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id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Southern Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_Bantu_third_genders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Bantu_third_genders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Traditional Bantu third genders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Bantu_third_genders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Botswana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Americas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Americas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Americas subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Bolivia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7 Uruguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Asia_(the_Middle_East)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia_(the_Middle_East)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 West Asia (the Middle East) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia_(the_Middle_East)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabian_peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Arabian peninsula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel_and_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_and_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Israel and Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_and_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 South and Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Cambodia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Indian subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Europe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Europe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Earliest history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece,_Ancient_Rome,_and_Byzantium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece,_Ancient_Rome,_and_Byzantium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, and Byzantium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece,_Ancient_Rome,_and_Byzantium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Scandinavia,_Viking-era_Norse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Scandinavia,_Viking-era_Norse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Early Scandinavia, Viking-era Norse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Scandinavia,_Viking-era_Norse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_Christian_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Christian_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Medieval Christian church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Christian_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Denmark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Itelmens_of_Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itelmens_of_Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11.1 Itelmens of Siberia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itelmens_of_Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.13 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.14 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.15 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Oceania </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Oceania subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand,_the_Cook_Islands,_Niue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand,_the_Cook_Islands,_Niue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand,_the_Cook_Islands,_Niue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samoa,_Tonga,_Fiji_and_Tahiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samoa,_Tonga,_Fiji_and_Tahiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Samoa, Tonga, Fiji and Tahiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoa,_Tonga,_Fiji_and_Tahiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image">     </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">Outline</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.35em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bissu, Calabai, Calalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Burrnesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary or genderqueer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Health care</a> practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_clinic" title="Gender identity clinic">Gender clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_gender_incongruence" title="Causes of gender incongruence">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Sex assignment</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">masculinizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_transgender_hormone_therapy" title="DIY transgender hormone therapy">DIY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_surgery" title="Masculinizing surgery">masculinizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_surgery" title="Feminizing surgery">feminizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_feminization_surgery" title="Facial feminization surgery">Facial feminization surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_masculinization_surgery" title="Facial masculinization surgery">Facial masculinization surgery</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair_removal" title="Hair removal">Hair removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pregnancy" title="Transgender pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBTQ_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBTQ people">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_voice_therapy" title="Transgender voice therapy">Voice therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health" title="World Professional Association for Transgender Health">WPATH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standards_of_Care_for_the_Health_of_Transgender_and_Gender_Diverse_People" title="Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People">Standards of Care</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care_misinformation" title="Transgender health care misinformation">Transgender health care misinformation</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Rights and <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">legal status</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_gender" title="Legal gender">Legal gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders" title="List of transgender political office-holders">Political office-holders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_asylum_seekers" title="Transgender asylum seekers">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Military service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_South_Korean_military" title="Transgender personnel in the South Korean military">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison#Transgender_issues" title="LGBTQ people in prison">Prisons</a></li> <li>Toilets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">Bathroom bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">Unisex</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Transgender men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_panic_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans panic defense">Trans panic defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Society and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Events and awareness</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Awareness Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_beauty_pageants" title="Category:Transgender beauty pageants">Beauty pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Day of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Day of Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_march" title="Trans march">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_events" title="Category:Transgender events">more</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Culture</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_transgender_anatomy" title="Terminology of transgender anatomy">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters" title="List of fictional trans characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenderism_in_New_York_City" title="Transgenderism in New York City">Transgenderism in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_people" title="List of transgender people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-binary_people" title="List of non-binary people">non-binary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports" title="Transgender people in sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_characters_in_television" title="List of transgender characters in television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_transsexualism_typology" title="Blanchard's transsexualism typology">Blanchard's typology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity" title="Childhood gender nonconformity">Childhood gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender / cissexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Gender detransitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Gender-sexuality questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy" title="Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy">Rapid-onset dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmedicalism" title="Transmedicalism">Transmedicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics_by_continent" title="Category:Transgender topics by continent">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Rights</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Identity_Law_(Argentina)" title="Gender Identity Law (Argentina)">2012 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n%E2%80%93Lohana_Berkins_Law" title="Diana Sacayán–Lohana Berkins Law">2021 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">2016 bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China" title="Transgender people in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transsexuals_Act_(Germany)" title="Transsexuals Act (Germany)">1980 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender_law_(Germany)" title="Third gender law (Germany)">2018 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Determination_Act_(Germany)" title="Self-Determination Act (Germany)">2024 law</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender_Persons_Bill,_2014" title="Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014">2014 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2019" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019">2019 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="LGBTQ rights in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Bill,_2017" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2017">2017 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2018" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018">2018 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Transgender rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_(Norway)" title="Gender Recognition Act (Norway)">2016 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Singapore" title="Transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003" title="Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003">2003 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ley_Trans" title="Ley Trans">2022 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">2004 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Reform_(Scotland)_Bill" title="Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill">2022 bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Disenfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX" title="Gender identity under Title IX">Title IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia_in_the_United_States" title="Transphobia in the United States">Transphobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Argentina</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Historia transgénero en Argentina">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re_Kevin" title="Re Kevin">Re Kevin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">elected officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.15em 0.3em 0.3em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics" title="Category:Transgender topics">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transgender_sidebar" title="Template:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transgender_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Accounts of <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people (including <a href="/wiki/Non-binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary">non-binary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> people) have been uncertainly identified going back to ancient times in cultures worldwide. The modern terms and meanings of transgender, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> only emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">opinions vary</a> on how to categorize historical accounts of gender-variant people and identities. The <a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">galli</a> <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> priests of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> have been interpreted by some scholars as transgender or third-gender. The trans-feminine <a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">kathoey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">hijra</a> gender roles have persisted for thousands of years in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, respectively. In Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">khanith</a> (like earlier <a href="/wiki/Mukhannathun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhannathun">mukhannathun</a>) have occupied a third gender role attested since the 7th century CE. Traditional roles for transgender women and transgender men have existed in many African societies, with some persisting to the modern day. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of North America">North American Indigenous</a> fluid and <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> roles, including the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">nádleehi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> <a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">lhamana</a>, have existed since <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-colonial times</a>. Some Medieval European documents have been studied as possible accounts of transgender persons. <a href="/wiki/Kalonymus_ben_Kalonymus" title="Kalonymus ben Kalonymus">Kalonymus ben Kalonymus</a>'s lament for being born a man instead of a woman has been seen as an early account of <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Rykener" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor Rykener">John/Eleanor Rykener</a>, a male-bodied Briton arrested in 1394 while living and doing sex work dressed as a woman, has been interpreted by some contemporary scholars as transgender. In Japan, accounts of transgender people go back to the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. In Indonesia, there are millions of trans-/third-gender waria, and the extant pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> society of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> recognizes <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">five gender roles</a>. In the United States in 1776, the genderless <a href="/wiki/Public_Universal_Friend" title="Public Universal Friend">Public Universal Friend</a> refused both birth name and gendered pronouns. Transgender American men and women are documented in accounts from throughout the 19th century. The first known informal <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> advocacy organisation in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Cercle_Hermaphroditos" title="Cercle Hermaphroditos">Cercle Hermaphroditos</a>, was founded in 1895. Early sexual reassignment surgeries, including an ovary and <a href="/wiki/Uterus_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterus transplant">uterus transplant</a>, were performed in the early 20th century at a <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">German clinic</a> that was later destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>. The respective transitions of transgender women <a href="/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen" title="Christine Jorgensen">Christine Jorgensen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coccinelle" title="Coccinelle">Coccinelle</a> in the 1950s brought wider awareness of sex reassignment surgery to North America and Europe, respectively. The grassroots political struggle for transgender rights in the United States produced several riots against police, including the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Donuts_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Donuts Riot">Cooper Donuts Riot</a>, 1966 <a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton's Cafeteria Riot">Compton's Cafeteria Riot</a>, and the multi-day <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewall Riots">Stonewall Riots</a> of 1969. In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Sullivan" title="Lou Sullivan">Lou Sullivan</a> became the first publicly self-identified <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay trans man</a> and founded <a href="/wiki/FTM_International" title="FTM International">the first organization for transgender men</a>. At the same time, some feminists opposed construals of womanhood inclusive of transgender women, creating what would later be known as <a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">gender-critical feminism</a>. In the 1990s and 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Transgender Day of Remembrance</a> was established in the United States, and transgender politicians were elected to various public offices. Legislative and court actions began recognizing transgender people's rights in some countries, while some countries and societies have continued to abridge the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of transgender people">rights of transgender people</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> A precise history of the global occurrence of transgender people is difficult to compose because the modern concept of being transgender, and of gender in general as relevant to transgender identity, did not develop until the mid-20th century. Historical understandings are thus inherently filtered through modern principles, and were largely viewed through a medical lens until the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Janssen-2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stryker-2008h-2">[2]</a> Writer Genny Beemyn points out:<a href="#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3">[3]</a>: 1  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Can there be said to be a "transgender history," when "transgender" is a contemporary term and when individuals in past centuries who would perhaps appear to be transgender from our vantage point might not have conceptualized their lives in such a way? And what about individuals today who have the ability to describe themselves as transgender, but choose not to for a variety of reasons, including the perception that it is a White, middle-class Western term and the belief that it implies transitioning from one gender to another? Should they be left out of "transgender history" because they do not specifically identify as transgender?</blockquote> Genny Beemyn argues that transgender history has also been filtered through gay history, identifying <a href="/wiki/Billy_Tipton" title="Billy Tipton">Billy Tipton</a> as an example of a historical figure misrepresented by scholars as gay when a transgender reading of his life would be more appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3">[3]</a>: 3  Absence of autobiographical accounts has resulted in historians assigning identities to historical figures, which of course may be inaccurate.<a href="#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3">[3]</a>: 3  Author Jason Cromwell assesses that if a person of the female sex indicated that they were a man, modified their body to look more traditionally male, and lived their life as a man, then he was a trans man; the same approach has been used to identify trans women. Genny Beemyn distinguishes trans people from crossdressers in the historical record by assessing that a person who crossdressed only in public did not mind exposing their dual life as a crossdresser, while those who crossdressed consistently (also in private) and sought to keep their sex a secret were more likely trans.<a href="#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3">[3]</a>: 4  Beemyn also distinguishes non-binary people in the historical record. They note Indigenous societies in the "New World" who historically had non-binary gender roles enshrined in their society, which enraged European explorers. For example, in 1513 <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> killed 40 natives on the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Isthmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Isthmus">Panama Isthmus</a> for being sodomites, as they had been assigned male at birth but were practicing female gender roles. Not all Europeans were as judgmental: a matter-of-fact 1564 narrative describes "hermaphrodites" as "quite common". An account from <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Thompson_Denig" title="Edwin Thompson Denig">Edwin Thompson Denig</a> in the first half of the 19th century describes a "neuter" gender among the <a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow people</a>. Denig said of it: "Strange country this, where males assume the dress and perform the duties of females, while women turn men and mate with their own sex!" Beemyn concludes that European writers lacked the language or cultural understanding to adequately describe the practices they were witnessing. Overall, they caution not to make generalizations about native practices, since third gender roles were extremely diverse and ranged from exalted positions who were believed to have supernatural power, to denigrated underlings.<a href="#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3">[3]</a>: 5–7  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights in Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt">edit</a>]</div> Ancient Egypt had third gender categories, including for eunuchs.<a href="#cite_note-Wilfong_2007-4">[4]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Two_Brothers" title="Tale of Two Brothers">Tale of Two Brothers</a> (from 3,200 years ago), Bata removes his penis and tells his wife "I am a woman just like you"; one modern scholar called him temporarily (before his body is restored) "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transgender#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:transgender">transgendered</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Wilfong_2007-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crowhurt-2017-5">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: North Africa">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Nuba_peoples" title="Nuba peoples">Nuba peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Otoro_Nuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoro Nuba">Otoro Nuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyimang_people" title="Nyimang people">Nyima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tira_people" title="Tira people">Tira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krongo_Nuba_people" title="Krongo Nuba people">Krongo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesakin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesakin">Mesakin</a>), have traditional roles for male-assigned people who dress and live as women and may marry men, which have been seen as transgender roles.<a href="#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nadel-1947-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Sparks_2014-9">[9]</a> Trans people face discrimination in the modern Sudanese state, and cross-dressing is illegal.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SudanTrib-2010-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: West Africa">edit</a>]</div> By the modern period, the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> had third-gender and transgender roles,<a href="#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCall_2000-12">[12]</a> including for females who take on male status and marry women, a practice which also exists among the Dahomey (<a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> and has been viewed through both transgender and homosexual lenses.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Anthropologist John McCall documented a female-assigned <a href="/wiki/Ohafia" title="Ohafia">Ohafia</a> Igbo named Nne Uko Uma Awa, who dressed and behaved as a boy since childhood, joined men's groups, and was a husband to two wives; in 1991, Awa stated "by creation I was meant to be a man. But as it happened, when coming into this world I came with a woman's body. That is why I dressed [as a man]."<a href="#cite_note-McCall_2000-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faola-2002-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: East Africa">edit</a>]</div> Among some Kenyan peoples, male priests (called mugawe among the <a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a>) dress and style their hair like women and may marry men,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and have been compared to trans women.<a href="#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparks_2014-9">[9]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer people</a> (in what is now <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>), widows who have borne no children may adopt a male status, marry a woman, and be regarded as the father of any children they bear (a practice which has been viewed as transgender or homosexual);<a href="#cite_note-Sparks_2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Brien_2009_p384-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> the Nuer are also reported to have a male-to-female role.<a href="#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maale_people" title="Maale people">Maale people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> also have a traditional role for male-assigned ashtime who take on feminine roles; traditionally, they served as sexual partners for the king on days he was ritually barred from sex with women.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara people</a> of Ethiopia stigmatize men in their communities who adopt feminine dress.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> today, transphobia and homophobia is increasing, introduced in the 1800s and 1900s by Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a><a href="#cite_note-Kintu_2017-21">[21]</a> and stoked in the 2000s by conservative <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a>;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> trans people are now often kicked out by their families and denied work, and face discrimination in accessing healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-FIS_2015-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Before their Christianization, Ugandan peoples were largely accepting of trans and gay people;<a href="#cite_note-Kintu_2017-21">[21]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lango_people" title="Lango people">Lango people</a> accepted trans women—male-assigned people called jo apele or jo aboich who were believed to have been transformed at conception into women by the androgynous deity Jok, and who adopted women's names, dress, and face-decorations, grew their hair long, simulated menstruation, and could marry men<a href="#cite_note-Sparks_2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kintu_2017-21">[21]</a>—as did the <a href="/wiki/Karamojong_people" title="Karamojong people">Karamojong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teso_people" title="Teso people">Teso</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kintu_2017-21">[21]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lugbara_people" title="Lugbara people">Lugbara people</a> had roles for both trans women (okule) and trans men (agule).