-Americans and 69 whites).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued for the next two decades at relatively high levels, in what is often called the <a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">nadir of American race relations</a>, a period marked by <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era (United States)">disfranchisement</a> of African Americans and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> in the South, and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against African Americans">discrimination against African Americans</a> across the country. </p><p>Many lynchings were the result of Southern whites' extrajudicial efforts to maintain <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, after gaining <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era (United States)">disfranchisement</a> of most blacks through discriminatory voter registration and electoral rules, and imposing <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> laws on the black population in the late 19th and early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintaining white supremacy in economic affairs played a part as well.<sup id="cite_ref-whowaslynched2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowaslynched2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social changes resulting from a rapid rise in immigration from southern and eastern Europe, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Ku_Klux_Klan" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Ku Klux Klan">Second Ku Klux Klan</a>, and the internal <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> of blacks from the South to industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest contributed to violent confrontations. In 1917, white mobs had <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis riots">attacked blacks</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis">East St. Louis</a> (a city located directly across the Mississippi River from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>) over competition for work and punishment for <a href="/wiki/Strikebreakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Strikebreakers">strikebreakers</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3436_blots_of_shame_on_the_United_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing sites of lynching in the US between 1889 and 1922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/3436_blots_of_shame_on_the_United_States.jpg/220px-3436_blots_of_shame_on_the_United_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/3436_blots_of_shame_on_the_United_States.jpg/330px-3436_blots_of_shame_on_the_United_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/3436_blots_of_shame_on_the_United_States.jpg/440px-3436_blots_of_shame_on_the_United_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3052" /></a><figcaption>Map used to argued for the passage of the bill in 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1900 Representative <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_White" title="George Henry White">George Henry White</a>, a black Republican from North Carolina, introduced the first anti-lynching bill in Congress. It was subsequently defeated in a committee.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1919, the NAACP published a report which disproved the myth that stated most lynchings were based on African-American attacks on white women: less than one sixth of the 2,500 African Americans lynched from 1889 to 1918 had even been accused of rape.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_Anti-lynching_Bill_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer_Anti-lynching_Bill-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Bill_is_introduced">The Bill is introduced</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Bill is introduced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Representative <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_C._Dyer" title="Leonidas C. Dyer">Leonidas C. Dyer</a>, who represented a majority African-American district, had taken notice of the <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> occurring around him and was outraged by the violence and disregard for law in such riots. Dyer was especially concerned about the continued high rate of lynchings in the South and the failure of local and state authorities to prosecute them. This inspired his anti-lynching bill. The <b>Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</b> (1918) (H.R. 11279)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced in order "to protect citizens of the United States against lynching in default of protection by the States."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A silent protest in support of the bill was organized by African Americans on June 14, 1922 in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-churchwell122_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-churchwell122-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> announced his support for Dyer's bill during a speaking engagement in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>. Although the bill was quickly passed by a large majority in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, it was prevented from coming to a vote in 1922, 1923, and 1924 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibusters</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democratic</a> bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_Anti-lynching_Bill_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer_Anti-lynching_Bill-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Senators opposed anti-lynching laws and other civil rights legislation on the ground that blacks were responsible for more crime, more babies born out of wedlock, more welfare and other forms of social assistance, and that strong measures were needed to keep them under control.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was the first time the Senate Journal was used as a means to <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">filibuster</a> legislation as the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Senate rules</a> state that "the reading of the Journal shall not be suspended unless by unanimous consent".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During debate for the Bill in 1922, the Mississippi Senator <a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Pat Harrison</a> started discussing the Senate Journal and was unable to be <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">clotured</a> until the sponsors withdrew the Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-CaroSenate3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaroSenate3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antilynching_bill_..._Report_(IA_antilynchingbill00unit).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antilynching_bill_..._Report_%28IA_antilynchingbill00unit%29.pdf/page1-220px-Antilynching_bill_..._Report_%28IA_antilynchingbill00unit%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antilynching_bill_..._Report_%28IA_antilynchingbill00unit%29.pdf/page1-330px-Antilynching_bill_..._Report_%28IA_antilynchingbill00unit%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antilynching_bill_..._Report_%28IA_antilynchingbill00unit%29.pdf/page1-440px-Antilynching_bill_..._Report_%28IA_antilynchingbill00unit%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>US House of Representatives Report No. 452 (1921)</figcaption></figure> <p>The bill<sup id="cite_ref-Naacp_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naacp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classified lynching as a federal <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>, which would have allowed the United States to prosecute cases, since states and local authorities seldom did. The bill prescribed punishments for perpetrators, specifically: </p> <ul><li>(a) A maximum of 5 years in prison, $5,000 fine, or both, for any state or city official who had the power to protect a person in his <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> but failed to do so <i>or</i> who had the power to <a href="/wiki/Prosecute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecute">prosecute</a> those responsible and failed to do so.</li> <li>(b) A minimum of 5 years in prison for anyone who participated in a lynching, whether they were an ordinary citizen or the official responsible for keeping the victim safe.