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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Myofascial release </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myofascial_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lymphatic_pump_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lymphatic_pump_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Lymphatic pump treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lymphatic_pump_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Effectiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_and_legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_and_legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Regulation and legal status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation_and_legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regulation and legal status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation_and_legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Quebec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt_and_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt_and_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Egypt and the Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt_and_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Osteopathy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اعتلال العظام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اعتلال العظام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopat%C3%ADa" title="Osteopatía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Osteopatía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatia" title="Osteopatia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Osteopatia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopati" title="Osteopati – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Osteopati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathie_(Alternativmedizin)" title="Osteopathie (Alternativmedizin) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osteopathie (Alternativmedizin)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Οστεοπαθητική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οστεοπαθητική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopat%C3%ADa" title="Osteopatía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Osteopatía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatio" title="Osteopatio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Osteopatio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatia" title="Osteopatia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osteopatia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="استخوان‌درمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استخوان‌درمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost%C3%A9opathie" title="Ostéopathie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ostéopathie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%A8%EC%9A%94%EB%B2%95" title="정골요법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정골요법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्थिचिकित्सा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अस्थिचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatija" title="Osteopatija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osteopatija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopati" title="Osteopati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Osteopati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatia" title="Osteopatia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osteopatia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוסטאופתיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסטאופתיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csontkov%C3%A1csol%C3%A1s" title="Csontkovácsolás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csontkovácsolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Остеопатија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Остеопатија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="ऑस्टिओपॅथी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑस्टिओपॅथी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathie" title="Osteopathie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Osteopathie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC" title="オステオパシー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オステオパシー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopati" title="Osteopati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Osteopati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatia_(terapia)" title="Osteopatia (terapia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osteopatia (terapia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatia" title="Osteopatia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Osteopatia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatie" title="Osteopatie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Osteopatie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Остеопатия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остеопатия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Остеопатия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Остеопатия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatia" title="Osteopatia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Osteopatia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Osteopathy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatia" title="Osteopatia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osteopatia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatija" title="Osteopatija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osteopatija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Остеопатија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Остеопатија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatia" title="Osteopatia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osteopatia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopati_(alternativmedicin)" title="Osteopati (alternativmedicin) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osteopati (alternativmedicin)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopatiya" title="Osteopatiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Osteopatiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopati" title="Osteopati – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osteopati" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Остеопатія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Остеопатія" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alternative medicine emphasizing muscle and bone manipulation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> practice, mostly outside of the United States. For the medical discipline, see <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States</a>. For diseases of the bone, see <a href="/wiki/Bone_disease" title="Bone disease">Bone disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Osteopathy_Complete_%281898%29_%2814756710206%29.jpg/420px-Osteopathy_Complete_%281898%29_%2814756710206%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Osteopathy_Complete_%281898%29_%2814756710206%29.jpg/560px-Osteopathy_Complete_%281898%29_%2814756710206%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="1904" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">OMT technique for the treatment of impotence in the 1898 Osteopathy Complete manual</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative therapy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D026301">D026301</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline-body-aura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/90px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/120px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">General information</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a> (health fraud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">Rise of modern medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_nihilism" title="Therapeutic nihilism">Therapeutic nihilism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Fringe medicine and science</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriculotherapy" title="Auriculotherapy">Auriculotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_terrain_assessment" title="Biological terrain assessment">Biological terrain assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">Black salve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodywork_(alternative_medicine)" title="Bodywork (alternative medicine)">Bodywork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bone-setting" title="Traditional bone-setting">Bone-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake COVID-19 treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">Cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_treatment_techniques" title="Chiropractic treatment techniques">Chiropractic treatment techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_enema" title="Coffee enema">Coffee enema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpuncture" title="Colorpuncture">Colorpuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Craniosacral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgam controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_foot_baths" title="Detoxification foot baths">Foot detox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_needling" title="Dry needling">Dry needling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Esoteric energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_dominance" title="Estrogen dominance">Estrogen dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection" title="Fabunan Antiviral Injection">Fabunan Antiviral Injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldenkrais_Method" title="Feldenkrais Method">Feldenkrais Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_medicine" title="Functional medicine">Functional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis_(alternative_medicine)" title="Hair analysis (alternative medicine)">Hair analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_dentistry" title="Holistic dentistry">Holistic dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram_bracelet" title="Hologram bracelet">Hologram bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionized_jewelry" title="Ionized jewelry">Ionized jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_Process" title="The Lightning Process">Lightning Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotherapy" title="Lymphotherapy">Lymphotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">Manual therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">Manual lymphatic drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_intuitive" title="Medical