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southern Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_Bantu_third_genders">Traditional Bantu third genders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traditional Bantu third genders">edit</a>]</div> Various <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Basotho">Basotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mpondo_people" title="Mpondo people">Mpondo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a>, had a tradition of young men (inkotshane in Zulu, boukonchana in <a href="/wiki/Sesotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho language">Sesotho</a>, tinkonkana in Mpondo, and nkhonsthana in Tsonga; called "boy-wives" in English) who married or had <a href="/wiki/Intercrural_sex" title="Intercrural sex">intercrural</a> or anal sex with older men, and sometimes dressed as women, wore breast prostheses, did not grow beards, and did women's work;<a href="#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> these relationships became common among South African miners and continued into the 1950s,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and while often interpreted as homosexual, boy-wives are sometimes seen as transgender.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Botswana">Botswana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Botswana">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Botswana">LGBT rights in Botswana</a></div> In two cases in 2017, Botswana's High Court ruled trans men and trans women have the right to have their gender identity recognized by the government and to change gender markers; the court said the registrar's refusal to change a marker was unreasonable and violated the person's "rights to dignity, privacy, freedom of expression, equal protection of the law, freedom from discrimination and freedom from inhumane and degrading treatment".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa">Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">LGBT rights in South Africa</a></div> From the 1960s to 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> forced some white gay and lesbian soldiers to have <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Since March 2004, trans and <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> people are <a href="/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act">allowed</a> to change their legal sex<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> after medical treatment such as <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(transgender)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (transgender)">hormone replacement therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Labour_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Labour Court of South Africa">Labour Court</a> rulings have found against employers that mistreated employees who transitioned.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_history">Early history</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_among_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Gender roles among the Indigenous peoples of North America">Gender roles among the Indigenous peoples of North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/220px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/330px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/440px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac and Fox">Sac and Fox</a> warriors dance around an <a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">I-coo-coo-a</a> person, a male-bodied person who lived in the social role usually filled by women in that culture.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Non-native George Catlin (1796–1872) titled his painting, Dance to the Berdache; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> Prior to western contact, some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in North America">Indigenous peoples in North America</a> had <a href="/wiki/Third-gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-gender">third-gender</a> roles,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] like the <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Diné">Diné</a> (Navajo) <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">nádleehi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> <a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">lhamana</a>. European anthropologists usually referred to these people as <a href="/wiki/Berdache" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdache">berdaches</a>, which Indigenous people have always considered an offensive slur.<a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leland_2006-41">[41]</a> In 1990, participants in the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference in Winnipeg, Canada, adopted the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">pan-Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">two-spirit</a>; this was largely an effort to replace the offensive slur, berdache, as well as an attempt to organize inter-tribally.<a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leland_2006-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Though acceptance of this term in traditional Native communities (which already have their own terms for such people in their own languages, if they have roles for them at all) has been limited, it has generally met with more acceptance than the slur it replaced.<a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-40">[40]</a> One of the first European accounts of <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> practices of gender was made by missionary <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lafitau" title="Joseph-François Lafitau">Joseph-François Lafitau</a> who spent six years among the Iroquois starting in 1711,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and observed "women with manly courage who prided themselves upon the profession of warrior, [and seemed] to become men alone", and people he called "men cowardly enough to live as women."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Meskell" title="Lynn Meskell">Lynn Meskell</a> and Karen Olsen Bruhns write that there is archaeological evidence that third-gender or similar people existed in California 2,500 years ago at rates comparable to those at which they currently exist among Indigenous peoples in the region,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Voss" title="Barbara Voss">Barbara Voss</a> states that archaeological and ethnographic evidence suggests third-gender categories in North America may go back to the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Strait theory">first migrations of people from eastern Asia and Siberia</a> over 10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estefania_Cortes-Vargas_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Estefania_Cortes-Vargas_2015.jpg/150px-Estefania_Cortes-Vargas_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Estefania_Cortes-Vargas_2015.jpg/225px-Estefania_Cortes-Vargas_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Estefania_Cortes-Vargas_2015.jpg/300px-Estefania_Cortes-Vargas_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estefan_Cortes-Vargas" title="Estefan Cortes-Vargas">Estefan Cortes-Vargas</a>, an Albertan legislator who announced in 2015 that they are non-binary</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Canada">LGBT history in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Canada">Timeline of LGBT history in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Transgender rights in Canada</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: material from the period 1970 to 2002. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history">"Canada" transgender history</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Canada%22+transgender+history&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Dianna_Boileau" title="Dianna Boileau">Dianna Boileau</a> underwent sex reassignment surgery at <a href="/wiki/Toronto_General_Hospital" title="Toronto General Hospital">Toronto General Hospital</a>, becoming possibly the first in Canada to do so. Over the following two years, Boileau shared her story with a number of press outlets and published a 1972 memoir, Behold, I Am a Woman, before retreating from the public eye.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> were included in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> Human Rights Act. In June 2012, gender identity and expression were added to the Ontario Human Rights Code, and gender identity was added to the Manitoba Human Rights Code.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In December 2012 Nova Scotia added gender identity and expression to the list of things explicitly protected from harassment in that province's Human Rights Act.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In May 2012, after a legal battle to reverse her disqualification for not being a "naturally born female", Vancouver resident <a href="/wiki/Jenna_Talackova" title="Jenna Talackova">Jenna Talackova</a> became the first trans woman to compete in a <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe" title="Miss Universe">Miss Universe</a> pageant, and was one of four contestants to win "Miss Congeniality".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In March 2013, the House of Commons passed Bill C-279 to officially extend <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> protections to trans people in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In February 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a> amended the bill in ways that were criticized as <a href="/wiki/Transphobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transphobic">transphobic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In December 2015, legislator <a href="/wiki/Estefania_Cortes-Vargas" class="mw-redirect" title="Estefania Cortes-Vargas">Estefania Cortes-Vargas</a> came out as <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a> during a debate over the inclusion of transgender rights in the provincial human rights code.<a href="#cite_note-Macleans_2015-55">[55]</a> While the provincial <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> normally reports members' speeches under the gender honorifics "Mr." or "Ms.", Cortes-Vargas is recorded as "Member Cortes-Vargas".<a href="#cite_note-Macleans_2015-55">[55]</a> On December 17, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Kael_McKenzie" title="Kael McKenzie">Kael McKenzie</a> was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_Manitoba" title="Provincial Court of Manitoba">Provincial Court of Manitoba</a>, becoming Canada's first openly transgender judge.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 2016, gender identity or expression was added to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>. The same year, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Pritzker" title="Jennifer Pritzker">Jennifer Pritzker</a> gave a $2 million donation to create the world's first endowed academic chair of <a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">transgender studies</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Victoria in British Columbia">University of Victoria in British Columbia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Devor" title="Aaron Devor">Aaron Devor</a> was chosen as the inaugural chair.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In May 2016, <a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">Bill C-16</a> was introduced aiming to update the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a> to include gender identity and expression as protected grounds from discrimination, hate publication and advocacy of genocide, and to add targeting of victims on the basis of gender identity and expression to the list of aggravating factors in sentencing,<a href="#cite_note-C16-58">[58]</a> the first time such a bill was put forward by the governing party in the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-C16-58">[58]</a> Since June 2017, all places within Canada explicitly within the Canadian Human Rights Act or equal opportunity or anti-discrimination legislation do prohibit discrimination against gender identity or expression.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Since August 2017, Canadians can indicate that they are neither male nor female on their passports, using an 'x' marker.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In January 2018, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Hockey_League" title="Canadian Women's Hockey League">Canadian Women's Hockey League</a> player <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Platt" title="Jessica Platt">Jessica Platt</a> came out, the first trans woman to come out in North American professional hockey.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haiti">Haiti</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Haiti">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Haiti">LGBT rights in Haiti</a></div> In 1791, early in the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, a black planter who had been raised as a boy led an uprising in southern Haiti<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Middell-64">[64]</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/Romaine-la-Proph%C3%A9tesse" title="Romaine-la-Prophétesse">Romaine-la-Prophétesse</a> ("Romaine the Prophetess").<a href="#cite_note-Heywood-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rey-2014-119-66">[66]</a> Romaine dressed like a woman<a href="#cite_note-Albanese-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and spoke of being possessed by a female spirit,<a href="#cite_note-Heywood-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popkin-51-70">[70]</a> may have been transgender or <a href="/wiki/Genderfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Genderfluid">genderfluid</a>, and has been compared to the transgender feminine <a href="#West_Africa">religious figures of West Africa</a>, the area many black Haitians descended from.<a href="#cite_note-Rey-2014-119-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Albanese-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERey201752–53-71">[71]</a> Mary Grace Albanese and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hourya_Bentouhami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hourya Bentouhami (page does not exist)">Hourya Bentouhami</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourya_Bentouhami" class="extiw" title="fr:Hourya Bentouhami">fr</a>] list Romaine among the women who led the Haitian Revolution, while Terry Rey argues calling Romaine transgender could be anachronistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERey201752–53-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Albanese-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Romaine has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Kimpa_Vita" title="Kimpa Vita">Kimpa Vita</a>, who professed to be the incarnation of a male Catholic saint.<a href="#cite_note-Heywood-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rey-2014-119-66">[66]</a> In the modern era, discrimination and violence against transgender people is common in Haitian society, though many LGBT people find it easier to be open about their gender within the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a> subculture,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> in which it is believed, for example, that people may be possessed by divinities of the opposite sex.<a href="#cite_note-Popkin-51-70">[70]</a> Haiti's criminal code prohibits vagrancy, with a specific mention of <a href="/wiki/Transvestite" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvestite">transvestites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haiti_Criminal_Code-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_right_to_identity._El_derecho_a_la_identidad.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_right_to_identity._El_derecho_a_la_identidad.jpeg/220px-The_right_to_identity._El_derecho_a_la_identidad.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_right_to_identity._El_derecho_a_la_identidad.jpeg/330px-The_right_to_identity._El_derecho_a_la_identidad.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_right_to_identity._El_derecho_a_la_identidad.jpeg/440px-The_right_to_identity._El_derecho_a_la_identidad.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Lukas Avendano (right), muxe artist</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila.jpg/150px-Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila.jpg/225px-Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila.jpg/300px-Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Mexican Revolution Colonel <a href="/wiki/Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila" title="Amelio Robles Ávila">Amelio Robles</a>, 1915</figcaption></figure> In several pre-Columbian communities across Mexico, anthropologists and colonial accounts document acceptance of third-gender categories.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec people">Zapotec people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> have a third gender role for <a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">muxes</a>, people who dress, behave and perform work otherwise associated with the other binary <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>;<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_2002-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> vestidas wear feminine clothes, while pintadas wear masculine clothes but also makeup and jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> They may marry women or men.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_2002-78">[78]</a> It has been suggested that while the three gender system predates Spanish colonization, the phenomenon of muxes dressing as women may be more recent. <a href="/wiki/Juchit%C3%A1n_de_Zaragoza" title="Juchitán de Zaragoza">Juchitán de Zaragoza</a>, an Indigenous community on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>, has so many well-accepted muxes there is a myth attributing their numbers to a bag of third-genders carried by Saint Vicent ripping and accidentally spilling many out over the town;<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> one study estimated 6% of males in the community in the 1970s were muxes.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila" title="Amelio Robles Ávila">Amelio Robles Ávila</a> began to dress and demand to be treated as a man<a href="#cite_note-Pikara_2016-83">[83]</a> and, gaining respect as a capable leader, was promoted to colonel.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Robles' maleness was accepted by family, society, and the Mexican government, and he lived as a man from age 24 until death;<a href="#cite_note-Pikara_2016-83">[83]</a> a neighbor said that if anyone called Robles a woman, Robles would threaten them with a pistol,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and he killed two men who attacked him and tried to reveal his anatomy.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Universal_Friend_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Public_Universal_Friend_portrait.jpg/150px-Public_Universal_Friend_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Public_Universal_Friend_portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Universal_Friend" title="Public Universal Friend">Public Universal Friend</a> from 1821</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">History of transgender people in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the United States">LGBT history in the United States</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Thomas(ine)_Hall" title="Thomas(ine) Hall">Thomas(ine) Hall</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servant</a> in Virginia, reported being both a man and a woman and adopted clothes and roles of each at different times until ordered by a court in 1629 to wear both men's breeches and a woman's apron; Hall is thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> and is cited as an early example of "a gender nonconforming individual in colonial America".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 1776, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Universal_Friend" title="Public Universal Friend">Public Universal Friend</a> reported being genderless, dressed androgynously, and asked followers gained while preaching throughout New England over the next four decades not to use their birth name or gendered pronouns;<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> some scholars have called the Friend a chapter in trans history "before [the word] 'transgender'".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> There were also cases of people living as the opposite gender in the early years of the Republic, such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lobdell" title="Joseph Lobdell">Joseph Lobdell</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Assigned_female" class="mw-redirect" title="Assigned female">assigned female</a> at birth in 1829, lived as a man for sixty years, and married a woman. <a href="/wiki/Charley_Parkhurst" title="Charley Parkhurst">Charley Parkhurst</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">stagecoach</a> driver who was assigned female at birth but lived his professional life as a man.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> During the Civil War, over 200 people who had been assigned female at birth donned men's clothing and fought as soldiers; some lived the rest of their lives as men and are thought by some to have been transgender, such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cashier" title="Albert Cashier">Albert Cashier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> After the war, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Thompson" title="Frances Thompson">Frances Thompson</a>, a formerly enslaved black trans woman, testified before Congress's investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Riots of 1866">Memphis Riots of 1866</a>; ten years later, she was arrested for "being a man dressed in women's clothing".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wewha1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wewha1.gif/150px-Wewha1.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wewha1.gif/225px-Wewha1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Wewha1.gif 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Cultural ambassador <a href="/wiki/We%27wha" title="We'wha">We'wha</a> circa 1886</figcaption></figure> In the late 1800s, <a href="/wiki/We%27wha" title="We'wha">We'wha</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> <a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">lhamana</a> fiber artist and potter, became a prominent cultural ambassador, visiting <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in 1896 and meeting President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>. The lhamana are male-bodied people who may at times take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, and at other times the roles more traditionally associated with men.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 1895 a group of self-described androgynes in New York organized a club called the <a href="/wiki/Cercle_Hermaphroditos" title="Cercle Hermaphroditos">Cercle Hermaphroditos</a>, "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> They included <a href="/wiki/Jennie_June_(autobiographer)" title="Jennie June (autobiographer)">Jennie June</a> (assigned male at birth in 1874), whose The Autobiography of an Androgyne (1918) was one of a few first-person accounts in the early years of the 20th century which cast light on what life for a transgender person was like then.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In some cases, immigrants would change their gender identity upon arrival in the United States, especially those assigned female at birth, ostensibly for social mobility, like <a href="/wiki/Frank_Woodhull" title="Frank Woodhull">Frank Woodhull</a>, a Canadian immigrant who lived for about 15 years as a man in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and in 1908 was forced to disclose this during processing at <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> American jazz musician and bandleader <a href="/wiki/Billy_Tipton" title="Billy Tipton">Billy Tipton</a> (assigned female at birth in 1914) lived as a man from the 1940s until his death,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> while socialite and chef <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Hicks_Anderson" title="Lucy Hicks Anderson">Lucy Hicks Anderson</a> insisted as a child that she was a girl and was supported by her parents and doctors and later by the <a href="/wiki/Oxnard,_California" title="Oxnard, California">Oxnard, California</a> community in which she was a popular hostess from the 1920s to 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Alan_L._Hart" title="Alan L. Hart">Alan L. Hart</a> was one of the first trans men to undergo a <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonadectomy" title="Gonadectomy">gonadectomy</a>, and later became a pioneering <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiologist">radiologist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christine_Jorgensen_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christine_Jorgensen_1954.jpg/150px-Christine_Jorgensen_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christine_Jorgensen_1954.jpg/225px-Christine_Jorgensen_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christine_Jorgensen_1954.jpg/300px-Christine_Jorgensen_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen" title="Christine Jorgensen">Christine Jorgensen</a> in 1954</figcaption></figure> The possibility of someone changing sex became widely known when <a href="/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen" title="Christine Jorgensen">Christine Jorgensen</a> in 1952 became the first person widely publicized as undergoing <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Around the same time, organizations and clubs began to form, such as <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Prince" title="Virginia Prince">Virginia Prince</a>'s Transvestia publication for an international organization of <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-dressers">cross-dressers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-glbtq-109">[109]</a> but this operated in the same shadows as the still forming gay subculture. In the late 1950s and 1960s, modern transgender and gay activism began with the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Donuts_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Donuts Riot">Cooper Donuts Riot</a> in Los Angeles, 1966 <a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a> in San Francisco, and a defining event in gay and transgender activism, the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewall Riots">Stonewall Riots</a> in New York; prominent activists included <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Rivera" title="Sylvia Rivera">Sylvia Rivera</a>. The 1970s and 1980s saw organizations devoted to transgender social activities or activism come and go, including activist Lou Sullivan's FTM support group that grew into <a href="/wiki/FTM_International" title="FTM International">FTM International</a>, the leading advocacy group for trans men.