</li> <li>(c) $10,000 fine to be paid by the county in which the lynching took place, to be turned over to the victim's family or his parents, or to the United States government if the victim has no family. If the victim was seized in one county and killed in another, both counties were to be fined.</li></ul> <p>In addition, the law prescribed actions of special circumstances: </p> <ul><li>(a) If officers fail to equally protect all citizens, they can be prosecuted in federal court.</li> <li>(b) Foreign visitors were not exempt from this law and were to be prosecuted within the laws of the state or territory, as well as protected by those same laws.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1882 to 1968, "...nearly 200 anti-lynching bills were introduced in Congress, and three passed the House. Seven presidents between 1890 and 1952 asked Congress to pass a federal law."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No bills were approved by the Senate during this time period because of the powerful opposition of the conservative Southern Democratic voting bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the publicity the bill generated, together with the NAACP report and the <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_on_Lynching" title="National Conference on Lynching">National Conference on Lynching</a>, moved local and state governments to take lynching more seriously. Lynchings decreased dramatically after 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922 and 1923, Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">William Borah</a> spoke against passage of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, which had passed the House. A strong supporter of state sovereignty, he believed that punishing state officials for failure to prevent lynchings was unconstitutional, and that if the states could not prevent such murders, federal legislation would do no good. The bill was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Southern_filibuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern filibuster">filibuster</a> in the Senate by Southern Democrats. When another bill (Costigan–Wagner Bill) was introduced in 1935 and 1938, Borah continued to speak against it, by that time saying that it was no longer needed, as the number of lynchings had dropped sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-CR_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CR-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 13, 2005, in a resolution sponsored by senators <a href="/wiki/Mary_Landrieu" title="Mary Landrieu">Mary Landrieu</a> of Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen (U.S. politician)">George Allen</a> of Virginia, together with 78 others, the US Senate formally apologized for its failure to enact this and other anti-lynching bills "when action was most needed."<sup id="cite_ref-AP_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 30, 2018, three senators (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a>) introduced the <a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Victims_of_Lynching_Act" title="Justice for Victims of Lynching Act">Justice for Victims of Lynching Act</a> to make lynching a Federal hate crime.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate voted unanimously in favor of it on December 19, 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the bill died because it was not passed by the House before the 115th Congress ended on January 3, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 26, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act" title="Emmett Till Antilynching Act">Emmett Till Antilynching Act</a>, a revised version of the Justice for Victims of Lynching Act, passed the House of Representatives, by a vote of 410–4.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> of Kentucky has held the bill from passage by unanimous consent in the Senate, out of concern that a convicted criminal could face "a new 10-year penalty for ... minor bruising".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul requested expedited passage of an amended version of the bill, which would require "an attempt to do bodily harm" for an act to be considered lynching, saying that lynching is already illegal under federal Law.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> House Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Steny Hoyer</a> criticized Paul's position, saying on Twitter that "it is shameful that one GOP Senator is standing in the way of seeing this bill become law". Then-senator <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> added that "Senator Paul is now trying to weaken a bill that was already passed — there's no reason for this" while speaking to have the amendment defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A revised version of the Emmett Till Antilynching Act, with the addition of a serious bodily injury standard, was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th Congress</a>. It passed the House of Representatives on February 28, 2022, and the Senate on March 7, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> on March 29, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, Volume 65, Issue 2</i>. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1918. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+House+of+Representatives+of+the+United+States%2C+Volume+65%2C+Issue+2&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310172424/https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Temporary-Farewell/Anti-Lynching-Legislation/">"Anti-Lynching Legislation Renewed"</a>. US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Temporary-Farewell/Anti-Lynching-Legislation/">the original</a> on March 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Lynching+Legislation+Renewed&rft.pub=US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FExhibitions-and-Publications%2FBAIC%2FHistorical-Essays%2FTemporary-Farewell%2FAnti-Lynching-Legislation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"House Passes Bill to Curb Lynching— Votes 230 to 119 Making It a Federal Crime and Providing Penalties", <i>The New York Times</i>, January 27, 1922, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2014" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Megan Ming (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/civil-rights-and-the-making-of-the-modern-american-state/antilynching-legislation-and-the-sinking-of-the-republican-ship-in-congress/8B742E5D51680719F310EB88888B666A">"Anti-Lynching Legislation and the Sinking of the Republican Ship in Congress"</a>. <i>Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State</i>. pp. 98–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139583749.004">10.1017/CBO9781139583749.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139583749" title="Special:BookSources/9781139583749"><bdi>9781139583749</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307223753/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/civil-rights-and-the-making-of-the-modern-american-state/antilynching-legislation-and-the-sinking-of-the-republican-ship-in-congress/8B742E5D51680719F310EB88888B666A">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Lynching+Legislation+and+the+Sinking+of+the+Republican+Ship+in+Congress&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+American+State&rft.pages=98-126&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139583749.004&rft.isbn=9781139583749&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Megan+Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcivil-rights-and-the-making-of-the-modern-american-state%2Fantilynching-legislation-and-the-sinking-of-the-republican-ship-in-congress%2F8B742E5D51680719F310EB88888B666A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAACP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAACP_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516144410/http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history-anti-lynching-bill">"NAACP History: Anti-Lynching Bill"</a>. <i>www.naacp.