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<span>Physiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Defiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Irrawaddy_Delta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Irrawaddy_Delta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Irrawaddy Delta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Irrawaddy_Delta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hydrography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sediments_to_the_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sediments_to_the_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sediments to the Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sediments_to_the_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Northern Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Central_Basin_and_Lowlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Central_Basin_and_Lowlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Central Basin and Lowlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Central_Basin_and_Lowlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irrawaddy_dry_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrawaddy_dry_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Irrawaddy dry forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrawaddy_dry_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrawaddy_Delta_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrawaddy_Delta_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Irrawaddy Delta Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrawaddy_Delta_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tributaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dams</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dams-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dams subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Major cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irrawaddy River</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="نهر إيراوادي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر إيراوادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Irawadi" title="Ríu Irawadi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Irawadi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ravadi_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1" title="İravadi çayı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İravadi çayı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ایراوادی چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایراوادی چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Иравади – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иравади" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Іравадзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іравадзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Іравадзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іравадзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="इरावदी नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इरावदी नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Иравади – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иравади" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irauadi" title="Irauadi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irauadi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Irrawaddy River" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irav%C3%A1d%C3%AD" title="Iravádí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iravádí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Irawadi" title="Afon Irawadi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Irawadi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Ιραουάντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιραουάντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Irawadi" title="Río Irawadi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Irawadi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajejarvadio_(rivero)" title="Ajejarvadio (rivero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ajejarvadio (rivero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irawadi" title="Irawadi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irawadi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="رود ایراوادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود ایراوادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_Naddi" title="Irrawaddy Naddi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Irrawaddy Naddi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Irauadi" title="Río Irauadi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Irauadi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%95%BC%EC%99%80%EB%94%94%EA%B0%95" title="에야와디강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에야와디강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Իրավադի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրավադի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="इरावती नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इरावती नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Irrawaddy" title="Sungai Irrawaddy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%86%C3%A6%D1%83%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Иравади (цæугæдон) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иравади (цæугæдон)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ირავადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირავადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Иравади – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иравади" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto_Irrawaddy" title="Mto Irrawaddy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mto Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Иравади – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иравади" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%8D%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87_%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5" title="ແມ່ນໍ້າຂອງ ອິຣາວະດີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມ່ນໍ້າຂອງ ອິຣາວະດີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temalas" title="Temalas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Temalas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iravadi" title="Iravadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iravadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iravadis" title="Iravadis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iravadis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irav%C3%A1di" title="Iravádi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iravádi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Иравади (река) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иравади (река)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇരാവതി നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇരാവതി നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="इरावती नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इरावती नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ირავადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირავადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Irawati" title="Sungai Irawati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Irawati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဧရာဝတီမြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဧရာဝတီမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4%E3%83%AF%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E5%B7%9D" title="エーヤワディー川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エーヤワディー川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eravati" title="Eravati – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eravati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iravadi" title="Iravadi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iravadi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9D%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဧရာႏဝတီႏခြောင် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဧရာႏဝတီႏခြောင်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irawadi" title="Irawadi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irawadi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Irau%C3%A1di" title="Rio Irauádi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Irauádi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Иравади (река) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иравади (река)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="इरावती नदी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इरावती नदी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Irrawaddy River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iravadi" title="Iravadi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Iravadi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iravadi" title="Iravadi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iravadi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Иравади – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иравади" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iravadi" title="Iravadi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iravadi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iravadi" title="Iravadi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iravadi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy" title="Irrawaddy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irrawaddy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="ஐராவதி ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐராவதி ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B5%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA" title="ၼမ်ႉၵဵဝ် – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼမ်ႉၵဵဝ်" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="แม่น้ำอิรวดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำอิรวดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91)" title="Иравади (дарё) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иравади (дарё)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ravadi_Nehri" title="İravadi Nehri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İravadi Nehri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Іраваді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іраваді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایراوادی دریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایراوادی دریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Ayeyarwaddy" title="Sông Ayeyarwaddy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Ayeyarwaddy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog_Irawadi" title="Salog Irawadi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salog Irawadi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%9B%E7%93%A6%E5%BA%95%E6%B1%9F" title="伊洛瓦底江 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊洛瓦底江" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%9B%E7%93%A6%E5%BA%95%E6%B1%9F" title="伊洛瓦底江 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊洛瓦底江" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irrawaddy_River&params=15_51_19_N_95_14_27_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°51′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°14′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.85528°N 95.24083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.85528; 95.24083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_river&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrawaddy river">Irrawaddy river</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in Myanmar</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Irrawaddy River<br /><small>ဧရာဝတီမြစ်</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy-River-Myanmar-Burma-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Irrawaddy-River-Myanmar-Burma-2005.jpg/250px-Irrawaddy-River-Myanmar-Burma-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Irrawaddy-River-Myanmar-Burma-2005.jpg/375px-Irrawaddy-River-Myanmar-Burma-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Irrawaddy-River-Myanmar-Burma-2005.jpg/500px-Irrawaddy-River-Myanmar-Burma-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="1730" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view of the river</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddyrivermap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Irrawaddyrivermap.jpg/250px-Irrawaddyrivermap.