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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-3D_model-based_algorithms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_model-based_algorithms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>3D model-based algorithms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_model-based_algorithms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeletal-based_algorithms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeletal-based_algorithms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Skeletal-based algorithms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeletal-based_algorithms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance-based_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance-based_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Appearance-based models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-based_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromyography-based_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromyography-based_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Electromyography-based models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromyography-based_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_acceptability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_acceptability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Social acceptability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_acceptability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobile_device" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_device"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Mobile device</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_device-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-body_and_wearable_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-body_and_wearable_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>On-body and wearable computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-body_and_wearable_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_installations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_installations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Public installations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_installations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatigue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatigue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fatigue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatigue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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recognition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesttan%C4%B1ma" title="Jesttanıma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jesttanıma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpozn%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_gest" title="Rozpoznávání gest – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozpoznávání gest" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestenerkennung" title="Gestenerkennung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gestenerkennung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconocimiento_de_gestos" title="Reconocimiento de gestos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reconocimiento de gestos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B5_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="تشخیص حرکت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تشخیص حرکت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_gestuelle" title="Reconnaissance gestuelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reconnaissance gestuelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%B2%98_%EC%9D%B8%EC%8B%9D" title="제스처 인식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제스처 인식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ժեստերի ճանաչում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժեստերի ճանաչում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riconoscimento_dei_gesti" title="Riconoscimento dei gesti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riconoscimento dei gesti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecaman_gestur" title="Pengecaman gestur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengecaman gestur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98" title="ジェスチャ認識 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェスチャ認識" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Жестовый интерфейс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жестовый интерфейс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepoznavanje_pokreta" title="Prepoznavanje pokreta – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prepoznavanje pokreta" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestigenk%C3%A4nning" title="Gestigenkänning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gestigenkänning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சைகை உணர்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைகை உணர்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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/></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesture_Recognition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gesture_Recognition.jpg/300px-Gesture_Recognition.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gesture_Recognition.jpg/450px-Gesture_Recognition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gesture_Recognition.jpg/600px-Gesture_Recognition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A child's hand location and movement being detected by a gesture recognition <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gesture recognition</b> is an area of research and development in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_technology" title="Language technology">language technology</a> concerned with the recognition and interpretation of human <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a>. A subdiscipline of <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it employs mathematical <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to interpret gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobylarz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobylarz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gesture recognition offers a path for computers to begin to better understand and interpret <a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">human body language</a>, previously not possible through <a href="/wiki/Text_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Text user interface">text</a> or unenhanced <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical user interfaces">graphical</a> (GUI) user interfaces. </p><p>Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state, but commonly originate from the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>. One area of the field is <a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">emotion recognition</a> derived from facial expressions and hand gestures. Users can make simple gestures to control or interact with devices without physically touching them. </p><p>Many approaches have been made using cameras and <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> algorithms to interpret <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>, however, the identification and recognition of posture, gait, <a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">proxemics</a>, and human behaviors is also the subject of gesture recognition techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_and_gaming_input-output_latency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Linux_kernel_and_gaming_input-output_latency.svg/300px-Linux_kernel_and_gaming_input-output_latency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Linux_kernel_and_gaming_input-output_latency.svg/450px-Linux_kernel_and_gaming_input-output_latency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Linux_kernel_and_gaming_input-output_latency.svg/600px-Linux_kernel_and_gaming_input-output_latency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Middleware usually processes gesture recognition, then sends the results to the user.