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history-anti-lynching-bill">the original</a> on 2015-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.naacp.org&rft.atitle=NAACP+History%3A+Anti-Lynching+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fpages%2Fnaacp-history-anti-lynching-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasur2018" class="citation news cs1">Masur, Louis P. (December 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2018/12/28/why-it-took-century-pass-an-anti-lynching-law/">"Why it took a century to pass an anti-lynching law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030125/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2018/12/28/why-it-took-century-pass-an-anti-lynching-law/">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+it+took+a+century+to+pass+an+anti-lynching+law&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft.aulast=Masur&rft.aufirst=Louis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2018%2F12%2F28%2Fwhy-it-took-century-pass-an-anti-lynching-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonmez2022" class="citation news cs1">Sonmez, Felicia (March 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308231744/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/07/senate-unanimously-passes-anti-lynching-bill-after-century-failure/">"Senate unanimously passes anti-lynching bill after century of failure"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/07/senate-unanimously-passes-anti-lynching-bill-after-century-failure/">the original</a> on March 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Senate+unanimously+passes+anti-lynching+bill+after+century+of+failure&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Sonmez&rft.aufirst=Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F03%2F07%2Fsenate-unanimously-passes-anti-lynching-bill-after-century-failure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6786/">"New York Times"</a>. 1922-11-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503051909/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6786">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Times&rft.date=1922-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymatters.gmu.edu%2Fd%2F6786%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzman1952" class="citation book cs1">Guzman, Jessie P (1952). <i>Negro Yearbook</i>. 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Yale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722040123/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/2/79.02.04.x.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Negro+Holocaust%3A+Lynching+and+Race+Riots+in+the+United+States%2C+1880%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Yale&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fynhti%2Fcurriculum%2Funits%2F1979%2F2%2F79.02.04.x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=224731">Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", <i>Constitutional Commentary</i>, Vol.17, 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121211213/https://ssrn.com/abstract=224731">Archived</a> 2018-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 10 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whowaslynched2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whowaslynched2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nellpainter.com/cv/articles/32_WhoWasLynched.html">"Who Was Lynched?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513003421/http://www.nellpainter.com/nell/cv/articles/32_WhoWasLynched.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nell_Painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nell Painter">Nell Painter</a> Website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaleem2018" class="citation news cs1">Kaleem, Jaweed (December 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-anti-lynching-law-20181205-story.html">"Congress has tried more than 200 times to pass an anti-lynching law. This year, it could fail again"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112343/https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-anti-lynching-law-20181205-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Congress+has+tried+more+than+200+times+to+pass+an+anti-lynching+law.+This+year%2C+it+could+fail+again&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Kaleem&rft.aufirst=Jaweed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-na-anti-lynching-law-20181205-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyer_Anti-lynching_Bill-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_Anti-lynching_Bill_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_Anti-lynching_Bill_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scalar.usc.edu/nehvectors/stakeman/dyer-anti-lynching-bill">"Dyer Anti-lynching Bill"</a>. <i>scalar.usc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522094214/http://scalar.usc.edu/nehvectors/stakeman/dyer-anti-lynching-bill">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scalar.usc.edu&rft.atitle=Dyer+Anti-lynching+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscalar.usc.edu%2Fnehvectors%2Fstakeman%2Fdyer-anti-lynching-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, Volume 65, Issue 2</i>. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1918. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+House+of+Representatives+of+the+United+States%2C+Volume+65%2C+Issue+2&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310172424/https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Temporary-Farewell/Anti-Lynching-Legislation/">"Anti-Lynching Legislation Renewed"</a>. US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Temporary-Farewell/Anti-Lynching-Legislation/">the original</a> on March 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Lynching+Legislation+Renewed&rft.pub=US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FExhibitions-and-Publications%2FBAIC%2FHistorical-Essays%2FTemporary-Farewell%2FAnti-Lynching-Legislation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-churchwell122-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-churchwell122_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchwell2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchwell" title="Sarah Churchwell">Churchwell, Sarah</a> (2018). <i>Behold, America: The Entangled History of America First and the American Dream</i>. New York: Basic Books. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781541673403" title="Special:BookSources/9781541673403"><bdi>9781541673403</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1060691813">1060691813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behold%2C+America%3A+The+Entangled+History+of+America+First+and+the+American+Dream&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1060691813&rft.isbn=9781541673403&rft.aulast=Churchwell&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merle Miller, Lyndon: An Oral Biography at 73 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons 1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IV, 1, (b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rules.senate.gov/rules-of-the-senate">https://www.rules.senate.gov/rules-of-the-senate</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaroSenate3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaroSenate3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro2002" class="citation book cs1">Caro, Robert (2002). "3. Seniority and the South". <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Senate" title="Master of the Senate"><i>Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-52836-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-52836-0"><bdi>0-394-52836-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Seniority+and+the+South&rft.btitle=Master+of+the+Senate%3A+The+Years+of+Lyndon+Johnson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-394-52836-0&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naacp-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naacp_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (October 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobbingofjohnrsh00nati"><i>Mobbing of John R. Shillady, secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, at Austin, Texas, Aug. 22, 1919. County Judge boasts of his leadership in the mobbing. Governor W.P. Hobby of Texas publicly approves the mob attack</i></a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobbing+of+John+R.+Shillady%2C+secretary+of+the+National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People%2C+at+Austin%2C+Texas%2C+Aug.+22%2C+1919.+County+Judge+boasts+of+his+leadership+in+the+mobbing.+Governor+W.P.+Hobby+of+Texas+publicly+approves+the+mob+attack.&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1919-10&rft.au=National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmobbingofjohnrsh00nati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States#cite_note-AP-7" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States#cite note-AP-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/senate-apologizes-for-not-passing-anti-lynching-laws">Associated Press, "Senate Apologizes for Not Passing Anti-Lynching Laws"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118020736/https://www.foxnews.com/story/senate-apologizes-for-not-passing-anti-lynching-laws">Archived</a> 2020-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fox News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Red-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Red_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhirter2011" class="citation book cs1">McWhirter, Cameron (2011). <i>Red Summer. The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt</a>. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805089066" title="Special:BookSources/9780805089066"><bdi>9780805089066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Summer.+The+Summer+of+1919+and+the+Awakening+of+Black+America&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780805089066&rft.aulast=McWhirter&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CR-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CR_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322090032/http://www.electricprint.com/academic/department/AandL/AAS/ANNOUNCE/vra/lynch/congress/congress1.htm">"Proceedings of the U.S. Senate on June 13, 2005 regarding the "Senate Apology" as Reported in the 'Congressional Record'", Part 3, Mr. Craig"</a>. African American Studies, University of Buffalo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricprint.com/academic/department/AandL/AAS/ANNOUNCE/vra/lynch/congress/congress1.htm">the original</a> on March 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Emmett+Till+bill+making+lynching+a+federal+crime+passes+House&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft.au=Ella+Torres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Femmett-till-bill-making-lynching-federal-crime-passes%2Fstory%3Fid%3D69229940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/sen-paul-acknowledges-holding-up-anti-lynching-bill-says-he-fears-it-would-be-wrongly-applied/2020/06/03/29b97330-a5bf-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html#comments-wrapper">"Sen. Paul acknowledges holding up anti-lynching bill, says he fears it would be wrongly applied"</a>. <i>washingtonpost.com</i>. 2020-06-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124132044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/sen-paul-acknowledges-holding-up-anti-lynching-bill-says-he-fears-it-would-be-wrongly-applied/2020/06/03/29b97330-a5bf-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html#comments-wrapper">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CNN. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foran, Clare; Fox, Lauren (June 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/politics/anti-lynching-bill-fight-senate-floor-cory-booker-rand-paul/index.html">"Emotional debate erupts over anti-lynching legislation as Cory Booker and Kamala Harris speak out against Rand Paul amendment"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605000240/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/politics/anti-lynching-bill-fight-senate-floor-cory-booker-rand-paul/index.html">Archived</a> 2020-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CNN. 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Al Jazeera. March 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+Congress+passes+bill+to+make+lynching+federal+hate+crime&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F3%2F8%2Fus-congress-passes-bill-to-make-lynching-federal-hate-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2022" class="citation news cs1">Cox, Chelsey (March 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/03/08/emmett-till-antilynching-act-passes-senate/9427711002/">"A 'critical step toward justice': Senate passes the Emmett Till Antilynching Act"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=A+%27critical+step+toward+justice%27%3A+Senate+passes+the+Emmett+Till+Antilynching+Act&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Chelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F03%2F08%2Femmett-till-antilynching-act-passes-senate%2F9427711002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDanielMoore2022" class="citation news cs1">McDaniel, Eric; Moore, Elena (2022-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/03/29/1086720579/lynching-is-now-a-federal-hate-crime-after-a-century-of-blocked-efforts">"Lynching is now a federal hate crime after a century of blocked efforts"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Lynching+is+now+a+federal+hate+crime+after+a+century+of+blocked+efforts&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Moore%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F03%2F29%2F1086720579%2Flynching-is-now-a-federal-hate-crime-after-a-century-of-blocked-efforts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzburg1988" class="citation book cs1">Ginzburg, Ralph (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/100yearsoflynchi00ralp"><i>One Hundred Years of Lynchings </i>(1962)<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Black_Classic_Press" title="Black Classic Press">Black Classic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0933121180" title="Special:BookSources/0933121180"><bdi>0933121180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Lynchings+%281962%29&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Black+Classic+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0933121180&rft.aulast=Ginzburg&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F100yearsoflynchi00ralp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyer+Anti-Lynching+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Timothy J. Greene, "Teaching the Limits of Liberalism in the Interwar Years: The NAACP's Antilynching Campaign," <i>OAH Magazine of History,</i> vol. 18, no. 2 (Jan. 2004), pp. 28–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25163658">In JSTOR</a></li> <li>William B. Harvey, "Constitutional Law: Anti-Lynching Legislation," <i>Michigan Law Review,</i> vol. 47, no. 3 (Jan. 1949), pp. 369–377. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1284182">In JSTOR</a></li> <li>William B. Hixson, Jr., "Moorfield Storey and the Defense of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill," <i>New England Quarterly,</i> vol. 42, no. 1 (March 1969), pp. 65–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/363500">In JSTOR</a></li> <li>William F. Pinar, "The NAACP and the Struggle for Anti-Lynching Federal Legislation, 1917–1950," in <i>Counterpoints,</i> Vol. 163 (2001), pp. 683–752. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42977761">In JSTOR</a></li> <li>Mark Robert Schneider, <i>"We Return Fighting": The Civil Rights Movement in the Jazz Age.</i> Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Robert L. Zangrando, <i>The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950.</i> Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1980.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Before 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Francis_McIntosh" title="Lynching of Francis McIntosh">Francis McIntosh</a> (1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a> (1837)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josefa_Segovia" title="Josefa Segovia">Josefa Segovia</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Daniel" title="Pancho Daniel">Pancho Daniel</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1863" title="Detroit race riot of 1863">Joshua Boyd</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Henry Plummer</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Sketoe" title="Bill Sketoe">Bill Sketoe</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clubfoot_George" title="Clubfoot George">Clubfoot George</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Outlaw" title="Wyatt Outlaw">Wyatt Outlaw</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stephens" title="John W. Stephens">John W. Stephens</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boyd_(county_solicitor)" title="Alexander Boyd (county solicitor)">Alexander Boyd</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Williams_(militia_leader)" title="Jim Williams (militia leader)">Jim Williams</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Jones" title="Lynching of David Jones">David Jones</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jo_Reed" title="Lynching of Jo Reed">Jo Reed</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair_(minister)" title="Arthur St. Clair (minister)">Arthur St. Clair</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Green" title="Lynching of Michael Green">Michael Green</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Standing" title="Joseph Standing">Joseph Standing</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_Nose_George" title="Big