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href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_Colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Cape Colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Sierra Leone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Jury" title="Grand Jury – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grand Jury" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_jurado" title="Gran jurado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran jurado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هئیت منصفه عالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هئیت منصفه عالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury_(droit)" title="Grand jury (droit) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand jury (droit)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%B0%B0%EC%8B%AC" title="대배심 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대배심" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grand jury" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="חבר מושבעים גדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבר מושבעים גדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%AA%E5%AF%A9" title="大陪審 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大陪審" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storjury" title="Storjury – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storjury" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_j%C3%BAri" title="Grande júri – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande júri" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Большое жюри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большое жюри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand jury" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_porota" title="Velika porota – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velika porota" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuri_valamiehist%C3%B6" title="Suuri valamiehistö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suuri valamiehistö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85talsjury" title="Åtalsjury – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Åtalsjury" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_j%C3%BCri" title="Büyük jüri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük jüri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="גרענד דזשורי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גרענד דזשורי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%AA%E5%AF%A9%E5%9C%98" title="大陪審團 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大陪審團" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1323789#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Grand jury (disambiguation)">Grand jury (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> A <b>grand jury</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>—a group of <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a>—empowered by law to conduct <a href="/wiki/Legal_proceedings" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal proceedings">legal proceedings</a>, investigate potential <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">criminal conduct</a>, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoena</a> physical evidence or a person to testify. A grand jury is separate from the <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a>, which do not preside over its functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originating in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prominent modern examples include <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">grand juries in the United States</a>, and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gastil-2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gastil-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions. The investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence, and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it; the accusatory function determines whether there is <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> to believe that one or more persons committed a particular offense within the jurisdiction of a court. While most grand juries focus on criminal matters, some civil grand juries serve an independent <a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">watchdog</a> function. Around the 18th and 19th-century in Ireland and the U.S., grand juries were occasionally formed to pass or approve public policy. </p><p>The grand jury (from the French word <i>grand</i> meaning "large") is so named because traditionally it has more jurors than a trial <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>, sometimes called a petty or <a href="/wiki/Petit_jury" title="Petit jury">petit jury</a> (from the French word <i>petit</i> meaning "small").<sup id="cite_ref-LawDict_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawDict-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens, though in Virginia it has fewer members for regular or special grand juries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grand jury has been described as a "shield and sword"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that has both an offensive purpose and defensive purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been called the shield of the people against the power of the crown;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Green says this is a myth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described as the "sword of the people"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a sword of the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal">Criminal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criminal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The function of a grand jury is to accuse persons who may be guilty of a crime, but the institution is also a shield against unfounded and oppressive prosecution. It is a means for lay citizens, representative of the community, to participate in the administration of justice. It can also make presentments on crime and maladministration in its area. Traditionally, a grand jury consists of 23 members. </p><p>The mode of accusation is by a written statement of two types: </p> <ol><li>in solemn form (<a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a>) describing the offense with proper accompaniments of time and circumstances, and certainty of act and person, or</li> <li>by a less formal mode, which is usually the spontaneous act of the grand jury, called presentment.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackstone1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackstone1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>No indictment or presentment can be made except by concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors. The grand jury may accuse upon their own knowledge, but it is generally done upon the testimony of witnesses under oath and other evidence heard before them. Grand jury proceedings are, in the first instance, at the instigation of the government or other prosecutors, and <a href="/wiki/Ex_parte" title="Ex parte">ex parte</a> and in secret deliberation. The accused has no knowledge nor right to interfere with their proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-britcyclop_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britcyclop-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If they find the accusation true, which is usually drawn up in form by the prosecutor or an officer of the court, they write upon the indictment the words "a true bill" which is signed by the foreperson of the grand jury and presented to the court publicly in the presence of all the jurors. If the indictment is not proven to the satisfaction of the grand jury, the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ignoramus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ignoramus">ignoramus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "not a true bill" is written upon it by the grand jury, or by their foreman and then said to be ignored, and the accusation is dismissed as unfounded; the potential defendant is said to have been "no-billed" by the grand jury. If the grand jury returns an indictment as a true bill (<i>billa vera</i>), the indictment is said to be founded and the party to stand indicted and required to be put on trial.<sup id="cite_ref-harris1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watchdog">Watchdog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Watchdog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, the Prosecutorial Review Commission is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens, is appointed to a six-month term, and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting.<sup id="cite_ref-Gastil-2014_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gastil-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat <a href="/wiki/Misfeasance" title="Misfeasance">misfeasance</a> in public officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukurai-2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukurai-2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is similar to civil grand juries in U.S. states like California.<sup id="cite_ref-Gastil-2014_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gastil-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative">Legislative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legislative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></div> <p>Many early grand juries in the U.S. had quasi-legislative functions like passing legislation or approving taxes or expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson-2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson-2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 17th century until 1898 in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, Grand Juries also functioned as local government authorities:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They fixed the salaries of public officers; they regulated prisons and houses of correction; they levied funds for the support of hospitals; they made and repaired roads and bridges, and they framed accounts of the expenses incurred in these matters... They determined what public works should be undertaken — what price should be paid for them, and who were the individuals that should undertake them, and be responsible for their completion. They settled the amount of the local taxation of the county, and, under their direction, it was levied from the actual occupiers of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present-day_use">Present-day use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Present-day use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">Grand juries in the United States</a></div> <p>At the time of the founding of the United States, a grand jury indictment was required for almost all prosecutions and juries rendered the final verdict of almost all criminal and civil cases.