intuitive">Medical intuitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Mesmerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques" title="Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques">NAET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">Oil pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine" title="Orthomolecular medicine">Orthomolecular medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyology" title="Osteomyology">Osteomyology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_Integration" title="Postural Integration">Postural Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodermatology" title="Psychodermatology">Psychodermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_healing" title="Quantum healing">Quantum healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_body-oriented_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichian body-oriented psychotherapy">RBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThetaHealing" title="ThetaHealing">ThetaHealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Field_Therapy" title="Thought Field Therapy">Thought Field Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_steaming" title="Vaginal steaming">Vaginal steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetotherapy" title="Vegetotherapy">Vegetotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_therapy" title="Vision therapy">Vision therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">OPV AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccinationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine#NCCIH_classification" title="Alternative medicine">Classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems">Alternative medical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind–body intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy" title="Category:Manual therapy">Manipulative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">Dosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">MVAH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">Balneotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine" title="Traditional Cambodian medicine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_stasis" title="Blood stasis">Blood stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dit_da" title="Dit da">Dit da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_sha" title="Gua sha">Gua sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_plate_trade" title="Gill plate trade">Gill plate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gu" title="Long gu">Long gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">Pressure point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">San Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">Zang-fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayakalpa" title="Kayakalpa">Kayakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambo_cleanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambo cleanse">Kambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mien_Shiang" title="Mien Shiang">Mien Shiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftalan_oil" title="Naftalan oil">Naftalan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">Prophetic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Thai massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Alternative diagnoses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">Aerotoxic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity" title="Candida hypersensitivity">Candida hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease" title="Chronic Lyme disease">Chronic Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_legs" title="Heavy legs">Heavy legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">Multiple chemical sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome" title="Wilson's temperature syndrome">Wilson's temperature syndrome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepius_staff.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/40px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/60px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/80px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="995" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still (founder)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">US Medical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medical_schools" title="Template:Osteopathic medical schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Osteopathic_physicians" title="Category:Osteopathic physicians">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_manipulative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic manipulative medicine">Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">AOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">AACOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Osteopathy" title="American Academy of Osteopathy">AAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MD_and_DO_in_the_United_States" title="Comparison of MD and DO in the United States">MD & DO Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_specialty_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical specialty colleges in the United States">Specialty Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association_Bureau_of_Osteopathic_Specialists" title="American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists">AOA BOS</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_US_sidebar" title="Template:Osteopathic medicine in the US sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_US_sidebar" title="Template talk:Osteopathic medicine in the US sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_US_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic medicine in the US sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Osteopathy, unlike <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">osteopathic medicine</a>, which is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> profession in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a><a href="#cite_note-SBM-1">[1]</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> that emphasizes physical manipulation of the body's <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">muscle tissue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYULangoneOMT-2">[2]</a> In most countries, practitioners of osteopathy are not medically trained and are referred to as osteopaths.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Osteopathic manipulation is the core set of techniques in osteopathy.<a href="#cite_note-paradox-6">[6]</a> Parts of osteopathy, such as <a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">craniosacral therapy</a>, have been described by <a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a> as having no therapeutic value and have been labeled by them as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The techniques are based on an ideology created by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a> (1828–1917) which posits the existence of a "<a href="/wiki/Myofascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Myofascia">myofascial</a> continuity"—a tissue layer that "links every part of the body with every other part". Osteopaths attempt to diagnose and treat what was originally called "the osteopathic lesion", but which is now named "somatic dysfunction",<a href="#cite_note-paradox-6">[6]</a> by manipulating a person's bones and muscles. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) techniques are most commonly used to treat <a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">back pain</a> and other musculoskeletal issues.<a href="#cite_note-paradox-6">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-back-pain-9">[9]</a> Osteopathic manipulation is still included in the curricula of osteopathic physicians or Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) training in the US. The <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> degree, however, became a <a href="/wiki/Medical_degree" title="Medical degree">medical degree</a> and is no longer a degree of non-medical osteopathy. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States#History" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States: History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Taylor_Still_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monochrome photograph of Andrew Taylor Still in 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Andrew_Taylor_Still_1914.jpg/200px-Andrew_Taylor_Still_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Andrew_Taylor_Still_1914.jpg/300px-Andrew_Taylor_Still_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Andrew_Taylor_Still_1914.jpg/400px-Andrew_Taylor_Still_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>Andrew Taylor Still in 1914</figcaption></figure> The practice of osteopathy (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀστέον">ὀστέον</a> (ostéon) 'bone' and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πάθος">πάθος</a> (páthos) 'pain, suffering') began in the United States in 1874. The profession was founded by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a>, a 19th-century American physician (MD), <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> surgeon, and Kansas territorial and state legislator.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> He lived near <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_City,_Kansas" title="Baldwin City, Kansas">Baldwin City, Kansas</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and it was there that he founded the practice of osteopathy.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Still claimed that human illness was rooted in problems with the <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal">musculoskeletal</a> system, and that osteopathic manipulations could solve these problems by harnessing the body's own self-repairing potential.<a href="#cite_note-ident-15">[15]</a> Still's patients were forbidden from treatment by conventional medicine, as well as from other practices such as drinking alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-paradox-6">[6]</a> These practices derive from the belief, common in the early 19th century among proponents of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a>, that the body's natural state tends toward health and inherently contains the capacity to battle any illness.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a> This was opposed to orthodox practitioners, who held that intervention by a physician was necessary to restore health in the patient. Still established the basis for osteopathy, and the division between alternative medicine and traditional medicine had already been a major conflict for decades.