Nose George">Big Nose George Parrott</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thurber" title="Charles Thurber">Charles Thurber</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bisbee_massacre" title="Bisbee massacre">John Wesley Heath</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Eliza_Woods" title="Lynching of Eliza Woods">Eliza Woods</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mingo_Jack" title="Mingo Jack">Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Amos_Miller" title="Lynching of Amos Miller">Amos Miller</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Vermillion" title="Lynching of Joseph Vermillion">Joseph Vermillion</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Meadows" title="Lynching of George Meadows">George Meadows</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Watson" title="Ellen Watson">Ellen Watson</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Brown Washington</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_Taylor" title="Lynching of Jim Taylor">Jim Taylor</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman#Lynching_and_race" title="Benjamin Tillman">Dick Lundy</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Coe" title="Lynching of Joe Coe">Joe Coe</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(lynching_victim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lewis (lynching victim)">Robert Lewis</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ephraim_Grizzard" title="Lynching of Ephraim Grizzard">Ephraim Grizzard</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_J._Bush" title="Lynching of Samuel J. Bush">Samuel J. Bush</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark,_South_Carolina#History" title="Denmark, South Carolina">John Peterson</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Alfred_Blount" title="Lynching of Alfred Blount">Alfred Blount</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(lynching_victim)" title="Henry Smith (lynching victim)">Henry Smith</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Richard_Puryear" title="Lynching of Richard Puryear">Richard Puryear</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Stephen_Williams" title="Lynching of Stephen Williams">Stephen Williams</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Springs,_Mississippi#Lynching" title="Rocky Springs, Mississippi">Amos Hicks</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland#Incorporation_and_disincorporation" title="Ellicott City, Maryland">Jacob Henson</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Andrews" title="Lynching of William Andrews">William Andrews</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_H._McCoy" title="Lynching of Joseph H. McCoy">Joseph H. McCoy</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama#History" title="LaFayette, Alabama">John Anderson</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Henry_James" title="Lynching of John Henry James">John Henry James</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_F._W._Stewart" title="Lynching of F. W. Stewart">F. W. Stewart</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Sam_Hose" title="Lynching of Sam Hose">Sam Hose</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_Thomas" title="Lynching of Benjamin Thomas">Benjamin Thomas</a> (1899)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rochelle" title="Fred Rochelle">Fred Rochelle</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ballie_Crutchfield" title="Lynching of Ballie Crutchfield">Ballie Crutchfield</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Ward" title="Lynching of George Ward">George Ward</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#Twentieth_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Walker Davis</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danville_race_riot" title="Danville race riot">J. D. Mayfield</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_White" title="Lynching of George White"> George White</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Wyatt" title="Lynching of David Wyatt">David Wyatt</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Marie_Thompson" title="Lynching of Marie Thompson">Marie Thompson</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paul_Reed_and_Will_Cato" title="Lynching of Paul Reed and Will Cato">Paul Reed and Will Cato</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama#Lynching_of_Bunk_Richardson" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Bunk Richardson</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ed_Johnson" title="Lynching of Ed Johnson">Ed Johnson</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toyah,_Texas#History" title="Toyah, Texas">Slab Pitts</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Burns" title="Lynching of William Burns">William Burns</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Earnest_Williams" title="Lynching of Earnest Williams">Earnest Williams</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Miller_(outlaw)" title="Jim Miller (outlaw)">Jim Miller</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">James Hodges</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Matthew Chase</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Mose" Creole</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Pie" Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_%22Froggie%22_James" title="William "Froggie" James">William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Alabama#1910_lynching" title="Centreville, Alabama">Grant Richardson</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_King_Johnson" title="Lynching of King Johnson">King Johnson</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Name unknown (TX)</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L. D. Nelson</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermore,_Kentucky#Opera_house_lynching" title="Livermore, Kentucky">Will Porter</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Zachariah_Walker" title="Lynching of Zachariah Walker">Zachariah Walker</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Mary Jackson</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_racial_conflict_in_Forsyth_County,_Georgia" title="1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County, Georgia">Rob Edwards</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">George Saunders</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Robert Perry</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">? Anderson</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Fisher</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Evans" title="Lynching of John Evans">John Evans</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Name unknown (MS)</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jesse_Washington" title="Lynching of Jesse Washington">Jesse Washington</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Anthony_Crawford" title="Lynching of Anthony Crawford">Anthony Crawford</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Jeff Brown</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paulo_Boleta" title="Lynching of Paulo Boleta">Paulo Boleta</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Little_(unionist)" title="Frank Little (unionist)">Frank Little</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Jones</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ell_Persons" title="Lynching of Ell Persons">Ell Persons</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Prager" title="Robert Prager">Robert Prager</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Mary Turner and her unborn baby</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Hazel "Hayes" Turner</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Taylor" title="Lynching of George Taylor">George Taylor</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_McIlherron" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim McIlherron">Jim McIlherron</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Olli_Kinkkonen" title="Lynching of Olli Kinkkonen">Olli Kinkkonen</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Wallace Baynes</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Will Brown</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Everest" title="Wesley Everest">Wesley Everest</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hartfield" title="John Hartfield">John Hartfield</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jay_Lynch" title="Lynching of Jay Lynch">Jay Lynch</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berry_Washington" title="Berry