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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regional variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark_and_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark_and_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Denmark and Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark_and_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Dominican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland_and_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland_and_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Finland and Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland_and_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.21</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.22</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.23</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.24</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.25</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.26</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.27</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.28</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pontifical_universities_and_faculties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pontifical_universities_and_faculties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pontifical universities and faculties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pontifical_universities_and_faculties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine,_surgery_and_obstetrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine,_surgery_and_obstetrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Medicine, surgery and obstetrics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medicine,_surgery_and_obstetrics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medicine, surgery and obstetrics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medicine,_surgery_and_obstetrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology,_canon_law,_history,_and_cultural_patrimony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology,_canon_law,_history,_and_cultural_patrimony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Theology, canon law, history, and cultural patrimony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology,_canon_law,_history,_and_cultural_patrimony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bologna_Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bologna_Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bologna Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bologna_Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Licentiate (degree)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إجازة جامعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إجازة جامعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llicenciatura" title="Llicenciatura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llicenciatura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Ліцэнцыят – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліцэнцыят" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llicenciatura" title="Llicenciatura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llicenciatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenci%C3%A1t" title="Licenciát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Licenciát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiatgrad" title="Licentiatgrad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Licentiatgrad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizenziat" title="Lizenziat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lizenziat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litsentsiaat" title="Litsentsiaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Litsentsiaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenciatura" title="Licenciatura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Licenciatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licencio" title="Licencio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Licencio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizentzia_(hezkuntza)" title="Lizentzia (hezkuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lizentzia (hezkuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_universitaire" title="Licence universitaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Licence universitaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenciatura" title="Licenciatura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Licenciatura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisensiat_(gelar)" title="Lisensiat (gelar) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lisensiat (gelar)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate" title="Licentiate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Licentiate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenciatas" title="Licenciatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Licenciatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="الليسانس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الليسانس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiaat" title="Licentiaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Licentiaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisensiat" title="Lisensiat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lisensiat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisensiat" title="Lisensiat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lisensiat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litsensiat" title="Litsensiat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Litsensiat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licencjat" title="Licencjat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Licencjat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenciatura" title="Licenciatura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Licenciatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studii_universitare_de_licen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Studii universitare de licență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Studii universitare de licență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Лиценциат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лиценциат" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Academic degree similar to master's degree</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"PhL" redirects here. For other, see <a href="/wiki/PHL_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="PHL (disambiguation)">PHL (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Special:EditPage/Licentiate (degree)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Licentiate%22+degree">"Licentiate" degree</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Licentiate%22+degree+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Licentiate%22+degree&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Licentiate%22+degree+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Licentiate%22+degree">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Licentiate%22+degree&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goethe-Positiones_Juris_(licence)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Goethe-Positiones_Juris_%28licence%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Goethe-Positiones_Juris_%28licence%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Goethe-Positiones_Juris_%28licence%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Goethe-Positiones_Juris_%28licence%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Goethe-Positiones_Juris_%28licence%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Goethe-Positiones_Juris_%28licence%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>Licentiate <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> (note text <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pro Licentia</i></span> on cover) of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a>, 1771)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>licentiate</b> (abbreviated <b>Lic.