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States</a> reads, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_jury_at_Arcadia_Hotel_fire_(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Grand_jury_at_Arcadia_Hotel_fire_%28LOC%29.jpg/220px-Grand_jury_at_Arcadia_Hotel_fire_%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Grand_jury_at_Arcadia_Hotel_fire_%28LOC%29.jpg/330px-Grand_jury_at_Arcadia_Hotel_fire_%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Grand_jury_at_Arcadia_Hotel_fire_%28LOC%29.jpg/440px-Grand_jury_at_Arcadia_Hotel_fire_%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>A grand jury investigating the <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Hotel_fire" title="Arcadia Hotel fire">Arcadia Hotel fire</a> in Boston, Massachusetts in 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early decades of the United States, grand juries played a major role in public matters. During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least 12 of the grand jurors, (e.g., for a 23-person grand jury, 12 people would constitute a bare majority).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties, either a law enforcement officer, a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family, or even by laymen. A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury; if the grand jury found that there was sufficient evidence for a trial, that the act was a crime under law, and that the court had jurisdiction, it would return the indictment to the complainant. The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise essentially the same authority as a state attorney general has, that is, a <a href="/wiki/Private_attorney_general" title="Private attorney general">general power of attorney</a> to represent the state in the case.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-gje_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gje-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, the second Watergate grand jury indicted seven White House aides,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including former Attorney General <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John Mitchell</a>, and named President Nixon as a "secret, un-indicted, co-conspirator". Despite evading <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> by resigning from office, Nixon was still required to testify before a grand jury.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">President Bill Clinton</a> became the first sitting president required to testify before a grand jury as the subject of an investigation by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_the_Independent_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Office of the Independent Counsel">Office of Independent Counsel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While all states have provisions for grand juries as of 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> today approximately half of the states employ them<sup id="cite_ref-abaFAQ_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abaFAQ-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 22 states have provision to prevent the abolition of grand juries by legislatures or courts as of 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six states (Oklahoma, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Nevada, and Kansas) allow citizens to circulate a petition in order to impanel a grand jury.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An American federal grand jury has from 16 to 23 jurors, with twelve votes usually required to return an indictment. All grand jury proceedings are conducted behind closed doors, without a presiding judge. The prosecutors are tasked with arranging for the appearance of witnesses, as well as drafting the order in which they are called, and take part in the questioning of witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The targets of the grand jury or their lawyers have no right to appear before a grand jury unless they are invited, nor do they have a right to present exculpatory evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> passed the Prosecutorial Review Commission Law on July 12, 1948, which created the <i>Kensatsu Shinsakai</i> (or Prosecutorial Review Commission (PRC) system), analogous to the grand jury system in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2009 the PRC's recommendations were not binding, and were only regarded as advisory.<sup id="cite_ref-fukurai-lay-over_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fukurai-lay-over-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey conducted by the Japanese Cabinet Office in October 1990 showed that 68.8% of surveyed Japanese citizens were not familiar with the PRC system.<sup id="cite_ref-fukurai-lay-over_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fukurai-lay-over-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (May 2024)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> On May 21, 2009, the Japanese government introduced new legislation which would make the PRC's decisions binding. A PRC is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens, is appointed to a six-month term, and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting.<sup id="cite_ref-Gastil-2014_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gastil-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat <a href="/wiki/Misfeasance" title="Misfeasance">misfeasance</a> in public officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukurai-2011_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukurai-2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1945 to 1972 <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> was under American administration. Grand jury proceedings were held in the territory from 1963 until 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-japancivil_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japancivil-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By an ordinance of the civil administration of the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> promulgated in 1963, grand jury indictment and petit jury trial were assured for criminal defendants in the civil administration courts.<sup id="cite_ref-japancivil_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japancivil-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ordinance reflected the concern of the U.S. Supreme Court<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that U.S. civilians tried for crimes abroad under tribunals of U.S. provenance should not be shorn of the protections of the U.S. Bill of Rights. Indeed, the District Court in Washington twice held that the absence of the jury system in the civil administration courts in Okinawa invalidated criminal convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberia">Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grand juries in Liberia were included in section 7 of article 1 of the constitution of 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By article 21 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liberia" title="Constitution of Liberia">Constitution of Liberia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime except in cases of impeachment, cases arising in the Armed Forces and petty offenses, unless upon indictment by a Grand Jury". For example, the national Port Authority's managing director was indicted by the Monteserrado County Grand Jury in July 2015, on charges of economic sabotage, theft of property and criminal conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the only remaining countries using a grand jury.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard Helmholz traces the Grand Jury's origins to the <a href="/wiki/Assize_of_Clarendon" title="Assize of Clarendon">Assize of Clarendon</a> in 1166, an Act of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>, though others note that the trial jury was brought to England by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, and a form of grand jury may have been used during the reign of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson-2004_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson-2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry's chief impact on the development of the English monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the royal courts at the expense of the feudal courts. Itinerant justices on regular circuits were sent out once each year to enforce the "King's Peace". To make this system of royal criminal justice more effective, Henry employed the method of <a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">inquest</a> used by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>. In each shire, a body of important men were sworn (<i>juré</i>) to report to the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a> all crimes committed since the last session of the circuit court. Thus originated the more recent grand jury that presents information for an indictment.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The grand jury was later recognized by <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> in 1215 on demand of the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Inquests_in_England_and_Wales" title="Inquests in England and Wales">Inquests in England and Wales</a></div> <p>The sheriff of every county was required to return to every <a href="/wiki/Quarter_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter session">quarter sessions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">assizes</a> (or more precisely the commission of <i><a href="/wiki/Oyer_and_terminer" title="Oyer and terminer">oyer and terminer</a></i> and of gaol delivery), 24 men of the county "to inquire into, present, do and execute all those things which, on the part of our Lord the King (<i>or</i> our Lady the Queen), shall then be commanded them". Grand jurors at the assizes or at the borough quarter sessions did not have property qualifications; but, at the county quarter sessions, they had the same property qualification as petty jurors. However, at the assizes, the grand jury generally consisted of gentlemen of high standing in the county.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the court was opened by the crier making proclamation, the names of those summoned to the grand jury were called and they were sworn. They numbered at least 14 and not more than 23. The person presiding (the judge at the assizes, the chairman at the county sessions, the recorder at the borough sessions) gave the charge to the grand jury, i.e. he directed their attention to points in the various cases about to be considered which required explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The charge having been delivered, the grand jury withdrew to their own room, having received the bills of indictment. The witnesses whose names were endorsed on each bill were sworn as they came to be examined, in the grand jury room, the oath being administered by the foreman, who wrote his initials against the name of the witness on the back of the bill. Only the witnesses for the prosecution were examined, as the function of the grand jury was merely to inquire whether there was sufficient ground to put the accused on trial. If the majority of them (and at least 12) thought that the evidence so adduced made out a sufficient case, the words "a true bill" were endorsed on the back of the bill. If they were of the opposite opinion, the phrase "not a true bill", or the single Latin word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ignoramus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ignoramus"><i>ignoramus</i></a> ("we do not know" or "we are ignorant (of)"), was endorsed instead and the bill was said to be "ignored" or thrown out. They could find a true bill as to the charge in one count, and ignore that in another; or as to one defendant and not as to another; but they could not, like a petty jury, return a special or conditional finding, or select part of a count as true and reject the other part. When some bills were "found", some of the jurors came out and handed the bills to the clerk of arraigns (in assizes) or <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_peace" title="Clerk of the peace">clerk of the peace</a>, who announced to the court the name of the prisoner, the charge, and the endorsements of the grand jury. They then retired and considered other bills until all were disposed of; after which they were discharged by the judge, chairman, or recorder.