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Irrawaddyrivermap.jpg/375px-Irrawaddyrivermap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Irrawaddyrivermap.jpg/500px-Irrawaddyrivermap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1227" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Course, watershed, cities and major tributaries of the Irrawaddy River</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="300" data-zoom="5" data-overlays="["_1f22bac3f9194234dd35a799c5c16da7e2dca11e"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,250x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Irrawaddy_River&revid=1282792572&groups=_1f22bac3f9194234dd35a799c5c16da7e2dca11e" width="250" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,250x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Irrawaddy_River&revid=1282792572&groups=_1f22bac3f9194234dd35a799c5c16da7e2dca11e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States/Regions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Region" title="Mandalay Region">Mandalay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magway_Region" title="Magway Region">Magway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bago_Region" title="Bago Region">Bago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region" title="Ayeyarwady Region">Ayeyarwady</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhamo" title="Bhamo">Bhamo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sagaing" title="Sagaing">Sagaing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakokku" title="Pakokku">Pakokku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magway,_Myanmar" title="Magway, Myanmar">Magway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pyay" title="Pyay">Pyay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hinthada" title="Hinthada">Hinthada</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">Ridong Qu headwaters, southeast Tibet, China: The geographical source.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencenetcn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencenetcn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irrawaddy_River&params=28_44_04_N_97_52_21_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°44′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°52′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.73444°N 97.87250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.73444; 97.87250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">4760 m (approximately)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd source</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Gada Qu headwaters, southeast Tibet, China: The northernmost source.</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irrawaddy_River&params=28_45_57_N_97_45_1_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°45′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°45′1″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.76583°N 97.75028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.76583; 97.75028</span></span></span></a></span></span> (approximately)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">4760 m (approximately)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">3rd source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N%27Mai_River" title="N'Mai River">N'Mai River</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a>, Myanmar</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irrawaddy_River&params=28_31_50_N_97_37_55_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°31′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°37′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.53056°N 97.63194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.53056; 97.63194</span></span></span></a></span></span> (approximately)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">4650 m (approximately)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">4th source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mali_River" title="Mali River">Mali River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a>, Myanmar</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irrawaddy_River&params=27_44_48_N_97_2_5_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°44′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°2′5″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.74667°N 97.03472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.74667; 97.03472</span></span></span></a></span></span> (approximately)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">3800 m (approximately)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source confluence</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Damphet, <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irrawaddy_River&params=25_42_0_N_97_30_0_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°42′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°30′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.70000°N 97.50000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.70000; 97.50000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">147 m (482 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ale-ywa, <a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region" title="Ayeyarwady Region">Ayeyarwady Region</a>, Myanmar</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irrawaddy_River&params=15_51_19_N_95_14_27_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°51′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°14′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.85528°N 95.24083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.85528; 95.24083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">2,288 km (1,422 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-sciencenetcn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencenetcn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">404,200 km<sup>2</sup> (156,100 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy Delta</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">15,112 m<sup>3</sup>/s (533,700 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,300 m<sup>3</sup>/s (81,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">60,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (2,100,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chindwin_River" title="Chindwin River">Chindwin River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu_River" title="Mu River">Mu River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Myitnge" title="Myitnge">Myitnge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Second longest source length:</b><br /><b>Kaidag Qu/Gadag Qu:</b> 48 km ⟶ <b>Gyita Qu/Kelao Luo:</b> 56 km ⟶ <b>Dulong River:</b> 182 km ⟶ <b>N Mai Kha River:</b> 231 km ⟶ <b>Irrawaddy River:</b> 2,210 km ⟶ <b>Andaman Sea:</b><br /><b> Total:</b> 2,727 km<br /><b>Longest source length:</b><br />Quwa Qu/Ridong Ermei ⟶ <b>Gyita Qu/Kelao Luo:</b> 56 km ⟶...</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/40px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/60px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/80px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="34" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Burmese)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Burmese)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Irrawaddy River</b> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">ဧရာဝတီမြစ်</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[ʔèjàwədì<span class="wrap"> </span>mjɪʔ]</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;">official romanisation:</span> <b>Ayeyarwady</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the principal river of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, running through the centre of the country. Myanmar’s most important commercial waterway, it is about 1,350 miles (2,170 km) long. Originating from the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/N%27Mai_River" title="N'Mai River">N'mai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali_River" title="Mali River">Mali</a> rivers,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it flows from north to south before emptying through the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy Delta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region" title="Ayeyarwady Region">Ayeyarwady Region</a> into the Andaman Sea. Its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of about 404,000 square kilometres (156,000 sq mi) covers 61% of the land area of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, and contains five of its largest cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as the sixth century, the river was used for trade and transport, and an extensive network of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation canals</a> was developed to support agriculture. The river is still of great importance as the largest commercial waterway of Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also provides important <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> to different communities and economic sectors, including agriculture, fisheries, and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">Myanmar's military dictatorship</a> signed an agreement for the construction of seven <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric dams</a>, yielding a total of 13,360 MW, in the N'mai and Mali Rivers, including the 3600 MW Myitsone Dam at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of both rivers. Environmental organisations have raised concerns about the project's ecological impact on the river's biodiverse <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. Animals potentially impacted include the endangered <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphin</a> and the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Ganges_shark" title="Ganges shark">Ganges shark</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Irrawaddy" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>. <i>Irāvatī</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Airavata" title="Airavata">Airāvatī</a></i> (<i>Erāvatī</i> in Pali) is the name of the <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> mount of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Sakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> in Hinduism. Saka is an important <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">deva</a> in Buddhism and elephants were often a symbol for water<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were used as the name for several other rivers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Achiravati" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiravati">Achiravati</a>. It can also be based on <a href="/wiki/Iravati" title="Iravati">Iravati</a>, who birthed the mythological elephant. The Irrawaddy gives its name to the Irrawaddy dolphin (<i>Orcaella brevirostris</i>), which is found in the lower reaches of the river and known to help fishers who practice cast-net <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>. Though called the Irrawaddy dolphin, it has been also found in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, the Irrawaddy was also known to <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="European exploration of Asia">European explorers</a> as the <b>Pegu</b> as the main river of the <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> itself known as Pegu after its capital, now romanized as <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Bago</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Pegu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu River">Pegu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bago_River" title="Bago River">Bago River</a> is a separate river, tributary to the <a href="/wiki/Yangon_River" title="Yangon River">Yangon</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s poem, the river is sometimes referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Mandalay_(poem)" title="Mandalay (poem)">The Road to Mandalay</a>'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiography">Physiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irrawaddy River bisects Myanmar from north to south and empties through the nine-armed <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy Delta</a> into the Indian Ocean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irrawaddy River arises by the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the N'mai (Nam Gio) and Mali Rivers in <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a>. Both the N'mai and Mali Rivers find their sources in the Himalayan <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Myanmar" title="Upper Myanmar">Upper Myanmar</a> near 28° N. The eastern branch of the two, N'mai,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the largest and rises in the Languela Glacier north of <a href="/wiki/Putao_District" title="Putao District">Putao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unnavigable because of the strong current whereas the smaller western branch, the Mali River, is navigable, despite a few <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a>. Therefore, the Mali River is still called by the same name as the main river by locals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversial <a href="/wiki/Myitsone_Dam" title="Myitsone Dam">Myitsone Dam</a> is no longer under construction at the convergence of these rivers. </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Bhamo" title="Bhamo">Bhamo</a>, about 240 kilometres (150 mi) south of the Mali and N'mai river confluence, is the northernmost city reachable by boat all year round although during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a> most of the river cannot be used by boats. The city of <a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a> lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of the confluence and can be reached during the dry season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defiles">Defiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Defiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between Myitkyina and <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, the Irrawaddy flows through three well-marked <a href="/wiki/Defile_(geography)" title="Defile (geography)">defiles</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>About 65 kilometres (40 mi) downstream from Myitkyinā is the first defile.