</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a> present in many countries, representing different <a href="/wiki/Educational_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational level">educational levels</a>. It may be similar to a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a><sup id="cite_ref-ethz.ch_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethz.ch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when issued by <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">pontifical universities</a> and other universities in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </p><p>The term is also used for a person who holds this degree.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>licentia</i>, "freedom" (from Latin <i>licēre</i>, "to be allowed"), which is applied in the phrases <i><b>licentia docendi</b></i> (also <i><b>licentia doctorandi</b></i>), meaning "permission to teach", and <i><b>licentia ad practicandum</b></i> (also <i><b>licentia practicandi</b></i>), meaning "permission to practice", signifying someone who holds a certificate of competence to practise a profession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree#History" title="Academic degree">Academic degree § History</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a> of the Catholic Church led to an increased focus on the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> in episcopal schools during the 11th and 12th centuries, with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> ordering all bishops to make provisions for the teaching of liberal arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Companion_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Companion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chancellors and <a href="/wiki/Scholaster" title="Scholaster">scholasters</a> exercised a high degree of control over who could teach within their <i>locus magisterii</i>, or area of teaching authority. Throughout the 12th century, the degree of their control tightened to such an extent that they had essential monopolies over all teachers in their dioceses, and teachers were barred from acting as instructors without the explicit authorization of their scholasters. Conflicts sometimes arose between the scholasters and local independent educators who operated educational facilities without their permission, and chancellors often demanded <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">expensive gifts</a> before granting a license to teach. In response to these escalating abuses of power, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> demanded that a free <i>licentia docendi</i> should be granted to anyone deemed qualified to teach. This allowed the Church progressively to centralize its educational control, reducing the power of individual scholasters.<sup id="cite_ref-Companion_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Companion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, for the student in the medieval university the <i>licentia docendi</i> was of a somewhat different nature than the academic degrees of bachelor, master or doctor. The latter essentially indicated the rank of seniority in the various faculties (arts, theology, law, medicine), whereas the licentia was literally the licence to teach. It was awarded not by the university but by the church, embodied in the chancellor of the diocese in which the university was located. The licentia would only be awarded, however, upon recommendation by the university, initially shortly before the candidate would be awarded the final degree of master or doctor, the requirements for which beyond having been awarded the licentia were only of a ceremonial nature. </p><p>Over time, however, this distinction in nature between the <i>licentia</i> on the one hand and the bachelor, master and doctor degrees on the other began to fade. In the continental European universities the <i>licentia</i> became an academic degree intermediate between the bachelor's degree on the one hand and the master's or doctor's degree on the other, in particular in the higher faculties. Moreover, the costs for obtaining the doctorate could be significant. As a result, most students not intending an academic career would forgo the doctorate, and as a result the licentiate became the common final degree. </p><p>Notable exceptions to this development were the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and the universities modelled after them. As their locations were not the seats of bishops, the granting of the <i>licentia docendi</i> was by proxy, and its significance faded away.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the <i>Licentiate</i> degree (Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Licenciatura</i></span>), by which one becomes a <i>licenciado</i>, is a four to six-year degree with a required final thesis defence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon competition of the licentiate degree the student may be eligible to apply for a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate degree</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_Degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate Degree">doctorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently the only institutions in Australia to grant licentiates, apart from theological colleges, are the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Music_Examinations_Board" title="Australian Music Examinations Board">Australian Music Examinations Board</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://st-cecilia.com.au/">St Cecilia School of Music</a>, which confer licentiate diplomas. The status of this award is similar to that of an Australian diploma—currently one year of post-secondary education—and so it is a lesser award than a degree, although this award can usually take two or more years to complete due to its high standard. Similarly, for theological colleges in former times, the licentiate was a specific post graduate award, analogous to a current graduate diploma. It was used specifically because