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a bill was thrown out, although it could not again be referred to the grand jury during the same assizes or sessions, it could be preferred at subsequent assizes or sessions, but not in respect of the same offense if a petty jury had returned a verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ordinarily, bills of indictment were preferred after there had been an examination before the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates of England and Wales">magistrates</a>. But this need not always take place. With certain exceptions, any person would prefer a bill of indictment against another before the grand jury without any previous inquiry into the truth of the accusation before a magistrate. This right was at one time universal and was often abused. A substantial check was put on this abuse by the Vexatious Indictments Act 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Act provided that for certain offences which it listed (perjury, libel, etc.), the person presenting such an indictment must be bound by recognizance to prosecute or give evidence against the accused, or alternatively had judicial permission (as specified) so to do.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If an indictment was found in the absence of the accused, and he/she was not in custody and had not been bound over to appear at assizes or sessions, then process was issued to bring that person into court, as it is contrary to the English law to "try" an indictment in the absence of the accused.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grand jury's functions were gradually made redundant by the development of <a href="/wiki/Committal_procedure" title="Committal procedure">committal proceedings</a> in magistrates' courts from 1848 onward when the (three) <a href="/wiki/John_Jervis_(judge)" title="John Jervis (judge)">Jervis</a> Acts,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Justices_Protection_Act_1848" title="Justices Protection Act 1848">Justices Protection Act 1848</a>, codified and greatly expanded the functions of magistrates in pre-trial proceedings; these proceedings developed into almost a repeat of the trial itself. In 1933 the grand jury ceased to function in England, under the Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was entirely abolished in 1948, when a clause from 1933 saving grand juries for offences relating to officials abroad was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_1948" title="Criminal Justice Act 1948">Criminal Justice Act 1948</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grand jury was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, solely for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>, a year after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">union</a> with England, by the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1708" title="Treason Act 1708">Treason Act 1708</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of the Parliament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section III of the Act required the Scottish courts to try cases of treason and <a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_treason" title="Misprision of treason">misprision of treason</a> according to English rules of procedure and evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rule was repealed in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Scottish grand jury under this Act met at Edinburgh on 10 October 1748 to take cognisance of the charges against such rebels as had not surrendered, following the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An account of its first use in Scotland illustrates the institution's characteristics. It consisted of 23 good and lawful men, chosen out of 48 who were summoned: 24 from the county of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a>), 12 from <a href="/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian" title="Haddington, East Lothian">Haddington</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a>) and 12 from <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow" title="Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a>). The court consisted of three judges from the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a> (Scotland's highest criminal court), of whom <a href="/wiki/Charles_Erskine,_Lord_Tinwald" title="Charles Erskine, Lord Tinwald">Tinwald</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Justice_Clerk" title="Lord Justice Clerk">Justice Clerk</a>) was elected <i>preses</i> (presiding member). <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">Subpoenas</a> under the seal of the court and signed by the clerk were executed on a great number of persons in different shires, requiring them to appear as witnesses under the penalty of £100 each. The <i>preses</i> named Sir John Inglis of <a href="/wiki/Cramond" title="Cramond">Cramond</a> as Foreman of the Grand Jury, who was sworn first in the English manner by kissing the book; the others followed three at a time; after which Lord Tinwald, addressing the jurors, informed them that the power <a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">His Majesty's advocate</a> possessed before the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">union</a>, of prosecuting any person for high treason, who appeared guilty on a precognition taken of the facts, being now done away, power was lodged with them, a grand jury, 12 of whom behoved to concur before a true bill could be found. An indictment was then preferred in court and the witnesses endorsed on it were called over and sworn; on which the jury retired to the exchequer chambers and the witnesses were conducted to a room near it, whence they were called to be examined separately. Two solicitors for the crown were present at the examination but no one else; and after they had finished and the sense of the jury was collected, the indictment was returned a "true bill", if the charges were found proved, or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ignoramus" class="extiw" title="wikt:ignoramus">ignoramus</a>" if doubtful. The proceedings continued for a week, in which time, out of 55 bills, 42 were sustained and 13 dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, grand juries were active from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> in parts of the island under the control of the English government (<a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a>), that was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> in 1542. They mainly functioned as local government authorities at the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">county</a> level. The system was so-called as the grand jurors had to present their <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> proposals and budgets in court for official sanction by a <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a>. Grand jurors were usually the largest local payers of <a href="/wiki/Rates_(tax)" title="Rates (tax)">rates</a>, and therefore tended to be the larger <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlords</a>, and on retiring they selected new members from the same background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Distinct from their public works function, as property owners they also were qualified to sit on criminal juries hearing <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">trials by jury</a>, as well as having a pre-trial judicial function for serious criminal cases. Many of them also sat as <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">magistrates</a> judging the less serious cases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They were usually wealthy "country gentlemen" (i.e. landowners, <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a>, farmers and merchants): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A country gentleman as a member of a Grand Jury... levied the local taxes, appointed the nephews of his old friends to collect them, and spent them when they were gathered in. He controlled the boards of guardians and appointed the dispensary doctors, regulated the diet of paupers, inflicted fines and administered the law at petty sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>From 1691 to 1793, <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> and Protestants who were not members of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> were excluded from membership. The concentration of power and wealth in a few families caused resentment over time. The system of local government started to become more representative from the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_(Ireland)_Act_1840" title="Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840">Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840</a>. A divergence of opinions can be seen in the House of Commons debate on 8 March 1861 led by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand juries were eventually replaced by democratically elected <a href="/wiki/County_council#1899–1922" title="County council">county councils</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898</a>, as regards their administrative functions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the formation of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, grand juries were abolished by section 27 of the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Justice_Act_1924" title="Courts of Justice Act 1924">Courts of Justice Act 1924</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they persisted in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> until abolished by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Jury_(Abolition)_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1969&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Jury (Abolition) Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (page does not exist)">Grand Jury (Abolition) Act (Northern Ireland) 1969</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grand juries were once common across Canada. The institution of British civil government in 1749 at <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> brought the judicature system peculiar to that form, and the grand jury was inherent to it. A similar form derived in Quebec from the promise of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> that a faithful copy of <b>Laws of England</b> would be instituted in the North American possessions of the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archival records are found that document the presentments of a grand jury in Quebec as early as 16 October 1764. One of the chief complaints was related to the jury trial, and the use of language.