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gesture recognition has application in such areas as:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Automobiles</li> <li>Consumer electronics</li> <li>Transit</li> <li>Gaming</li> <li>Handheld devices</li> <li>Defense<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_sign_language_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated sign language translation">Automated sign language translation</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Gesture recognition can be conducted with techniques from <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The literature includes ongoing work in the computer vision field on capturing gestures or more general human <a href="/wiki/Pose_(computer_vision)" title="Pose (computer vision)">pose</a> and movements by cameras connected to a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "gesture recognition" has been used to refer more narrowly to non-text-input handwriting symbols, such as inking on a <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> gestures, and <a href="/wiki/Mouse_gesture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse gesture">mouse gesture</a> recognition. This is computer interaction through the drawing of symbols with a pointing device cursor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pen_computing" title="Pen computing">Pen computing</a> expands digital gesture recognition beyond traditional input devices such as keyboards and mice, and reduces the hardware impact of a system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (September 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gesture_types">Gesture types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gesture types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In computer interfaces, two types of gestures are distinguished:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We consider online gestures, which can also be regarded as direct manipulations like scaling and rotating, and in contrast, offline gestures are usually processed after the interaction is finished; e. g. a circle is drawn to activate a <a href="/wiki/Context_menu" title="Context menu">context menu</a>. </p> <ul><li>Offline gestures: Those gestures that are processed after the user's interaction with the object. An example is a gesture to activate a menu.</li> <li>Online gestures: Direct manipulation gestures. They are used to scale or rotate a tangible object.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Touchless_interface">Touchless interface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Touchless interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Touchless_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Touchless user interface">touchless user interface</a> (TUI) is an emerging type of technology wherein a device is controlled via body motion and gestures without touching a keyboard, mouse, or screen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_touchless_technology">Types of touchless technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of touchless technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several devices utilizing this type of interface such as smartphones, laptops, games, TVs, and music equipment. </p><p>One type of touchless interface uses the Bluetooth connectivity of a smartphone to activate a company's visitor management system. This eliminates having to touch an interface, for convenience or to avoid a potential source of contamination as during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Input_devices">Input devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Input devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ability to track a person's movements and determine what gestures they may be performing can be achieved through various tools. Kinetic user interfaces (KUIs) are an emerging type of <a href="/wiki/User_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="User interfaces">user interfaces</a> that allow users to interact with computing devices through the motion of objects and bodies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples of KUIs include <a href="/wiki/Tangible_user_interface" title="Tangible user interface">tangible user interfaces</a> and motion-aware games such as <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> and Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a>, and other interactive projects.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there is a large amount of research done in image/video-based gesture recognition, there is some variation in the tools and environments used between implementations. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired gloves</a>. These can provide input to the computer about the position and rotation of the hands using magnetic or inertial tracking devices. Furthermore, some gloves can detect finger bending with a high degree of accuracy (5-10 degrees), or even provide haptic feedback to the user, which is a simulation of the sense of touch. The first commercially available hand-tracking glove-type device was the DataGlove,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a glove-type device that could detect hand position, movement and finger bending. This uses fiber optic cables running down the back of the hand. Light pulses are created and when the fingers are bent, light leaks through small cracks and the loss is registered, giving an approximation of the hand pose.</li> <li>Depth-aware cameras. Using specialized cameras such as <a href="/wiki/Structured_light" title="Structured light">structured light</a> or <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_camera" title="Time-of-flight camera">time-of-flight cameras</a>, one can generate a <a href="/wiki/Depth_map" title="Depth map">depth map</a> of what is being seen through the camera at a short-range, and use this data to approximate a 3d representation of what is being seen. These can be effective for the detection of hand gestures due to their short-range capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_cameras" title="Stereo cameras">Stereo cameras</a>. Using two cameras whose relations to one another are known, a 3d representation can be approximated by the output of the cameras. To get the cameras' relations, one can use a positioning reference such as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexian-stripe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexian-stripe (page does not exist)">lexian-stripe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> emitter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In combination with direct motion measurement (<a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy#Stereoscopic_motion_measurement_(6D-Vision)" title="Stereoscopy">6D-Vision</a>) gestures can directly be detected.</li> <li>Gesture-based controllers. These controllers act as an extension of the body so that when gestures are performed, some of their motion can be conveniently captured by the software. An example of emerging gesture-based <a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a> is skeletal <a href="/wiki/Hand_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand tracking">hand tracking</a>, which is being developed for virtual reality and augmented reality applications. An example of this technology is shown by tracking companies <a href="/wiki/USens" title="USens">uSens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gestigon" title="Gestigon">Gestigon</a>, which allow users to interact with their surroundings without controllers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi sensing">Wi-Fi sensing</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_gesture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse gesture">Mouse gesture</a> tracking, where the motion of the mouse is correlated to a symbol being drawn by a person's hand which can study changes in acceleration over time to represent gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The software also compensates for human tremor and inadvertent movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cousins_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cousins-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TechJournal_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechJournal-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sensors of these smart light-emitting cubes can be used to sense hands and fingers as well as other objects nearby, and can be used to process data. Most applications are in music and sound synthesis,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can be applied to other fields.</li> <li><b>Single camera</b>. A standard 2D camera can be used for gesture recognition where the resources/environment would not be convenient for other forms of image-based recognition. Earlier it was thought that a single camera may not be as effective as stereo or depth-aware cameras, but some companies are challenging this theory. Software-based gesture recognition technology using a standard 2D camera that can detect robust hand gestures. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algorithms">Algorithms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Algorithms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BigDiagram2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/BigDiagram2.jpg/400px-BigDiagram2.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/BigDiagram2.jpg/600px-BigDiagram2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/BigDiagram2.jpg/800px-BigDiagram2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Some alternative methods of tracking and analyzing gestures, and their respective relationships</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on the type of input data, the approach for interpreting a gesture could be done in different ways. However, most of the techniques rely on key pointers represented in a 3D coordinate system. Based on the relative motion of these, the gesture can be detected with high accuracy, depending on the quality of the input and the algorithm's approach.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p>In order to interpret movements of the body, one has to classify them according to common properties and the message the movements may express. For example, in sign language, each gesture represents a word or phrase. </p><p>Some literature differentiates 2 different approaches in gesture recognition: a 3D model-based and an appearance-based.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foremost method makes use of 3D information on key elements of the body parts in order to obtain several important parameters, like palm position or joint angles. Approaches derived from it such as the volumetric models have proven to be very intensive in terms of computational power and require further technological developments in order to be implemented for real-time analysis. Alternately, appearance-based systems use images or videos for direct interpretation. Such models are easier to process, but usually lack the generality required for human-computer interaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_model-based_algorithms">3D model-based algorithms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 3D model-based algorithms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volumetric-hands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Volumetric-hands.jpg/220px-Volumetric-hands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Volumetric-hands.jpg/330px-Volumetric-hands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Volumetric-hands.jpg/440px-Volumetric-hands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A real hand (left) is interpreted as a collection of vertices and lines in the 3D mesh version (right), and the software uses their relative position and interaction in order to infer the gesture.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 3D model approach can use volumetric or skeletal models or even a combination of the two. Volumetric approaches have been heavily used in the computer animation industry and for computer vision purposes. The models are generally created from complicated 3D surfaces, like NURBS or polygon meshes. </p><p>The drawback of this method is that it is very computationally intensive, and systems for real-time analysis are still to be developed. For the moment, a more interesting approach would be to map simple primitive objects to the person's most important body parts (for example cylinders for the arms and neck, sphere for the head) and analyze the way these interact with each other. Furthermore, some abstract structures like <a href="/wiki/Superquadrics" title="Superquadrics">super-quadrics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)"> generalized cylinders</a> maybe even more suitable for approximating the body parts. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeletal-based_algorithms">Skeletal-based algorithms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Skeletal-based algorithms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeletal-hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Skeletal-hand.jpg/220px-Skeletal-hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Skeletal-hand.jpg/330px-Skeletal-hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Skeletal-hand.jpg/440px-Skeletal-hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The skeletal version (right) is effectively modeling the hand (left). This has fewer parameters than the volumetric version and it's easier to compute, making it suitable for real-time gesture analysis systems.</figcaption></figure> <p>Instead of using intensive processing of the 3D models and dealing with a lot of parameters, one can just use a simplified version of joint angle parameters along with segment lengths. This is known as a skeletal representation of the body, where a virtual skeleton of the person is computed and parts of the body are mapped to certain segments. The analysis here is done using the position and orientation of these segments and the relation between each one of them( for example the angle between the joints and the relative position or orientation) </p><p>Advantages of using skeletal models: </p> <ul><li>Algorithms are faster because only key parameters are analyzed.</li> <li>Pattern matching against a template database is possible</li> <li>Using key points allows the detection program to focus on the significant parts of the body</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance-based_models">Appearance-based models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Appearance-based models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appearance_hands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Appearance_hands.jpg/220px-Appearance_hands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Appearance_hands.jpg/330px-Appearance_hands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Appearance_hands.jpg/440px-Appearance_hands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>These binary silhouette(left) or contour(right) images represent typical input for appearance-based algorithms. They are compared with different hand templates and if they match, the correspondent gesture is inferred.</figcaption></figure> <p>Appearance-based models no longer use a spatial representation of the body, instead deriving their parameters directly from the images or videos using a template database. Some are based on the deformable 2D templates of the human parts of the body, particularly the hands. Deformable templates are sets of points on the outline of an object, used as interpolation nodes for the object's outline approximation. One of the simplest interpolation functions is linear, which performs an average shape from point sets, point variability parameters, and external deformation. These template-based models are mostly used for hand-tracking, but could also be used for simple gesture classification. </p><p>The second approach in gesture detection using appearance-based models uses image sequences as gesture templates. Parameters for this method are either the images themselves, or certain features derived from these. Most of the time, only one (monoscopic) or two (stereoscopic) views are used. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromyography-based_models">Electromyography-based models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electromyography-based models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">Electromyography</a> (EMG) concerns the study of electrical signals produced by muscles in the body. Through classification of data received from the arm muscles, it is possible to classify the action and thus input the gesture to external software.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobylarz_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobylarz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumer EMG devices allow for non-invasive approaches such as an arm or leg band and connect via Bluetooth. Due to this, EMG has an advantage over visual methods since the user does not need to face a camera to give input, enabling more freedom of movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many challenges associated with the accuracy and usefulness of gesture recognition and software designed to implement it. For image-based gesture recognition, there are limitations on the equipment used and <a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">image noise</a>. Images or video may not be under consistent lighting, or in the same location. Items in the background or distinct features of the users may make recognition more difficult. </p><p>The variety of implementations for image-based gesture recognition may also cause issues with the viability of the technology for general usage. For example, an algorithm calibrated for one camera may not work for a different camera. The amount of background noise also causes tracking and recognition difficulties, especially when occlusions (partial and full) occur. Furthermore, the distance from the camera, and the camera's resolution and quality, also cause variations in recognition accuracy. </p><p> In order to capture human gestures by visual sensors robust computer vision methods are also required, for example for hand tracking and hand posture recognition<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or for capturing movements of the head, facial expressions or gaze direction.