</li> <li>Below Bhamo the river makes a sharp westward swing, leaving the Bhamo alluvial basin to cut through the <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> rocks of the second defile. This defile is about 90 metres (300 ft) wide at its narrowest and is flanked by vertical cliffs about 60 to 90 metres (200–300 ft) high.</li> <li>About 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Mandalay, at <a href="/wiki/Mogok" title="Mogok">Mogok</a>, the river enters the third defile. Between <a href="/wiki/Katha,_Myanmar" title="Katha, Myanmar">Katha</a> and Mandalay, the course of the river is remarkably straight, flowing almost due south, except near Kabwet,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a sheet of <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> has caused the river to bend sharply westward.</li></ul> <p>This sheet of lava is the <a href="/wiki/Letha_Taung" title="Letha Taung">Singu Plateau</a>, a volcanic field from the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. This field consists of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> from the fissure vents and covers an area of about 62 square kilometres (24 sq mi). The plateau is also known as Letha Taung.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaving this plateau at <a href="/wiki/Kyaukmyaung_(Sagaing)" title="Kyaukmyaung (Sagaing)">Kyaukmyaung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the river follows a broad, open course through the central <a href="/wiki/Dry_Zone_(Myanmar)" title="Dry Zone (Myanmar)">Dry Zone</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the Bamar people's ancient cultural heartland<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – where large areas consist of <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> flats. From Mandalay (the former capital of the kingdom of Myanmar), the river makes an abrupt westward turn before curving southwest to unite with the <a href="/wiki/Chindwin_River" title="Chindwin River">Chindwin River</a>, after which it continues in a southwestern direction. It is probable that the upper Irrawaddy originally flowed south from Mandalay, discharging its water through the present <a href="/wiki/Sittaung_River" title="Sittaung River">Sittaung River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Martaban" title="Gulf of Martaban">Gulf of Martaban</a>, and that its present westward course is geologically recent. Below its confluence with the Chindwin, the Irrawaddy continues to meander through the petroleum producing city of <a href="/wiki/Yenangyaung" title="Yenangyaung">Yenangyaung</a>, below which it flows generally southward. In its lower course, between <a href="/wiki/Minbu" title="Minbu">Minbu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyay" title="Pyay">Pyay</a>, it flows through a narrow valley between forest-covered mountain ranges—the ridge of the <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Mountains" title="Arakan Mountains">Arakan Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the west and that of the <a href="/wiki/Pegu_Range" title="Pegu Range">Pegu Yoma Mountains</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Irrawaddy_Delta">The Irrawaddy Delta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Irrawaddy Delta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy Delta</a></div> <p>The delta of the Irrawaddy begins about 93 kilometres (58 mi) above <a href="/wiki/Hinthada" title="Hinthada">Hinthada</a> (Henzada) and about 290 kilometres (180 mi) from its curved base, which faces the Andaman Sea. The westernmost distributary of the delta is the <a href="/wiki/Pathein" title="Pathein">Pathein</a> (Bassein) River, while the easternmost stream is the Yangon River, on the left bank of which stands Myanmar's former capital city, Yangon (Rangoon). Because the <a href="/wiki/Yangon_River" title="Yangon River">Yangon River</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is only a minor channel, the flow of water is insufficient to prevent <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon Harbour</a> from silting up, and dredging is necessary. The relief of the delta's landscape is low but not flat.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soils consist of fine silt, which is replenished continuously by fertile <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> carried downstream by the river. As a result of heavy rainfall varying from 2,000 to 3,000 millimetres (79–118 in) a year in the delta,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the motion and sediment load of the river,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the delta surface extends into the Andaman Sea at a rate of about 50 metres (160 ft) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydrography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoonal</a> rains, which occur between mid-May and mid-October, the volume of the Irrawaddy and its <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a> varies greatly throughout the year. In summer, the melting of the snow<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> in Northern Burma add to the volume. The average <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> near the head of the delta is between a high of 32,600 cubic metres (1,150,000 cu ft) and a low of 2,300 cubic metres (81,000 cu ft) per second. The discharge can be as high as 40,393 cubic meter per second in the rainy season.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a year, the discharge averages 15,112 cubic metres (533,700 cu ft). Further North, at <a href="/wiki/Sagaing" title="Sagaing">Sagaing</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/HydroGraphs/P2260500.gif">[1]</a> shows a 38% decrease in discharge compared to where the river enters the delta.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also silted up around 278 tons of sand every year. </p><p>Variation between high and low water levels is also great.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prome" class="mw-redirect" title="Prome">Prome</a>, a range of 9.66 to 11.37 metres (31.7–37.3 ft) has been measured between low-water level and flood level respectively. Because of the monsoonal character of the rain, the highest point is recorded in August, the lowest in February. </p><p>This variation in water level makes it necessary for ports along the river to have separate landing ports for low- and high-water.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, low water levels have caused problems for ports along the river, as in the <a href="/wiki/Bamaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamaw">Bamaw</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pyay" title="Pyay">Pyay</a> sectors, the shallowest point is as shallow as 60 centimetres (2.0 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basin</a>, the average population density is 79 people/km<sup>2</sup>. For these people, the river supply amounts to 18,614 m<sup>3</sup> per person per year.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sediments_to_the_Sea">Sediments to the Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sediments to the Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collectively, the modern Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) and Thanlwin (Salween) rivers deliver >600 Mt/yr of sediment to the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-fate_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fate-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most recent study shows: 1) There is little modern sediment accumulating on the shelf immediately off the Ayeyarwady River mouths. In contrast, a major mud wedge with a distal depocenter, up to 60 m in thickness, has been deposited seaward in the Gulf of Martaban, extending to ~130 m water depth into the Martaban Depression. Further, 2) There is no evidence showing that modern sediment has accumulated or is transported into the Martaban Canyon; 3) There is a mud drape/blanket wrapping around the narrow western Myanmar Shelf in the eastern Bay of Bengal. The thickness of the mud deposit is up to 20 m nearshore and gradually thins to the slope at −300 m water depth, and likely escapes into the deep Andaman Trench; 4) The estimated total amount of Holocene sediments deposited offshore is ~1290 × 10<sup>9</sup> tons. If we assume this has mainly accumulated since the middle Holocene highstand (~6000 yr BP) like other major deltas, the historical annual mean depositional flux on the shelf would be 215 Mt/yr, which is equivalent to ~35% of the modern Ayeyarwady-Thanlwin rivers derived sediments; 5) Unlike other large river systems in Asia, such as the Yangtze and Mekong, this study indicates a bi-directional transport and depositional pattern controlled by the local currents that are influenced by tides, and seasonally varying monsoons winds and waves.<sup id="cite_ref-fate_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fate-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelecanus_philippensis_(Spot-billed_Pelican).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pelecanus_philippensis_%28Spot-billed_Pelican%29.jpg/220px-Pelecanus_philippensis_%28Spot-billed_Pelican%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pelecanus_philippensis_%28Spot-billed_Pelican%29.jpg/330px-Pelecanus_philippensis_%28Spot-billed_Pelican%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pelecanus_philippensis_%28Spot-billed_Pelican%29.jpg/440px-Pelecanus_philippensis_%28Spot-billed_Pelican%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spot-billed_pelican" title="Spot-billed pelican">spot-billed pelican</a> was once widespread in Asia, but is not known to breed in Myanmar anymore.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaltwaterCrocodile(%27Maximo%27).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SaltwaterCrocodile%28%27Maximo%27%29.jpg/250px-SaltwaterCrocodile%28%27Maximo%27%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SaltwaterCrocodile%28%27Maximo%27%29.jpg/330px-SaltwaterCrocodile%28%27Maximo%27%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SaltwaterCrocodile%28%27Maximo%27%29.jpg/500px-SaltwaterCrocodile%28%27Maximo%27%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Although the <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a> is not common in Myanmar, they do live in and near reserved forests. Attacks on people<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still occur in the Irrawaddy river.</figcaption></figure> <p>No complete and precise list of all the fish in the Irrawaddy river basin currently exists, but in 1996 it was estimated that there are about 200 species.<sup id="cite_ref-FishDiversity_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishDiversity-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, it was estimated that the Irrawaddy <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> is home to 119–195 species of fish found nowhere else in the world (<a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FishDiversity_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishDiversity-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/New_species" class="mw-redirect" title="New species">new species</a> of fish have been described from the Irrawaddy river basin in recent years (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Cyprinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid">cyprinid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Danio_htamanthinus" title="Danio htamanthinus">Danio htamanthinus</a></i> in 2016 and the <a href="/wiki/Nemacheilidae" title="Nemacheilidae">stone loach</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Malihkaia_aligera" class="mw-redirect" title="Malihkaia aligera">Malihkaia aligera</a></i> in 2017), and it is likely that <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Undescribed species">undescribed species</a> remain.