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (May 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The desire for English law was a driver for <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_of_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Act of 1791">the division in 1791 of Quebec, as it was then known</a>, at the Ottawa river into <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, as each of the two groups (French and English) desired to maintain their traditions. In point of fact, the second law passed in Upper Canada relates to (petit) jury trial. This was continued so that Chapter 31 of the 1859 Consolidated Statutes of Upper Canada specifies the constitution of Grand and Petit Juries in the province (now known as Ontario).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colony at St. John's Island, ceded by France in 1763, and separated on 30 May 1769 from Nova Scotia,<sup id="cite_ref-nscourts_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nscourts-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> on 29 November 1798. Prince Edward Island derived its grand jury from its administrative parent between 1763 and 1769, Nova Scotia, as did <a href="/wiki/Sunbury_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunbury County">Sunbury County</a> when it was split off in 1784 to become the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of New Brunswick">Colony of New Brunswick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nscourts_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nscourts-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a>, when it was formed on 2 August 1858, instituted a grand jury,<sup id="cite_ref-parker_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands</a> (1853–1863) and the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a> (1848–1866) when the latter were absorbed by the former.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Old courthouses with the two jury boxes necessary to accommodate the 24 jurors of a grand jury can still be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grand jury would evaluate charges and return what was called a "true bill (of indictment)" if the charges were to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a verdict of <i>nolle prosequi</i> if not.<sup id="cite_ref-parker_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice gradually disappeared in Canada over the course of the twentieth century, after being the subject of extended discussions late in the 19th.<sup id="cite_ref-parker_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was ultimately abolished in 1984 when the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> courts formally ended the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-nscourts_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nscourts-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sd_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sd-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grand jury existed in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> for a short period in the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Act_1823" title="New South Wales Act 1823">New South Wales Act 1823</a> (UK) enabled the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Quarter_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter session">quarter sessions</a>, as a subsidiary court structure below that of the Supreme Court. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Forbes" title="Francis Forbes">Francis Forbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a>, reasoned that this entailed the creation of quarter sessions as they existed in England. Thus, inadvertently, <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">trial by jury</a> and indictment by grand jury were introduced, but only for these subsidiary courts. Grand juries met in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_New_South_Wales" title="Windsor, New South Wales">Windsor</a> and other places. This democratic method of trial proved very popular, but was resented by conservatives. Eventually, conservative elements in the colony were successful in having these innovations suppressed by the Australian Courts Act 1828 (UK). <a href="/wiki/George_Forbes_(New_South_Wales_politician)" title="George Forbes (New South Wales politician)">George Forbes</a>, a member of the Legislative Council, unsuccessfully moved for the reintroduction of grand juries in 1858, but this was thwarted by the Attorney-General and the Chief Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, grand juries existed for longer periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May 1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 1883 abolition Act was itself abolished by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Procedure_and_Appeals_(Consequential_and_Other_Provisions)_Act_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Procedure and Appeals (Consequential and Other Provisions) Act 2004 (page does not exist)">Criminal Procedure and Appeals (Consequential and Other Provisions) Act 2004</a> (section 5: The Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 is repealed). </p><p>The Australian state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the <a href="/wiki/Crimes_Act_1958" title="Crimes Act 1958">Crimes Act 1958</a> under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by individuals to bring other persons to court seeking them to be committed for trial on indictable offences. Grand juries were introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_Act_1873" title="Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873">Judicature Act 1874</a> and have been used on a very limited number of occasions. Their function in Victoria particularly relates to alleged offences either by bodies corporate or where magistrates have aborted the prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grand jury was established in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1844. Its function was to consider <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_indictment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of indictment">bills of indictment</a> preferred against persons committed for trial and to decide whether the evidence against them justified their standing trial. At first the grand jury retained the theoretical power to present an indictment of its own motion, a relic of mediaeval times when the grand jury's purpose was to accuse rather than protect from trial. This power has disappeared in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand juries were later abolished in 1961 and followed by special juries in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_Colony">Cape Colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cape Colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">Trial by jury</a> was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Richard Bourke</a>, Lieutenant Governor and acting Governor of the colony between 1826 and 1828. The acting Governor, who was later influential in the establishment of jury trial in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, obtained the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> in August 1827 and the first Charter of Justice was issued on 24 August 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jury trial was brought into practical operation in 1828 and the 1831 Ordinance 84 laid down that criminal cases would be heard by a panel of nine, selected from males aged between 21 and 60, owning or renting property to a value of £1.17s (37 shillings) per annum or having liability for taxes of 30 shillings in Cape Town and 20 shillings outside the town. Black (i.e. non-white) jurors were not entirely excluded and sat occasionally.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not to imply, however, that juries did not operate in an oppressive manner towards the Black African and Asian residents of the Cape, whose participation in the jury lists was, in any event, severely limited by the property qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-RVogler_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RVogler-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The property qualification was amended in 1831 and 1861 and, experimentally, a grand jury came into operation. </p><p>The grand jury was established for Cape Town alone.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It met quarterly. In 1842 it was recorded that it served a district of 50,000 inhabitants and in one quarterly session there were six presentments (1 homicide, 2 assaults, 1 robbery, 1 theft, 1 fraud).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As elsewhere, the judge could use his charge to the grand jury to bring matters of concern to him to the attention of the public and the government.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1879 Mr. Justice Fitzpatrick, returning from circuit in the northern and western parts of Cape Colony, gave a charge to the grand jury at the Criminal Sessions at Cape Town, in which, after congratulating them upon the lightness of the calendar, he observed there were indications in the country of a growing mutual bad feeling between the races, etc. This was reported in the <i>Cape Argus</i> and was a subject of a question to the government in the House of Commons in London.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grand jury continued in operation until 1885, by which time the Cape was under <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, when it was abolished by Act 17 of 1885<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope">Cape Parliament</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grand juries were established in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1791 under the name <i>jury d'accusation</i>, but they were abolished with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code#Code_of_criminal_instruction" title="Napoleonic Code">Code of Criminal Instruction</a> in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jury law of 1791 created an eight-man <i>jury d'accusation</i> in each <i><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissement</a></i> (a subdivision of the <i>departement</i>) and a 12-man <i>jury de jugement</i> in each <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departement</a></i>. In each <i>arrondissement</i> the <i>procureur-syndic</i> drew up a list of 30 jurors from the electoral roll every three months for the <i>jury d'accusation</i>. There was no public prosecutor or <i><a href="/wiki/Juge_d%27instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Juge d'instruction">juge d'instruction</a></i>. Instead the police or private citizens could bring a complaint to the <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">Justice of the Peace</a> established in each <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">canton</a> (a subdivision of the arrondissement). This magistrate interrogated the accused to determine whether grounds for prosecution existed and if so sent the case to the <i>directeur du jury</i> (the director of the <i>jury d'accusation</i>), who was one of the <i>arrondissement's</i> civil court judges, and who served in the post for six months on a rotating basis. He decided whether to dismiss the charges or, if not, whether the case was a <i><a href="/wiki/Delict" title="Delict">délit</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Misdemeanour" class="mw-redirect" title="Misdemeanour">misdemeanour</a>) or a crime (<a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>, i.e. imprisonable for 2 years or more). <i>Délits</i> went to the <i>tribunal de police correctionnelle</i> of the <i>arrondissement</i>, while for <i>crimes</i> the <i>directeur de jury</i> convoked the <i>jury d'accusation</i> of the <i>arrondissement</i>, in order to get an <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a>. The <i>directeur du jury</i> drew up the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_indictment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of indictment">bill of indictment</a> (<i>acte d'accusation</i>) summarising the charges to be presented to the <i>jury d'accusation</i>. The <i>directeur</i> made a presentation to the jury in the absence of the accused and the jury heard the witnesses. The jury then decided by majority vote whether there were sufficient grounds for the case to go to the <i>tribunal criminel</i> of the <i>departement</i>. Between 1792 and 1795 there was no property qualification for jurors.