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Excessive_citations plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This sentence <b>may contain an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">excessive number of citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill#How_to_trim_excessive_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">remove low-quality or irrelevant citations</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_acceptability">Social acceptability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social acceptability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One significant challenge to the adoption of gesture interfaces on consumer mobile devices such as smartphones and smartwatches stems from the social acceptability implications of gestural input. While gestures can facilitate fast and accurate input on many novel form-factor computers, their adoption and usefulness are often limited by social factors rather than technical ones. To this end, designers of gesture input methods may seek to balance both technical considerations and user willingness to perform gestures in different social contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, different device hardware and sensing mechanisms support different kinds of recognizable gestures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_device">Mobile device</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mobile device"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gesture interfaces on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Form-factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Form-factor">form-factor</a> devices are often supported by the presence of motion sensors such as <a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">inertial measurement units</a> (IMUs). On these devices, gesture sensing relies on users performing movement-based gestures capable of being recognized by these motion sensors. This can potentially make capturing signals from subtle or low-motion gestures challenging, as they may become difficult to distinguish from natural movements or noise. Through a survey and study of gesture usability, researchers found that gestures that incorporate subtle movement, which appear similar to existing technology, look or feel similar to every action, and are enjoyable were more likely to be accepted by users, while gestures that look strange, are uncomfortable to perform, interfere with communication, or involve uncommon movement caused users more likely to reject their usage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social acceptability of mobile device gestures relies heavily on the naturalness of the gesture and social context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On-body_and_wearable_computers">On-body and wearable computers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: On-body and wearable computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computers</a> typically differ from traditional <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a> in that their usage and interaction location takes place on the user's body. In these contexts, gesture interfaces may become preferred over traditional input methods, as their small size renders <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touch-screens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboards</a> less appealing. Nevertheless, they share many of the same social acceptability obstacles as mobile devices when it comes to gestural interaction. However, the possibility of wearable computers being hidden from sight or integrated into other everyday objects, such as clothing, allow gesture input to mimic common clothing interactions, such as adjusting a shirt collar or rubbing one's front pant pocket.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter_2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major consideration for wearable computer interaction is the location for device placement and interaction. A study exploring third-party attitudes towards wearable device interaction conducted across the United States and South Korea found differences in the perception of wearable computing use of males and females, in part due to different areas of the body considered socially sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study investigating the social acceptability of on-body projected interfaces found similar results, with both studies labelling areas around the waist, groin, and upper body (for women) to be least acceptable while areas around the forearm and wrist to be most acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_installations">Public installations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public installations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Public Installations</a>, such as interactive public displays, allow access to information and displays interactive media in public settings such as museums, galleries, and theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While touch screens are a frequent form of input for public displays, gesture interfaces provide additional benefits such as improved hygiene, interaction from a distance, and improved discoverability, and may favor performative interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_2013_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter_2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important consideration for gestural interaction with public displays is the high probability or expectation of a spectator audience.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatigue">Fatigue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fatigue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arm fatigue was a side-effect of vertically oriented touch-screen or light-pen use. In periods of prolonged use, users' arms began to feel fatigued and/or discomfort. This effect contributed to the decline of touch-screen input despite its initial popularity in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to measure arm fatigue side effect, researchers developed a technique called Consumed Endurance.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_recognition" title="Activity recognition">Activity recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulated_body_pose_estimation" title="Articulated body pose estimation">Articulated body pose estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_head_unit" title="Automotive head unit">Automotive head unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_pose_estimation" title="3D pose estimation">3D pose estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device_gesture" title="Pointing device gesture">Pointing device gesture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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DOI=10.1145/2598784.2602795</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesture_recognition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruetersward.com/biblio.html">Annotated bibliography of references to gesture and pen computing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xnqKdWMa_8">Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing (YouTube)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruceongames.com/2007/10/02/the-future-it-is-all-a-gesture/">The future, it is all a Gesture</a>—Gesture interfaces and video gaming</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006003521/http://inition.co.uk/case-study/ford-c-max-campaign-ar-gestural-interface">Ford's Gesturally Interactive Advert</a>—Gestures used to interact with digital signage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.completegate.com/2017030265/blog/3d-hand-tracking#.WNlR_pxDqeQ.link">3D Hand Tracking</a>—A Literature Survey</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" 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