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most well-known species in the river is the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphin</a> (<i>Orcaella brevirostris</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">euryhaline</a> species of oceanic dolphin with a high and rounded forehead, lacking a beak. It is found in discontinuous sub-populations near sea coasts and in estuaries and rivers in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and South-East Asia. </p><p>Along the north–south course of the Irrawaddy River, a number of notably different ecoregions can be distinguished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Mountains">Northern Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Northern Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The streams of the Nmai and Mali that form the Irrawaddy originate in high and remote mountains near the border with <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. This part of Myanmar, which extends north from <a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a> and the Irrawaddy confluence, lies entirely outside the tropics. Rain falls at all seasons of the year, but mostly in the summer. The valleys and lower hill ranges are covered with tropical and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> evergreen <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> instead of monsoon (deciduous) forest. This region is characterised by subtropical and <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> forests of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> are found at elevations above 900 metres (3,000 ft). This evergreen forest passes into sub-tropical pine forest at about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) feet. Above 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), are forests of <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a>, and that in turn into evergreen <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> forest above 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) feet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Central_Basin_and_Lowlands">The Central Basin and Lowlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Central Basin and Lowlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irrawaddy river basin covers an approximate area of 255 81 km<sup>2</sup> (31 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Basin consists of the valley of the middle Irrawaddy and lower Chindwin. It lies within the 'dry zone' and consists almost entirely of plains covered with the <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Irrawaddy moist deciduous forests">Irrawaddy moist deciduous forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, which surrounds dry forest patches in drier areas. The central basin receives little rain (ave 650mm per year) although it does flood quickly during the July–October storms. The one meteorological factor which does not vary greatly, and which is the most important for plant life, is atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>. This is always high, except in the winter in certain localities. Humidity usually does not fall below 75% and is 90% or more for long periods during summer. Another feature is the prevalent southerly summer winds which erode the soil of the basin. </p><p>The natural habitats of this central zone have been much altered for farming and there are few protected areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irrawaddy_dry_forests">Irrawaddy dry forests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Irrawaddy dry forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dry_forests" title="Irrawaddy dry forests">Irrawaddy dry forests</a></div> <p>The predominant trees of the drier patches are the thorny <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminalia_oliveri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminalia oliveri (page does not exist)">Terminalia oliveri</a></i> and the hardwood dahat <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> (<i>Tectona hamiltoniana</i>) with stands of Indaing (<i><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpus_tuberculatus" title="Dipterocarpus tuberculatus">Dipterocarpus tuberculatus</a></i>) which is cut for timber. The wildlife includes many birds, small mammals and reptiles such as the huge <a href="/wiki/Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese python</a>. However, most of the large animals including the tiger have been hunted out or seen their habitats disappear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrawaddy_Delta_Area">Irrawaddy Delta Area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irrawaddy Delta Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muthupet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Muthupet.jpg/250px-Muthupet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Muthupet.jpg/330px-Muthupet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Muthupet.jpg/500px-Muthupet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forest</a> system along the coast</figcaption></figure> <p>The Irrawaddy River and its <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> flow into the Andaman Sea through the Irrawaddy Delta. This <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> and freshwater <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> forests. It is an extremely fertile area because of the river-borne <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> deposited in the delta. The upper and central portions of the delta are almost entirely under <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivation</a>, principally for rice. The southern portion of the ecoregion transitions into the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Coast_mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Coast mangroves">Burmese Coast mangroves</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is made up of fanlike <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lakes</a>, islands, and meandering <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds of the delta are both winter visitors and passage migrants including <a href="/wiki/Great_cormorant" title="Great cormorant">great cormorant</a> (<i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i>), a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_coot" title="Eurasian coot">Eurasian coot</a> (<i>Fulica atra</i>), about thirty species of <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory shorebirds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Whiskered_tern" title="Whiskered tern">whiskered tern</a> (<i>Chlidonias hybrida</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tern" title="Caspian tern">Caspian tern</a> (<i>Hydroprogne caspia</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_gull" title="Brown-headed gull">brown-headed gull</a> (<i>Larus brunnicephalus</i>), which is very common. One of the most numerous wintering shorebird is the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_sand_plover" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser sand plover">lesser sand plover</a> (<i>Charadrius mongolus</i>), which occurs in flocks of many thousands along the outer coast of the delta. The <a href="/wiki/Wood_sandpiper" title="Wood sandpiper">wood sandpiper</a> (<i>Tringa glareola</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Red_junglefowl" title="Red junglefowl">red junglefowl</a> (<i>Gallus gallus</i>) are also abundant. </p><p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Spot-billed_pelican" title="Spot-billed pelican">spot-billed pelican</a> (<i>Pelecanus philippensis</i>) nested in huge numbers in south Myanmar. One colony on the <a href="/wiki/Sittaung_River" title="Sittaung River">Sittaung River</a> plain to the east of the delta was described in November 1877 as covering 300 square kilometres (100 sq mi) and containing millions of birds. Immense colonies still bred in the area in 1910, but the birds had disappeared completely by 1939. Small numbers were regularly reported in the delta in the 1940s, but no breeding sites were located. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, no pelicans have been recorded, and it may well be that the species is now extinct in Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several species of large <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> occur in the delta, but their populations are small and scattered, with the possible exceptions of the <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Malayan sambar deer</a> (<i>Cervus unicolor equinus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Indian hog deer</a> (<i>C. porcinus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> (<i>Sus scrofa</i>), which have been reported from all Reserved Forests. <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephants</a> (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) were once widespread throughout the country with numbers as high as 10,000 animals, but in the last decade<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> numbers have dwindled, partly due to transferring the animals to logging camps.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species reported to be present include the <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">crab-eating macaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">wild dog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a> (<i>Panthera pardus, P. tigris, Cuon alpinus</i>, and <i>Lutra</i> species).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a> (<i>Crocodylus porosus</i>) can be found in the southern part of the delta. The species was formerly abundant in coastal regions, but population numbers have decreased because of a combination of commercial skin hunting, habitat loss, drowning in fishing nets and over-collection of living animals to supply <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">crocodile farms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was at this river that a battle between a saltwater crocodile and a tiger was observed that ended with the reptile devouring the tiger.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite recent declines in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtle</a> populations, five species are known to nest in Myanmar at well known island and mainland beaches known as turtle-banks. These are the <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">olive ridley sea turtle</a> (<i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a> (<i>Caretta caretta</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a> (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill sea turtle</a> (<i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">leatherback sea turtle</a> (<i>Dermochelys coriacea</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributaries">Tributaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tributaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irrawaddy River has five major tributaries. As they flow through the northern tip of Myanmar – the <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> – they cut long north–south <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> plains and relatively narrow upland <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> between the 2,000 to 3,000 metres (7,000–10,000 ft) mountain ridges.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rivers joining the Irrawaddy are, from north to south: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Taping_River" title="Taping River">Taping River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweli_River" title="Shweli River">Shweli River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myitnge_River" title="Myitnge River">Myitnge River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_River" title="Mu River">Mu River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindwin_River" title="Chindwin River">Chindwin River</a></li></ol> <p>Towards the mouth, the river also has several <a href="/wiki/Distributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributaries">distributaries</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Pathein_River" title="Pathein River">Pathein River</a>, the westernmost distributary serving the inland port city of <a href="/wiki/Pathein" title="Pathein">Pathein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JGR_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_politics">Economy and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandalay_32_TeakIndustry_g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mandalay_32_TeakIndustry_g.jpg/220px-Mandalay_32_TeakIndustry_g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mandalay_32_TeakIndustry_g.jpg/330px-Mandalay_32_TeakIndustry_g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mandalay_32_TeakIndustry_g.jpg/440px-Mandalay_32_TeakIndustry_g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Pulling <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> logs, made into large <a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">rafts</a> and floated down the Irrawaddy River, ashore near <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy67.