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The foundations of this divergence may be traced back to the mid-18th century when advances in <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> began to localize the causes and nature of diseases to specific organs and tissues. Doctors began shifting their focus from the patient to the internal state of the body, resulting in an issue labeled as the problem of the "vanishing patient".<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> A stronger movement towards experimental and scientific medicine was then developed. In the perspective of the DO physicians, the sympathy and holism that were integral to medicine in the past were left behind. <a href="/wiki/Heroic_medicine" title="Heroic medicine">Heroic medicine</a> became the convention for treating patients, with aggressive practices like <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> and prescribing chemicals such as mercury, becoming the forefront in therapeutics.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Alternative medicine had its beginnings in the early 19th century, when gentler practices in comparison to heroic medicine began to emerge. As each side sought to defend its practice, a schism began to present itself in the medical marketplace, with both practitioners attempting to discredit the other. The osteopathic physicians—those who are now referred to as DO's—argued that the non-osteopathic physicians had an overly mechanistic approach to treating patients, treated the symptoms of disease instead of the original causes, and were blind to the harm they were causing their patients. Other practitioners had a similar argument, labeling osteopathic medicine as unfounded, passive, and dangerous to a disease-afflicted patient.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This was the medical environment that pervaded throughout the 19th century, and the setting Still entered when he began developing his idea of osteopathy. After experiencing the loss of his wife and three daughters to <a href="/wiki/Spinal_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal meningitis">spinal meningitis</a> and noting that the current orthodox medical system could not save them, Still may have been prompted to shape his reformist attitudes towards conventional medicine.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a> Still set out to reform the orthodox medical scene and establish a practice that did not so readily resort to drugs, <a href="/wiki/Purgatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Purgatives">purgatives</a>, and harshly invasive therapeutics to treat a person suffering from ailment,<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a> similar to the mindset of the irregulars in the early 19th century. Thought to have been influenced by spiritualist figures such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Davis" title="Andrew Jackson Davis">Andrew Jackson Davis</a> and ideas of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic healing">magnetic and electrical healing</a>, Still began practicing manipulative procedures that intended to restore harmony in the body.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a> Over the course of the next twenty five years, Still attracted support for his medical philosophy that disapproved of orthodox medicine, and shaped his philosophy for osteopathy. Components included the idea that structure and function are interrelated and the importance of each piece of the body in the harmonious function of its whole. Still sought to establish a new medical school that could produce physicians trained under this philosophy, and be prepared to compete against the orthodox physicians. He established the American School of Osteopathy on 20 May 1892, in Kirksville, Missouri, with twenty-one students in the first class.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Still described the foundations of osteopathy in his book "The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy" in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He named his new school of medicine "osteopathy", reasoning that "the bone, <a href="/wiki/Osteon" title="Osteon">osteon</a>, was the starting point from which [he] was to ascertain the cause of pathological conditions".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> He would eventually claim that he could "shake a child and stop scarlet fever, croup, diphtheria, and cure whooping cough in three days by a wring of its neck."<a href="#cite_note-Carroll2015-25">[25]</a> When the state of Missouri granted the right to award the MD degree,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> he remained dissatisfied with the limitations of conventional medicine and instead chose to retain the distinction of the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">DO degree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the early 20th century, osteopaths across the United States sought to establish law that would legitimize their medical degree to the standard of the modern medic.<a href="#cite_note-Booth-28">[28]</a> The processes were arduous, and not without conflict. In some states, it took years for the bills to be passed. Osteopaths were often ridiculed and in some cases arrested,<a href="#cite_note-Booth-28">[28]</a> but in each state, osteopaths managed to achieve the legal acknowledgement and action they set out to pursue. In 1898 the American Institute of Osteopathy started the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Osteopathy" title="Journal of Osteopathy">Journal of Osteopathy</a> and by that time four states recognized osteopathy as a profession.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuellterapi5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Manuellterapi5.jpg" decoding="async" width="438" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) involves <a href="/wiki/Palpation" title="Palpation">palpation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_manipulation" title="Joint manipulation">manipulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fasciae</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a> (AOA), osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is considered to be only one component of osteopathic medicine and may be used alone or in combination with <a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">pharmacotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehabilitation medicine">rehabilitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patient_education" title="Patient education">patient education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a>. OMT techniques are not necessarily unique to osteopathic medicine; other disciplines, such as <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">chiropractic</a>, use similar techniques.<a href="#cite_note-aacom1-30">[30]</a> Indeed, many DOs do not practice OMT at all, and, over time, DOs in general practice use OMT less and less and instead apply the common medical treatments.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16585378-31">[31]</a> One integral tenet of osteopathy is that problems in the body's anatomy can affect its proper functioning. Another tenet is the body's innate ability to heal itself. Many of osteopathic medicine's manipulative techniques are aimed at reducing or eliminating the impediments to proper structure and function so the self-healing mechanism can assume its role in restoring a person to health.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Osteopathic medicine defines a concept of health care that embraces the concept of the unity of the living organism's structure (anatomy) and function (<a href="/wiki/Human_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Human physiology">physiology</a>). The AOA states that the four major principles of osteopathic medicine are the following:<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <ol><li>The body is an integrated unit of mind, body, and spirit.</li> <li>The body possesses <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">self-regulatory mechanisms</a>, having the inherent capacity to defend, repair, and remodel itself.</li> <li>Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated.</li> <li>Rational therapy is based on consideration of the first three principles.</li></ol> These principles are not held by Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine to be <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">empirical laws</a>; they serve, rather, as the underpinnings of the osteopathic approach to health and disease.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscle_energy">Muscle energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muscle_energy_technique" title="Muscle energy technique">Muscle energy technique</a></div> Muscle energy techniques address somatic dysfunction through stretching and muscle contraction. For example, if a person is unable to fully <a href="/wiki/Abduction_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abduction (kinesiology)">abduct</a> their arm, the treating physician raises the patient's arm near the end of the patient's range of motion, also called the edge of the restrictive barrier. The patient then tries to lower their arm, while the physician provides resistance. This resistance against the patient's motion allows for <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">isotonic contraction</a> of the patient's muscle. Once the patient relaxes, their range of motion increases slightly. The repetition of alternating cycles of contraction and subsequent relaxation help the treated muscle improve its range of motion.<a href="#cite_note-DiGiovanna_83-34">[34]</a> Muscle energy techniques are contraindicated in patients with fractures, <a href="/wiki/Crush_injury" title="Crush injury">crush injuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">joint dislocations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint instability">joint instability</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Muscle_spasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle spasms">muscle spasms</a> or strains, severe <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Whiplash_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiplash injury">whiplash injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertebrobasilar_insufficiency" title="Vertebrobasilar insufficiency">vertebrobasilar insufficiency</a>, severe illness, and recent surgery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterstrain">Counterstrain</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counterstrain" title="Counterstrain">Counterstrain</a></div> Counterstrain is a system of diagnosis and treatment that considers the physical dysfunction to be a continuing, inappropriate strain <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflex</a>, which is inhibited during treatment by applying a position of mild strain in the direction exactly opposite to that of the reflex.