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The functions of the <i>jury d’accusation</i> were prescribed in the law of 1791 passed by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> and were maintained and re-enacted in the <i>Code des Délits et des Peines</i> of 3 Brumaire, Year 4 (25 October 1795) and this was the operative law until it was abolished in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Special_jury" title="Special jury">Special juries</a> and special grand juries were originally defined in law, for cases thought to require more qualified jurors, but these were abolished in Year 8 (1799).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Company" title="Sierra Leone Company">Sierra Leone Company</a>, which began in 1792, the Governor and Council or any two members thereof, being also <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justices of the peace</a>, held <a href="/wiki/Quarter_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter session">quarter sessions</a> for the trial of offences committed within the colony. The process for indictment etc. was the same as the practice in England or as near as possible thereto. To effect this, they were empowered to issue their warrant or precept to the Sheriff, commanding him to summon a grand jury to sit at the court of quarter sessions. Grand juries continued in operation after the transfer to the colony to the Crown in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-CGeorge_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGeorge-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kennedy_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Kennedy (governor)">Governor Kennedy</a> (1852–1854) was concerned that jurors were frustrating government policy by being biased in certain cases; in particular he felt that liberated Africans on the grand jury would never convict another liberated African on charges of owning or importing slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackLoyalists_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackLoyalists-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promulgated the Ordinance of 29 November 1853 which abolished the grand jury.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition was immediately mounted in <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>. A public meeting launched a petition with 550 names to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a> in London, and the opposition declared that the Kennedy ordinance was a reproach upon the loyalty of the community. Grand juries have been considered one colonial body representative of local opinion and the Colonial Secretary's support for Kennedy upholding the abolition inspired a round of agitation for a local voice in government decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackLoyalists_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackLoyalists-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-ribbon_committee" title="Blue-ribbon committee">Blue-ribbon committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Examining_magistrate" title="Examining magistrate">Examining magistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity from prosecution">Immunity from prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, <i>ignoramus</i> literally means "we are ignorant of" or "we do not know" – in the context of a Grand Jury it effectively means "we do not know of any reason why this person should be indicted on these charges". This use of <i>ignoramus</i> long predates its more common English meaning of an ignorant person or dunce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/504/36">"UNITED STATES, Petitioner v. John H. WILLIAMS, Jr"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">Legal Information Institute</a></i>. 4 May 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=UNITED+STATES%2C+Petitioner+v.+John+H.+WILLIAMS%2C+Jr.&rft.date=1992-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F504%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapfRoeschHart2009" class="citation book cs1">Zapf, Patricia A.; Roesch, Ronald; Hart, Stephen D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hOslS-NSCVEC&pg=PA182"><i>Forensic Psychology and Law</i></a>. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-57039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-57039-5"><bdi>978-0-470-57039-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+Psychology+and+Law&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-57039-5&rft.aulast=Zapf&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft.au=Roesch%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Hart%2C+Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhOslS-NSCVEC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gastil-2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gastil-2014_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gastil-2014_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gastil-2014_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gastil-2014_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGastilFukuraiAndersonNolan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gastil, John; Fukurai, Hiroshi; Anderson, Kent; Nolan, Mark (13 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226014327/http://www.la1.psu.edu/cas/jurydem/SeeingIsBelieving_20130422100444_919286.pdf">"Seeing Is Believing: The Impact of Jury Service on Attitudes Toward Legal Institutions and the Implications for International Jury Reform"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Court Review</i>. <b>48</b>: 126. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la1.psu.edu/cas/jurydem/SeeingIsBelieving_20130422100444_919286.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Court+Review&rft.atitle=Seeing+Is+Believing%3A+The+Impact+of+Jury+Service+on+Attitudes+Toward+Legal+Institutions+and+the+Implications+for+International+Jury+Reform&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=126&rft.date=2014-09-13&rft.aulast=Gastil&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Fukurai%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Kent&rft.au=Nolan%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la1.psu.edu%2Fcas%2Fjurydem%2FSeeingIsBelieving_20130422100444_919286.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LawDict-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LawDict_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell_Black" title="Henry Campbell Black">Black, Henry Campbell</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blacks-law-dictionary-2nd-edition-1910/page/674/mode/2up">"Jury, Grand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">A Law Dictionary</a></i> (2nd ed.). St Paul, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/West_(publisher)" title="West (publisher)">West</a>. p. 675.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jury%2C+Grand&rft.btitle=A+Law+Dictionary&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=675&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=West&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Henry+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblacks-law-dictionary-2nd-edition-1910%2Fpage%2F674%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Law on the Books: Shield and Sword". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MVHAQAAIAAJ">America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System</a>. 1999. p 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statement of <a href="/wiki/Sara_Sun_Beale" title="Sara Sun Beale">Sara Sun Beale</a>. Constitutional Rights and the Grand Jury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ETlAW7i6PxQC&pg=PA18">p 18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HL Deb, 17 July 1812, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5NUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1091">col 1091</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond. Federal Grand Jury Practice and Procedure. 5th Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NexZBAAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA5">p 1-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judicial Council of California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_uxAAAAIAAJ">1 January 1974</a>. p 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett. Environmental Crime: Pollution and Wildlife Enforcement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJWcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">p 39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackstone1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blackstone1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylyBlackstone1840" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, John Bethune; <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone, William</a> (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commentariesonl00baylgoog/page/n642/mode/2up">"Book 4, Ch. 23: Of the Several Modes of Prosecution"</a>. <i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i>. London, UK: Sanders & Benning. p. 586.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+4%2C+Ch.+23%3A+Of+the+Several+Modes+of+Prosecution&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Laws+of+England&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=Sanders+%26+Benning&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=John+Bethune&rft.au=Blackstone%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommentariesonl00baylgoog%2Fpage%2Fn642%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britcyclop-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britcyclop_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartington1836" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Partington" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles F. Partington">Partington, Charles F.</a> (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrcTAAAAQAAJ&q=grand+jury&pg=PA590">"Jury, Trial by"</a>. <i>British Cyclopedia of Literature, History, Geography, Law, and Politics</i>. Vol. 2. London, UK: Orr & Smith. p. 591.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jury%2C+Trial+by&rft.btitle=British+Cyclopedia+of+Literature%2C+History%2C+Geography%2C+Law%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=591&rft.pub=Orr+%26+Smith&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrcTAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dgrand%2Bjury%26pg%3DPA590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harris1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1896" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Seymour F. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlescrimi00agabgoog/page/n7/mode/2up">"Book 3, Chapter VII: The Grand Jury"</a>. <i>Principles of the Criminal Law</i> (7th ed.). London, UK: Stevens & Haynes. p. 358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+3%2C+Chapter+VII%3A+The+Grand+Jury&rft.btitle=Principles+of+the+Criminal+Law&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=358&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Stevens+%26+Haynes&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Seymour+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplescrimi00agabgoog%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukurai-2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fukurai-2011_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fukurai-2011_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukurai2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fukurai, Hiroshi (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3801&context=cklawreview">"Japan's Quasi-Jury and Grand Jury Systems as Deliberative Agents of Social Change: De-Colonial Strategies and Deliberative Participatory Democracy"</a>. <i>Chicago-Kent Law Review</i>. <b>86</b> (2): 825<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago-Kent+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Quasi-Jury+and+Grand+Jury+Systems+as+Deliberative+Agents+of+Social+Change%3A+De-Colonial+Strategies+and+Deliberative+Participatory+Democracy&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=825&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Fukurai&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3801%26context%3Dcklawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jameson-2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jameson-2004_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jameson-2004_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameson2004" class="citation web cs1">Jameson, Marianne (26 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgja.org/history-of-grand-juries/">"History of Civil Grand Juries"</a>. <i>Civil Grand Jurors' Association of California</i> (Reference material)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Grand+Jurors%27+Association+of+California&rft.atitle=History+of+Civil+Grand+Juries&rft.date=2004-10-26&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcgja.org%2Fhistory-of-grand-juries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130222614/https://www.waterfordcouncil.ie/departments/culture-heritage/archives/collections/grand-jury.htm">"Grand Jury Collection"</a>. Waterford City & County Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterfordcouncil.ie/departments/culture-heritage/archives/collections/grand-jury.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Jury+Collection&rft.pub=Waterford+City+%26+County+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterfordcouncil.ie%2Fdepartments%2Fculture-heritage%2Farchives%2Fcollections%2Fgrand-jury.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hansard</i>, House of Commons, 19 February 1833.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2016" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Suja A. (2016). <i>The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries</i>. 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(ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5cFAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Grand Jury: Considered from an Historical, Political and Legal Standpoint, and the Law and Practice Relating Thereto</i></a>. University of Michigan: G.T. Bisel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-09113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-09113-2"><bdi>978-0-404-09113-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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This Day in History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=1998%2C+August+17%3A+Clinton+testifies+before+grand+jury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fclinton-testifies-before-grand-jury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennerShaw2003" class="citation web cs1">Brenner, Susan; Shaw, Lori (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160703121353/http://campus.udayton.edu/~grandjur/stategj/stateg.htm">"State Grand Juries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton" title="University of Dayton">University of Dayton</a> School of Law. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Grand+Juries&rft.pub=University+of+Dayton+School+of+Law&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Lori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampus.udayton.edu%2F~grandjur%2Fstategj%2Fstateg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abaFAQ-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abaFAQ_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424124519/http://www.abanow.org/2010/03/faqs-about-the-grand-jury-system/">"Frequently Asked Questions About the Grand Jury System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abanow.org/2010/03/faqs-about-the-grand-jury-system/">the original</a> on 24 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+the+Grand+Jury+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abanow.org%2F2010%2F03%2Ffaqs-about-the-grand-jury-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennerShaw2003" class="citation web cs1">Brenner, Susan; Shaw, Lori (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217122422/http://campus.udayton.edu/~grandjur/stategj/abolish.htm">"Power to abolish Grand Jury"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton" title="University of Dayton">University of Dayton</a> School of Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.udayton.edu/~grandjur/stategj/abolish.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power+to+abolish+Grand+Jury&rft.pub=University+of+Dayton+School+of+Law&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Lori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampus.udayton.edu%2F~grandjur%2Fstategj%2Fabolish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_citizen_grand_juries_in_Oklahoma">"Laws governing citizen grand juries in Oklahoma"</a>. <i>Ballotpedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=Laws+governing+citizen+grand+juries+in+Oklahoma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FLaws_governing_citizen_grand_juries_in_Oklahoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRS-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/R45456.pdf">"Federal Grand Jury Secrecy: Legal Principles and Implications for Congressional Oversight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. 10 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329110657/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/R45456.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Grand+Jury+Secrecy%3A+Legal+Principles+and+Implications+for+Congressional+Oversight&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fsecrecy%2FR45456.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukurai2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fukurai, Hiroshi (4 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1699&context=cilj">"The Rebirth of Japan's Petit Quasi-Jury and Grand Jury Systems: A Cross-National Analysis of Legal Consciousness and the Lay Participatory Experience in Japan and the U.S."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_International_Law_Journal" title="Cornell International Law Journal">Cornell International Law Journal</a></i>. <b>40</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Rebirth+of+Japan%27s+Petit+Quasi-Jury+and+Grand+Jury+Systems%3A+A+Cross-National+Analysis+of+Legal+Consciousness+and+the+Lay+Participatory+Experience+in+Japan+and+the+U.S.&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.aulast=Fukurai&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1699%26context%3Dcilj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fukurai-lay-over-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fukurai-lay-over_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fukurai-lay-over_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukurai2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fukurai, Hiroshi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=ealr">"Japan's Prosecutorial Review Commissions: Lay Oversight of the Government's Discretion of Prosecution"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania East Asia Law Review</i>: 5–10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+East+Asia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Prosecutorial+Review+Commissions%3A+Lay+Oversight+of+the+Government%27s+Discretion+of+Prosecution&rft.pages=5-10&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Fukurai&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1049%26context%3Dealr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japancivil-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japancivil_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japancivil_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFukuraiMaruta2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Matthew J.; Fukurai, Hiroshi; Maruta, Takashi (October 2015). <i>Japan and Civil Jury Trials: The Convergence of Forces</i>. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publications. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78347-918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78347-918-4"><bdi>978-1-78347-918-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+Civil+Jury+Trials%3A+The+Convergence+of+Forces&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publications&rft.date=2015-10&rft.isbn=978-1-78347-918-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft.au=Fukurai%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Maruta%2C+Takashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Supreme Court decision: Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 77 S.Ct. 1222, 1 L.Ed.2d 1148 (1957)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">District (i.e. federal) court of the District of Columbia decisions: re Nicholson, H.C. 141-61, D.D.C., Nov. 19, 1963, and Ikeda v. McNamara, H.C. 416-62, D.D.C., Oct. 19, 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanoverbeke. Juries in the Japanese Legal System. 2015. pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnsGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">105</a> & 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117084908/http://onliberia.org/con_1847_orig.htm#a17">"Constitution of Liberia (1847), Section 7"</a>. <i>onliberia.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=It%27s+Time+to+Abolish+Grand+Juries+Once+and+for+All&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Chava&rft.au=Clark%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Factivism%2Fabolish-grand-juries-cop-city-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmholzt1983" class="citation journal cs1">Helmholzt, Richard H. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234137506.pdf">"The Early History of the Grand Jury and the Canon Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_Review" title="University of Chicago Law Review">University of Chicago Law Review</a></i>. <b>50</b> (2): 613–627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1599504">10.2307/1599504</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1599504">1599504</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204332/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234137506.