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Irrawaddy67.jpg/220px-Irrawaddy67.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Irrawaddy67.jpg/330px-Irrawaddy67.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Irrawaddy67.jpg/440px-Irrawaddy67.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Market activity in the Irrawaddy</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as the sixth century, the <a href="/wiki/Bamars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamars">Bamars</a> were using the Irrawaddy to gain power in the region through trade and transport on the China – <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> route. By the twelfth century, a well-developed network of <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> made for flourishing rice cultivation. Later, the river became a key economic tool of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperial British</a> interests, who set up trading ports along its shores.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the Irrawaddy is still the country's most important commercial waterway. Despite Mandalay's position as the chief rail and highway focus in northern Myanmar, a considerable amount of passenger and goods traffic moves by river. As the Irrawaddy Delta is one of the world's major rice-growing areas, one of the most important goods transported is rice. <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a> logs – Myanmar is one of the world's top exporters – are floated down the river as large rafts. Before it is transported, teak has to be seasoned, because otherwise it won't float.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This happens by <a href="/wiki/Girdling" title="Girdling">girdling</a>, a practice where a deep circular cut through bark and <a href="/wiki/Sapwood_(wood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapwood (wood)">sapwood</a> is made into the heartwood. Other major goods that are transported from the nation's heartlands to <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a> for export are other foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton, and local commodities. </p><p>Commercial transportation on the Irrawaddy is maintained for about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi): from <a href="/wiki/Hinthada" title="Hinthada">Hinthada</a> to Bhamo (1,080 kilometres (670 mi)) throughout the year, but from Bhamo to Myitkyina (200 km) for only seven months. More than 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) of navigable waterways exist in the Irrawaddy delta, and there is a system of connecting canals. The Sittang is usable by smaller boats, but the <a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Salween River</a>, because of its rapids, is navigable for less than 160 kilometres (99 mi) from the sea. Small steamers and country boats also serve the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tanintharyi Region</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Chindwin_River" title="Chindwin River">Chindwin River</a>, transportation is carried on by steam or diesel vessels throughout the year up to <a href="/wiki/Homalin" title="Homalin">Homalin</a>—about 640 km from its confluence with the Irrawaddy. Seasonal navigation is carried on into <a href="/wiki/Tamanthi" title="Tamanthi">Tamanthi</a>, which is 57 miles (92 km) by river above Homalin. </p><p>The Chindwin valley has no railroad and relies heavily on river transport. <a href="/wiki/Chauk" title="Chauk">Chauk</a>, downstream from the confluence in the oil-field district, is a petroleum port. It is linked to Yangon by road and rail. <a href="/wiki/Hinthada" title="Hinthada">Hinthada</a>, near the apex of the delta, is the rail junction for lines leading to <a href="/wiki/Kyangin" title="Kyangin">Kyangin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathein" title="Pathein">Bassein</a> (Pathein). A ferry operates between Hinthada on the west bank and the railway station at <a href="/wiki/Tharrawaddy,_Myanmar" title="Tharrawaddy, Myanmar">Tharrawaddy</a> on the east bank. </p><p>Unregulated gold mining during the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Myanmar civil war (2021-present)">2021 Myanmar civil war</a>, mostly in the north of the river basin, has led to high levels of contamination across the river's run with high levels of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> in samples taken from Pathein to Kachin State. The environmental and health concerns are highest in the north, where locals were reported to have suffered from skin conditions from using the contaminated water and fish are no longer regarded as safe to consume.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dams">Dams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Myanmar's <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/China_Power_Investment_Corporation" title="China Power Investment Corporation">China Power Investment Corporation</a> in May 2007 for the construction of seven <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric dams</a> along the Irrawaddy, <a href="/wiki/Mali_River" title="Mali River">Mali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/N%27Mai_River" title="N'Mai River">N'Mai</a> rivers in Kachin State. The total planned output of all seven plants will be 15,160 MWs of electricity, making it the largest hydropower project in Myanmar, surpassing the 7100 MW <a href="/wiki/Tasang_Dam" title="Tasang Dam">Tasang Dam</a> in Shan State.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following data is available for the dam locations: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Capacity, Height and Length Data for the Dam Projects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location</th> <th>Myitsone</th> <th>Chibwe</th> <th>Pashe</th> <th>Lakin</th> <th>Phizaw</th> <th>Khaunglanphu</th> <th>Laiza </th></tr> <tr> <td>Height (m)</td> <td>152</td> <td>47.5</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Length (m)</td> <td>152</td> <td>220</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Capacity (MW)</td> <td>3,600</td> <td>2,800</td> <td>1,600</td> <td>1,400</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>2,700</td> <td>1,560 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The power generated by the dams will be transmitted to other countries in the South-East Asian region, with most going to China.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries targeted for power export are <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, India and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. </p><p>The largest of the seven, the <a href="/wiki/Myitsone_Dam" title="Myitsone Dam">Myitsone Dam</a>, is located at the confluence of the Mali and N'Mai Rivers at the creation of the Irrawaddy. Although the <a href="/wiki/China_Power_Investment_Corporation" title="China Power Investment Corporation">China Power Investment Corporation</a> is project manager of the Confluence Region Hydropower Projects.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ParConfluence Region Hydropower Projects, several companies have been or are currently involved in the preparation, construction and financing of the 3,600 MW Myitsone Dam.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asia_World" title="Asia World">Asia World</a> Company has a key position, amidst Burmese Suntac Technologies<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and state-run Myanmar Electrical Power Enterprise, a state-owned utility enterprise responsible for power generation, transmission and distribution<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese involvement comes from <a href="/wiki/China_Power_Investment_Corporation" title="China Power Investment Corporation">China Power Investment Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Southern_Power_Grid" title="China Southern Power Grid">China Southern Power Grid</a>, Yunnan Machinery Equipment Import & Export Company<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning, Design and Research.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least one Japanese company is involved, <a href="/wiki/Kansai_Electric_Power_Company" title="Kansai Electric Power Company">Kansai Electric Power Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its location and size, construction of the Myitsone Dam has raised significant ecological and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> concerns. According to the Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam Multipurpose Water Utilizing Project study, the maximum water level of the reservoir will be 290 metres. This makes for a flood zone of 766 km<sup>2</sup>, compromising 47 villages.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other consequences of the inundation include loss of farmland, loss of spawning habitat as fish can not swim upstream anymore. The Kachin Development Networking Group,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a network of civil society groups and development organisations in <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> warn this will lead to a loss of income for fishermen. They report locals are also worried about the flooding of cultural sites in the flood zone. As with other large dam projects, the Myitsone Dam construction will alter the <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological</a> characteristics of the river, e.g. preventing <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> from enriching riverbanks downstream, where it usually enriches the riverside food-producing plains.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can affect fertility as far downstream as the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy Delta</a>, the major rice-producing area of Myanmar. </p><p>Ecological concerns focus on the <a href="/wiki/Inundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inundation">inundation</a> of an area that is the border of the Indo-Burma and South Central China <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>. The Mali and N'mai River confluence region falls within the Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>, added to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wild_Fund_for_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wild Fund for Nature">WWF</a> list of outstanding examples of biodiverse regions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The location of the Myitsone Dam, located less than 100 km from a <a href="/wiki/Fault_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault line">fault line</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian</a> tectonic plates meet, raised concerns about its earthquake resistance. Earthquakes in the region, such as the 5.3 <a href="/wiki/Richter_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter Scale">magnitude</a> earthquake that struck near the Myanmar-China border on 20 August 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompted Naw Lar, the coordinator of the KDNG dam research project, to ask the junta to reconsider its dam projects.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_cities_and_towns">Major cities and towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagaing,_Myanmar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sagaing%2C_Myanmar.jpg/220px-Sagaing%2C_Myanmar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sagaing%2C_Myanmar.jpg/330px-Sagaing%2C_Myanmar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sagaing%2C_Myanmar.jpg/440px-Sagaing%2C_Myanmar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Irrawaddy River from Sagaing Hill, Sagaing</figcaption></figure> <p>The river flows through or past the following cities: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhamo" title="Bhamo">Bhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha,_Myanmar" title="Katha, Myanmar">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagaung,_Mandalay" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaung, Mandalay">Tagaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaukmyaung_(Sagaing)" title="Kyaukmyaung (Sagaing)">Kyaukmyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagaing" title="Sagaing">Sagaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenangyaung" title="Yenangyaung">Yenangyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauk" title="Chauk">Chauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaung-U" title="Nyaung-U">Nyaung-U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyay" title="Pyay">Pyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinthada" title="Hinthada">Hinthada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanaw" title="Pantanaw">Pantanaw</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bridges">Bridges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ava_Bridge_Over_Ayeyarwady_Sagaing_Myanmar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ava_Bridge_Over_Ayeyarwady_Sagaing_Myanmar.jpg/220px-Ava_Bridge_Over_Ayeyarwady_Sagaing_Myanmar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ava_Bridge_Over_Ayeyarwady_Sagaing_Myanmar.jpg/330px-Ava_Bridge_Over_Ayeyarwady_Sagaing_Myanmar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ava_Bridge_Over_Ayeyarwady_Sagaing_Myanmar.jpg/440px-Ava_Bridge_Over_Ayeyarwady_Sagaing_Myanmar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ava_Bridge" title="Ava Bridge">Ava Bridge</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sagaing" title="Sagaing">Sagaing</a>, rebuilt in 1954 after the wartime destruction of the original bridge built in 1934, was the only bridge over the Irrawaddy until 1998. The bridge collapsed during the 2025 earthquake.