<a href="#cite_note-DiGiovanna_86-35">[35]</a> After a counterstrain point tender to palpation has been diagnosed,<a href="#cite_note-Wong2014-36">[36]</a> the identified tender point is treated by the osteopathic physician who, while monitoring the tender point, positions the patient such that the point is no longer tender to palpation.<a href="#cite_note-counterstrain-37">[37]</a> This position is held for ninety seconds and the patient is subsequently returned to their normal posture.<a href="#cite_note-Wong2014-36">[36]</a> Most often this position of ease is usually achieved by shortening the muscle of interest.<a href="#cite_note-counterstrain-37">[37]</a> Improvement or resolution of the tenderness at the identified counterstrain point is the desired outcome.<a href="#cite_note-Wong2014-36">[36]</a> The use of counterstrain technique is contraindicated in patients with severe osteoporosis, pathology of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery" title="Vertebral artery">vertebral arteries</a>, and in patients who are very ill or cannot voluntarily relax during the procedure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-velocity,_low-amplitude_manipulation">High-velocity, low-amplitude manipulation</h3></div> High velocity, low amplitude (HVLA) manipulation is a technique which employs a rapid, targeted, therapeutic force of brief duration that travels a short distance within the anatomic range of motion of a joint and engages the restrictive barrier in one or more places of motion to elicit release of restriction.<a href="#cite_note-aacom-38">[38]</a> The use of HVLA is contraindicated in patients with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> due to instability of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantoaxial_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantoaxial joint">atlantoaxial joint</a> which may stem from <a href="/wiki/Ligamentous_laxity" title="Ligamentous laxity">ligamentous laxity</a>, and in pathologic bone conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fracture</a>, history of a <a href="/wiki/Pathologic_fracture" title="Pathologic fracture">pathologic fracture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a>, osteoporosis, and severe cases of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emergency-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavareseCopabiancoCox2009146-40">[40]</a> HVLA is also contraindicated in patients with <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular disease</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysms</a>, or disease of the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid arteries</a> or vertebral arteries.<a href="#cite_note-Emergency-39">[39]</a> People taking <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulants</a>, or who have local <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastases</a> should not receive HVLA.<a href="#cite_note-Emergency-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myofascial_release">Myofascial release</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></div> Myofascial release is a form of alternative treatment. The practitioners claim to treat skeletal muscle immobility and pain by relaxing contracted muscles. Palpatory feedback by the practitioner is said to be an integral part to achieving a release of myofascial tissues,<a href="#cite_note-aacom-38">[38]</a> accomplished by relaxing contracted muscles, increasing circulation and lymphatic drainage, and stimulating the <a href="/wiki/Stretch_reflex" title="Stretch reflex">stretch reflex</a> of muscles and overlying <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiGiovanna_80-41">[41]</a> Practitioners who perform myofascial release consider the fascia and its corresponding muscle to be the main targets of their procedure, but assert that other tissue may be affected as well, including other connective tissue.<a href="#cite_note-DiGiovanna_80-41">[41]</a> Fascia is the <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissue</a> component of the <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> that provides support and protection for most structures within the human body, including <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>. This soft tissue can become restricted due to <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_disease" title="Psychogenic disease">psychogenic disease</a>, overuse, trauma, infectious agents, or inactivity, often resulting in pain, muscle tension, and corresponding <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">diminished blood flow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiGiovannaSchiowitzDowling200580–1-42">[42]</a> Some osteopaths search for small lumps of tissue, called "Chapman release points" as part of their diagnostic procedure.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lymphatic_pump_treatment">Lymphatic pump treatment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_pump" title="Lymphatic pump">Lymphatic pump</a></div> Lymphatic pump treatment (LPT) is a manual technique intended to encourage <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a> flow in a person's <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The first modern lymphatic pump technique was developed in 1920, although osteopathic physicians used various forms of lymphatic techniques as early as the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Origins_Lymphatics-45">[45]</a> Relative contraindications for the use of lymphatic pump treatments include fractures, <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a> or localized infections, and severe bacterial infections with <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">body temperature elevated</a> higher than 102 °F (39 °C).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavareseCopabiancoCox2009126-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2></div> A 2005 Cochrane review of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) in asthma treatment concluded that there was insufficient evidence that OMT can be used to treat asthma.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane review</a> reviewed six randomized controlled trials which investigated the effect of four types of chest physiotherapy (including OMT) as adjunctive treatments for pneumonia in adults and concluded that "based on current limited evidence, chest physiotherapy might not be recommended as routine additional treatment for pneumonia in adults." Techniques investigated in the study included paraspinal inhibition, rib raising, and myofascial release. The review found that OMT did not reduce mortality and did not increase cure rate, but that OMT slightly reduced the duration of hospital stay and antibiotic use.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A 2013 systematic review of the use of OMT for treating pediatric conditions concluded that its effectiveness was unproven.<a href="#cite_note-ernst-sr-49">[49]</a> In 2014, a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of 15 randomized controlled trials found <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine#Levels_of_evidence" title="Evidence-based medicine">moderate-quality evidence</a> that OMT reduces pain and improves functional status in acute and chronic nonspecific <a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">low back pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Franke2014-50">[50]</a> The same analysis also found moderate-quality evidence for pain reduction for nonspecific low back pain in <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">postpartum women</a> and low-quality evidence for pain reduction in nonspecific low back pain in <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy#Signs_and_symptoms" title="Pregnancy">pregnant women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Franke2014-50">[50]</a> A 2013 systematic review found insufficient evidence to rate osteopathic manipulation for chronic nonspecific low back pain.<a href="#cite_note-chronic-51">[51]</a> In 2011, a systematic review found no compelling evidence that osteopathic manipulation was effective for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain.<a href="#cite_note-musculo-no-52">[52]</a> A 2018 systematic review found that there is no evidence for the reliability or specific efficacy of the techniques used in visceral osteopathy.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The New England Journal of Medicine's 4 November 1999 issue concluded that patients with chronic low back pain can be treated effectively with manipulation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> says there is "limited evidence" that osteopathy "may be effective for some types of neck, shoulder or lower limb pain and recovery after hip or knee operations", but that there is no evidence that osteopathy is effective as a treatment for health conditions unrelated to the bones and muscles.<a href="#cite_note-NHS_osteopathy-55">[55]</a> Others have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to suggest efficacy for osteopathic style manipulation in treating musculoskeletal pain.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> The American Medical Association listed DOs as "cultists" and deemed MD consultation of DOs unethical from 1923 until 1962.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> MDs regarded that osteopathic treatments were rooted in "pseudoscientific dogma", and although physicians from both branches of medicine have been able to meet on common ground, tensions between the two continue.<a href="#cite_note-ident-15">[15]</a> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Skrabanek" title="Petr Skrabanek">Petr Skrabanek</a> classified osteopathy as one of the "paranormal" forms of alternative medicine, commenting that it has a view of disease which had no meaning outside its own closed system.<a href="#cite_note-paranormal-58">[58]</a> In a 1995 conference address, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a>, Jordan J. Cohen, pinpointed OMT as a defining difference between MDs and DOs; while he saw there was no quarrel in the appropriateness of manipulation for musculoskeletal treatment, the difficulty centered on "applying manipulative therapy to treat other systemic diseases"—at that point, Cohen maintained, "we enter the realm of skepticism on the part of the allopathic world."