some theological colleges did not enjoy university status, and could not award degrees such as baccalaureates, masters and doctorates. Though this was never the case in Catholic Colleges where the Licentiate cannot be earned until one has completed 7 years of study (5 for the baccalaureate and 2 for the licentiate). In such an instance, it sits well above the level of graduate diploma between that of master's and doctorate. </p><p>The Catholic Institute of Sydney is a Pontifical Faculty and as such offers the <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Licentiate of Sacred Theology">Licentiate of Sacred Theology</a> which ranks above a master's degree and can only be earned after seven years of study (five years for the S.T.B.; two years for the S.T.L.). The licentiate is part of the three cycles of theological education in the Roman Catholic Church that was instituted in 1931: baccalaureate (STB); licentiate (STL) and doctorate (STD). It is the licentiate that licences faculty to teach in seminaries. See <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a>, <i>Sapientia Christiana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapienta_Christiana_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapienta_Christiana-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, a person titled <i>Licentiate</i> (or <i>Licentiaat</i> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> or <i>Licencié</i> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, abbreviated <i>lic.</i>) holds the equivalent education of a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>. A female <i>Licentiate</i> was called <i>Licentiate</i> in Dutch and <i>Licenciée</i> in French. The years spent to obtain the degree of <i>Licentiate</i> were called <i>Licentiaat</i> or <i>Licentie</i> in Dutch and <i>Licence</i> in French. It was the second level of university study, after that of <i>Candidate</i> (or <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidaats" class="extiw" title="nl:Kandidaats"><i>Kandidaat</i></a> in Dutch or <i>Candidat</i> in French, abbreviated <i>cand.</i>). A female <i>Candidate</i> was called <i>Kandidate</i> in Dutch and <i>Candidate</i> in French. The years spent to obtain the degree of <i>Candidate</i> were called <i>Kandidaats</i> or <i>Kandidatuur</i> in Dutch and <i>Candidature</i> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. Each of those two levels required at least two years (four semesters) of successful study. Licentiates were required to write a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> (called <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">licentiaatsverhandeling</i></span> in Dutch and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mémoire de licence</i></span></i> in French). This <i>candidate-licentiate</i> system is now being replaced by an American-style <i>bachelor-master</i> system. <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer#Belgium" title="Civil engineer"><i>Civil engineer</i></a> (or <i>Burgerlijk ingenieur</i> in Dutch or <i>Ingénieur civil</i> in French, abbreviated <i>ir.</i>), <i>Doctor of Medicine</i> (or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Doctor in de geneeskunde</i></span> in Dutch or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Docteur en médecine</i></span> in French, abbreviated <i>dr. med.</i>, until 1992), <i>Physician</i> (or <i>Arts</i> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> or <i>Médecin</i> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, after 1992), <i>Doctor of Law</i> (or <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Doctor in de rechten</i></span></i> in Dutch or <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Docteur en droit</i></span></i> in French, abbreviated <i>dr. iur.</i>, until 1972) and <i>Magister</i> (philosophy and theology, abbreviated <i>mag.</i>) were equivalent to <i>Licentiate</i>. <i>Baccalaureus</i> (philosophy and theology, abbreviated <i>bac.</i>) was equivalent to <i>Candidate</i>. The former titles <i>dr. med.</i> and <i>dr. iur.</i> are to be considered as <a href="/wiki/Doctorate#Professional" title="Doctorate">professional doctorates</a>, whereas the title <i>dr.</i>, which is the result of third level study and research, is a <a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate#Higher" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">higher doctorate</a>. The Belgian <i>licentiate</i> was also equivalent to the <i>doctorandus</i> in the Netherlands. At the <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a> there used to be a degree <i>Licentiaat-doctorandus in de TEW (Toegepaste Economische Wetenschappen) en in Beleidsinformatica</i>. Apart from the general abbreviation <i>lic.</i>, more specific abbreviations, such as <i>LHFW</i> (<i>Licentiaat in de Handels- en Financiële Wetenschappen</i>) and <i>LTH</i> (<i>Licentiaat in de Tandheelkunde</i>) exist. Study for a Belgian degree is very rigorous. Students in Belgian universities usually spend more than thirty hours a week on their studies, as opposed to the average of fifteen hours at <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">American</a> universities. As a result of this, students in Belgium are able to complete their licentiate or master's degrees in four to five years, as opposed to the usual six at American institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, a <i>Licenciatura</i> is a professional degree distinct from the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor in Science, which are more common in the Anglosphere, as it requires that the student take more credits for the completion of a professional curricula. The Licenciatura allows the holder to practice his or her profession in all of Bolivia. The durational requirements to obtain a Licenciatura vary depending on the profession studied; however, most universities require the completion of the curricula within four to five years. Aside from the durational requirements, Bolivian universities also require that all candidates, at the completion of the curricula, complement their studies by writing a thesis or by sitting for an oral examination in which State and University representatives take part by testing the student's professional knowledge and skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, <i>Licenciatura</i> is a professional degree distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a>, as it requires students to take more credits for the completion of a professional <i>curriculum</i>. The Licenciatura degree allows its holder to teach disciplines both in primary and secondary education. Although durational requirements to obtain <i>Licenciatura</i> often depend on the topic studied, most universities require the completion of the curriculum within four to five years. Besides the durational requirements for academic activities, Brazilian universities may also require that degree candidates complement their studies by writing a dissertation and apply for an oral examination. This evaluation is performed by Professors and or Researchers aiming to assess the student's professional