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRRAWADDY_RIVER_APPROACHING_MANDALAY_MYANMA_FEB2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IRRAWADDY_RIVER_APPROACHING_MANDALAY_MYANMA_FEB2013.jpg/220px-IRRAWADDY_RIVER_APPROACHING_MANDALAY_MYANMA_FEB2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IRRAWADDY_RIVER_APPROACHING_MANDALAY_MYANMA_FEB2013.jpg/330px-IRRAWADDY_RIVER_APPROACHING_MANDALAY_MYANMA_FEB2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IRRAWADDY_RIVER_APPROACHING_MANDALAY_MYANMA_FEB2013.jpg/440px-IRRAWADDY_RIVER_APPROACHING_MANDALAY_MYANMA_FEB2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4668" data-file-height="2926" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Bridge" title="Irrawaddy Bridge">Irrawaddy Bridge</a> (Yadanabon)</figcaption></figure><p>Until the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Inwa" title="Inwa">Ava</a> (Innwa) Bridge, a 16 span rail and road <a href="/wiki/Cantilever_bridge" title="Cantilever bridge">cantilever bridge</a> built by the British colonial government in 1934, the only way across the Irrawaddy was by ferry. The bridge was destroyed by the retreating British Army during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and was rebuilt in 1954 after Burmese independence and was the only bridge to span the Irrawaddy until recent times when a spate of bridge construction has been carried out by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bala_Min_Htin_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bala Min Htin Bridge (page does not exist)">Bala Min Htin Bridge</a> over the N'Mai Hka at <a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a>, November 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Bridge" title="Irrawaddy Bridge">Ayeyarwady Bridge (Yadanabon)</a> (Yadanar Pone Bridge/New Ava Bridge) at <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, April 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakokku_Bridge" title="Pakokku Bridge">Pakokku Bridge</a> between <a href="/wiki/Pakokku" title="Pakokku">Pakokku</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naung-U&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naung-U (page does not exist)">Naung-U</a>, December 2011<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anawrahta_Bridge" title="Anawrahta Bridge">Anawrahta Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chauk" title="Chauk">Chauk</a>, March 2001<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minbu_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minbu Bridge (page does not exist)">Minbu Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Magway,_Myanmar" title="Magway, Myanmar">Magway</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawaday_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawaday Bridge (page does not exist)">Nawaday Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pyay" title="Pyay">Pyay</a>, September 1997</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayeyarwady-Nyaungdon_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayeyarwady-Nyaungdon Bridge (page does not exist)">Ayeyarwady-Nyaungdon Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nyaungdon" title="Nyaungdon">Nyaungdon</a>, November 2011<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bo_Myat_Tun_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bo Myat Tun Bridge (page does not exist)">Bo Myat Tun Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nyaungdon" title="Nyaungdon">Nyaungdon</a>, November 1999</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maubin_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maubin Bridge (page does not exist)">Maubin Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Maubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Maubin">Maubin</a>, February 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady-Dedaye_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayeyarwady-Dedaye Bridge">Ayeyarwady-Dedaye Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dedaye" title="Dedaye">Dedaye</a>, March 2003<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyaung-U,_Bagan,_Myanmar,_The_shores_of_Irrawaddy_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The shores of Irrawaddy River near Nyaung-U, Bagan"><img alt="The shores of Irrawaddy River near Nyaung-U, Bagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nyaung-U%2C_Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_The_shores_of_Irrawaddy_River.jpg/160px-Nyaung-U%2C_Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_The_shores_of_Irrawaddy_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nyaung-U%2C_Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_The_shores_of_Irrawaddy_River.jpg/240px-Nyaung-U%2C_Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_The_shores_of_Irrawaddy_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nyaung-U%2C_Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_The_shores_of_Irrawaddy_River.jpg/320px-Nyaung-U%2C_Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_The_shores_of_Irrawaddy_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The shores of Irrawaddy River near Nyaung-U, Bagan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy_Mandalay-Hill.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="River Irrawaddy with Mandalay Hill on the east bank"><img alt="River Irrawaddy with Mandalay Hill on the east bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Irrawaddy_Mandalay-Hill.JPG/160px-Irrawaddy_Mandalay-Hill.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Irrawaddy_Mandalay-Hill.JPG/240px-Irrawaddy_Mandalay-Hill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Irrawaddy_Mandalay-Hill.JPG/320px-Irrawaddy_Mandalay-Hill.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">River Irrawaddy with <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Hill" title="Mandalay Hill">Mandalay Hill</a> on the east bank</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy_boat.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Travelling on the great river"><img alt="Travelling on the great river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Irrawaddy_boat.JPG/250px-Irrawaddy_boat.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Irrawaddy_boat.JPG/330px-Irrawaddy_boat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="1194" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Travelling on the great river</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rivercraft_Irrawaddy.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional rivercraft on the Irrawaddy"><img alt="Traditional rivercraft on the Irrawaddy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rivercraft_Irrawaddy.JPG/160px-Rivercraft_Irrawaddy.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rivercraft_Irrawaddy.JPG/240px-Rivercraft_Irrawaddy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rivercraft_Irrawaddy.JPG/320px-Rivercraft_Irrawaddy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional rivercraft on the Irrawaddy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy_log-buffalo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Buffalo pulling logs from the Irrawaddy at Mandalay"><img alt="Buffalo pulling logs from the Irrawaddy at Mandalay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Irrawaddy_log-buffalo.JPG/160px-Irrawaddy_log-buffalo.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Irrawaddy_log-buffalo.JPG/240px-Irrawaddy_log-buffalo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Irrawaddy_log-buffalo.JPG/320px-Irrawaddy_log-buffalo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buffalo pulling logs from the Irrawaddy at <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy@Mingun.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The great river at Mingun"><img alt="The great river at Mingun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Irrawaddy%40Mingun.JPG/250px-Irrawaddy%40Mingun.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Irrawaddy%40Mingun.JPG/330px-Irrawaddy%40Mingun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The great river at <a href="/wiki/Mingun" title="Mingun">Mingun</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy_Island-Village.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An island village on the Irrawaddy stays above water on stilts during the monsoons"><img alt="An island village on the Irrawaddy stays above water on stilts during the monsoons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Irrawaddy_Island-Village.JPG/160px-Irrawaddy_Island-Village.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Irrawaddy_Island-Village.JPG/240px-Irrawaddy_Island-Village.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Irrawaddy_Island-Village.JPG/320px-Irrawaddy_Island-Village.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An island village on the Irrawaddy stays above water on stilts during the monsoons</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy_bamboo-rafts.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamboo rafts by the Irrawaddy"><img alt="Bamboo rafts by the Irrawaddy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Irrawaddy_bamboo-rafts.JPG/250px-Irrawaddy_bamboo-rafts.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Irrawaddy_bamboo-rafts.JPG/330px-Irrawaddy_bamboo-rafts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bamboo rafts by the Irrawaddy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy_west-bank.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Market on the west bank at Mingun"><img alt="Market on the west bank at Mingun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Irrawaddy_west-bank.JPG/250px-Irrawaddy_west-bank.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Irrawaddy_west-bank.JPG/330px-Irrawaddy_west-bank.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1194" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market on the west bank at Mingun</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy_raft.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamboo raft sailing down the Irrawaddy"><img alt="Bamboo raft sailing down the Irrawaddy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Irrawaddy_raft.JPG/160px-Irrawaddy_raft.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Irrawaddy_raft.JPG/240px-Irrawaddy_raft.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Irrawaddy_raft.JPG/320px-Irrawaddy_raft.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bamboo raft sailing down the Irrawaddy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westbank_Irrawaddy.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Woman sailing in small boat along the west bank at Mingun"><img alt="Woman sailing in small boat along the west bank at Mingun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Westbank_Irrawaddy.JPG/160px-Westbank_Irrawaddy.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Westbank_Irrawaddy.JPG/240px-Westbank_Irrawaddy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Westbank_Irrawaddy.JPG/320px-Westbank_Irrawaddy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woman sailing in small boat along the west bank at Mingun</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrawaddy_river_near_bu_paya.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Irrawaddy river near Bu Paya"><img alt="Irrawaddy river near Bu Paya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Irrawaddy_river_near_bu_paya.JPG/250px-Irrawaddy_river_near_bu_paya.