<a href="#cite_note-ident-15">[15]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Barrett" title="Stephen Barrett">Stephen Barrett</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a> said that the worth of manipulative therapy had been exaggerated and that the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a> (AOA) was acting unethically by failing to condemn <a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">craniosacral therapy</a>. The article attracted a letter from the law firm representing the AOA accusing Barrett of libel and demanding an apology to avert legal action.<a href="#cite_note-ident-15">[15]</a> In response, Barrett made some slight modifications to his text, while maintaining its overall stance; he queried the AOA's reference to "the body's natural tendency toward good health", and challenged them to "provide [him] with adequate scientific evidence showing how this belief has been tested and demonstrated to be true."<a href="#cite_note-ident-15">[15]</a> Barrett has been quoted as saying, "the pseudoscience within osteopathy can't compete with the science".<a href="#cite_note-ident-15">[15]</a> In 1999, Joel D. Howell noted that osteopathy and medicine as practiced by MDs were becoming increasingly convergent. He suggested that this raised a paradox: "if osteopathy has become the functional equivalent of allopathy, what is the justification for its continued existence? And if there is value in therapy that is uniquely osteopathic – that is, based on osteopathic manipulation or other techniques – why should its use be limited to osteopaths?"<a href="#cite_note-paradox-6">[6]</a> In 2004, the osteopathic physician <a href="/wiki/Bryan_E._Bledsoe" title="Bryan E. Bledsoe">Bryan E. Bledsoe</a>, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, wrote disparagingly of the "pseudoscience" at the foundation of OMT. In his view, "OMT will and should follow <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic healing">magnetic healing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">chiropractic</a>, and other outdated practices into the pages of medical history."<a href="#cite_note-elephant-59">[59]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Salzberg" title="Steven Salzberg">Steven Salzberg</a> wrote that OMT was promoted as a special distinguishing element of DO training, but that it amounted to no more than "'extra' training in pseudoscientific practices."<a href="#cite_note-ss-60">[60]</a> It has been suggested that osteopathic physicians may be more likely than MDs to be involved in questionable practices such as <a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthomolecular therapy">orthomolecular therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2000-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrett2018-62">[62]</a> Science writer <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Harriet Hall</a> stated that DOs trained in the U.S. are Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine and are legally equivalent to MDs. "They must be distinguished from 'osteopaths', members of a less regulated or unregulated profession that is practiced in many countries. Osteopaths get inferior training that can't be compared to that of DOs."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_and_legal_status">Regulation and legal status</h2></div> The osteopathic profession has evolved into two branches: non-physician manual medicine osteopaths and full-scope medical practice <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">osteopathic physicians</a>. The two groups are so distinct that in practice they function as separate professions. The regulation of non-physician manual medicine osteopaths varies greatly between jurisdictions. In Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, Switzerland, the UAE and the UK, non-physician manual medicine osteopaths are regulated by statute; their practice of osteopathy requires registration with the relevant regulatory authority. The Osteopathic International Alliance (OIA) publishes a country guide that details registration and practice rights, while the International Osteopathic Association maintains a list of all accredited osteopathic colleges.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Several international and national organizations are involved in osteopathic education and political advocacy. The OIA is an international body that oversees national osteopathic and osteopathic medical associations, statutory regulators, and universities or medical schools offering osteopathic and osteopathic medical education. <a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The following sections describe the legal status of osteopathy and osteopathic medicine in each country listed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-COI plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-COI" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"> A major contributor to this section appears to have a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">close connection</a> with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>. Please discuss further on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Osteopathy" title="Talk:Osteopathy">talk page</a>. (August 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A majority of osteopaths work in private practice, with osteopaths working within aged care, traffic and workers compensation schemes or co-located with medical practitioners. Osteopaths are not considered physicians or medical doctors in Australia, rather as allied health professionals offering private practice care. The majority of private health insurance providers cover treatment performed by osteopaths, as do many government based schemes such as veteran's affairs<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> or workers compensations schemes<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In addition, treatment performed by osteopaths is covered by the public healthcare system in Australia (<a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Australia)" title="Medicare (Australia)">Medicare</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Medicare_Australia-69">[69]</a> under the Chronic Disease Management plan. Osteopathy Australia<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> (formerly the Australian Osteopathic Association) is a national organization representing the interests of Australian osteopaths, osteopathy as a profession in Australia, and consumers' right to access osteopathic services. Founded in 1955 in Victoria, the Australian Osteopathic Association became a national body in 1991 and became Osteopathy Australia in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and is a member of the Osteopathic International Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The Osteopathy Board of Australia<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Health_Practitioner_Regulation_Agency" title="Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency">Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency</a> which is the regulatory body for all recognized health care professions in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-ahpra.gov.au-74">[74]</a> The Osteopathic Board of Australia is separate from the Medical Board of Australia which is the governing body that regulates medical practitioners. Osteopaths trained internationally may be eligible for registration in Australia, dependent on their level of training and following relevant competency assessment.<a href="#cite_note-ahpra.gov.au-74">[74]</a> Students training to be an osteopath in Australia must study in an approved program in an accredited university.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Current accredited courses are either four or five years in length.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> To achieve accreditation universities courses must demonstrate the capabilities of graduates.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The capabilities are based on the CanMEDS competency framework that was developed by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. A 2018 large scale study, representing a response rate of 49.1% of the profession indicated the average age of the participants was 38.0 years, with 58.1% being female and the majority holding a Bachelor or higher degree qualification for osteopathy. The study also estimated a total of 3.9 million patients consulted osteopaths every year in Australia. Most osteopaths work in referral relationships with a range of other health services, managing patients primarily with musculoskeletal disorders.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> In Canada, the titles "osteopath" and "osteopathic physician" are protected in some provinces by the medical regulatory college for physicians and surgeons.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> As of 2011, there were approximately 20 U.S.-trained osteopathic physicians, all of which held a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> degree, practicing in all of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> As of 2014, no training programs have been established for osteopathic physicians in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Who_Provides_Osteopathy-83">[83]</a> The non-physician manual practice of osteopathy is practiced in most Canadian provinces.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> As of 2014, manual osteopathic practice is not a government-regulated health profession in any province,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and those interested in pursuing osteopathic studies must register in private osteopathy schools.<a href="#cite_note-Allard_2011-86">[86]</a> It is estimated that there are over 1,300 osteopathic manual practitioners in Canada, most of whom practice in Quebec and Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-Who_Provides_Osteopathy-83">[83]</a> Some sources indicate that there are between 1,000 and 1,200 osteopaths practicing in the province of Quebec, and although this number might seem quite elevated, many osteopathy clinics are adding patients on waiting lists due to a shortage of osteopaths in the province.<a href="#cite_note-Allard_2011-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4></div> Beginning in 2009, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> was working with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_d%27%C3%A9tudes_ost%C3%A9opathiques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collège d'études ostéopathiques (page does not exist)">Collège d'études ostéopathiques</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> on a project to implement a professional osteopathy program consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> followed by a professional <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> in osteopathy as manual therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Allard_2011-86">[86]</a> However, due to the many doubts concerning the scientific credibility of osteopathy from the university's <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval_Facult%C3%A9_de_m%C3%A9decine" title="Université Laval Faculté de médecine">faculty of medicine</a>, the program developers decided to abandon the project in 2011, after <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 years of discussion, planning, and preparation for the program implementation.