Washington">Berry Washington</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Alabama_coal_strike#Willie_Baird" title="1920 Alabama coal strike">Willie Baird</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Belton" title="Roy Belton">Roy Belton</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rowland" title="Dick Rowland">Dick Rowland (attempted)</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Lowry" title="Lynching of Henry Lowry">Henry Lowry</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_James_Harvey_and_Joe_Jordan" title="Lynching of James Harvey and Joe Jordan">James Harvey and Joe Jordan</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pullen" title="Joe Pullen">Joe Pullen</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Smith" title="Lynching of Samuel Smith">Samuel Smith</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_L._Q._Ivy" title="Lynching of L. Q. Ivy">L. Q. Ivy</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Byrd" title="Lynching of Raymond Byrd">Raymond Byrd</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(lynching_victim)" title="James Clark (lynching victim)">James Clark</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake,_Colorado#Fred_Selak" title="Grand Lake, Colorado">Fred N. Selak</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Tom_Payne" title="Lynching of Tom Payne">Tom Payne</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Carter" title="Lynching of John Carter">John Carter</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Dan_Anderson" title="Lynching of Dan Anderson">Dan Anderson</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Will_Sherod" title="Lynching of Will Sherod">Will Sherod</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Bernice_Raspberry" title="Lynching of Bernice Raspberry">Bernice Raspberry</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Owen_Flemming" title="Lynching of Owen Flemming">Owen Flemming</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Upchurch" title="Lynching of Joseph Upchurch">Joseph Upchurch</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Smith" title="Lynching of Joe Smith">Joe Smith</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Albert_Williams" title="Lynching of Albert Williams">Albert Williams</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Bradshaw" title="Lynching of Thomas Bradshaw">Thomas Bradshaw</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Winston_Pounds" title="Lynching of Winston Pounds">Winston Pounds</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Williams" title="Lynching of Thomas Williams">Thomas Williams</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Choate" title="Lynching of Henry Choate">Henry Choate</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Leonard_Woods" title="Lynching of Leonard Woods">Leonard Woods</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mondak,_Montana" title="Mondak, Montana">J. C. Collins</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Hughes" title="Lynching of George Hughes">George Hughes</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron_(activist)" title="James Cameron (activist)">James Cameron</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Gunn" title="Lynching of Raymond Gunn">Lynching of Raymond Gunn</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Williams_(laborer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Williams (laborer)">Matthew Williams</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Shedrick_Thompson" title="Death of Shedrick Thompson">Shedrick Thompson</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Armwood" title="Lynching of George Armwood">George Armwood</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Cordie_Cheek" title="Lynching of Cordie Cheek">Cordie Cheek</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Claude_Neal" title="Lynching of Claude Neal">Claude Neal</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Austin_Callaway" title="Lynching of Austin Callaway">Austin Callaway</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Williams" title="Elbert Williams">Elbert Williams</a> (1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">After 1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hall" title="Felix Hall">Felix Hall</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunze" title="Johannes Kunze">Johannes Kunze</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Screws_v._United_States" title="Screws v. United States">Robert "Bobbie" Hall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_James_Howard" title="Lynching of Willie James Howard">Willie James Howard</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Recy_Taylor" title="Recy Taylor">Recy Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cecil Jones">John Cecil Jones</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_Earle" title="Lynching of Willie Earle">Willie Earle</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith_(activist)" title="Lamar Smith (activist)">Lamar Smith</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Lee" title="George W. Lee">George W. Lee</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judge_Edward_Aaron" title="Judge Edward Aaron">Judge Edward Aaron</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Willie_Edwards" title="Murder of Willie Edwards">Willie Edwards</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Mack_Charles_Parker" title="Lynching of Mack Charles Parker">Mack Charles Parker</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Allen" title="Louis Allen">Louis Allen</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lemuel_Penn" title="Murder of Lemuel Penn">Lemuel Penn</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Frank_Morris" title="Murder of Frank Morris">Frank Morris</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wharlest_Jackson" title="Murder of Wharlest Jackson">Wharlest Jackson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Carol_Jenkins" title="Murder of Carol Jenkins">Carol Jenkins</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Henry_Marrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Henry Marrow">Henry Marrow</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livernois%E2%80%93Fenkell_riot" title="Livernois–Fenkell riot">Marian Pyszko</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Betty_Gardner" title="Murder of Betty Gardner">Betty Gardner</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Miami_riots" title="1980 Miami riots">Arthur McDuffie</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Donald" title="Lynching of Michael Donald">Michael Donald</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Yusef_Hawkins" title="Murder of Yusef Hawkins">Yusef Hawkins</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Byrd_Jr." title="Murder of James Byrd Jr.">James Byrd Jr.</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Craig_Anderson" title="Murder of James Craig Anderson">James Craig Anderson</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ahmaud_Arbery" title="Murder of Ahmaud Arbery">Ahmaud Arbery</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multiple_victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multiple victims</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">Death of Joseph Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a>) (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_massacre" title="Marais des Cygnes massacre">Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit race riot (1863)">Detroit race riot (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Signoret" title="Felix Signoret">? Lachenais and four others</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow, TN, massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Plummer Gang</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis massacre</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Gallatin_County_race_riot" title="1866 Gallatin County race riot">Gallatin County, KY, race riot</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Gang" title="Reno Gang">Reno Brothers Gang</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_massacre" title="Camilla massacre">Camilla, GA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long and two half-brothers</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski, TN, riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Bierfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Samuel Bierfield">Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas, LA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_River_City,_Wyoming#Bear_River_City_Riot_of_November_19,_1868" title="Bear