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Irrawaddy_river_near_bu_paya.JPG/330px-Irrawaddy_river_near_bu_paya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Irrawaddy river near Bu Paya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ayeyarwady_(Irrawady)_river_and_Sagaing_Township_from_the_Yadanabon_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Irrawaddy as seen from the Yadanabon Bridge looking towards Sagaing"><img alt="The Irrawaddy as seen from the Yadanabon Bridge looking towards Sagaing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Ayeyarwady_%28Irrawady%29_river_and_Sagaing_Township_from_the_Yadanabon_Bridge.jpg/160px-The_Ayeyarwady_%28Irrawady%29_river_and_Sagaing_Township_from_the_Yadanabon_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Ayeyarwady_%28Irrawady%29_river_and_Sagaing_Township_from_the_Yadanabon_Bridge.jpg/240px-The_Ayeyarwady_%28Irrawady%29_river_and_Sagaing_Township_from_the_Yadanabon_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Ayeyarwady_%28Irrawady%29_river_and_Sagaing_Township_from_the_Yadanabon_Bridge.jpg/320px-The_Ayeyarwady_%28Irrawady%29_river_and_Sagaing_Township_from_the_Yadanabon_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Irrawaddy as seen from the Yadanabon Bridge looking towards <a href="/wiki/Sagaing" title="Sagaing">Sagaing</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/48px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/64px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Myanmar portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Flotilla_Company" title="Irrawaddy Flotilla Company">Irrawaddy Flotilla Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/MLCTS" class="mw-redirect" title="MLCTS">MLCTS</a> erawa.ti mrac. From <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic</a> <i>revatī</i>, meaning "abounding in riches"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_River&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sciencenetcn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sciencenetcn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciencenetcn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFei2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fei, Yu (22 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2011/8/251272.shtm">"中国科学家确定雅鲁藏布江等四条国际河流源头"</a> [Chinese Scientists Verify Source of Four International Rivers, Including Yarlung Tsangpo]. <i>Xinhua News Agency</i> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E9%9B%85%E9%B2%81%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%9F%E7%AD%89%E5%9B%9B%E6%9D%A1%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%BA%90%E5%A4%B4&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.aulast=Fei&rft.aufirst=Yu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencenet.cn%2Fhtmlnews%2F2011%2F8%2F251272.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100727110424/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/myanmar/index.stm">"Water Resources of Myanmar"</a>. AQUASTAT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/myanmar/index.stm">the original</a> on 27 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>Adding the sections gives Irrawaddy a discharge of 476.9 cubic kilometers per year, which translates to 15,112 m<sup>3</sup>/s</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Resources+of+Myanmar&rft.pub=AQUASTAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnr%2Fwater%2Faquastat%2Fcountries%2Fmyanmar%2Findex.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA115">James R Penn (2001) Rivers of the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111233731/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA115">Archived</a> 11 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.] ABC-Clio <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-042-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-042-5">1-57607-042-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-042-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-042-0">978-1-57607-042-0</a>. Page 115 paragraph 2, retrieved July 16, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="khon_ra" class="citation web cs1">Khon Ra, Director, Hydrology Branch, Irrigation Department (21 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816103822/http://www.wepa-db.net/pdf/1203forum/10.pdf">"Water Quality Management at River Basin in Myanmar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)</i>. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wepa-db.net/pdf/1203forum/10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2017</span>. <q>Catchment Area (000's sq-km) Chindwin River 115.30 Upper Ayeyarwady River 193.30 Lower Ayeyarwady River 95.60</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Water+Environment+Partnership+in+Asia+%28WEPA%29&rft.atitle=Water+Quality+Management+at+River+Basin+in+Myanmar&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2011-09-21&rft.au=Khon+Ra%2C+Director%2C+Hydrology+Branch%2C+Irrigation+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wepa-db.net%2Fpdf%2F1203forum%2F10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728215607/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/8th-uncsgn-docs/inf/8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.75.pdf">"WRITING SYSTEMS: ROMANIZATION Government of the Union of Myanmar Notification 5/89"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nation World Stats Forum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/8th-uncsgn-docs/inf/8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.75.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nation+World+Stats+Forum&rft.atitle=WRITING+SYSTEMS%3A+ROMANIZATION+Government+of+the+Union+of+Myanmar+Notification+5%2F89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2FUNGEGN%2Fdocs%2F8th-uncsgn-docs%2Finf%2F8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖlmez2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ölmez, Mehmet (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iutded/issue/46544/583322">"Etimoloji Sözlükleri Üzerine Kısa Bir Değerlendirme, Tanımı ve r-'li Yabancı Kelimelerin Türkçeye Giriş Yolları"</a>. <i>Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Journal of Turkish Language and Literature</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26650%2Ftuded2019-0012">10.26650/tuded2019-0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198780156">198780156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istanbul+University+Faculty+of+Letters+Journal+of+Turkish+Language+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Etimoloji+S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCkleri+%C3%9Czerine+K%C4%B1sa+Bir+De%C4%9Ferlendirme%2C+Tan%C4%B1m%C4%B1+ve+r-%27li+Yabanc%C4%B1+Kelimelerin+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7eye+Giri%C5%9F+Yollar%C4%B1&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26650%2Ftuded2019-0012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198780156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C3%96lmez&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fpub%2Fiutded%2Fissue%2F46544%2F583322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Scott, James George (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Irrawaddy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Irrawaddy">"Irrawaddy" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 839.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irrawaddy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=839&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWWF2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> (1 May 2018). <i>The Ayeyarwady River and the Economy of Myanmar</i>. WWF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940443-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-940443-06-2"><bdi>978-2-940443-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ayeyarwady+River+and+the+Economy+of+Myanmar&rft.pub=WWF&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft.isbn=978-2-940443-06-2&rft.au=WWF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Irrawaddy-River">"Irrawaddy River | Myanmar's Largest River, Wildlife & History | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Irrawaddy+River+%7C+Myanmar%E2%80%99s+Largest+River%2C+Wildlife+%26+History+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIrrawaddy-River&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100217041606/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1999/2-99/aye.htm">"Irrawaddy etymology"</a>. <i>myanmar.gov.mm</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1999/2-99/aye.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myanmar.gov.mm&rft.atitle=Irrawaddy+etymology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myanmar.gov.mm%2FPerspective%2Fpersp1999%2F2-99%2Faye.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csuchico.edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring99/Karmegam/symbol.html">California State University, Chico – The Symbolism of Elephants in Indian Culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091225020611/http://www.csuchico.edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring99/Karmegam/symbol.html">Archived</a> 25 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 13 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerrin1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Perrin" title="William F. Perrin">Perrin, William F.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7UEJcYiT5eoC&pg=PA173"><i>Asian Marine Biology 14 (1997)</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-462-8"><bdi>978-962-209-462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Marine+Biology+14+%281997%29&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-962-209-462-8&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7UEJcYiT5eoC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTint_Tun" class="citation web cs1">Tint Tun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725115205/http://tinttun.mm.googlepages.com/irrawaddydolphin">"Irrawaddy Dolphin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tinttun.mm.googlepages.com/irrawaddydolphin">the original</a> on 25 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irrawaddy+Dolphin&rft.au=Tint+Tun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftinttun.mm.googlepages.com%2Firrawaddydolphin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearson2018" class="citation cs2">Pearson, Michael (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327155061_'Lake_Chiamay_Asia's_mythical_mother_of_rivers'_The_Globe_Journal_of_the_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Map_Society_83_43-62_2018">"Lake Chiamay: Asia's Mythical Mother of Rivers"</a>, <i>The Globe: Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Map Society</i>, pp. 43 ff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lake+Chiamay%3A+Asia%27s+Mythical+Mother+of+Rivers&rft.btitle=The+Globe%3A+Journal+of+the+Australian+and+New+Zealand+Map+Society&rft.pages=43+ff&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F327155061_%27Lake_Chiamay_Asia%27s_mythical_mother_of_rivers%27_The_Globe_Journal_of_the_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Map_Society_83_43-62_2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myanmar-education.edu.mm/moe_main/moert/download/yu-kalayarlu.doc">Document about the floradiversity in Northern Kachin, in the N'mai watershed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219182855/http://www.myanmar-education.edu.mm/moe_main/moert/download/yu-kalayarlu.doc">Archived</a> 19 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Studies on Floradiversity of North-eastern Kachin Myanmar Section of Sino-himalaya (N'mai Hka-Than Lwin Water Division) – Ma Kalayar Lu, Myitkyina University, faculty of Botanics, 28-8-06. retrieved 6-12-2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709200930/http://www.burmariversnetwork.org/burmas-rivers/irrawaddy.html">Burma Rivers Network</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, paragraph 3. Retrieved 14 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=main+source+irrawaddy+river">James R Penn (2001) Rivers of the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111233731/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=main+source+irrawaddy+river">Archived</a> 11 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.] ABC-Clio <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-042-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-042-5">1-57607-042-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-042-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-042-0">978-1-57607-042-0</a>. Page 115 paragraph 2, retrieved 16 July 2009/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294719/Irrawaddy-River">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428130832/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294719/Irrawaddy-River">Archived</a> 28 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> topic: Physical features » Physiography, paragraph 3. Retrieved 5-12-2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fallingrain.com/world/BM/10/Kabwet.html">Kabwet, Myanmar:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229144639/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/BM/10/Kabwet.html">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> topografische & klimatografische informatie over Kabwet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0705-10-">Global Volcanism Program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514081036/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0705-10-">Archived</a> 14 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vulcanology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanology">vulcanologic</a> ranking.