<a href="#cite_note-Allard_2011-86">[86]</a> There was some controversy with the final decision of the university's committee regarding the continuous undergraduate and professional graduate program in osteopathy because the Commission of studies, which is in charge of evaluating new training programs offered by the university, had judged that the program had its place at Université Laval before receiving the unfavourable support decision from the faculty of medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Allard_2011-86">[86]</a> Had the program been implemented, Université Laval would have been the first university institution in Quebec to offer a professional program in osteopathy as a manual therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Allard_2011-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt_and_the_Middle_East">Egypt and the Middle East</h3></div> Hesham Khalil introduced osteopathy in the Middle East at a local physical therapy conference in Cairo, Egypt in 2005 with a lecture titled "The global Osteopathic Concept / Holistic approach in Somatic Dysfunction". Since then he has toured the Middle East to introduce osteopathy in other Middle Eastern and North African countries, including Sudan, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Kuwait and Oman. In December 2007 the first Workshop on Global osteopathic approach was held at the Nasser Institute Hospital for Research and Treatment, sponsored by the Faculty of Physical Therapy, University of Cairo, Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On 6 August 2010, the Egyptian Osteopathic Society (OsteoEgypt) was founded. OsteoEgypt promotes a two-tier model of osteopathy in Egypt and the Middle East. The event was timed to coincide with the birthday of A.T. Still.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div> There is no European regulatory authority for the practice of osteopathy or osteopathic medicine within the European Union; each country has its own rules. The UK's General Osteopathic Council, a regulatory body set up under the country's <a href="/wiki/Osteopaths_Act_1993" title="Osteopaths Act 1993">Osteopaths Act 1993</a>, issued a position paper on European regulation of osteopathy in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4></div> Since the early 1970s, osteopaths have been practicing in Belgium, during which time several attempts have been made to obtain an official status of health care profession.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1999, a law was voted (the 'Colla-Law'<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>) providing a legal framework for osteopathy, amongst three other non-conventional medical professions. In 2011, the former Belgian Minister Onkelinx set up the Chambers for Non-Conventional Medicines and the Joint Commission provided for in the "Colla-law" (1999). Their goal was to discuss and reach an agreement between the various medical professions to rule on these practices. In February 2014, only one practice, homeopathy, received its recognition. The others, including osteopathy, remain unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4></div> Osteopathy has been a recognized health profession since 1994 in Finland. It is regulated by law along with chiropractors and naprapaths. These professions require at least a four-year education.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Currently there are three osteopathic schools in Finland, one which is public and two private ones.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> Osteopathy is a governmentally recognized profession and has title protection, autorisation d'utiliser le titre d'ostéopathe.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The most recent decree regarding osteopathy was enacted in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4></div> Germany has both osteopathy and osteopathic medicine. There is a difference in the osteopathic education between non-physician osteopaths, physiotherapists, and medical physicians. Physiotherapists are a recognized health profession and can achieve a degree of "Diploma in Osteopathic Therapy (D.O.T.)". Non-physician osteopaths are not medically licensed. They have an average total of 1200 hours of training, roughly half being in manual therapy and osteopathy, with no medical specialization before they attain their degree. Non-physician osteopaths in Germany officially work under the "<a href="/wiki/Heilpraktiker" title="Heilpraktiker">Heilpraktiker</a>" law. Heilpraktiker is a separate profession within the health care system. There are many schools of osteopathy in Germany; most are moving toward national recognition although such recognition does not currently exist.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In Germany, there are state level rules governing which persons (non-physicians) may call themselves osteopaths.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4></div> Osteopathy is a governmentally recognized health profession and the title of Osteopath is protected by Law (Act 45/2003, of 22 October, and Act 71/2013, of 2 September). Currently there are eight faculties that teach the four-year degree course of osteopathy (BSc Hon in Osteopathy).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_University" title="Sri Sri University">Sri Sri University</a> offers BSc and MSc Osteopathy programmes.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div> The practice of osteopathy is regulated by law, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Health_Practitioners_Competence_Assurance_Act_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003">Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> which came into effect on 18 September 2004. Under the act, it is a legal requirement to be registered with the Osteopathic Council of New Zealand (OCNZ),<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and to hold an annual practicing certificate issued by them, in order to practice as an osteopath. Each of the fifteen health professions regulated by the HPCA act work within the "Scope of Practice" determined and published by its professional board or council. Osteopaths in New Zealand are not fully licensed physicians. In New Zealand, in addition to the general scope of practice, osteopaths may also hold the Scope of Practice for Osteopaths using western medical acupuncture and related needling techniques.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In New Zealand a course is offered at the <a href="/wiki/Unitec_Institute_of_Technology" title="Unitec Institute of Technology">Unitec Institute of Technology</a> (Unitec).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Australasian courses consist of a bachelor's degree in clinical science (osteopathy) followed by a master's degree. The Unitec double degree programme is the OCNZ prescribed qualification for registration in the scope of practice: Australian qualifications accredited by the Australian and New Zealand Osteopathic Council are also prescribed qualifications. Osteopaths registered and in good standing with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency – Osteopathy Board of Australian are eligible to register in New Zealand under the mutual recognition system operating between the two countries. Graduates from programs in every other country are required to complete an assessment procedure.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The scope of practice for US-trained osteopathic physicians is unlimited on an exceptions basis. Full licensure to practice medicine is awarded on an exceptions basis following a hearing before the licensing authorities in New Zealand. Both the Medical Council of New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and the OCNZ<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> regulate osteopathic physicians in New Zealand. Currently, the country has no recognized osteopathic medical schools.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> The first school of osteopathy was established in London in 1917 by John Martin Littlejohn, a pupil of A.T. Still, who had been Dean of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine">Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine</a>. After many years of existing outside the mainstream of health care provision, the osteopathic profession in the UK was accorded formal recognition by Parliament in 1993 by the Osteopaths Act.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> This legislation now provides the profession of osteopathy the same legal framework of statutory self-regulation as other healthcare professions such as medicine and dentistry. This Act provides for "protection of title". A person who expressly or implicitly describes themself as an osteopath, osteopathic practitioner, osteopathic physician, osteopathist, osteotherapist, or any kind of osteopath is guilty of an offence unless they are registered as an osteopath. The <a href="/wiki/General_Osteopathic_Council" title="General Osteopathic Council">General Osteopathic Council</a> (GOsC) regulates the practice of osteopathy under the terms of the Act. Under British law, an osteopath must be registered with the GOsC to practice in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> More than 5,300 osteopaths were registered in the UK as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The General Osteopathic Council has a statutory duty to promote, develop and regulate the profession of osteopathy in the UK. Its duty is to protect the interests of the public by ensuring that all osteopaths maintain high standards of safety, competence and professional conduct throughout their professional lives. In order to be registered with the General Osteopathic Council an osteopath must hold a recognized qualification that meets the standards as set out by law in the GOsC's Standard of Practice.<a href="#cite_note-osteopathy.org.uk-117">[117]</a> Osteopathic medicine is regulated by the General Osteopathic Council, (GOsC) under the terms of the Osteopaths Act 1993 and statement from the GMC. Practising osteopaths will usually have a BS or MSc in osteopathy. Accelerated courses leading to accreditation are available for those with a medical degree and physiotherapists.