<a href="#cite_note-glbtq-109">[109]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">feminist</a> and lesbian organizations and individuals began to debate whether transgender women should be accepted into women's groups and events. In 1972, the San Francisco chapter of the lesbian political group <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a> voted to no longer include trans women, expelling <a href="/wiki/Beth_Elliott" title="Beth Elliott">Beth Elliott</a>, a trans lesbian who had served as the group's vice-president,<a href="#cite_note-B-Elliott-history-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-Elliott-DoB-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-Elliott-Out-112">[112]</a> and in 1973, a minority of attendees opposed Elliott's presence at the West Coast Lesbian Conference she had helped create.<a href="#cite_note-B-Elliott-history-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-Elliott-Out-112">[112]</a> In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Womyn%27s_Music_Festival" title="Michigan Womyn's Music Festival">Michigan Womyn's Music Festival</a> and its "<a href="/wiki/Women-born-women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women-born-women">women-born-women</a>" policy began, and in 1979, Janice Raymond assailed trans woman <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a>, who had been employed at the women's music collective <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Records" title="Olivia Records">Olivia Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 1987, Stone wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back:_A_Posttranssexual_Manifesto" title="The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto">The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto</a>" in response, a founding text of <a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">transgender studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stryker-Stone-114">[114]</a> The 1990s saw the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Transgender Day of Remembrance</a> to honor those lost to violence, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Is_Burning_(film)" title="Paris Is Burning (film)">Paris is Burning</a> documenting gay and trans New York <a href="/wiki/Ball_culture" title="Ball culture">ball culture</a>, transgender marches and parades around the time of <a href="/wiki/Gay_Pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Pride">Pride</a> celebrations, and—increasingly in the 2000s and after—the visibility of transgender people rose, with <a href="/wiki/Monica_Roberts" title="Monica Roberts">Monica Roberts</a> starting TransGriot in the mid-2000s to model accurate media coverage of the trans community,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> actress <a href="/wiki/Laverne_Cox" title="Laverne Cox">Laverne Cox</a> being on the cover of TIME in 2014<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner" title="Caitlyn Jenner">Caitlyn Jenner</a> coming out in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Early trans officials like <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Conte" title="Joanne Conte">Joanne Conte</a> (elected in 1991 to <a href="/wiki/Arvada,_Colorado" title="Arvada, Colorado">Arvada, Colorado</a>'s city Council)<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Althea_Garrison" title="Althea Garrison">Althea Garrison</a> (elected to the Massachusetts house in 1992, serving from 1993 to 1995)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> were not out when elected in the 1990s; while <a href="/wiki/Kim_Coco_Iwamoto" title="Kim Coco Iwamoto">Kim Coco Iwamoto</a> became the first openly trans person elected to statewide office when she won election to the Hawaii Board of Education in 2006 (and later to the Hawaii Civil Rights Commission in 2012),<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danica_Roem" title="Danica Roem">Danica Roem</a> became the first openly trans person to serve in a state legislature when she won a seat in the Virginia house in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017.07.26_Protest_Trans_Military_Ban,_White_House,_Washington_DC_USA_7684_(36056856301)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2017.07.26_Protest_Trans_Military_Ban%2C_White_House%2C_Washington_DC_USA_7684_%2836056856301%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-2017.07.26_Protest_Trans_Military_Ban%2C_White_House%2C_Washington_DC_USA_7684_%2836056856301%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2017.07.26_Protest_Trans_Military_Ban%2C_White_House%2C_Washington_DC_USA_7684_%2836056856301%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-2017.07.26_Protest_Trans_Military_Ban%2C_White_House%2C_Washington_DC_USA_7684_%2836056856301%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2017.07.26_Protest_Trans_Military_Ban%2C_White_House%2C_Washington_DC_USA_7684_%2836056856301%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-2017.07.26_Protest_Trans_Military_Ban%2C_White_House%2C_Washington_DC_USA_7684_%2836056856301%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Danica_Roem" title="Danica Roem">Danica Roem</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA" title="Girl Scouts of the USA">Girl Scouts</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> announced acceptance of transgender members<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> in the 2010s. In 2016, the Obama administration issued guidance that clarified Title IX protections for transgender students, the most well-known being allowing trans students to use bathrooms and locker rooms matching their gender identity.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Some legislative bodies passed discriminatory bills, such as North Carolina's <a href="/wiki/HB_2" class="mw-redirect" title="HB 2">HB 2</a> (in 2016), and beginning 2017 the Trump administration rescinded the Obama-era protections of trans students,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> rescinded rules against healthcare providers discriminating against trans patients,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and issued a series of orders against <a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">employment of trans people by the department of defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock v. Clayton County</a> that <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act</a> protects employees against discrimination because of <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> (or sexual orientation).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in Spanish): <a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Transgender history in Argentina (redirect)</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Historia transgénero en Argentina">es</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in Spanish): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Argentina (page does not exist)">Timeline of LGBT history in Argentina</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_la_historia_LGBT_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Anexo:Cronología de la historia LGBT en Argentina">es</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bolivia">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, Bolivia passed the Gender Identity Law, which allowed people over 18 to change their name, gender, and picture on legal documents.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Transgender history in Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti (gender identity)</a></div> European explorers reported <a href="/wiki/Transmasculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmasculine">transmasculine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfeminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfeminine">transfeminine</a> identities among the indigenous populations in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Fernandes2017-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-134">[134]</a> Beginning in the mid-18th century, sex and gender in the daily life of indigenous people was systematically restructured by the state to align with <a href="/wiki/Heteronormative" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronormative">heteronormative</a> European family structures.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Picq-135">[135]</a> Over the next 100 years there were repeated arrests for cross-dressing, mostly targeting black <a href="/wiki/Travestis" class="mw-redirect" title="Travestis">travestis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-134">[134]</a> In the 1950s and 60s, gay bars began to open in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> and travestis gained greater prominence in the theater, having previously been relegated to <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drag_balls" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag balls">drag balls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hutta_and_Balzer-136">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship</a> (1964–1985) heavily persecuted and censored travestis and many were systematically pressured into sex work.<a href="#cite_note-Hutta_and_Balzer-136">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Redemocratization_in_Brazil" title="Redemocratization in Brazil">abertura</a> period (1975–1985) saw the growth of the various LGBT movements, though the Brazilian homosexual movement excluded travestis for a while.<a href="#cite_note-Hutta_and_Balzer-136">[136]</a> Travestis began to star in television and become household names.<a href="#cite_note-Meneses-137">[137]</a> By the early 1990s, travestis and transsexuals organized political organizations which organized against police violence and for better care for those with HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-Carvalho-138">[138]</a> By the late 1990s they were included in the Brazilian homosexual movement, and prominent gay and lesbian organizations expanded their scope to gay, lesbian, and travesti/transsexual.<a href="#cite_note-Hutta_and_Balzer-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carvalho-138">[138]</a> The next few decades saw greater recognition by the state, culminating in the passage of legislation in the 2010s protecting <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-affirming care">gender-affirming care</a>, establishing the right to name and gender changes, and establishing non-discrimination protections on the basis of gender.<a href="#cite_note-Matos-139">[139]</a> At the same time, violence against travestis has continued in Brazil, which in 2021 had the largest number of trans and queer people murdered worldwide for the 13th consecutive year, and the majority of the population continues to be engaged in prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-Matos-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pinheiro-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chile">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in Spanish): <a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Chile">Transgender history in Chile (redirect)</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_trans_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Historia trans en Chile">es</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalina_de_Erauso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Catalina_de_Erauso.jpg/180px-Catalina_de_Erauso.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Catalina_de_Erauso.jpg/270px-Catalina_de_Erauso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Catalina_de_Erauso.jpg/360px-Catalina_de_Erauso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Antonio de Erauso</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonization era">Spanish colonization era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Erauso" title="Antonio de Erauso">Antonio de Erauso</a>, born Catalina de Arauso, dressed as a man to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> and was known as "the ensign nun". After being expelled from a convent in <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, Erauso set sail for the New World as a man to fight against <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> armies in 1619. Erauso was decorated for bravery and awarded the rank of ensign, with no one doubting Erauso's sex. In 1623 Erauso revealed the true story, and after a medical examination to prove virginity, Erauso was sent to Spain, and was interviewed by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a> and Pope <a href="/wiki/Urban_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a>, who granted Erauso the right to be treated as a man.<a href="#cite_note-Gomez-2009-141">[141]</a> In March 1973, the first <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a> in Latin America took place in Chile, when <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Torres" title="Marcia Torres">Marcia Torres</a> underwent it in a Santiago hospital.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> This took place just months before the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a>, and the new dictatorship under <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> began adopting policies which criminalized and marginalized the activities of gay and trans people.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Torres acquired the changed identity documents she sought from the courts after her surgery.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 2018, President <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">Sebastián Piñera</a> signed the Gender Identity Law, which allows transgender people over age 14 "to update their names on legal documents and guarantees their right to be officially addressed according to their true gender."<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> In December 2018, Davinson Stiven Erazo Sánchez was charged with the murder of Anyela Ramos Claros, a transgender woman, as a gender-based hate crime. Under the Rosa Elvira Cely law, feminicide, defined as "the killing of a woman because of her gender, or where there were previous instances of violence between the victim and the accused, including sexual violence," was made punishable by a prison sentence of 20 to 50 years. Claros was only the second transgender woman to have her murderer punished under this law.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Peru">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the 16th century arrival of Spanish conquistadors, the Inca Empire and their Moche predecessors revered third-gender persons and organized their society around an Andean cosmovision that made room for masculine and feminine ambiguity based in "complementary dualism." Third-gender shamans as ritual practitioners were subject to violence as the Spanish suppressed pre-colonial worldviews.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In 2014, the Peruvian Constitutional Court ruled against a transgender woman changing her gender on her national identity document, but in October 2016 the court reversed the earlier decision, acknowledging "people are not only defined by their biological sex, but one must also take into consideration their psychic and social reality." Following this, transgender people in Peru can petition a judge for a legal gender change without having undergone sexual reassignment surgery.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Uruguay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in Spanish): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Timeline of LGBT history in Uruguay</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_la_historia_LGBT_en_Uruguay" class="extiw" title="es:Anexo:Cronología de la historia LGBT en Uruguay">es</a>]</div> In 2018, Uruguay passed a law granting rights to transgender people, entitling them to gender confirmation surgery and hormones paid for by the state. The law also mandates that a number of transgender people receive public jobs.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Transgender people can now specify their gender identity and change their legal name without requiring approval from a judge. In addition, transgender people who suffered persecution during the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_military_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayan military dictatorship">Uruguayan military dictatorship</a> from 1973 to 1985 will receive compensation.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The law also allows minors (under 18) to legally change name without prior parental or court approval.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Asia_(the_Middle_East)">West Asia (the Middle East)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: West Asia (the Middle East)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT in Islam</a></div> For the history of Roman and Byzantine Asia, see <a href="#Byzantium">§ Rome and Byzantium</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabian_peninsula">Arabian peninsula</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Arabian peninsula">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a> are a gender category in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> who function in some sexual and social ways as women,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and are variously considered to fill an "alternative gender role",<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> to be transgender, or (as they are still considered men by Omani standards and laws) to be transvestites.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Discussing the (male-assigned) khanith, older <a href="/wiki/Mukhannathun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhannathun">mukhannathun</a> and Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Khawalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawalat">khawalat</a>, and the (female-assigned) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulamiyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghulamiyat (page does not exist)">ghulamiyat</a>, Everett Rowson writes there is "considerable evidence for institutionalized cross-dressing and other cross-gender behavior in pre-modern Muslim societies, among both men and to some extent women" which existed from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s day and continued into the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> periods<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and, in the khanith, into the present. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Transgender rights in Iran</a></div> Under Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, transsexuals and crossdressers were classed with gays and lesbians and faced lashing or death. Beginning in the 1970s, trans woman <a href="/wiki/Maryam_Khatoon_Molkara" title="Maryam Khatoon Molkara">Maryam Khatoon Molkara</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> asking for support to live as a woman, and building on a 1963 decision that corrective surgery for intersex people was not against Islamic law, he agreed.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a>, Molkara was institutionalized and <a href="/wiki/Forced_detransition" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced detransition">forced to detransition</a>, but later released, and in 1985 personally convinced <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad Khomeini</a> to decree transition and sex reassignment surgery allowed in Islamic law; she advocated for transgender rights until her death in 2012. As of 2008,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit">[update]</a> Iran carries out more sex change operations than any other nation except Thailand;<a href="#cite_note-Tait-2007-158">[158]</a> the government pays up to half the cost for those needing financial assistance, and a sex change is recognized on one's birth certificate.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Some gay people are also pressured into sex reassignment.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel_and_Palestine">Israel and Palestine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Israel and Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aderet_-_singer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Aderet_-_singer.JPG/150px-Aderet_-_singer.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Aderet_-_singer.JPG/225px-Aderet_-_singer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Aderet_-_singer.JPG/300px-Aderet_-_singer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption>Aderet in 2009</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Israel">LGBT rights in Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the State of Palestine">LGBT rights in the State of Palestine</a></div> In 1998, Israeli pop singer <a href="/wiki/Dana_International" title="Dana International">Dana International</a> became the first trans person to enter and win the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In 2008, singer and trans woman <a href="/wiki/Aderet_(singer)" title="Aderet (singer)">Aderet</a> became popular in Israel and neighboring Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The second week of June is the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> Pride Parade, during international <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">LGBT Pride</a> month. In 2008 it coincided with the building of an LGBT Centre in Tel Aviv.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In 2015, the parade was led by <a href="/wiki/Gila_Goldstein" title="Gila Goldstein">Gila Goldstein</a>, who in the 1960s became one of the first Israelis to receive sex reassignment surgery.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The festival is popular, with over 200,000 participants in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire">edit</a>]</div> Eunuchs, who served in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> from the 16th to late 19th century<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> (and were commonly exiled to Egypt after their terms,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> where black eunuchs had served pre-Ottoman rulers as civil servants since the 10th century)<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> have sometimes been viewed as a kind of third gender or an alternative male gender.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: East Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China" title="Transgender people in China">Transgender people in China</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuchs</a> existed in China over 3000 years ago. They were imperial servants and common as civil servants from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> until a century ago.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Eunuchs have sometimes been viewed as a third sex<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> or a transgender practice, and Chinese histories have often expressed the relationship of a ruler to his officials in the terms of a male relationship to females.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2006-175">[175]</a> Cross-gender behavior has long been common in Chinese theatre, especially in <a href="/wiki/Dan_role" title="Dan role">dan roles</a>, since at least the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2006-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chiang_2012_p8-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Today, <a href="/wiki/Jin_Xing" title="Jin Xing">Jin Xing</a> is a well-known entertainer and trans woman.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In the mid-1930s, after Yao Jinping's father went missing during the war with Japan, the 19-year-old reported having lost all feminine traits and become a man (and was said to have an Adam's apple and flattened breasts) and left to find him; the event was widely reported on by the press.<a href="#cite_note-Zhu_2015-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiang2018240–241-180">[180]</a> Du He, who wrote an account of it, insisted Yao did become a man, and Yao has been compared to both <a href="/wiki/Lili_Elbe" title="Lili Elbe">Lili Elbe</a> (who underwent sex reassignment in the same decade) and <a href="/wiki/Hua_Mulan" title="Hua Mulan">Hua Mulan</a> (a mythical wartime crossdresser).<a href="#cite_note-Zhu_2015-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiang2018240–241-180">[180]</a> In the 1950s, doctors in Taiwan forced <a href="/wiki/Xie_Jianshun" title="Xie Jianshun">Xie Jianshun</a>, an intersex man, to undergo male-to-female sex reassignment surgery; Taiwanese press compared the former soldier to <a href="/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen" title="Christine Jorgensen">Christine Jorgensen</a>, who had sought out surgery,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiang2018134–139-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> and the decade-long media frenzy over Xie led to increased coverage of intersex and transgender people in general.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> In the 1990s, transgender studies was established as an academic discipline. Transgender people are considered a "sexual minority" in China,<a href="#cite_note-Chiang_2012_p269-184">[184]</a> where widespread <a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">transphobia</a> means trans people face discrimination in accessing housing, education, work, and healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-Chiang_2012_p8-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westcott_2019-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-McVeigh_2019-186">[186]</a> China requires trans people to get the consent of their families before sex reassignment surgery, leading many to buy hormones on the black market and attempt surgeries on themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Westcott_2019-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-McVeigh_2019-186">[186]</a> On October 31, 2024, a Chinese transgender woman was approved by Changli county people’s court in <a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a> to receive 60,000 yuan (£6,552) in compensation from a hospital that gave her electroshock conversion treatment against her will. This was the first time any transgender person in China won a legal challenge against the use of electroshock conversion treatment.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%88%9E%E8%B8%8A_%E9%95%B7%E5%94%84%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%BA%E5%A8%98%E3%80%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%88%9E%E8%B8%8A_%E9%95%B7%E5%94%84%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%BA%E5%A8%98%E3%80%8D.jpg/150px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%88%9E%E8%B8%8A_%E9%95%B7%E5%94%84%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%BA%E5%A8%98%E3%80%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%88%9E%E8%B8%8A_%E9%95%B7%E5%94%84%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%BA%E5%A8%98%E3%80%8D.jpg/225px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%88%9E%E8%B8%8A_%E9%95%B7%E5%94%84%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%BA%E5%A8%98%E3%80%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%88%9E%E8%B8%8A_%E9%95%B7%E5%94%84%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%BA%E5%A8%98%E3%80%8D.jpg/300px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%88%9E%E8%B8%8A_%E9%95%B7%E5%94%84%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%BA%E5%A8%98%E3%80%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> dance by <a href="/wiki/Onnagata" title="Onnagata">onnagata</a> Akifusa Guraku</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities in Japan</a></div> Historical documentation of male- and female-assigned transgender people is extensive, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wieringa_2007-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans-masculine</a> people were found especially in <a href="/wiki/Yoshiwara" title="Yoshiwara">Yoshiwara</a>, Edo's red-light district, and in the modern era have worked in onabe bars since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Wieringa_2007-188">[188]</a> At the start of the Edo period in 1603, <a href="/wiki/Izumo_no_Okuni" title="Izumo no Okuni">Izumo no Okuni</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> (dressing as a handsome man to tryst with a woman in one popular performance, and being honored with a statue near where she performed which depicts her as a cross-dressing samurai with a sword and fan); in 1629, when the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> banned women from acting,<a href="#cite_note-Wieringa_2007-188">[188]</a> male performers took on the roles of women. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Onnagata" title="Onnagata">onnagata</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Yoshizawa_Ayame_I" title="Yoshizawa Ayame I">Yoshizawa Ayame I</a> (1673–1729) dressed, behaved and ate like women even outside the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In 2004 Japan passed a law requiring people who want to change their gender marker to have sex reassignment surgery and be sterilized, be single, and have no children under age 20, which the supreme court upheld in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> In 2017, Japan became one of the first countries in the modern world to elect an openly trans man to office, electing <a href="/wiki/Tomoya_Hosoda" title="Tomoya Hosoda">Tomoya Hosoda</a> as a city councillor in <a href="/wiki/Iruma,_Saitama" title="Iruma, Saitama">Iruma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_and_Southeast_Asia">South and Southeast Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: South and Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cambodia">edit</a>]</div> Under the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>'s trans community was expelled or killed, and trans women and men were raped, jailed, or killed.<a href="#cite_note-Otto_2017-194">[194]</a> Some escaped and live as refugees in the US.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hijra_and_companions_in_Eastern_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hijra_and_companions_in_Eastern_Bengal.jpg/150px-Hijra_and_companions_in_Eastern_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hijra_and_companions_in_Eastern_Bengal.jpg/225px-Hijra_and_companions_in_Eastern_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hijra_and_companions_in_Eastern_Bengal.jpg/300px-Hijra_and_companions_in_Eastern_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Hijra and companions in East Bengal in the 1860s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg/150px-Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg/225px-Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Kushana_Ardhanareswar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>First- to fourth-century head of Ardhanarishvara</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT rights in India</a></div> Indian texts from as early as 3000 years ago document a third gender, which has been connected to the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">hijras</a> who have formed a category of third-gender or trans-feminine people on the Indian subcontinent since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-West_2010-196">[196]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (from roughly 3500 years ago), it is said that before creation the world lacked all distinctions, including of sex and gender, a state ancient poets expressed with images like men with wombs or breasts.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> (from 2–3000 years ago) tells of a trans man, <a href="/wiki/Shikhandi" title="Shikhandi">Shikhandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> (from roughly 2000 years ago), when <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> asks "men and women" not to follow him, hijras remain and he blesses them.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-Aggleton-1999-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Most hijras are assigned male at birth (and may or may not castrate themselves),<a href="#cite_note-Hinchy_2017-202">[202]</a> but some are intersex and a few are assigned female.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Hijras wear feminine clothing and usually adopt feminine names, often live together in households (often regardless of differences in caste or religion) and relate to each other as female <a href="/wiki/Fictive_kin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictive kin">fictive kin</a> (sisters, daughters, etc.), and perform at events such as births and weddings.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-Aggleton-1999-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hinchy_2017-202">[202]</a> The Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a>, composed about 2100 years ago, documents four gender categories: female, male, <a href="/wiki/Pandaka" title="Pandaka">pandaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexual_orientation#Ubhatovyanjañakas" title="Buddhism and sexual orientation">ubhatobyanjanaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osborne_2009-205">[205]</a> It says the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> was tolerant of monks transitioning to nuns,<a href="#cite_note-Totman_2011-206">[206]</a> at least initially, though trans people did face some stigma,<a href="#cite_note-Osborne_2009-205">[205]</a> and the possibility of monastic transition was later curtailed when the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">female monasticism</a> was extinguished in <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Totman_2011-206">[206]</a> and between the third to fifth century, Indian Buddhists were hostile to transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> These trans- and third-gender categories have been connected to the <a href="#Kathoeys">§ kathoeys</a> who exist in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-Totman_2011-206">[206]</a> Beginning in the 1870s, the colonial authorities attempted to eliminate hijras, prohibiting their performances and transvestism.<a href="#cite_note-Hinchy_2017-202">[202]</a> In India, since independence, several state governments have introduced specific welfare programs to redress historical discrimination against hijras and transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Today, there are at least 490,000 hijras in India,<a href="#cite_note-Nagarajan-209">[209]</a> and an estimated 10,000 to 500,000 in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> and they are legally recognized as a third gender in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nagarajan-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In 1999, Kamla Jaan became the first hijra elected mayor of an Indian city, <a href="/wiki/Katni" title="Katni">Katni</a>, and around the same time <a href="/wiki/Shabnam_Mausi" title="Shabnam Mausi">Shabnam Mausi</a> was elected as a legislator from <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-West_2010-196">[196]</a> In Bangladesh, in 2019, several trans people filed to run for parliament, which currently has no trans or hijra members.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a>, a half-male, half-female fusion of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, is one of several deities important to many hijras and transgender Hindus,<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> and has been called an androgynous and transgender deity.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puang_Matoa_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Puang_Matoa_2004.JPG/150px-Puang_Matoa_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Puang_Matoa_2004.JPG/225px-Puang_Matoa_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Puang_Matoa_2004.JPG/300px-Puang_Matoa_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A Bugis bissu in 2004</figcaption></figure> Indonesia has a trans-/third-gender category of people called <a href="/wiki/Waria_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waria (person)">waria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> It has been estimated that there are over 7 million waria in the Indonesian population of 240-260 million people.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> recognize three sexes (male, female, <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">five genders</a>: makkunrai, comparable to <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> women; oroané, to <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> <a href="/wiki/Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Men">men</a>; calabai, to trans women; calalai, to trans men; and bissu, an <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a> gender.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> An all-transgender <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a> team from Indonesia competed at the 1994 Gay Games in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The team had been the Indonesian national champions.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in the Philippines">LGBT culture in the Philippines</a></div> Today, male-assigned people who adopt a feminine gender expression and are transgender or gay are termed <a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">bakla</a> and sometimes considered a third gender.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz_2015-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Historically, cross-gender <a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">babaylan</a> shamans were respected and termed bayog or bayoc in Luzon and asog in the Visayan Islands<a href="#cite_note-Cruz_2015-223">[223]</a> until outlawed in 1625 and suppressed by Spanish colonial authorities.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> accepted two trans identities, mentefuwaley lagey ("one who became a man") and mentefuwaley libun ("one who became a woman") into at least the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz_2015-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Crossdressing was practiced during American colonial rule. Singer and actress Helen Cruz was a prominent trans figure, especially in the 1960s, and pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Swardspeak" title="Swardspeak">Swardspeak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_(14663856064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg/150px-Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg/225px-Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg/300px-Wat_Tham_Khao_Rup_Chang_-_065_47_pu_tuo_ye_pu_tuo_ye_%2814663856064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Some Thais say Ananda was a kathoey in many previous lives.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Nuntita_at_VERY_TV_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bell_Nuntita_at_VERY_TV_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bell_Nuntita_at_VERY_TV_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bell_Nuntita_at_VERY_TV_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Bell_Nuntita_at_VERY_TV_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bell_Nuntita_at_VERY_TV_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Bell_Nuntita_at_VERY_TV_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bell_Nuntita" title="Bell Nuntita">Bell Nuntita</a>, Thai trans woman and member of the kathoey band <a href="/wiki/Venus_Flytrap_(group)" title="Venus Flytrap (group)">Venus Flytrap</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identities_in_Thailand" title="Gender identities in Thailand">Gender identities in Thailand</a></div> Some (especially Thai) scholars identify the third- and fourth genders documented in the <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">kathoey</a>, a third-gender category which was already a part of traditional Thai and Khmer culture by that the time that scripture was composed about 2100 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Totman_2011-206">[206]</a> Some (especially Thai) Buddhists say <a href="/wiki/Ananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda">Ananda</a> (Buddha's cousin and attendant) was born a kathoey/transgender in many previous lives,<a href="#cite_note-Totman_2011-206">[206]</a> but that it was to expiate for a past misdeed.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The category of kathoey was historically open to male-assigned, female-assigned and intersex people.<a href="#cite_note-Barter_2017-232">[232]</a> Since the 1970s, the term has come to be used (by others) to denote mainly male-assigned transvestites or trans women,<a href="#cite_note-Barter_2017-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winter_2002-233">[233]</a> the latter of whom usually refer to themselves simply as phuying ("women"); a minority refer to themselves as phuying praphet song ("second-type women") or sao praphet song ("second-type females"), and only very few refer to themselves as kathoey.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Jackson-1989-235">[235]</a> Kathoey is often rendered into English as "ladyboy". <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> has become a center for performing <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>, and now performs more than any other country.<a href="#cite_note-Tait-2007-158">[158]</a> In 2015, the government proposed recognizing third-gender people in the constitution,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> but instead only retained personal protections regardless of phet ("sex") which was interpreted to include trans people; a third gender is not recognized on identity documents.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_history">Earliest history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Earliest history">edit</a>]</div> Certain drawings and figures from the Neolithic period and Bronze Age found around the Mediterranean have been interpreted as genderless.<a href="#cite_note-Talalay2005-239">[239]</a> Near what is today <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, a burial from 4,900 to 4,500 years ago was found of a biologically male skeleton in a woman's outfit with feminine grave goods, which some archaeologists consider an early transgender burial.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece,_Ancient_Rome,_and_Byzantium">Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, and Byzantium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, and Byzantium">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Gallus_priest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Statue_of_Gallus_priest.jpg/110px-Statue_of_Gallus_priest.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Statue_of_Gallus_priest.jpg/165px-Statue_of_Gallus_priest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Statue_of_Gallus_priest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>2nd century statue of a gallus priest</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality in ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Homosexuality in ancient Rome</a></div> In Ancient Greece, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and Empire, <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a> were worshiped by <a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">galli</a> priests (documented from around 200 BCE to around 300 CE)<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> who wore feminine clothes, referred to themselves as women, and often <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a> themselves,<a href="#cite_note-Califia_2003-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_1966-247">[247]</a> and have therefore been seen as early transgender figures.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> In Rome, cross-dressing was also practiced during Saturnalia, which some argue reinforced established gender identities by making such practices unacceptable outside that rite.<a href="#cite_note-Campanile_TransAntiquity-250">[250]</a> Romans also viewed cross-dressing negatively and imposed it as a punishment, as when Charondas of Catane decreed deserters wear female clothes for three days or when, after Crassus' defeat, the Persians hung a lookalike of the dead general clad as a woman.<a href="#cite_note-Campanile_TransAntiquity-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elagabalus_aureus_-_obverse_only.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Elagabalus_aureus_-_obverse_only.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Roman aureus coin depicting Elagabalus</figcaption></figure> Women who cross-dressed as men could have access to male opportunities, as depicted in the fictional story of an Athenian woman dressing as a man to vote in the ekklesia in Aristophane's <a href="/wiki/Assemblywomen" title="Assemblywomen">Ekklesiazusae</a>, or when <a href="/wiki/Agnodice" title="Agnodice">Agnodice</a> of Athens dressed as a man to get a degree in medicine, <a href="/wiki/Axiothea_of_Phlius" title="Axiothea of Phlius">Axiothea</a> from <a href="/wiki/Phlius" title="Phlius">Phlius</a> cross-dressed to attend Plato's lectures, and Cornelia, the wife of general Gaius Calvisius Sabinus dressed as a soldier to join a military camp.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 204 – 222) is said by Roman historians to have depilated, worn makeup and wigs, rejected being called a lord and preferred being called a lady, and offered vast sums of money to any physician who could <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">provide the imperial body with female genitalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Varner-2008h-253">[253]</a> Despite marrying several women, the Syrian's most stable relationship was with chariot driver Hierocles, and Cassius Dio says Elagabalus delighted in being called Hierocles' mistress, wife, and queen.<a href="#cite_note-Varner-2008h-253">[253]</a> The Severan emperor has therefore been seen by some writers as transgender or transsexual.<a href="#cite_note-Varner-2008h-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_1866_appendix_C-255">[255]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire_Museum" title="North Hertfordshire Museum">North Hertfordshire Museum</a> started referring to Elagabalus with she/her pronouns in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Marine_accus%C3%A9e_(Paris,_BnF,_Fran%C3%A7ais_51_f.201v).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sainte_Marine_accus%C3%A9e_%28Paris%2C_BnF%2C_Fran%C3%A7ais_51_f.201v%29.png/220px-Sainte_Marine_accus%C3%A9e_%28Paris%2C_BnF%2C_Fran%C3%A7ais_51_f.201v%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sainte_Marine_accus%C3%A9e_%28Paris%2C_BnF%2C_Fran%C3%A7ais_51_f.201v%29.png/330px-Sainte_Marine_accus%C3%A9e_%28Paris%2C_BnF%2C_Fran%C3%A7ais_51_f.201v%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sainte_Marine_accus%C3%A9e_%28Paris%2C_BnF%2C_Fran%C3%A7ais_51_f.201v%29.png/440px-Sainte_Marine_accus%C3%A9e_%28Paris%2C_BnF%2C_Fran%C3%A7ais_51_f.201v%29.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Illuminated manuscript from the Speculum Historiale of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais" title="Vincent of Beauvais">Vincent of Beauvais</a> showing the story of <a href="/wiki/Marina_the_Monk" title="Marina the Monk">Marina Marinos</a> (Paris, BnF, Français 51 f.201v); the upper right corner shows the revelation that Marinos/Marina has breasts.</figcaption></figure>In the 500s, <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_the_Patrician" title="Anastasia the Patrician">Anastasia the Patrician</a> fled life in the court of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in Constantinople to spend twenty-eight years (until death) dressed as a male monk in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> coming to be viewed by some today as a transgender saint.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Coptic texts from that era (the fifth to ninth centuries), like texts from around Europe, tell of many female-assigned people transitioning to live as men; in one, a monastic named <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Hilaria" title="Legend of Hilaria">Hilaria</a> (child of <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>) dresses as a man, brings about a reduction in breast size and cessation of menstruation through asceticism, and comes to be accepted by fellow monks as a male, Hilarion, and by some modern scholars as trans; the story of <a href="/wiki/Marina_the_Monk" title="Marina the Monk">Marinos (Marina)</a>, another Byzantine, who became a monk in Lebanon, is similar.<a href="#cite_note-Wilfong_2007-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Other Byzantine hagiographies describe <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>, who occupied a kind of third-gender status, like <a href="/wiki/Ignatios_of_Constantinople" title="Ignatios of Constantinople">Ignatios of Constantinople</a> (who became patriarch of Constantinople and a saint).<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Hall_&_Gutt-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Scandinavia,_Viking-era_Norse">Early Scandinavia, Viking-era Norse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Early Scandinavia, Viking-era Norse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r#Seiðr_and_gender_roles_in_Norse_society" title="Seiðr">Seiðr § Seiðr and gender roles in Norse society</a></div> Norse society stigmatized effeminacy (especially sexual passivity, but also—it is sometimes said—transgender and cross-dressing behavior),<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larrington_2017-264">[264]</a> calling it <a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">ergi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Clark_2009-265">[265]</a> At the same time, the characteristics the Norse revered in their gods were complicated;<a href="#cite_note-Larrington_2017-264">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> was skilled in effeminate <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">seiðr</a> magic,<a href="#cite_note-Lindow_2002-266">[266]</a> and assumed the form of a woman in several myths,<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> too changed gender on several occasions<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> (for which reason some modern works label or depict the trickster deity as <a href="/wiki/Genderfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Genderfluid">genderfluid</a>).<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> In 2017, archaeologists found that the bones of a <a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Viking buried in Birka with masculine grave goods</a> were female; some suggested the burial could be a trans man, but the original archaeologists said they did not want to apply a "modern" term and preferred to see the person as a woman.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> in his 6th century History of the Franks, included a story about a castrated man who dressed in women's clothing and was alleged to be living as a nun at the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Abbey_(Poitiers)" title="Holy Cross Abbey (Poitiers)">monastery of the Holy Cross in Poitiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> A 2021 study concluded that a grave from 1050 to 1300 in <a href="/wiki/Hattula" title="Hattula">Hattula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, containing a body buried in feminine clothing with brooches, valuable furs and a hiltless sword (with a second sword later buried above the original grave), which earlier researchers speculated to be two bodies (a male and female) or a powerful woman, was one person with <a href="/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" title="Klinefelter syndrome">Klinefelter syndrome</a> and that "the overall context of the grave indicates that it was a respected person whose gender identity may well have been non-binary".<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In the 1322 book Even Boḥan, <a href="/wiki/Kalonymus_ben_Kalonymus" title="Kalonymus ben Kalonymus">Kalonymus ben Kalonymus</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, France) wrote a poem expressing lament at and cursing having been born a boy, calling a penis as a "defect" and wishing to have been created as a woman, which some writers see as an expression of <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a> and identification as a trans woman.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In 1394, London authorities arrested a male-bodied <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex worker</a> in women's clothing who went by the name <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Rykener" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor Rykener">Eleanor Rykener</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dinshaw_1991_p101-281">[281]</a> Rykener reported having first gotten women's clothing, and learned embroidery (perhaps completing an apprenticeship, as female apprentices did) and how to sleep with men for pay, from Elizabeth Brouderer;<a href="#cite_note-Dinshaw_1991_p101-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karras-Boyd_1996_p111-112-282">[282]</a> Rykener also slept with women.<a href="#cite_note-Karras-Boyd_1996_p111-112-282">[282]</a> Rykener's testimony offers a glimpse into medieval <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual identities">sexual identities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Dinshaw" title="Carolyn Dinshaw">Carolyn Dinshaw</a> suggests Rykener's living and working in Oxford as a woman for some time indicates Rykener enjoyed doing so,<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> and Cordelia Beattie says "it is evident [Rykener] could pass as a woman", and passing "in everyday life would have involved other gendered behaviour";<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mazo_Karras" title="Ruth Mazo Karras">Ruth Mazo Karras</a> argues Rykener was a trans woman, and could also be described as bisexual.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Judith_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Bennett">Judith Bennett</a> argues people were familiar enough with <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditism">hermaphroditism</a> that "Rykener's repeated forays into the space between 'male' and 'female' might have been as unremarkable in the streets of fourteenth-century London as they would be in Soho today",<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> while Robert Mills argues officials would have been even more concerned by Rykener's switching of gender roles than by sex work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2015105-289">[289]</a> A few medieval works explore female-to-male transformation and trans figures.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen_2019-290">[290]</a> In the 13th century French <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Silence" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman de Silence">Roman de Silence</a>, Nature and Nurture personified try to sway a child born a girl but raised a boy, who longs to do some feminine things but also long enjoys life as a man before being put into a female identity and clothing at the end of the story;<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> Silence has been viewed as (at least temporarily) transgender.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen_2019-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman_2003-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>'s Livre de la mutacion de Fortune (1403) opens "I who was formerly a woman, am now in fact a man [...] my current self-description is the truth. But I shall describe by means of fiction the fact of my transformation" using the metaphor of <a href="/wiki/Iphis" title="Iphis">Iphis</a> and Ianthe<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2015121–122-294">[294]</a> (a myth <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a>'s Iphis and Ianthe also took up), leading some modern scholars to also view Fortune's protagonist (and Gower's) as transgender.