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.nl/maps/search/kyaukmyaung/@22.605771,95.971756,12z?hl=nl&dg=dbrw&newdg=1">"Google Maps"</a>. <i>google.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118135952/https://www.google.nl/maps/search/kyaukmyaung/@22.605771,95.971756,12z?hl=nl&dg=dbrw&newdg=1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.nl&rft.atitle=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.nl%2Fmaps%2Fsearch%2Fkyaukmyaung%2F%4022.605771%2C95.971756%2C12z%3Fhl%3Dnl%26dg%3Ddbrw%26newdg%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"All areas with P/PET ratio less than 0.65" according to the definition of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbd.int/drylands/what.shtml">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229144631/https://www.cbd.int/drylands/what.shtml">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 16-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Streissguth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htrJvrCw0Y0C&pg=PT59&lpg=PT59&dq=central+plains+myanmar#PPA1,M1">Myanmar in pictures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111233731/https://books.google.com/books?id=htrJvrCw0Y0C&pg=PT59&lpg=PT59&dq=central+plains+myanmar">Archived</a> 11 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Twenty-First Century Books, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-7146-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-7146-3">0-8225-7146-3</a>. Retrieved 16-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rakhine State op <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travel-myanmar.net/rakhine_state.htm">Travel Myanmar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905005309/http://www.travel-myanmar.net/rakhine_state.htm">Archived</a> 5 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rakhine Mountain Range on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Arakan+Mountain+Range">The Free Dictionary Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article about the Bago Mountains on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Arakan+Mountain+Range">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basic information about the Bago Division on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/hotel/fact/st_div/bago.html">the site of the Myanmar Government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105210144/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/hotel/fact/st_div/bago.html">Archived</a> 5 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Information about sediment dynamics in the Yangon River at the site of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11258811">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229144611/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11258811">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 17/12/2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Profile_of_the_Irrawaddy_Delta.png">Profile of the Irrawaddy Delta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222090313/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Profile_of_the_Irrawaddy_Delta.png">Archived</a> 22 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Henzhada to the river mouth, in feet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Map on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irrigation.gov.mm/water/climateandrainfall.html">rainfall in Myanmar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120175546/http://www.irrigation.gov.mm/water/climateandrainfall.html">Archived</a> 20 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 17-12-2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A detailed documentation of sediment dynamics can be found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/geoluxx/Notes/The%20Journal%20of%20Geology.pdf">The Journal of Geology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229144539/https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/geoluxx/Notes/The%20Journal%20of%20Geology.pdf">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294719/Irrawaddy-River">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428130832/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294719/Irrawaddy-River">Archived</a> 28 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Physiography, alinea 4. Retrieved 17-12-2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwri.go.jp/eng/activity/pdf/reports/ali.071116.pdf">Hydrological Modeling of Large-scale Ungauged Basin Case Study: Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) Basin, Myanmar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511151717/http://www.pwri.go.jp/eng/activity/pdf/reports/ali.071116.pdf">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2006), University of Yamanashi & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icharm.pwri.go.jp/">ICHARM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716181431/http://www.icharm.pwri.go.jp/">Archived</a> 16 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Ali Chavoshian, H. Ishidaira, K. Takeuchi, and J. Yoshitani, p. 6 fig. 6. Retrieved 18 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrtv3.net.mm/newpaper/1711newsn.pdf">Page 11 Col 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122015523/http://www.mrtv3.net.mm/newpaper/1711newsn.pdf">Archived</a> 22 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Stn/B52.html">UNC & GNRDC Composite Runoff Fields</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229144603/http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Stn/B52.html">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for the Irrawaddy. Retrieved 18 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294719/Irrawaddy-River">"Irrawaddy River – hydrology"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428130832/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294719/Irrawaddy-River">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irrawaddy+River+%E2%80%93+hydrology&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F294719%2FIrrawaddy-River&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myanmar2day.com/myanmar-news/2009/02/irrawaddy-ayeyarwaddy-shallow/">"Shallow Irrawaddy"</a>. Today in Myanmar. 25 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307194539/http://www.myanmar2day.com/myanmar-news/2009/02/irrawaddy-ayeyarwaddy-shallow/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shallow+Irrawaddy&rft.pub=Today+in+Myanmar&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myanmar2day.com%2Fmyanmar-news%2F2009%2F02%2Firrawaddy-ayeyarwaddy-shallow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.wri.org/watersheds_2003/as13.pdf">Water Resources eAtlas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114115318/http://pdf.wri.org/watersheds_2003/as13.pdf">Archived</a> 14 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page 2. 1995 data, retrieved 16 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fate-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fate_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fate_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiu,_J.P.Kuehl,_S.A.Pierce,_A.C.Williams,_J.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, J.P.; Kuehl, S.A.; Pierce, A.C.; Williams, J.; Blair, N.E.; Harris, C.; Aung, D.W.; Aye, Y.Y. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=MSN&rft.date=2008-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna24226179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FishDiversity-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FishDiversity_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FishDiversity_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_D.J.S._MolurB.A._Daniel2010" class="citation book cs1">Allen, D.J.; S. Molur; B.A. Daniel, eds. (2010). <i>The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya</i>. 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Retrieved 17 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3812&m=0">BirdLife Species Factsheet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104234204/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3812&m=0">Archived</a> 4 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the range of breeding spot-billed pelican populations, retrieved 8 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-137713701.html">Disappearing Wild Elephants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100219035736/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-137713701.html">Archived</a> 19 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Environment issue 1, 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcbc.org.ph/wetlands/myanmar/mmr_irrdel.htm">Irrawaddy Delta Fauna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515195853/http://www.arcbc.org.ph/wetlands/myanmar/mmr_irrdel.htm">Archived</a> 15 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asian Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, retrieved 8 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105062452/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121446935/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0">A population survey of the estuarine crocodile in the Ayeyarwady Delta</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, Oryx Volume 34 Issue 4, Pages 317 – 324. 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Retrieved 2 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JGR-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JGR_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGloverOgstonFrickeNittrouer2021" class="citation journal cs1">Glover, H.E.; Ogston, A.S.; Fricke, A.T.; Nittrouer, C.A.; Aung, Cherry; Thet Naing; Khin Kyu Kyu; Htike Htike (24 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JF005882">"Connecting Sediment Retention to Distributary-channel Hydrodynamics and Sediment Dynamics in a Tide-dominated Delta: The Ayeyarwaddy Delta, Myanmar"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. <b>126</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JGRF..12605882G">2021JGRF..12605882G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JF005882">10.1029/2020JF005882</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Earth+Surface&rft.atitle=Connecting+Sediment+Retention+to+Distributary-channel+Hydrodynamics+and+Sediment+Dynamics+in+a+Tide-dominated+Delta%3A+The+Ayeyarwaddy+Delta%2C+Myanmar&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2020JF005882&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JGRF..12605882G&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft.au=Ogston%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Fricke%2C+A.T.&rft.au=Nittrouer%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Aung%2C+Cherry&rft.au=Thet+Naing&rft.au=Khin+Kyu+Kyu&rft.au=Htike+Htike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2020JF005882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrrawaddy+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294719/Irrawaddy-River">Irrawaddy River</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428130832/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294719/Irrawaddy-River">Archived</a> 28 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2009). 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section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/south-asia/itemlist/category/903-irrawady-global">Rivers Network – Irrawaddy river blog and watershed webmap</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731092158/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/south-asia/itemlist/category/903-irrawady-global">Archived</a> 31 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiasociety.org/onthinnerice">On Thinner Ice 如履薄冰: signs of trouble from the Water Tower of Asia, where headwaters feed into all the great rivers of Asia (by GRIP, Asia Society and MediaStorm)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070823123915/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=13663">NASA Earth Observatory</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081107163734/http://earth.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/efs/photoinfo.pl?PHOTO=STS030-151-62">Earth from Space NASA image</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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