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The London College of Osteopathic Medicine<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> teaches osteopathy only to those who are already physicians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States</a></div> An osteopathic physician in the United States is a physician trained in the full scope of medical practice, with a degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> (DO).<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrisons-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> With the increased internationalization of osteopathy, the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a> (AOA) recommended in 2010 that the older terms osteopathy and osteopath be reserved for "informal or historical discussions and for referring to previously named entities in the profession and foreign-trained osteopaths", and replaced in the US by osteopathic medicine and osteopathic physician.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine</a> made a similar recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Those trained only in manual osteopathic treatment, generally to relieve muscular and skeletal conditions, are referred to as osteopaths,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and are not permitted to use the title DO in the United States[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] to avoid confusion with osteopathic physicians.<a href="#cite_note-SBM-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical schools in the United States">List of medical schools in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_osteopathic_colleges" title="List of osteopathic colleges">List of osteopathic colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_manipulation" title="Spinal manipulation">Spinal manipulation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2014" class="citation web cs1">Snyder, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/osteopathy-in-the-nicu-false-claims-and-false-dichotomies/">"Osteopathy in the NICU: False Claims and False Dichotomies"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/atsu&CISOPTR=685&REC=2">the original</a> on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Survivors+of+First+Free+State+Legislature+in+Kansas%2C+Topeka+Daily+Capital%2C+Missouri%27s+Digital+Heritage%2C+Secretary+of+State+of+Missouri&rft.pub=Cdm.sos.mo.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm.sos.mo.gov%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2Fatsu%26CISOPTR%3D685%26REC%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707144304/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/atsu&CISOPTR=670&REC=1">"Charles E. Still (son) – Letters to Edith Mellor, DO. Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri"</a>. Cdm.sos.mo.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/atsu&CISOPTR=670&REC=1">the original</a> on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+E.+Still+%28son%29+%E2%80%93+Letters+to+Edith+Mellor%2C+DO.+Missouri%27s+Digital+Heritage%2C+Secretary+of+State+of+Missouri&rft.pub=Cdm.sos.mo.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm.sos.mo.gov%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2Fatsu%26CISOPTR%3D670%26REC%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasr.net/pages/city.php?Baldwin%20City&Kansas&City_ID=KS0301001&VA=Y&Attraction_ID=KS0301001a017">"Baldwin City, Kansas"</a>. <q>Among Free State leaders was Andrew T. Still, founder of osteopathy, whose theory of healing developed here.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baldwin+City%2C+Kansas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasr.net%2Fpages%2Fcity.php%3FBaldwin%2520City%26Kansas%26City_ID%3DKS0301001%26VA%3DY%26Attraction_ID%3DKS0301001a017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ident-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ident_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ident_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ident_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ident_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ident_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ident_15-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuglielmo1998" class="citation journal cs1">Guglielmo, WJ (1998). "Are D.O.s losing their unique identity?". 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturecureshisto00whor/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514071-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514071-2"><bdi>978-0-19-514071-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+Cures%3A+The+History+of+Alternative+Medicine+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514071-2&rft.aulast=Whorton&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturecureshisto00whor%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhorton2002" class="citation book cs1">Whorton, James C. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturecureshisto00whor/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514071-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514071-2"><bdi>978-0-19-514071-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+Cures%3A+The+History+of+Alternative+Medicine+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514071-2&rft.aulast=Whorton&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturecureshisto00whor%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhorton2002" class="citation book cs1">Whorton, James C. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturecureshisto00whor/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514071-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514071-2"><bdi>978-0-19-514071-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natures+Cures%3AThe+History+of+Alternative+Medicine+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514071-2&rft.aulast=Whorton&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturecureshisto00whor%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGevitz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gevitz, Norman (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7556%2Fjaoa.2014.005">"A Degree of Difference: The Origins of Osteopathy and First Use of the "DO" Designation"</a>. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 114 (1): 30–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7556%2Fjaoa.2014.005">10.7556/jaoa.2014.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-6151">0098-6151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24384971">24384971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Osteopathic+Association&rft.atitle=A+Degree+of+Difference%3A+The+Origins+of+Osteopathy+and+First+Use+of+the+%22DO%22+Designation&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-40&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.issn=0098-6151&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24384971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7556%2Fjaoa.2014.005&rft.aulast=Gevitz&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7556%252Fjaoa.2014.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2011" class="citation book cs1">Peter, Wagner (11 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10342/3694">History of Osteopathy</a>. 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Kansas City, Mo.: Hudson-Kimberly Pub. Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+and+mechanical+principles+of+osteopathy+%28full+text%29&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+Mo.&rft.pub=Hudson-Kimberly+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Still&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophymechan00stil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> This edition 1902; copyright 1892. Chapters: Preface; Introduction; I. Important Studies; II. Some Substances of the Body; III. Divisions of the Body; IV. Head, Face, and Scalp; Chapter V. The Neck; VI. The Thorax; VII. The Diaphragm; VIII. The Abdomen; IX. The Pelvis; X. Fevers; XI. Biogen; XII. Smallpox; XIII. Obesity; XIV. Ear-Wax and Its Uses; XV. Convulsions; XVI. Obstetrics. 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Retrieved 20 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medicine&rft.pub=American+Medical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fama1%2Fpub%2Fupload%2Fmm%2F40%2Fphysician.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrisons-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrisons_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasperBraunwaldFauciHauser2005" class="citation book cs1">Kasper, Dennis L.; Braunwald, Eugene; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L.; Jameson, J. Larry; Isselbacher, Kurt J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224095507/http://accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=9106846">"Chapter 10. Complementary and Alternative Medicine"</a>. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=9106846">the original</a> on 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10.+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.btitle=Harrison%27s+Principles+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kasper&rft.aufirst=Dennis+L.&rft.au=Braunwald%2C+Eugene&rft.au=Fauci%2C+Anthony+S.&rft.au=Hauser%2C+Stephen+L.&rft.au=Longo%2C+Dan+L.&rft.au=Jameson%2C+J.+Larry&rft.au=Isselbacher%2C+Kurt+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccessmedicine.com%2Fcontent.aspx%3FaID%3D9106846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncmedboard.org/faqs/list/category/consumer_info#what_is_a_doctor_of_osteopathic_medicine_do">"Consumer Info FAQs"</a>. North Carolina Medical Board. Retrieved 20 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Info+FAQs&rft.pub=North+Carolina+Medical+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncmedboard.org%2Ffaqs%2Flist%2Fcategory%2Fconsumer_info%23what_is_a_doctor_of_osteopathic_medicine_do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlinePlus2012" class="citation web cs1">MedlinePlus (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002020.htm">"Doctor of Osteopathic medicine"</a>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 25 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctor+of+Osteopathic+medicine&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.date=2012&rft.au=MedlinePlus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F002020.