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen_2019-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman_2003-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Christian_church">Medieval Christian church</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Medieval Christian church">edit</a>]</div> Trans figures and non-normative gender traits were acknowledged by the medieval church, and were often interpreted as expressions of God's plan, rather than deviations from it.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Hall_&_Gutt-261">[261]</a> Many transgender saints and clergy members were celebrated and uplifted by the medieval church. Trans people were canonized in the early days of Christianity on account of their "extraordinary lives" and the view that they were extraordinarily blessed by God.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> As the medieval church developed stricter policies and procedures, its view of trans people changed. <a href="/wiki/Marina_the_Monk" title="Marina the Monk">Marina the Monk</a>, or Marinos, was a transgender person in the clergy. Sources vary, but he likely lived somewhere between the fifth and eighth centuries near modern-day Syria.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Marinos, though assigned female at birth, chose to enter a monastery as a monk, following his father and saying the modesty and abstinence that came with the life of a monk would protect his identity. He was expelled from the monastery after a woman accused him of impregnating her, but never refuted the claims made against him, as doing so would involve revealing his genitals; instead, he fathered the child and was eventually allowed back into the monastery along with his son. His sex was only discovered after his death. He is named a saint by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> The theme of "sexual disguise"<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> was popular, especially in early monasticism. Numerous female hermits living alone in the desert dressed identical to male hermits. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary of Egypt</a>, who was born in Alexandria in the early fifth century, is one popular example of an "emasculated female saint."<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> In depictions of her after her conversion to ascetic life, both in visual art and in personal accounts, Mary is portrayed as seemingly genderless. When she stripped herself of all aspects of her previous identity, she also seemed to have shed her gender. <a href="/wiki/Thecla" title="Thecla">Thecla</a>, a contemporary of the apostle Paul, shaved her head and adopted a man's dress in order to prove her devotion and piety.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> She, like Mary of Egypt, shed her female identity in pursuit of a devoutly religious lifestyle. Historian <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Walker_Bynum" title="Caroline Walker Bynum">Caroline Walker Bynum</a> has explored the idea of Jesus as an androgynous figure. In the 12th century, the idea of "mother Jesus" began showing up more and more in religious texts. In many Cistercian texts, Jesus is described as both the son of God, and the mother of all people. He is ascribed traits like nurturing and affectionate, which were not used to describe men at the time, presenting Jesus as somewhere between distinctly male and distinctly female.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Trans ideas continued to show up in religious writing throughout the Middle Ages. One story that bridged the gap between secular and religious ideas of transness is the fictional story of Blanchandin, which gives insight into attitudes towards transgender people in the Middle Ages. The fourteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</a> Tristan de Nanteuil details how Blanchandin was physically transformed from woman to man in order to father St. Gilles, being visited by an angel who gives him testicles and a penis. Rather than being portrayed as a transgression against the natural order of things, this transition is seen as a "radiant expression of God's will". Blanchandin was viewed as having a special relationship to God and to his mission on earth.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Hall_&_Gutt-261">[261]</a> Around the turn of the thirteenth century, the church's view of trans people began to change. The church developed a firmer stance on issues including non-normative gender expressions. As tensions rose between Christianity and Judaism, so did the divide between who was a part of the church and who was not. Those who did not fit neatly into the gender binary did not fit into the church. Religious doctrine insisted that intersex people choose one sex organ or the other to perform sexual acts with, lest they be accused of engaging in sodomy.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a>, who erased all ideas of sex and gender from their belief system, were labeled as heretics.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> The church's reaction to the Cathars exemplified a greater trend within the medieval church, one that did not accept rejection of the gender binary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkans">Balkans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Balkans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_2532_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Durham_2532_cropped.jpg/130px-Durham_2532_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Durham_2532_cropped.jpg/195px-Durham_2532_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Durham_2532_cropped.jpg/260px-Durham_2532_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Sworn virgin in Albania in 1908</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Stana_Cerovi%C4%87" title="Stana Cerović">Stana Cerović</a> are women who take a vow of chastity and live as men; they dress as men, socialize with men, do men's activities, and are usually referred to with masculine pronouns in and outside their presence.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> They take their name from the vow of celibacy they traditionally swore. The gender role, found among several national and religious groups in the Balkans (including Muslims and Christians in Albania, Bosnia, Macedonia and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>), dates to at least the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> It is thought to be the only traditional, formally socially defined <a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">trans-masculine</a> gender role in Europe, but it has been suggested that it may be a survival of a more widespread pre-Christian European gender category.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> On October 1, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Petra_De_Sutter" title="Petra De Sutter">Petra De Sutter</a> was sworn in as a deputy prime minister of Belgium under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo" title="Alexander De Croo">Alexander De Croo</a>, becoming the most senior trans politician in Europe;<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> De Sutter was previously a <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)" title="Senate (Belgium)">Belgian senator</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a>, and is a <a href="/wiki/Gynaecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecologist">gynaecologist</a> and the head of the department of reproductive medicine at <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University_Hospital" title="Ghent University Hospital">Ghent University Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lili_Elbe_by_Gerda_Wegener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lili_Elbe_by_Gerda_Wegener.jpg/130px-Lili_Elbe_by_Gerda_Wegener.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lili_Elbe_by_Gerda_Wegener.jpg/195px-Lili_Elbe_by_Gerda_Wegener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lili_Elbe_by_Gerda_Wegener.jpg/260px-Lili_Elbe_by_Gerda_Wegener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="3514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lili_Elbe" title="Lili Elbe">Lili Elbe</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lili_Elbe" title="Lili Elbe">Lili Elbe</a> was a Danish trans woman and one of the first recipients of <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Elbe was assigned male at birth and was a successful painter before transitioning.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> She <a href="/wiki/Transitioning_(transgender)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitioning (transgender)">transitioned</a> in 1930 and changed her <a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">legal name</a> to Lili Ilse Elvenes.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> She died in 1931 from complications after ovary and uterus transplants.<a href="#cite_note-Biography.com_Elbe-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Denmark is also known for its role in the transition of American <a href="/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen" title="Christine Jorgensen">Christine Jorgensen</a>, whose operations were performed in Copenhagen starting in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> In 2017 Denmark became the first country in the world to remove transgender identities from its list of disorders of mental health.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> Christine de Pisan makes one of the early accounts of gender transitioning in her autobiographical allegorical poem <a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_de_la_mutation_de_fortune" title="Le Livre de la mutation de fortune">Le Livre de la mutation de fortune</a> .<a href="#cite_note-Gutt-2020-318">[318]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_d%27%C3%89on" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevalier d'Éon">Chevalier d'Éon</a> (1728–1810) was a French diplomat and soldier who appeared publicly as a man and pursued masculine occupations for 49 years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKates2001xxi-319">[319]</a> but during that time successfully infiltrated the court of Empress Elizabeth of Russia by presenting as a woman, and later promoted (and may have engineered) rumours that d'Éon had been assigned female at birth,<a href="#cite_note-Chrisman-Campbell-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKates2001183–192-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-d'Eon_them-322">[322]</a> and thereafter agreed with the French government to dress in women's clothing, doing so from 1777 until death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKates2001xxi-319">[319]</a> Doctors who examined d'Éon's body after death discovered "male organs in every respect perfectly formed", but also feminine characteristics; modern scholars think d'Éon may have been a trans woman and/or intersex.<a href="#cite_note-d'Eon_them-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herculine_Barbin" title="Herculine Barbin">Herculine Barbin</a> (1838–1868) was a French <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> person <a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">assigned female at birth</a> and raised as a girl. After a doctor's examination at age 22, Barbin was reassigned male, and legal papers followed declaring Barbin officially male. Barbin changed names to Abel Barbin, and wrote memoirs using female pronouns for the period before transition, and male pronouns thereafter, which were recovered (following Barbin's suicide at age 30) and published in France in 1872, and in English in 1980. <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> refers to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>'s commentary on Barbin in their book <a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coccinelle" title="Coccinelle">Coccinelle</a> (Jacqueline Charlotte Dufresnoy, 1931 – 2006) was a French actress, entertainer and singer who made her debut as a transgender showgirl in 1953, and became the first person widely publicized as getting gender reassignment case in post-war Europe, where she became an international celebrity and a renowned club singer.<a href="#cite_note-Punchard-2022-325">[325]</a> Coccinelle worked extensively as an activist on behalf of transgender people in later life, founding the organization "Devenir Femme" ("To Become Woman").<a href="#cite_note-Guyot-326">[326]</a> In March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes" title="Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes">Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes</a> elected—and in May, inaugurated—<a href="/wiki/Marie_Cau" title="Marie Cau">Marie Cau</a> as mayor, making her the first openly <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> mayor in France.<a href="#cite_note-Cau-France24-327">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_P.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Anna_P.jpg/170px-Anna_P.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Anna_P.jpg/255px-Anna_P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Anna_P.jpg/340px-Anna_P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Anna P, who lived for many years as a man, photographed for <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_sexuelle_Zwischenstufen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen">Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen</a> in 1922.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/170px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/255px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/340px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>On May 10, 1933, Nazis burned the library of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Transgender people in Nazi Germany</a></div> An early reference to transgender people in the German medical literature appeared in 1829, in a brief review article by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Friedreich" title="Johann Baptist Friedreich">Johann Baptist Friedreich</a>. This article was also republished in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schechter-2016-329">[329]</a> The article speculates on the causes behind a "female sickness" among Scythian priests, described by <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>; he compares this with transgender cases observed across various cultures.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> Friedreich's article was followed by a separate medical description that appeared in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-Schechter-2016-329">[329]</a> In the early 1900s, transgender people became a subject of popular interest in Germany, covered by several biographies and the sympathetic liberal press in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-Beachy-331">[331]</a> In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Karl_M._Baer" title="Karl M. Baer">Karl M. Baer</a> became one of the first known trans men to have sex reassignment surgery, and in 1907 gained full legal recognition of his gender with a new birth certificate, married his first wife, and published a semifictionalized autobiography, Aus eines Mannes Mädchenjahren ("Memoirs of a Man's Maiden Years"); in 1938, he emigrated to Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> The same year, Brazilian socialite <a href="/wiki/Dina_Alma_de_Paradeda" title="Dina Alma de Paradeda">Dina Alma de Paradeda</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a> and became engaged to a male teacher, before committing suicide, after which a doctor revealed that her body was male.<a href="#cite_note-Beachy-331">[331]</a> This made her one of the first trans women known by name in Central Europe or of South American origin.<a href="#cite_note-replika-334">[334]</a> A biography published in 1907, Tagebuch einer männlichen Braut ("Diary of a male bride"), was supposedly based on her diary.<a href="#cite_note-Beachy-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-replika-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neckelmann-335">[335]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, Berlin was a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> city with one of the most active <a href="/wiki/LGBT_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT movements">LGBT rights movements</a> in the world. <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a> co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Scientific-Humanitarian_Committee" title="Scientific-Humanitarian Committee">Scientific-Humanitarian Committee</a> (WhK) in Berlin and sought social recognition of homosexual and transgender men and women; with branches in several countries, the committee was (on a small scale) the first international LGBT organization. In 1919, Hirschfeld co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institute</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">research library</a>, a large archive, and a marriage and sex counseling office. The institute was a worldwide pioneer in the call for <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and social acceptance for homosexual and transgender people. Hirschfeld coined the word <a href="/wiki/Transvestite" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvestite">transvestite</a>. In 1930 and 1931, with Hirschfeld's (and other doctors') help, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Richter" title="Dora Richter">Dora Richter</a> became the first known trans woman to undergo <a href="/wiki/Vaginoplasty" title="Vaginoplasty">vaginoplasty</a>, along with removal of the penis (following removal of testicles several years earlier),<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lili_Elbe" title="Lili Elbe">Lili Elbe</a> underwent similar surgeries in Dresden, including an unsuccessful ovary and <a href="/wiki/Uterus_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterus transplant">uterus transplant</a>, complications from which resulted in her death.<a href="#cite_note-Biography.com_Elbe-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyer_2015_p271-281-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> burned the institute's library.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> On June 12, 2003, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled in favor of Van Kück, a German trans woman whose insurance company denied her reimbursement for sex reassignment surgery and <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(male-to-female)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)">hormone replacement therapy</a>, who sued under <a href="/wiki/Article_6_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Article_8_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Luxuria_-_Roma_Pride_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vladimir_Luxuria_-_Roma_Pride_2008.JPG/150px-Vladimir_Luxuria_-_Roma_Pride_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vladimir_Luxuria_-_Roma_Pride_2008.JPG/225px-Vladimir_Luxuria_-_Roma_Pride_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vladimir_Luxuria_-_Roma_Pride_2008.JPG/300px-Vladimir_Luxuria_-_Roma_Pride_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Vladimir Luxuria (2008)</figcaption></figure> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitan</a> culture recognized <a href="/wiki/Femminielli" class="mw-redirect" title="Femminielli">femminielli</a>, a sort of third gender of male-assigned people with markedly feminine gender expression and an androphilic/homosexual orientation, who remain largely unstigmatized.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Luxuria" title="Vladimir Luxuria">Vladimir Luxuria</a> became the first openly transgender woman elected to the Italian Parliament and the first transgender member of a parliament in Europe. In 2015, the Court of Cassation ruled that sterilization and <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a> was not required in order to obtain a legal gender change.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Russia">LGBT rights in Russia</a></div> After 2013<a href="#cite_note-Parogni-346">[346]</a>—when the government passed a law against "promoting" "non-traditional relations"<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a>—Russia became "notoriously hostile" to transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-Parogni-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kyrgyz-Russia-348">[348]</a> Dmitri Isaev's clinic, which provided medical authorization for half the sex reassignment surgeries, was forced to operate in secret.<a href="#cite_note-Patin_2017-349">[349]</a> In 2019, a court in Saint Petersburg, Russia's most liberal city,<a href="#cite_note-Patin_2017-349">[349]</a> ordered a business which had fired a woman when she transitioned to reinstate her.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Itelmens_of_Siberia">Itelmens of Siberia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Itelmens of Siberia">edit</a>]</div> Among the <a href="/wiki/Itelmens" title="Itelmens">Itelmens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, a third gender category of the <a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">koekchuch</a> was recorded in the 18th and 19th centuries, for people assigned male gender at birth but who dressed as women did.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> According to historians <a href="/wiki/Dan_Healey" title="Dan Healey">Dan Healey</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesca_Stella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesca Stella (page does not exist)">Francesca Stella</a>, scholarship on trans identities in the Soviet Union has been fragmentary and that "a comprehensive history of the Soviet transsexual is needed."<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> Following the revolutions of 1917, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Soviet Union">LGBT rights in the Soviet Union</a> expanded greatly, including a greater awareness of gender diversity. <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Koltsov" title="Nikolai Koltsov">Nikolai Koltsov</a>, director of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Experimental_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Experimental Biology (page does not exist)">Institute of Experimental Biology</a>, stated that there was "an infinite quantity of intermediate sexes," and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evgenii_Fedorovich_M.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evgenii Fedorovich M. (page does not exist)">Evgenii Fedorovich M.</a>, a <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">State Political Directorate</a> employee who had been born Evgeniia Fedorovna M. and who presented as a man, stated that "people live among us who do not fit neither the one nor the other gender" who "will begin to feel a sense of responsibility before society and become useful to it only when that society stops oppressing them and strangling them due to its lack of consciousness and its petty-bourgeois barbarity."<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[a]</a> In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissariat for Health">People's Commissariat for Health</a> organised a conference on "transvestites," including discussions about people seeking to change sexes and culminating in a resolution calling for same-sex marriage to be officially recognised.<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> Much of the relative openness of the 1920s was reversed in the 1930s under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, including the re-criminalisation of homosexuality in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> In 1961, an interview with a trans woman was featured in the press where she recounted the <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">abuse she faced from doctors</a>, including being diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and being physically beaten.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> In 1968, in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, surgeon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktors_Kalnb%C4%93rzs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktors Kalnbērzs (page does not exist)">Viktors Kalnbērzs</a> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktors_Kalnb%C4%93rzs" class="extiw" title="lv:Viktors Kalnbērzs">lv</a>], who had invented a <a href="/wiki/Penile_implant" title="Penile implant">penile implant</a> that had already seen relatively widespread use in the Soviet Union and Europe to treat erectile dysfunction, was approached by a trans man about <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>. After the patient underwent consultations with several specialists, including an endocrinologist and a psychiatrist, Kalnberz was able to obtain authorisation from the Latvian Ministry of Health to perform the surgery over the course of 1970 to 1972. Kalnberz's actions were subsequently reviewed by a special committee, which found the operation had been medically necessary, but he was formally reprimanded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ministry_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ministry of Health">Soviet Ministry of Health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT rights in Spain</a></div> There are records of several 16th-century people in Spain who were raised as girls and subsequently adopted male identities under various circumstances who some historians think were transgender, including <a href="/wiki/Eleno_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Eleno de Céspedes">Eleno de Céspedes</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalina_de_Erauso" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalina de Erauso">Catalina de Erauso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feinberg_1996-364">[363]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> era, thousands of trans women and gay men were jailed, and today fight for compensation.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> In 2007, a law took effect allowing trans people to change gender markers in documents such as birth certificates and passports without undergoing sterilization and sex reassignment surgery.<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ersoy" title="Bülent Ersoy">Bülent Ersoy</a>, a Turkish singer who was assigned male at birth, had a <a href="/wiki/Gender_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender reassignment surgery">gender reassignment surgery</a> in April 1981.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCzgar_Erko%C3%A7lar" title="Rüzgar Erkoçlar">Rüzgar Erkoçlar</a>, a Turkish actor who was assigned female at birth, came out as a trans in February 2013.<a href="#cite_note-hürriyet-369">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Evening_With_April_Ashley_at_the_Southbank_Centre4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/An_Evening_With_April_Ashley_at_the_Southbank_Centre4.jpg/220px-An_Evening_With_April_Ashley_at_the_Southbank_Centre4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/An_Evening_With_April_Ashley_at_the_Southbank_Centre4.jpg/330px-An_Evening_With_April_Ashley_at_the_Southbank_Centre4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/An_Evening_With_April_Ashley_at_the_Southbank_Centre4.jpg/440px-An_Evening_With_April_Ashley_at_the_Southbank_Centre4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/April_Ashley" title="April Ashley">April Ashley</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Britain">Timeline of LGBT history in Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">Transgender rights in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT rights in the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United Kingdom">History of transgender people in the United Kingdom</a></div> Irish-born surgeon <a href="/wiki/James_Barry_(surgeon)" title="James Barry (surgeon)">James Barry</a> had a long career as a surgeon and rose to the second-highest medical office in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>,<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> improving conditions for wounded soldiers and the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">South Africa</a>, and performing one of the first caesarean sections in which both the mother and child survived.