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Grand+Jury+and+the+Canon+Law&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=613-627&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1599504&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1599504%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Helmholzt&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F234137506.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120714013039/http://www.history-world.org/midbritain.htm">"The Making Of Modern Britain: Medieval Politics, Economics, Religion, And Learning"</a>. <i>www.history-world.org</i>. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.history-world.org&rft.atitle=The+Making+Of+Modern+Britain%3A+Medieval+Politics%2C+Economics%2C+Religion%2C+And+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-world.org%2Fmidbritain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurley2007" class="citation news cs1">Turley, Hugh (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcdave.com/article5/070119.htm">"The Grand Jury"</a>. <i>Hyattsville Life & Times</i> – via DC Dave.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hyattsville+Life+%26+Times&rft.atitle=The+Grand+Jury&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Turley&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcdave.com%2Farticle5%2F070119.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlescrimi00agabgoog/page/357/mode/1up?view=theater">357</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlescrimi00agabgoog/page/357/mode/1up?view=theater">357</a> & 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlescrimi00agabgoog/page/358/mode/1up">358</a> & 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlescrimi00agabgoog/page/359/mode/1up?view=theater">359</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">22 & 23 Vict. c. 17, s. l.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlescrimi00agabgoog/page/359/mode/1up?view=theater">359</a> & 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Principles of the Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 1884, p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlescrimi00agabgoog/page/361/mode/1up?view=theater">361</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "Indictable Offences Act 1848" (11 and 12 Vict c. 42); title: "An Act to facilitate the Performance of the Duties of Justices of the Peace out of Sessions within England and Wales with respect to Persons charged with indictable Offences".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/23-24/36/contents/data.htm">"Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933"</a>. <i>Legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Administration+of+Justice+%28Miscellaneous+Provisions%29+Act+1933&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo5%2F23-24%2F36%2Fcontents%2Fdata.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenny's Outlines of Criminal Law, 18th Ed, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX9sAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA578">p 578</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Grand Jury in England's Past and America's Present: Part I" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MI4wAQAAIAAJ">162</a> Justice of the Peace 839 at 842 (24 October 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Scotland" in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jury" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jury">Jury</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11th Ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treason Act, 1708 (7 Ann c 21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treason Act 1945 (c. 44), section 2(2) and Schedule.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchanan and Aikman. The History of Scotland. 1829. vol 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWWa2xX92loC&pg=PA597">p 597</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikmanBuchanan1829" class="citation book cs1">Aikman, James; Buchanan, George (1829). <i>The History of Scotland : translated from the Latin of George Buchanan with notes and a continuation to the present time</i>. Vol. 6. Edinburgh: Thomas Ireland. p. 597.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Scotland+%3A+translated+from+the+Latin+of+George+Buchanan+with+notes+and+a+continuation+to+the+present+time&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=597&rft.pub=Thomas+Ireland&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Aikman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Buchanan%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1975" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, R. B (1975). Moody, T.W.; Beckett, J.C.; Kelleher, J.V. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdU9AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Church of Ireland, 1869–1969</i></a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-8072-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-8072-7"><bdi>0-7100-8072-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Ireland%2C+1869%E2%80%931969&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-7100-8072-7&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=R.+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdU9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac_Butt1861" class="citation book cs1">Isaac Butt, Member for <a href="/wiki/Youghal_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Youghal (UK Parliament constituency)">Youghal</a> (8 March 1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1861/mar/08/select-committee-moved-for">"Select Committee Moved For"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. col. 1676–1683.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Select+Committee+Moved+For&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-1676-1683&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1861-03-08&rft.au=Isaac+Butt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1861%2Fmar%2F08%2Fselect-committee-moved-for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1993" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, J. A, ed. 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"The International Development of the Jury: The Role of the British Empire". <i>Revue internationale de droit pénal</i>. <b>72</b>: 525–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fridp.721.0525">10.3917/ridp.721.0525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+internationale+de+droit+p%C3%A9nal&rft.atitle=The+International+Development+of+the+Jury%3A+The+Role+of+the+British+Empire&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=525-550&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fridp.721.0525&rft.aulast=Vogler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cape Law Journal</i>, 10 Cape L.J. p.216 (1893)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1845" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes, Charles</a> (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xFVHAAAAYAAJ/page/n487/mode/2up?q=grand+jury"><i>Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition</i></a>. Vol. V. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. p. 426.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+U.S.+Exploring+Expedition&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Lea+%26+Blanchard&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_xFVHAAAAYAAJ%2Fpage%2Fn487%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dgrand%2Bjury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1906" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, George J. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.org/2-Authors/gje/gj_04.htm">"Part IV: How The Grand Jury Transacts Business and its Relation To The Court"</a>. <i>The Grand Jury</i>. Philadelphia: George T. Bisel Co. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+IV%3A+How+The+Grand+Jury+Transacts+Business+and+its+Relation+To+The+Court&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Jury&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=George+T.+Bisel+Co.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.org%2F2-Authors%2Fgje%2Fgj_04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHon._Walter_James1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hon." class="mw-redirect" title="Hon.">Hon.</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_James,_2nd_Baron_Northbourne" title="Walter James, 2nd Baron Northbourne">Walter James</a>, Member for <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Gateshead (UK Parliament constituency)">Gateshead</a> (19 June 1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1879/jun/19/the-cape-colony-mr-justice-fitzpatrick">"The Cape Colony — Mr. Justice Fitzpatrick — Question"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. col. 169–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cape+Colony+%E2%80%94+Mr.+Justice+Fitzpatrick+%E2%80%94+Question&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-169-171&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1879-06-19&rft.au=Hon.+Walter+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1879%2Fjun%2F19%2Fthe-cape-colony-mr-justice-fitzpatrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Statutes of the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1895: Vol 1872–1886</i>. Cape Town: J.C. Juta. 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statutes+of+the+Cape+of+Good+Hope%2C+1652%E2%80%931895%3A+Vol+1872%E2%80%931886&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=J.C.+Juta&rft.date=1895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1878" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, William (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2OkJAAAAIAAJ&q=1808"><i>History of Trial by Jury</i></a>. New York City: Cockcroft. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Trial+by+Jury&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Cockcroft&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2OkJAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2010" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, James (2010). <i>Juries and the Transformation of Criminal Justice in France in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i>. University of North Carolina Press. Ch. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3363-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-3363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juries+and+the+Transformation+of+Criminal+Justice+in+France+in+the+19th+and+20th+Centuries&rft.pages=Ch.+1&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3363-6&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOudot1845" class="citation book cs1">Oudot, Charles-François (1845). <i>Théorie du Jury</i>. Paris: Joubert. p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A9orie+du+Jury&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Joubert&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Oudot&rft.aufirst=Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Loi Belge du 15 Mai 1838 Relative au Jury Expliquée". <i>Archives de Droit et de Legislation, Tome 5, 2nd Semestre</i> (in French). Bruxelles. 1841. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Loi+Belge+du+15+Mai+1838+Relative+au+Jury+Expliqu%C3%A9e&rft.btitle=Archives+de+Droit+et+de+Legislation%2C+Tome+5%2C+2nd+Semestre&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGeorge-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CGeorge_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1904" class="citation book cs1">George, Claude (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risebritishwest00georgoog/page/n162"><i>The Rise of British West Africa: Comprising the Early History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, Gambia, Lagos, Gold Coast, etc</i></a>. London: Houlston & Sons. pp. 146–147, 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+British+West+Africa%3A+Comprising+the+Early+History+of+the+Colony+of+Sierra+Leone%2C+Gambia%2C+Lagos%2C+Gold+Coast%2C+etc&rft.place=London&rft.pages=146-147%2C+171&rft.pub=Houlston+%26+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisebritishwest00georgoog%2Fpage%2Fn162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackLoyalists-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlackLoyalists_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackLoyalists_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1993" class="citation book cs1">Walker, James W. St. G. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk/page/364"><i>The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 364–365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802074027" title="Special:BookSources/9780802074027"><bdi>9780802074027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Loyalists%3A+The+Search+for+a+Promised+Land+in+Nova+Scotia+and+Sierra+Leone%2C+1783%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=364-365&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780802074027&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=James+W.+St.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackloyalistsse0000walk%2Fpage%2F364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+jury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">House of Commons. Reports from Committees, Vol 5, Session 7 Feb-6 Jul 1865</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGfactor_and_Bricker2006" class="citation web cs1">Gfactor and Bricker (17 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straightdope.com/21343393/who-invented-the-grand-jury">"Who invented the grand jury?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a></i>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">Detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exigent_circumstance" title="Exigent circumstance">Exigent circumstance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock-and-announce" title="Knock-and-announce">Knock-and-announce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning">Miranda warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretextual_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretextual stop">Pretextual stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">Probable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">Reasonable suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_silence" title="Right to silence">Right to silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">Search and seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_of_persons" title="Search of persons">Search of persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search 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data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal prosecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">Adversarial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">Bill of attainder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_jurisdiction" title="Criminal jurisdiction">Criminal jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_prosecution" title="Deferred prosecution">Deferred prosecution agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law"><i>Ex post facto</i> law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">Extradition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand jury</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">Indictment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">Inquisitorial system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nolle_prosequi" title="Nolle prosequi">Nolle prosequi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition_(Scots_law)" title="Precognition (Scots law)">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preliminary_hearing" title="Preliminary hearing">Preliminary hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">Statute of limitations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charges and pleas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alford_plea" title="Alford plea">Alford plea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraignment" title="Arraignment">Arraignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">Indictment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_(formal_criminal_charge)" title="Information (formal criminal charge)">Information</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nolo_contendere" title="Nolo contendere">Nolo contendere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremptory_plea" title="Peremptory plea">Peremptory plea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plea" title="Plea">Plea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">Plea bargain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentence_investigation_report" title="Presentence investigation report">Presentence investigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Criminal defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence law in the United States">Evidence law in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal abuse">Legal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Criminal procedure">Wiktionary</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Criminal_procedure" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Criminal procedure">Wikibooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Crime">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Crime" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Crime">WikiSource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Criminal_law" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Criminal law">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Crime_and_law" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Crime and law">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Crime">Wikiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jury-related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jury" title="Template:Jury"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jury" title="Template talk:Jury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jury-related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a>-related articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">Jury trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner%27s_jury" title="Coroner's jury">Coroner's jury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand jury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">Indictment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_jury" title="Petit jury">Petit jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_duty" title="Jury duty">Jury duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_fees" title="Jury fees">Jury fees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_instructions" title="Jury instructions">Jury instructions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_finding" title="Specific finding">Specific finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberation" title="Deliberation">Deliberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">Hung jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_nullification" title="Jury nullification">Jury nullification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_tampering" title="Jury tampering">Jury tampering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embracery" title="Embracery">Embracery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_research" title="Jury research">Jury research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_sequestration" title="Jury sequestration">Jury sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_stress" title="Jury stress">Jury stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juror_misconduct" title="Juror misconduct">Juror misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_jury_trial" title="Summary jury trial">Summary jury trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jury_selection" title="Jury selection">Jury selection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_of_venue" title="Change of venue">Change of venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_questionnaire" title="Jury questionnaire">Jury questionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremptory_challenge" title="Peremptory challenge">Peremptory challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination_in_jury_selection" title="Racial discrimination in jury selection">Racial discrimination in jury selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_for_cause" title="Strike for cause">Strike for cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_jury_selection" title="Scientific jury selection">Scientific jury selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struck_jury" title="Struck jury">Struck jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_jury" title="Special jury">Special jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_juror" title="Stealth juror">Stealth juror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific jurisdictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_Eleven_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms#Right_to_trial_by_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Eleven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juries_in_England_and_Wales" title="Juries in England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_system_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jury system in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_judges_in_Japan" title="Lay judges in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_by_jury_in_Scotland" title="Trial by jury in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_judges_in_Taiwan" title="Lay judges in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juries_in_the_United_States" title="Juries in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_jury" title="United States military jury">U.S. military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_selection_in_the_United_States" title="Jury selection in the United States">Jury selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_nullification_in_the_United_States" title="Jury nullification in the United States">Nullification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_United_States_juries" title="Women in United States juries">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fully_Informed_Jury_Association" title="Fully Informed Jury Association">Fully Informed Jury Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/946332/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grand jury"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85056386">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536001805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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