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchierhorn2010" class="citation web cs1">Schierhorn, Carolyn (4 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006043533/http://www.do-online.org/TheDO/?p=24181">"AOA House reasserts preferred terms osteopathic physician, osteopathic medicine"</a>. The DO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.do-online.org/TheDO/?p=24181">the original</a> on 6 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+DO&rft.atitle=AOA+House+reasserts+preferred+terms+osteopathic+physician%2C+osteopathic+medicine&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.aulast=Schierhorn&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.do-online.org%2FTheDO%2F%3Fp%3D24181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroby2010" class="citation web cs1">Croby, John B. Crosby (3 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035325/http://www.do-online.org/TheDO/?p=26191">"Promoting DOs: Words, medium change, but message stays the same"</a>. The DO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.do-online.org/TheDO/?p=26191">the original</a> on 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+DO&rft.atitle=Promoting+DOs%3A+Words%2C+medium+change%2C+but+message+stays+the+same&rft.date=2010-09-03&rft.aulast=Croby&rft.aufirst=John+B.+Crosby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.do-online.org%2FTheDO%2F%3Fp%3D26191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406225809/http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/about/leadership/aoa-policy-search/Documents/H315-A2015-OSTEOPATH-AND-OSTEOPATHY-USE-OF-THE-TERM.pdf">"H315-A/15 Osteopath and Osteopathy - Use of the Term"</a> (PDF). American Osteopathic Association. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/about/leadership/aoa-policy-search/Documents/H315-A2015-OSTEOPATH-AND-OSTEOPATHY-USE-OF-THE-TERM.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Osteopathic+Association&rft.atitle=H315-A%2F15+Osteopath+and+Osteopathy+-+Use+of+the+Term&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osteopathic.org%2Finside-aoa%2Fabout%2Fleadership%2Faoa-policy-search%2FDocuments%2FH315-A2015-OSTEOPATH-AND-OSTEOPATHY-USE-OF-THE-TERM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/osteopath">"Osteopath"</a>. dictionary.cambridge.org. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=Osteopath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fosteopath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (2011); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aacom.org/resources/bookstore/Documents/GOT2011ed.pdf">Glossary of Osteopathic Terminology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002131413/http://www.aacom.org/resources/bookstore/Documents/GOT2011ed.pdf">Archived</a> 2 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2005" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Martin (2005). Osteopathy in Britain: The First Hundred Years. London: Martin Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4196-0784-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4196-0784-4"><bdi>978-1-4196-0784-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osteopathy+in+Britain%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Martin+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4196-0784-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrislip_M2013" class="citation web cs1">Crislip M (4 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/pump-it-up-osteopathic-manipulation-and-influenza/">"Pump it up: osteopathic manipulation and influenza"</a>. Science-based Medicine. Retrieved 7 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pump+it+up%3A+osteopathic+manipulation+and+influenza&rft.pub=Science-based+Medicine&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft.au=Crislip+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencebasedmedicine.org%2Fpump-it-up-osteopathic-manipulation-and-influenza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiGiovannaSchiowitzDowling2005" class="citation book cs1">DiGiovanna, Eileen; Schiowitz, S; Dowling, DD (2005). An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4293-1"><bdi>978-0-7817-4293-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Osteopathic+Approach+to+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4293-1&rft.aulast=DiGiovanna&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft.au=Schiowitz%2C+S&rft.au=Dowling%2C+DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavareseCopabiancoCox2009" class="citation book cs1">Savarese, Robert G.; Copabianco, John D.; Cox, James J. (2009). OMT review. Robert G. Savarese. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0967009018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0967009018"><bdi>978-0967009018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OMT+review&rft.pub=Robert+G.+Savarese&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0967009018&rft.aulast=Savarese&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft.au=Copabianco%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Cox%2C+James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J.C. (2009). "Manipulative and Body-based Practices". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojd1sdVUydwC&pg=PA342">Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1013-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-1013-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manipulative+and+Body-based+Practices&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+and+Extraordinary+Claims+of+the+Paranormal%3A+A+Critical+Thinker%27s+Toolkit&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1013-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dojd1sdVUydwC%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2002" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Caroline (2002). Science in the Art of Osteopathy: Osteopathic Principles and Practice. Cheltenham, UK: Nelson Thornes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-3328-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-3328-6"><bdi>978-0-7487-3328-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Art+of+Osteopathy%3A+Osteopathic+Principles+and+Practice&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7487-3328-6&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2002" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Robert C. (2002). Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-3497-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-3497-5"><bdi>0-7817-3497-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+for+Osteopathic+Medicine&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7817-3497-5&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteopathy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Osteopathy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Osteopathic_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medicine_navbox" title="Template:Osteopathic medicine navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osteopathic_medicine_navbox" title="Template talk:Osteopathic medicine navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic_medicine_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic medicine navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Osteopathic_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Osteopathic medicine</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_Canada" title="Osteopathic medicine in Canada">Osteopathic medicine in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_manipulative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic manipulative medicine">Treatments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulatory_technique" title="Articulatory technique">Articulatory technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_ligamentous_tension" title="Balanced ligamentous tension">Balanced ligamentous tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_reflex_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman reflex points">Chapman reflex points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterstrain" title="Counterstrain">Counterstrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Cranial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_pump" title="Lymphatic pump">Lymphatic pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_energy_technique" title="Muscle energy technique">Muscle energy technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraspinal_inhibition" title="Paraspinal inhibition">Paraspinal inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissue technique">Soft tissue technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medical_schools" title="Template:Osteopathic medical schools">List of osteopathic medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Osteopathic_College_Accreditation" title="Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation">Accrediting Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Osteopathic_Medical_Examiners" title="National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners">NBOME</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">AOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Osteopathic_Association" title="Canadian Osteopathic Association">COA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">AACOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Osteopathic_Student_Government_Presidents" title="Council of Osteopathic Student Government Presidents">Student Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association_Bureau_of_Osteopathic_Specialists" title="American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists">Specialty Boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_specialty_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical specialty colleges in the United States">Specialty colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Osteopathic_Directors_and_Medical_Educators" title="Association of Osteopathic Directors and Medical Educators">Directors and Medical Educators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Osteopathy" title="American Academy of Osteopathy">American Academy of Osteopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Still" title="S. S. Still">S. S. Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Garner_Sutherland" title="William Garner Sutherland">William Garner Sutherland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_DO" title="The DO">The DO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Journal of Osteopathic Medicine">Journal of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Osteopathy" title="Journal of Osteopathy">Journal of Osteopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States#History" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_Physicians_%26_Surgeons_v._California_Medical_Ass%27n" title="Osteopathic Physicians & Surgeons v. California Medical Ass'n">California merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexner_Report" title="Flexner Report">Flexner Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Osteopathic_medicine" title="Category:Osteopathic medicine">Osteopathic medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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