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> In 1946, the first sex-reassignment <a href="/wiki/Phalloplasty" title="Phalloplasty">phalloplasty</a> was performed by one British surgeon on another, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Gillies" title="Harold Gillies">Harold Gillies</a> on <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dillon" title="Michael Dillon">Michael Dillon</a> (an earlier phalloplasty was done on a cisgender man in 1936 in Russia).<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Cowell" title="Roberta Cowell">Roberta Cowell</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">fighter pilot</a> in World War II, was the first known <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">trans woman</a> to have undergone <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a> the UK, in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> In 1961, English model <a href="/wiki/April_Ashley" title="April Ashley">April Ashley</a> was outed as transgender. She is one of the earliest Britons known to have had sex reassignment surgery, and was made a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the British Empire">Member of the Order of the British Empire</a> (MBE) in 2012 for promoting trans equality.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">Gender Recognition Act</a> passed, giving transgender people legal recognition of their gender before the law subject to certain conditions.<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Transgender history in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_de_Lacy_Evans_with_wife.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Edward_de_Lacy_Evans_with_wife.png/220px-Edward_de_Lacy_Evans_with_wife.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Edward_de_Lacy_Evans_with_wife.png/330px-Edward_de_Lacy_Evans_with_wife.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Edward_de_Lacy_Evans_with_wife.png/440px-Edward_de_Lacy_Evans_with_wife.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Transgender man <a href="/wiki/Edward_De_Lacy_Evans" title="Edward De Lacy Evans">Edward De Lacy Evans</a> (left) with his third wife, Julia Marquand, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1870s.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Edward_De_Lacy_Evans" title="Edward De Lacy Evans">Edward de Lacy Evans</a> (1830-1901) was a servant, blacksmith, and coal miner who publicly identified as male for the majority of his life, was registered as the father of his son, and referred to as "Dadds" and "Uncle" by his family members.<a href="#cite_note-book18802-378">[377]</a> He was inducted into various mental health asylums, such as Kew Lunatic Asylum, in attempts to "cure" his trans male identity.<a href="#cite_note-BenAddSep1879-379">[378]</a> Evans made international news in 1879 when it was discovered he was assigned female at birth.<a href="#cite_note-book1880-380">[379]</a> Circa 1880, he made his identity publicly known, performing in the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> Waxworks under the tagline "The Wonderful Male Impersonator"<a href="#cite_note-death01-381">[380]</a> and in Sydney as "The Man-Woman Mystery".<a href="#cite_note-book18803-382">[381]</a> The first reported case of an Australian undertaking a sex change operation was an ex-<a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF</a> Staff Sergeant Robert James Brooks in February 1956.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> The Gender Dysphoria Clinic at <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Hospital,_Melbourne" title="Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne">Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne</a> was established by Dr Trudy Kennedy and Dr Herbert Bower in 1975. It moved to <a href="/wiki/Monash_Medical_Centre" title="Monash Medical Centre">Monash Medical Centre</a> in 1989 and closed in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> Australia's first transgender rights and advocacy organizations were established in 1979: the Melbourne-based Victorian Transsexual Coalition and the Victorian Transsexual Association; followed in 1981 by the Sydney-based Australian Transsexual Association, which included prominent activist, academic and author <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Perkins" title="Roberta Perkins">Roberta Perkins</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand,_the_Cook_Islands,_Niue">New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgina_Beyer_at_International_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Georgina_Beyer_at_International_Conference.jpg/150px-Georgina_Beyer_at_International_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Georgina_Beyer_at_International_Conference.jpg/225px-Georgina_Beyer_at_International_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Georgina_Beyer_at_International_Conference.jpg/300px-Georgina_Beyer_at_International_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>New Zealand politician<a href="/wiki/Georgina_Beyer" title="Georgina Beyer">Georgina Beyer</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Transgender rights in New Zealand">Transgender rights in New Zealand</a></div> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Georgina_Beyer" title="Georgina Beyer">Georgina Beyer</a> became the first openly trans mayor in the world when <a href="/wiki/Carterton,_New_Zealand" title="Carterton, New Zealand">Carterton, New Zealand</a> elected her, and in 1999, she became the first transgender member of a parliament, winning election to represent <a href="/wiki/Wairarapa" title="Wairarapa">Wairarapa</a>; in 2003, the former sex worker helped pass the <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_Reform_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution Reform Bill">Prostitution Reform Bill</a> decriminalizing sex work.<a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> Some Maori use the terms whakawahine ("like a woman"), tangata ira tane ("human man") to refer to trans-woman- and trans-man-like categories.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2018-386">[385]</a> The related term fakafifine denotes male-assigned people in <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> who fulfill a feminine third gender.<a href="#cite_note-Feu'u-387">[386]</a> Similarly, in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">akava'ine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rarotongan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan">Rarotongan</a>) word which, due to cross-cultural contact with other Polynesians living in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (especially the Samoan <a href="/wiki/Fa%27afafine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'afafine">fa'afafine</a>), has been used since the 2000s to refer to transgender people of Māori descent from the Cook Islands.<a href="#cite_note-Teara_Fa_p3-388">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samoa,_Tonga,_Fiji_and_Tahiti">Samoa, Tonga, Fiji and Tahiti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Samoa, Tonga, Fiji and Tahiti">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fa%27afafine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'afafine">fa'afafine</a> ("in the manner of women") are a third gender with uncertain origins which go back at least to the beginning of the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> Fa'afafine are assigned male at birth, and express both masculine and feminine gender traits,<a href="#cite_note-Teara_Fa_p3-388">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-bartlett-390">[389]</a> performing a role otherwise performed by women.<a href="#cite_note-Feu'u-387">[386]</a> The word fa'atamaloa is sometimes used for a trans-male or tomboyish gender category or role.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2018-386">[385]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, the related term fakafefine or more commonly <a href="/wiki/Fakaleiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakaleiti">fakaleiti</a> ("in the manner of ladies") denotes male-assigned people who dress and work as women and may partner with men, and call themselves simply leiti ("ladies").<a href="#cite_note-Feu'u-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-West_2010_p817-391">[390]</a> They are common—one of the children of former king <a href="/wiki/Taufa%27ahau_Tupou_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Taufa'ahau Tupou IV">Taufa'ahau Tupou IV</a> (d. 2006) is a leiti—and still held in high regard, though colonization and westernization have introduced some transphobia.<a href="#cite_note-West_2010_p817-391">[390]</a> In Fiji, vakasalewalewa (also written vaka sa lewa lewa)<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> are male-assigned people who perform roles usually carried out by women.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2018-386">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, the rae rae fulfil a similar role.<a href="#cite_note-Feu'u-387">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Transgender_Archive" title="Digital Transgender Archive">Digital Transgender Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">International Transgender Day of Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_history" title="Intersex people in history">Intersex people in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_History_(book)" title="Transgender History (book)">Transgender History (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timeline of LGBTQ history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Timeline of transgender history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">Transgender legal history in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cross-dressing" title="History of cross-dressing">History of cross-dressing</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/19px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/29px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/38px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> More on this at Russian Wikipedia, at: <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8#История_попыток_признания_однополых_семей_в_России" class="extiw" title="ru:Однополые браки в России">Same-sex marriage in Russia#History of attempts to recognize same-sex families in Russia</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Janssen-2020-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Janssen-2020_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJanssen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Janssen, Diederik F. (April 21, 2020). "Transgenderism Before Gender: Nosology from the Sixteenth Through Mid-Twentieth Century". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (5): 1415–1425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-020-01715-w">10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002">0004-0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32319033">32319033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216073926">216073926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Transgenderism+Before+Gender%3A+Nosology+from+the+Sixteenth+Through+Mid-Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1415-%3C%2Fspan%3E1425&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.issn=0004-0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216073926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32319033&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-020-01715-w&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Diederik+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stryker-2008h-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Stryker-2008h_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryker2008" class="citation book cs1">Stryker, Susan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1162214303">Transgender history</a>. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-690-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-690-8"><bdi>978-1-58005-690-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162214303">1162214303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transgender+history&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162214303&rft.isbn=978-1-58005-690-8&rft.aulast=Stryker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1162214303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beemyn-2020_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beemyn-2020_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beemyn-2020_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beemyn-2020_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beemyn-2020_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeemyn2020" class="citation book cs1">Beemyn, Genny (2020). Erickson-Schroth, Laura (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021004819/https://www.umass.edu/stonewall/sites/default/files/Infoforandabout/transpeople/genny_beemyn_transgender_history_in_the_united_states.pdf">Transgender History in the United States: A special unabridged version of a book chapter from Trans Bodies, Trans Selves</a> (PDF). Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umass.edu/stonewall/sites/default/files/Infoforandabout/transpeople/genny_beemyn_transgender_history_in_the_united_states.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transgender+History+in+the+United+States%3A+A+special+unabridged+version+of+a+book+chapter+from+Trans+Bodies%2C+Trans+Selves&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Beemyn&rft.aufirst=Genny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fstonewall%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FInfoforandabout%2Ftranspeople%2Fgenny_beemyn_transgender_history_in_the_united_states.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilfong_2007-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilfong_2007_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilfong_2007_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilfong_2007_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilfong2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilfong, T.G. (2007). "Gender and Sexuality". In Wilkinson, Toby (ed.). The Egyptian world. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75377-0"><bdi>978-1-136-75377-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647083746">647083746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+and+Sexuality&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+world&rft.place=London&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647083746&rft.isbn=978-1-136-75377-0&rft.aulast=Wilfong&rft.aufirst=T.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowhurt-2017-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Crowhurt-2017_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowhurst2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Crowhurst, Caroline Jayne (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102193321/https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/36757/whole.pdf">"True of Voice?": The speech, actions, and portrayal of women in New Kingdom literary texts, dating c.1550 to 1070 B.C.</a> (PDF) (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/36757/whole.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22True+of+Voice%3F%22%3A+The+speech%2C+actions%2C+and+portrayal+of+women+in+New+Kingdom+literary+texts%2C+dating+c.1550+to+1070+B.C.&rft.inst=University+of+Auckland&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Crowhurst&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Jayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchspace.auckland.ac.nz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2292%2F36757%2Fwhole.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Interpreting Ancient Egyptian Narratives: A Structural Analysis of the Tale of Two Brothers. Nouvelles Études Orientales. EME Editions. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8066-2922-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8066-2922-7"><bdi>978-2-8066-2922-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Ancient+Egyptian+Narratives%3A+A+Structural+Analysis+of+the+Tale+of+Two+Brothers&rft.series=Nouvelles+%C3%89tudes+Orientales&rft.pub=EME+Editions&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-8066-2922-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feinberg_2006_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feinberg_2006_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feinberg_2006_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feinberg_2006_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feinberg_2006_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Feinberg, Leslie (2006). "Transgender Liberation". In Stryker, Susan; Whittle, Stephen (eds.). The transgender studies reader. New York: Routledge. pp. 215–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94708-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94708-1"><bdi>0-415-94708-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62782200">62782200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transgender+Liberation&rft.btitle=The+transgender+studies+reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62782200&rft.isbn=0-415-94708-1&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nadel-1947-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Nadel-1947_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadelHuddleston1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Frederick_Nadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegfried Frederick Nadel">Nadel, S. F.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Huddleston" title="Hubert Huddleston">Huddleston, Hubert</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/TheNubaAnAnthropologicalStudyOfTheHillTribesInKordofan">The Nuba: an anthropological study of the hill tribes in Kordofan</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-15957-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-15957-5"><bdi>0-404-15957-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/295542">295542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nuba%3A+an+anthropological+study+of+the+hill+tribes+in+Kordofan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F295542&rft.isbn=0-404-15957-5&rft.aulast=Nadel&rft.aufirst=S.+F.&rft.au=Huddleston%2C+Hubert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheNubaAnAnthropologicalStudyOfTheHillTribesInKordofan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks_2014-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_2014_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_2014_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_2014_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_2014_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnerSparks2004" class="citation book cs1">Conner, Randy P.; Sparks, David Hatfield (2004). Queering creole spiritual traditions: lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender participation in African-inspired traditions in the Americas. New York. pp. 34–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-71281-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-71281-7"><bdi>978-1-317-71281-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/876592467">876592467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queering+creole+spiritual+traditions%3A+lesbian%2C+gay%2C+bisexual%2C+and+transgender+participation+in+African-inspired+traditions+in+the+Americas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F876592467&rft.isbn=978-1-317-71281-7&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Randy+P.&rft.au=Sparks%2C+David+Hatfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2018" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Chol Duang (February 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2018/02/02/religious-leaders-encourage-lgbt-exclusion-south-sudan/">"Religious leaders encourage LGBT exclusion in South Sadan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religion_News_Service" title="Religion News Service">Religion News Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+News+Service&rft.atitle=Religious+leaders+encourage+LGBT+exclusion+in+South+Sadan&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Chol+Duang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2018%2F02%2F02%2Freligious-leaders-encourage-lgbt-exclusion-south-sudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SudanTrib-2010-11"><a href="#cite_ref-SudanTrib-2010_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article35603/">"Sudan flogs 19 men in public for cross-dressing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Tribune" title="Sudan Tribune">Sudan Tribune</a>. 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Jacana Media. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1770090932" title="Special:BookSources/1770090932"><bdi>1770090932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tommy+Boys%2C+Lesbian+Men%2C+and+Ancestral+Wives&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Jacana+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1770090932&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Wieringa%2C+Saskia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faola-2002-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Faola-2002_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalola2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toyin_Falola" title="Toyin Falola">Falola, Toyin</a> (2002). 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October 8, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Spirit+of+Belonging%2C+Inside+and+Out&rft.date=2006-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F10%2F08%2Ffashion%2F08SPIRIT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/">"Two Spirit 101"</a>. NativeOut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/">the original</a> on December 10, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2015. <q>The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NativeOut&rft.atitle=Two+Spirit+101&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnativeout.com%2Ftwospirit-rc%2Ftwo-spirit-101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedicine2002" class="citation journal cs1">Medicine, Beatrice (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121208071034/http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=orpc">"Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories"</a>. 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Retrieved April 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bathroom+Debate+Complicates+Mexican+Town%27s+Acceptance+of+a+Third+Gender&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F23%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fmexico-muxes-bathroom-debate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiñas1995" class="citation book cs1">Chiñas, Beverly (1995). "Isthmus Zapotec attitudes toward sex and gender anomalies". In Murray, Stephen O. (ed.). Latin American Male Homosexualities. pp. 293–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isthmus+Zapotec+attitudes+toward+sex+and+gender+anomalies&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Male+Homosexualities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Chi%C3%B1as&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_2002-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_2002_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_2002_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen, Lynn (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0094582X0202900203">"Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca"</a>. Latin American Perspectives. 29 (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Journals" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Journals">SAGE Journals</a>: 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X0202900203">10.1177/0094582X0202900203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145808692">145808692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Sexualities+and+Genders+in+Zapotec+Oaxaca&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582X0202900203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145808692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0094582X0202900203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988">; full text: (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070129073904/http://www.uky.edu/~tmute2/mexico/MexWeb/Mex%20PDFs/stephan-gender-zapotec.pdf">archived 2007</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiano2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miano, M. (2002). Hombre, mujer y muxe' en el Istmo de Tehuantepec [Man, woman and muxe' in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec] (in Spanish). México: Plaza y Valdés.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hombre%2C+mujer+y+muxe%27+en+el+Istmo+de+Tehuantepec&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=Plaza+y+Vald%C3%A9s&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Miano&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirandé2017" class="citation book cs1">Mirandé, Alfredo (2017). Behind the Mask: Gender Hybridity in a Zapotec Community. University of Arizona Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816536252" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816536252"><bdi>978-0816536252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Mask%3A+Gender+Hybridity+in+a+Zapotec+Community&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0816536252&rft.aulast=Mirand%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirandé2019" class="citation book cs1">Mirandé, Alfredo (2019). "Muxes". Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History (1 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI, USA: Gale, Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684325538" title="Special:BookSources/9780684325538"><bdi>9780684325538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muxes&rft.btitle=Global+Encyclopedia+of+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+Transgender%2C+and+Queer+%28LGBTQ%29+History&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI%2C+USA&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Gale%2C+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780684325538&rft.aulast=Mirand%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRymph1974" class="citation conference cs1">Rymph, David (1974). Cross-sex behavior in an Isthmus Zapotec village. Annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a>. Mexico City.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Cross-sex+behavior+in+an+Isthmus+Zapotec+village&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Rymph&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pikara_2016-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pikara_2016_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pikara_2016_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZárate2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zárate, Lydia (September 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pikaramagazine.com/2016/09/amelio-robles-coronel-transgenero-de-la-revolucion-mexicana/">"Amelio Robles, coronel transgénero de la Revolución mexicana"</a> [Amelio Robles, transgender colonel of the Mexican Revolution] (in Spanish). Pikara Magazine. Retrieved December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amelio+Robles%2C+coronel+transg%C3%A9nero+de+la+Revoluci%C3%B3n+mexicana&rft.pub=Pikara+Magazine&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft.aulast=Z%C3%A1rate&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pikaramagazine.com%2F2016%2F09%2Famelio-robles-coronel-transgenero-de-la-revolucion-mexicana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegrás2017" class="citation book cs1">Legrás, Horacio (2017). Culture and Revolution: Violence, Memory, and the Making of Modern Mexico. University of Texas Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1477311738" title="Special:BookSources/978-1477311738"><bdi>978-1477311738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Revolution%3A+Violence%2C+Memory%2C+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Mexico&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1477311738&rft.aulast=Legr%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=Horacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCano2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cano, Gabriela (November 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629175948/https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/pdf09/kiosko/paginasDeCano.pdf">"Inocultables Realidades del Deseo: Amelio Robles, masculinidad (transgénero) en la Revolución mexicana"</a> [Unconcealed Realities of Desire: Amelio Robles, masculinity (transgender) in the Mexican Revolution] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/pdf09/kiosko/paginasDeCano.