River City, Wyoming">Bear River City riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian, MS, race riot</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax, LA, massacre</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Election riot of 1874</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Moya" title="Juan Moya">Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_and_Mollie_French" title="Lynching of Benjamin and Mollie French">Benjamin and Mollie French</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellenton riot">Ellenton, SC, riot</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg, SC, massacre</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibodaux_massacre" title="Thibodaux massacre">Thibodeax, LA, massacre</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrell_Brothers" title="Horrell Brothers">Mart and Tom Horrell</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willits,_California##Triple_Masonic_lynching_of_1879" title="Willits, California">Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14,_1891,_lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14, 1891, lynchings">New Orleans 1891 lynchings</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Ruggles_brothers" title="Lynching of the Ruggles brothers">Ruggles Brothers (CA)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Grocery_lynchings" title="People's Grocery lynchings">Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Porter and Spencer (MS)</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_election_riot" title="Phoenix election riot">Phoenix, SC, election riot</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington, NC, insurrection</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Julia_and_Frazier_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Julia and Frazier Baker">Julia and Frazier Baker</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_riot" title="Pana riot">Pana, IL, riot</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watkinsville_lynching" title="Watkinsville lynching">Watkinsville lynching</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre" title="1906 Atlanta race massacre">1906 Atlanta race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemper_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Kemper County, Mississippi">Kemper County, MS</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Walker_family" title="Lynching of the Walker family">Walker family</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_race_riot_of_1908" title="Springfield race riot of 1908">Springfield race riot of 1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slocum,_Texas" title="Slocum, Texas">Slocum, TX, massacre</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L.D. Nelson</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Georgia#History" title="Harris County, Georgia">Harris County, GA, lynchings</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_Six_lynchings" title="Newberry Six lynchings">Newberry, FL, lynchings</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis riots">East St. Louis, IL, riots</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Georgia" title="Brooks County, Georgia">Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_County,_Georgia,_riot_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenkins County, Georgia, riot of 1919">Jenkins County, GA, riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview_race_riot" title="Longview race riot">Longview, TX, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine race riot">Elaine, AR, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Omaha race riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_riot_of_1919" title="Knoxville riot of 1919">Knoxville riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_lynchings" title="Duluth lynchings">Duluth, MN, lynchings</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee_massacre" title="Ocoee massacre">Ocoee, FL, massacre</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry race riot">Perry, FL, race riot</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood_massacre" title="Rosewood massacre">Rosewood, FL, massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_and_Mark_Fox" title="Lynching of Jim and Mark Fox">Jim and Mark Fox</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Shipp_and_Abram_Smith" title="Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith">Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Tate County, Mississippi">Tate County, MS</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Hart#Lynching_of_Thurmond_and_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooke Hart">Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Roosevelt_Townes_and_Robert_McDaniels" title="Lynching of Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels">Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_race_riot_of_1943" title="Beaumont race riot of 1943">Beaumont, TX, Race Riot</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Day_Short" title="O'Day Short">O'Day Short, wife, and two children</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Ford_lynchings" title="Moore's Ford lynchings">Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama#The_Civil_Rights_era" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston, AL</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">Freedom Summer Murders</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a>) (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_White_Caps" title="Indiana White Caps">Indiana White Caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews" title="Lynching of American Jews">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement" title="Anti-lynching movement">Anti-lynching movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-lynching_activists" title="Category:American anti-lynching activists">American anti-lynching activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crusade_Against_Lynching" title="American Crusade Against Lynching">American Crusade Against Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Daniel_Ames" title="Jessie Daniel Ames">Jessie Daniel Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Ansorge" title="Martin C. Ansorge">Martin C. Ansorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southern_Women_for_the_Prevention_of_Lynching" title="Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching">Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Bailey" title="Flossie Bailey">Flossie Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Connell_Bradley" title="William O'Connell Bradley">William O'Connell Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Barksdale_Brown" title="Ella Barksdale Brown">Ella Barksdale Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Divine" title="Father Divine">Father Divine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Flag_Salute" title="Flag Salute">Flag Salute</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">N.A.A.C.P.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_on_Lynching" title="National Conference on Lynching">National Conference on Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Strange_Fruit" title="Strange Fruit">Strange Fruit</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Legislation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Costigan#Costigan–Wagner_Bill" title="Edward P. Costigan">Costigan-Wagner Bill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Victims_of_Lynching_Act" title="Justice for Victims of Lynching Act">Justice for Victims of Lynching Act</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Unsolved_Civil_Rights_Crime_Act" title="Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act">Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act" title="Emmett Till Antilynching Act">Emmett Till Antilynching Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenders of lynching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Theodore G. Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_L._Blease" title="Cole L. Blease">Cole L. Blease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_S._Carr" title="Julian S. Carr">Julian S. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Sidney Johnston Catts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Latimer_Felton" title="Rebecca Latimer Felton">Rebecca Latimer Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Temple_Graves" title="John Temple Graves">John Temple Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Trotwood_Moore" title="John Trotwood Moore">John Trotwood Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">John T. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">James Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodloe_Sutton" title="Goodloe Sutton">Goodloe Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Vardaman" title="James K. Vardaman">James K. Vardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Black_Holocaust_Museum" title="America's Black Holocaust Museum">America's Black Holocaust Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legacy_Museum" title="The Legacy Museum">The Legacy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice" title="National Memorial for Peace and Justice">National Memorial for Peace and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(collector)" title="James Allen (collector)">James Allen (collector)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/And_you_are_lynching_Negroes" title="And you are lynching Negroes">And you are lynching Negroes</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_John_Shillady" title="Attack on John Shillady">Attack on John Shillady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_in_police_custody_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Deaths in police custody in the United States">Deaths in police custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fury_(1936_film)" title="Fury (1936 film)"><i>Fury</i> (1936 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_%27Em_High" title="Hang 'Em High">Hang 'Em High</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_postcard" title="Lynching postcard">Lynching postcard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Burning" title="Mississippi Burning">Mississippi Burning</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Mississippi Cold Case</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ox-Bow_Incident" title="The Ox-Bow Incident">The Ox-Bow Incident</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)" title="Parade (musical)"><i>Parade</i> (musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain#Confederate_Memorial_Carving" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_in_Mississippi" title="Summer in Mississippi">Summer in Mississippi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundown_town" title="Sundown town">Sundown town</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sundown_towns_in_the_United_States" title="List of sundown towns in the United States">list</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_Won%27t_Forget" title="They Won't Forget">They Won't Forget</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_of_Lyncherdom" title="The United States of Lyncherdom">"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Shipp" title="United States v. Shipp">United States v. Shipp</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendetta_(1999_film)" title="Vendetta (1999 film)"><i>Vendetta</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_massacre" title="Wilmington massacre">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_deaths_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Category:Lynching deaths in the United States by state">Lynching deaths in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Warren_G._Harding" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Warren_G._Harding" title="Template:Warren G. Harding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Warren_G._Harding" title="Template talk:Warren G. Harding"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warren_G._Harding" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warren G. Harding"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Warren_G._Harding" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">29th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1921–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ohio" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ohio">28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio</a> (1904–1906)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harding_Home" title="Harding Home">Harding Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harding_Tomb" title="Harding Tomb">Harding Tomb</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marion_Star" title="The Marion Star">The Marion Star</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Electoral history of Warren G. Harding">Electoral history of Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio" title="1914 United States Senate election in Ohio">1914 United States Senate election in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">Front porch campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidential transition of Warren G. Harding">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 Republican National Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Inauguration of Warren G. Harding">Inauguration of Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%931921" title="Depression of 1920–1921">Depression of 1920–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Appropriations_Act_of_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1922">Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_and_Accounting_Act" title="Budget and Accounting Act">Budget and Accounting Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Bureau of the Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">General Accounting Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act" title="Capper–Volstead Act">Capper–Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Tariff_of_1921" title="Emergency Tariff of 1921">Emergency Tariff of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1921" title="Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921">Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Trading_Act" title="Future Trading Act">Future Trading Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff" title="Fordney–McCumber Tariff">Fordney–McCumber Tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_Futures_Act" title="Grain Futures Act">Grain Futures Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1922" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1922">Great Railroad Strike of 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox%E2%80%93Porter_Resolution" title="Knox–Porter Resolution">Knox–Porter Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1921" title="Revenue Act of 1921">Revenue Act of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheppard%E2%80%93Towner_Act" title="Sheppard–Towner Act">Sheppard–Towner Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="Administrator of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Graham_Act" title="Willis Graham Act">Willis Graham Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Warren_G._Harding" title="List of federal judges appointed by Warren G. Harding">List of federal judges appointed by Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates">Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harding_Railroad_Car" title="Harding Railroad Car">Harding Railroad Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Understanding" title="Voyage of Understanding">Voyage of Understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome_scandal" title="Teapot Dome scandal">Teapot Dome scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Daughter_(Britton_book)" title="The President's Daughter (Britton book)">The President's Daughter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Cultural depictions of Warren G. Harding">Cultural depictions of Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Warren_G._Harding" title="List of memorials to Warren G. Harding">List of memorials to Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding_Presidential_Center" title="Warren G. Harding Presidential Center">Warren G. Harding Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Harding" title="Florence Harding">Florence Harding</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Blaesing" title="Elizabeth Ann Blaesing">Elizabeth Ann Blaesing</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tryon_Harding" title="George Tryon Harding">George Tryon Harding</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Harding_Votaw" title="Carolyn Harding Votaw">Carolyn Harding Votaw</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Britton" title="Nan Britton">Nan Britton</a> (mistress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laddie_Boy" title="Laddie Boy">Laddie Boy</a> (pet dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">← Woodrow Wilson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Warren_G._Harding" title="Category:Warren G. 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