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 29, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inocultables+Realidades+del+Deseo%3A+Amelio+Robles%2C+masculinidad+%28transg%C3%A9nero%29+en+la+Revoluci%C3%B3n+mexicana&rft.date=2009-11-27&rft.aulast=Cano&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivo.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fgraficos%2Fpdf09%2Fkiosko%2FpaginasDeCano.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrada2018" class="citation book cs1">Estrada, Oswaldo (2018). Troubled Memories: Iconic Mexican Women and the Traps of Representation. State University of New York Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438471914" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438471914"><bdi>978-1438471914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubled+Memories%3A+Iconic+Mexican+Women+and+the+Traps+of+Representation&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1438471914&rft.aulast=Estrada&rft.aufirst=Oswaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCano2007" class="citation book cs1">Cano, Gabriela (2007). "Unconcealable Realities of Desire". In Vaughan, Mary Kay; Cano, Gabriela; Olcott, Jocelyn H. (eds.). Sex in Revolution: Gender, Politics, and Power in Modern Mexico. Duke University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822388449" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822388449"><bdi>978-0822388449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unconcealable+Realities+of+Desire&rft.btitle=Sex+in+Revolution%3A+Gender%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power+in+Modern+Mexico&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0822388449&rft.aulast=Cano&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson-Schroth2014" class="citation book cs1">Erickson-Schroth, Laura (2014). Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community. Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199325368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199325368"><bdi>978-0199325368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trans+Bodies%2C+Trans+Selves%3A+A+Resource+for+the+Transgender+Community&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199325368&rft.aulast=Erickson-Schroth&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartigan-O'ConnorMaterson2018" class="citation book cs1">Hartigan-O'Connor, Ellen; Materson, Lisa G. (2018). 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Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857728937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857728937"><bdi>978-0857728937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Eunuchs+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0857728937&rft.aulast=Junne&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyPetry1998" class="citation book cs1">Daly, M. W.; Petry, Carl F., eds. (1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8, 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521472113" title="Special:BookSources/0521472113"><bdi>0521472113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt&rft.pages=8%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0521472113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyPetry1998" class="citation book cs1">Daly, M. W.; Petry, Carl F., eds. (1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521471370" title="Special:BookSources/0521471370"><bdi>0521471370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0521471370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2018" class="citation news cs1">Hathaway, Jane (2018). "The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem". Cambridge University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107108295" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107108295"><bdi>978-1107108295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Chief+Eunuch+of+the+Ottoman+Harem&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1107108295&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2018" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch. Hong Kong University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9888455751" title="Special:BookSources/978-9888455751"><bdi>978-9888455751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+World+of+the+Eunuch&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9888455751&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Melissa+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheney2006" class="citation book cs1">Cheney, Victor T. (2006). A Brief History Of Castration (Second ed.). AuthorHouse. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1467816663" title="Special:BookSources/1467816663"><bdi>1467816663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+Of+Castration&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1467816663&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=Victor+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> 王玉德 (Wáng Yùdé), 神秘的第三性: 中国太監大写真 ("Secret third sex: a portrait of Chinese eunuchs") (1994) </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Chiang, Howard (2018). "2". After Eunuchs: Science, Medicine, and the Transformation of Sex in Modern China. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231546331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231546331"><bdi>978-0231546331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=After+Eunuchs%3A+Science%2C+Medicine%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+Sex+in+Modern+China&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0231546331&rft.aulast=Chiang&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988">. (Chiang argues this is reductive and "flattening".) </li> <li id="cite_note-Song_2006-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Song_2006_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song_2006_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2006" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Song Hwee (2006). Celluloid Comrades: Representations of Male Homosexuality in Contemporary Chinese Cinemas. 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(Summer 2013). "Transgender Performance in Early Modern China". Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. 24 (2): 131–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10407391-2335085">10.1215/10407391-2335085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Differences%3A+A+Journal+of+Feminist+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Transgender+Performance+in+Early+Modern+China&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10407391-2335085&rft.aulast=Kile&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronn-Mills2018" class="citation book cs1">Cronn-Mills, Kirstin (2018). Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices. Twenty-First Century Books ™. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541557505" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541557505"><bdi>978-1541557505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transgender+Lives%3A+Complex+Stories%2C+Complex+Voices&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books+%E2%84%A2&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1541557505&rft.aulast=Cronn-Mills&rft.aufirst=Kirstin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhu_2015-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhu_2015_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhu_2015_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhu2015" class="citation book cs1">Zhu, P. (2015). Gender and Subjectivities in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Literature. Springer. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137514738" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137514738"><bdi>978-1137514738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Subjectivities+in+Early+Twentieth-Century+Chinese+Literature&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1137514738&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiang2018240–241-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiang2018240–241_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiang2018240–241_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChiang2018">Chiang 2018</a>, pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiang2018134–139-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiang2018134–139_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChiang2018">Chiang 2018</a>, pp. 134–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Angela Ki Che Leung, Izumi Nakayama, Gender, Health, and History in Modern East Asia (2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9888390902" title="Special:BookSources/9888390902">9888390902</a>), p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwaninsight.org/2018/02/07/taiwans-place-in-global-trans-history/">"Taiwan's place in Global Trans History"</a>. 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BRILL. pp. 97-98 and 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004295976" title="Special:BookSources/9004295976"><bdi>9004295976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attis%3A+Between+Myth+and+History%3A+King%2C+Priest+and+God&rft.pages=97-98+and+108&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9004295976&rft.aulast=Lancellotti&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Califia_2003-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Califia_2003_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalifia2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Califia" title="Patrick Califia">Califia, Patrick</a> (2003). Sex Changes The Politics of Transgenderism. 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Retrieved November 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+Non-Standard+Masculinity+and+Sainthood+in+Niketas+David%27s+Life+of+Patriarch+Ignatios&rft.btitle=Project+MUSE+-+Trans+and+Genderqueer+Subjects+in+Medieval+Hagiography&rft.pub=Project+MUSE&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fchapter%2F2845016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Richard North, Heathen Gods in Old English Literature (1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521551838" title="Special:BookSources/0521551838">0521551838</a>), p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-Larrington_2017-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larrington_2017_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larrington_2017_264-1">b</a> Carolyne Larrington, Norse Myths: A Guide to the Gods and Heroes (2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500773785" title="Special:BookSources/0500773785">0500773785</a>), p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark_2009-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_2009_265-0">^</a> David Clark, Between Medieval Men (2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0191567884" title="Special:BookSources/0191567884">0191567884</a>), p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindow_2002-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindow_2002_266-0">^</a> John Lindow, Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs (2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199839697" title="Special:BookSources/0199839697">0199839697</a>), pp. 217-219 </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Claudia Bornholdt, Engaging Moments: The Origins of Medieval Bridal-Quest Narrative (2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110911159" title="Special:BookSources/3110911159">3110911159</a>), p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Margaret Clunies Ross, "Reading Þrymskviða", in Paul Acker, Carolyne Larrington (eds.), The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology (2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815316607" title="Special:BookSources/0815316607">0815316607</a>), p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Alfred F. 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Birkedal, Embodying a Perpetrator: Myths, Monsters and Magic, in Clare Bielby, Jeffrey Stevenson Murer (eds.), Perpetrating Selves: Doing Violence, Performing Identity (2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3319967851" title="Special:BookSources/3319967851">3319967851</a>), p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Mariah Cooper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.washingtonblade.com/2017/12/13/loki-will-pansexual-gender-fluid-new-marvel-novels/">Loki will be pansexual and gender-fluid in new Marvel novel</a>, December 13, 2017, The Washington Blade </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Meilan Solly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-reaffirm-famed-ancient-viking-warrior-was-biologically-female-180971541/">Researchers Reaffirm Remains in Viking Warrior Tomb Belonged to a Woman</a>, February 21, 2019, Smithsonian.com </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Laura Geggel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.livescience.com/64816-woman-viking-warrior-burial.html">Yes, That Viking Warrior Buried with Weapons Really Was a Woman</a>, February 20, 2019, LiveScience.com </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Jon Henley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/09/1000-year-old-remains-in-finland-may-be-non-binary-viking-researchers-say">1,000-year-old remains in Finland may be non-binary Iron Age leader</a>, August 9, 2021, The Guardian: "'The overall context of the grave indicates that it was a respected person whose gender identity may well have been non-binary,' they wrote. If the characteristics of Klinefelter syndrome were evident, Moilanen said, the person 'might not have been considered strictly a female or a male in the early Middle Ages community. The abundant collection of objects buried in the grave is proof that the person was not only accepted, but also valued and respected.'", "Paleogeneticists and academics with expertise in ancient DNA analysis contacted by the Livescience website generally said the study was 'convincin' in showing the person buried in Suontaka was likely to have been non-binary." </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Ulla Moilanen, Tuija Kirkinen, Nelli-Johanna Saari, Adam B. 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Cuil Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuilpress.com/2017/10/16/kalonymus-ben-kalonymus-transgender-history/">the original</a> on January 6, 2019. 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(2005). "Gender and Femininity in Medieval England". In Partner, N. F. (ed.). Writing Medieval History. 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Brewer. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-427-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-427-3"><bdi>978-1-84384-427-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+%2F+Eleanor+Rykener+Revisited&rft.btitle=Founding+Feminisms+in+Medieval+Studies%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+E.+Jane+Burns&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-427-3&rft.aulast=Karras&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Linkinen%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2003" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, J. M. (2003). "England: Women and Gender". In Rigby, S. H. (ed.). 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Postmedieval. 11 (4): 451–458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41280-020-00197-2">10.1057/s41280-020-00197-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2040-5979">2040-5979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234533118">234533118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postmedieval&rft.atitle=Transgender+mutation+and+the+canon%3A+Christine+de+Pizan%27s+Livre+de+la+Mutacion+de+Fortune&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E458&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234533118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2040-5979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41280-020-00197-2&rft.aulast=Gutt&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2Fs41280-020-00197-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKates2001xxi-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKates2001xxi_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKates2001xxi_319-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKates2001">Kates 2001</a>, p. xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chrisman-Campbell-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Chrisman-Campbell_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrisman-Campbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Chrisman-Campbell, Kimberly (2011). 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History of Psychiatry. 32 (3): 270–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0957154X211006253">10.1177/0957154X211006253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0957-154X">0957-154X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8339897">8339897</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33855893">33855893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Melancholia+Scytharum%3A+the+early+modern+psychiatry+of+transgender+identification&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8339897%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0957-154X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33855893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0957154X211006253&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Diederik+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8339897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schechter-2016-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schechter-2016_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schechter-2016_329-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechter2016" class="citation book cs1">Schechter, Loren S. (September 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGkgDQAAQBAJ">Surgical Management of the Transgender Patient</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-48408-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-48408-4"><bdi>978-0-323-48408-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgical+Management+of+the+Transgender+Patient&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.isbn=978-0-323-48408-4&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Loren+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGkgDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> Though Friedreich's paper is clearly alluded to in the text, the book mistakenly cites a 1931 paper by Felix Abraham that does not mention Friedreich's work. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedreich1830" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Friedreich, Johann Baptist (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10471896?page=43">Versuch einer Literärgeschichte der Pathologie und Therapie der psychischen Krankheiten</a> (in German). pp. 31–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versuch+einer+Liter%C3%A4rgeschichte+der+Pathologie+und+Therapie+der+psychischen+Krankheiten&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Friedreich&rft.aufirst=Johann+Baptist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fde%2Fview%2Fbsb10471896%3Fpage%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beachy-331">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beachy_331-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beachy_331-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beachy_331-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeachy2015" class="citation book cs1">Beachy, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aO7YCwAAQBAJ&dq=Dina+Alma+de+Paradeda+first&pg=PA171">Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/gender-diversity/page-3">the original</a> on July 3, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Story%3A+Gender+diversity+Page+3+%E2%80%93+Fa%27afafine&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fgender-diversity%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSua'ali'i2001" class="citation book cs1">Sua'ali'i, T. (2001). "Samoans and Gender: Some Reflections on Male, Female and Fa'afafine Gender Identities". Tangata O Te Moana Nui: The Evolving Identities of Pacific Peoples in Aotearoa/New Zealand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samoans+and+Gender%3A+Some+Reflections+on+Male%2C+Female+and+Fa%27afafine+Gender+Identities&rft.btitle=Tangata+O+Te+Moana+Nui%3A+The+Evolving+Identities+of+Pacific+Peoples+in+Aotearoa%2FNew+Zealand&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sua%27ali%27i&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartlett-390"><a href="#cite_ref-bartlett_390-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettVasey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bartlett, N. H.; Vasey, P. L. (2006). "A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (6): 659–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-006-9055-1">10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16909317">16909317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22812712">22812712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=A+Retrospective+Study+of+Childhood+Gender-Atypical+Behavior+in+Samoan+Fa%27afafine&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E659-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22812712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16909317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-006-9055-1&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=N.+H.&rft.au=Vasey%2C+P.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_2010_p817-391">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West_2010_p817_391-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_2010_p817_391-1">b</a> West (2010), p. 817 </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaonga" class="citation web cs1">Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/160348">"1. – Gender diversity – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"</a>. teara.govt.nz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=1.+%E2%80%93+Gender+diversity+%E2%80%93+Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.aulast=Taonga&rft.aufirst=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+Te+Manatu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F160348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesnierAlexeyeff2014" class="citation book cs1">Besnier, Niko; Alexeyeff, Kalissa (2014). Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+on+the+Edge%3A+Transgender%2C+Gay%2C+and+Other+Pacific+Islanders&rft.pages=164&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Besnier&rft.aufirst=Niko&rft.au=Alexeyeff%2C+Kalissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiang2018" class="citation book cs1">Chiang, Howard (2018). Sexuality in China: Histories of Power and Pleasure. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295743486" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295743486"><bdi>978-0295743486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+in+China%3A+Histories+of+Power+and+Pleasure&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0295743486&rft.aulast=Chiang&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKates2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Kates" title="Gary Kates">Kates, Gary</a> (2001). Monsieur D'Eon Is a Woman. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801867312" title="Special:BookSources/0801867312"><bdi>0801867312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsieur+D%27Eon+Is+a+Woman&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0801867312&rft.aulast=Kates&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2015" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Robert (2015). Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226169262" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226169262"><bdi>978-0226169262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Sodomy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0226169262&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransgender+history" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transgender_topics478" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transgender_topics" title="Template:Transgender topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transgender_topics" title="Template talk:Transgender topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transgender_topics478" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bissu, Calabai, Calalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Burrnesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary or genderqueer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Health care</a> and medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">in children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">masculinizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_transgender_hormone_therapy" title="DIY transgender hormone therapy">DIY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care_misinformation" title="Transgender health care misinformation">Misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_surgery" title="Feminizing surgery">feminizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_surgery" title="Masculinizing surgery">masculinizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pregnancy" title="Transgender pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">Puberty blocker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_gender" title="Legal gender">Legal gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Rights organizations</a></li> <li>Toilets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">bathroom bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">unisex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Against transgender men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_asylum_seekers" title="Transgender asylum seekers">Asylum seekers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgenderism" title="Cisgenderism">Cisgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison#Transgender_issues" title="LGBTQ people in prison">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">trans panic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_transgender_anatomy" title="Terminology of transgender anatomy">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5haj" title="Blåhaj">Blåhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_transgender_people" title="Christianity and transgender people">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ-related films</a></li> <li>Events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Awareness Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Day of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Day of Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_march" title="Trans march">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Non-Binary_People%27s_Day" title="International Non-Binary People's Day">Non-binary People's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events#Worldwide" title="List of LGBTQ events">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Flags</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters" title="List of fictional trans characters">fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_people" title="List of transgender people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pornography" title="Transgender pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_sexuality" title="Transgender sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports" title="Transgender people in sports">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_ice_hockey" title="Transgender people in ice hockey">ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_chess" title="Transgender people in chess">chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_transsexualism_typology" title="Blanchard's transsexualism typology">Blanchard's typology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity" title="Childhood gender nonconformity">Childhood gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender / cissexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Gender detransitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Gender-sexuality questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy" title="Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy">Rapid-onset dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmedicalism" title="Transmedicalism">Transmedicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_transgender_people_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of transgender people in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Historia transgénero en Argentina">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Chile">Chile</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_trans_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Historia trans en Chile">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China" title="Transgender people in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people in ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Singapore" title="Transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Identity_Law_(Argentina)" title="Gender Identity Law (Argentina)">2012 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n%E2%80%93Lohana_Berkins_Law" title="Diana Sacayán–Lohana Berkins Law">2021 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re_Kevin" title="Re Kevin">Re Kevin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_Identity_Law_(Bolivia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender Identity Law (Bolivia) (page does not exist)">2016 law</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_identidad_de_g%C3%A9nero_(Bolivia)" class="extiw" title="es:Ley de identidad de género (Bolivia)">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">2016 bill C-16</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_Identity_Law_(Chile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender Identity Law (Chile) (page does not exist)">2018 law</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_identidad_de_g%C3%A9nero_(Chile)" class="extiw" title="es:Ley de identidad de género (Chile)">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender_Persons_Bill,_2014" title="Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014">2014 Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2019" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019">2019 Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Kerala" title="LGBTQ rights in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="LGBTQ rights in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Transgender rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Bill,_2017" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2017">2017 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2018" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018">2018 Act</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003" title="Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003">2003 Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ley_Trans" title="Ley Trans">2022 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">2004 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX" title="Gender identity under Title IX">title IX</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comprehensive_Law_for_Trans_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comprehensive Law for Trans People (page does not exist)">2018 law</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Integral_para_Personas_Trans" class="extiw" title="es:Ley Integral para Personas Trans">es</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders" title="List of transgender political office-holders">Political office-holders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics" title="Category:Transgender topics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_history203" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_history" title="Template:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_history" title="Template talk:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_history203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Kenya" title="LGBTQ history in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Niger" title="LGBTQ history in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Sudan" title="LGBTQ history in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Uganda" title="LGBTQ history in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Bangladesh" title="LGBTQ history in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_China" title="LGBTQ history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_India" title="LGBTQ history in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Iran" title="LGBTQ history in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ history in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Israel" title="LGBTQ history in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Pakistan" title="LGBTQ history in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Singapore" title="LGBTQ history in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_South_Korea" title="LGBTQ history in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Taiwan" title="LGBTQ history in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Thailand" title="LGBTQ history in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Turkey" title="LGBTQ history in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_France" title="LGBTQ history in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Greece" title="LGBTQ history in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Ireland" title="LGBTQ history in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Poland" title="LGBTQ history in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ history in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_violence_against_homosexuals_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of violence against homosexuals in Russia (page does not exist)">violence</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:История преследования гомосексуалов в России">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Spain" title="LGBTQ history in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ history in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Mexico" title="LGBTQ history in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_actions_in_the_United_States_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots">before Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United States">violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_historic_places_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT historic places in the United States">places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University_LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigham Young University LGBT history">at Brigham Young University</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ history in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="List of years in LGBTQ rights">List of years in LGBTQ rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" title="Table of years in LGBTQ rights">table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_firsts_by_year" title="List of LGBTQ firsts by year">Firsts by year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_firsts_by_year_(2010s)" title="List of LGBTQ firsts by year (2010s)">2010s</a></li></ul></li> <li>Century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Asian_and_diasporic_LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBT history">South Asian and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Asian_and_Pacific_Islander_diasporic_LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Asian and Pacific Islander diasporic LGBT history">Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African_and_diasporic_LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of African and diasporic LGBT history">African and diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_New_York_City" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="History of the Catholic Church and homosexuality">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Jewish_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT Jewish history">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">Mormon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Topical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_journalism" title="Timeline of LGBTQ journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_in_policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT in policing">Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Sexual orientation and medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_intersex_history" title="Timeline of intersex history">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_asexual_history" title="Timeline of asexual history">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conversion_therapy" title="History of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">Ancient Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_militaries_of_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece">in militaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">pederasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gay men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbians in France (page does not exist)">France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiennes_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbiennes en France">fr</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_immigrants_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbian immigrants in France (page does not exist)">immigrants</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiennes_de_l%27immigration_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbiennes de l'immigration en France">fr</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbians in the medieval Islamic world (page does not exist)">Medieval Islamic world</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbianisme_dans_le_monde_arabe_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbianisme dans le monde arabe médiéval">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Lesbians in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_pre-modern_Spain" title="Lesbians in pre-modern Spain">Pre-modern Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic" title="Lesbians in the Spanish Second Republic">Spanish Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Lesbians in Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_the_Spanish_democratic_transition_period" title="Lesbians in the Spanish democratic transition period">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_socialist_government_of_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Lesbians during the socialist government of Felipe González">González government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_government_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="Lesbians during the government of José María Aznar">Aznar government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_socialist_government_of_Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="Lesbians during the socialist government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">Zapatero government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Erasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of bisexuality in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Erasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transgender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal history</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_history" title="Intersex people in history">Intersex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_intersex_surgery" title="History of intersex surgery">Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_history_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex history in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cross-dressing" title="History of cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="History of drag">Drag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_in_Africa" title="Drag in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drag_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drag in France (page does not exist)">France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Drag en France">fr</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLBT_Historical_Society" title="GLBT Historical Society">GLBT Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queers_in_History" title="Queers in History">Queers in History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_History_(book)" title="Transgender History (book)">Transgender History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Oral_History_Project" title="Transgender Oral History Project">Transgender Oral History Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group_in_LGBT_history" title="Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history">Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">List of LGBTQ awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_LGBT_characters_in_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of LGBT characters in animation">History of LGBT animated characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&oldid=1275248401">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&oldid=1275248401</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_history" title="Category:Transgender history">Transgender history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_studies" title="Category:Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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277.702 7 Template:Navbox"," 7.05% 276.928 29 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.98% 273.907 61 Template:Cite_web"," 5.93% 232.887 10 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.686","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26387753,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Byzantium\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAP2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchille_della_Ragione\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbanese2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlipour2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarclayBernsteinMarshall2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarford2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarlow2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlettVasey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeachy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeattie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecatoros2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeemyn2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjaminGreen1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBentouhami2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesnierAlexeyeff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetancourt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetteridge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBissinger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrekus2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBristow2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrogan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroude1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruhns2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBychowski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBychowski2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBynum1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalifia2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampaign\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampanileCarlà-UhinkFacella2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCano2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCano2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaronZraick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarvajal_Edwards2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarvalhoCarrara2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenMcCann-CrosbyGunnGeorgiadis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheney2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiñas1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrisman-Campbell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClendinen,_DudleyNagourney,_Adam2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleves2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnerSparks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnerSparksSparksAnzaldúa1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronn-Mills2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronn-Mills2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowhurst2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummings2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalyPetry1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDaubs2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVun2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVun2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondPradhan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickerman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinshaw1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurrant2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElder2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpprecht2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpprecht2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson-Schroth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstrada2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvaristo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFae2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalola2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarand2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmerPasternack2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFebruari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinberg1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFentonMoore1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandesArisi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeu\u0026#039;u2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilippova2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzGeraldRayter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoit2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreiman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedreich1830\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulvio2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFumagalli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFumagalli2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill-Peterson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiménez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnedinskaïaKomsomolets2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodbout2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomes_de_Oliveira2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham_Davies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrinberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaefele-Thomas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaggerty2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamedani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannah2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaraway2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrod2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartigan-O\u0026#039;ConnorMaterson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHathaway2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealeyStella2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemmingKeraPandelejmoni2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeng2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeron2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschfeld\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolden2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornsbyGuest2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurleyChungMason2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuttaBalzer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgual2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaqueSánchez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayoMeneses2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunne2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuster\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJusterMacFarlane1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaleem2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamaryt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarrasBoyd1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarrasLinkinen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKates2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKile2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKintu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomane2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLancellotti2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavers2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegrás2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehrman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLilith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinehanNelson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachacekWilcox2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaría_Asunción_Gómez2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCool2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcquiston1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedicine2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeskellPreucel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerowitz,_Joanne_J.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiano2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddellMaruschke2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirandé2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirandé2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorganWieringa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoyer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadelHuddleston1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanda1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedhamEvans-Pritchard1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParogni2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicq2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinheiro2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopkin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrudenEdmo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPunchard2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasmussen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemezcla_staff2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRheeder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRing2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomesburg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoper2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoe1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRymph1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaint-Cyr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalerno2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchechter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchluessel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawArdener2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitnikova2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpecial_Report1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer-HallGutt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinmetz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStryker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStryker,_Susan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStryker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStryker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSua\u0026#039;ali\u0026#039;i2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTait2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalalay2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaonga\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson_Reuters_Foundation2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTinsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsjengKale2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurovsky2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnknown1880\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFVarner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelasco2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogt1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVoss2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilfong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinterUdomsak2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittenBenestadBergerEkins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabusCoad2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZehavi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZárate2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vries2009\"] = 1,\n [\"Kathoeys\"] = 1,\n [\"Peter_Jackson\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 137,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 61,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Transgender History\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Divcol\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 11,\n [\"Further interlanguage link\"] = 4,\n [\"How\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 40,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"LGBT history\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 22,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Relevant\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Transgender\"] = 1,\n [\"Transgender sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","14.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","13.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","12.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","180","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","120","4.2"],["type","100","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","2.8"],["[others]","800","27.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-7cf7cb559d-mwll8","timestamp":"20250222003238","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Transgender history","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transgender_history","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24895664","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24895664","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2016-06-21T02:09:51Z","headline":"history of trans peoples and cultures"}</script> </body> </html>