knowledge and skills. </p><p>For instance, as defined by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.mec.gov.br/cne/arquivos/pdf/CES1301.pdf">Brazilian National Council of Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education">Ministry of Education</a>), a <i>Licenciatura</i> modality in <a href="/wiki/Biological_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological Sciences">Biological Sciences</a> should include, in addition to specific topics of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>, contents in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a>, to attend elementary and secondary education. Pedagogical training, in addition to its specificities, should contemplate an overview of the education and the formative processes of the students. It should also emphasize the instrumentation for the teaching of Sciences at the fundamental level and for the teaching of biology at the intermediate level. In some Brazilian universities, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Licenciatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Licenciatura">Licenciatura</a> can be obtained concomitantly, by simultaneously fulfilling requirements for both the degrees (e.g. the <i>Bachelor's</i> and <i>Licenciatura</i> degrees in Biological Sciences, offered by the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Minas_Gerais" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais">Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais</a>, Brazil). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the term <i>licentiate</i> is not generally used by <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> academic institutions, a Licentiate in Laws (LL.L.) is offered by some Canadian universities for the completion of studies equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">Bachelor of Civil Law</a>. A licentiate is also offered by the Medical Council of Canada (MCC) upon completion of a series of Medical Council of Canada Qualifying examinations for Canadian and International medical graduates. This licentiate is required to obtain an independent medical practice licence in Canada. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_University" title="Saint Paul University">Saint Paul University</a> offers the degree of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_in_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Licentiate in Philosophy (page does not exist)">Licentiate in Philosophy</a> by examination, which may be undertaken within ten years of receiving an MA from the Department of Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>. This licentiate, a pontifical degree, qualifies graduates to teach philosophy at a seminary or college.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_University" title="Saint Paul University">Saint Paul University</a> also offers a <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate in Canon Law</a> that enables the recipient to practice as a canon lawyer within the Roman Catholic Church, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_in_Sacred_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Licentiate in Sacred Theology">Licentiate in Sacred Theology</a> which is part of the baccalaureate, licentiate, and doctorate theological degree course within the Roman Catholic Church. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Regis_College,_University_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Regis College, University of Toronto">Regis College, University of Toronto</a> offers the degree of <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_in_Sacred_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Licentiate in Sacred Theology">Licentiate in Sacred Theology</a>. It is part of the cycle of baccalaureate, licentiate, doctorate in theological formation in the Roman Catholic Church. It can be earned while studying for a civil master's or doctoral degree. It probably sits in rank between the two levels. See <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a>, <i>Sapientia Christiana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapienta_Christiana_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapienta_Christiana-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Mediaeval_Studies" title="Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies">Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> offers a License in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Mediaeval Studies</a> (LMS) as a degree exclusively for <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">postdoctoral students</a> who have already completed a PhD.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The application for the LMS refers to it as a "licentiate" and not as a "license".)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree is unusual in that licentiates from <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">Pontifical institutions</a> are usually a precursor to a doctorate, and not a post-doctoral achievement. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Conservatory_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Conservatory of Music">Royal Conservatory of Music</a>, Toronto, offers a Licentiate Diploma (LRCM) in Piano Performance. The LRCM is the highest level of The Royal Conservatory Certificate Program. The examination is evaluated as a professional concert performance. Candidates are expected to demonstrate a masterful command of the instrument and communicate an understanding of stylistic characteristics and structural elements of each repertoire selection with interpretive insight and a mature musical personality.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, a licentiate belongs to the second level of education (grade), lower than a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> but higher than a bachelor's degree, according to the Office for the Planning of Higher Education, part of the National Council of Rectors. Licentiate is extended to those who have fulfilled the requirements of a university program that has a minimum of 150 and a maximum of 180 course credits (public university programs usually last from four to six years of study) and a minimum duration of 10 lesson cycles of 15 weeks or its equivalent (three or four extra course semesters after the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">Students</a> are also required to fulfill the requirements for graduation for each institution, with usually requires writing a thesis in some universities, attending a graduation seminar, or developing a project in order to graduate, and some degrees involve the same credits as a master's degree but not the same level of rigor. This is also the degree conferred to a practicing physician. The degree is not considered terminal, and it is not sufficient to be a rector of a private university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark_and_Norway">Denmark and Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Denmark and Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The licentiate was formerly awarded in Denmark and Norway, and was roughly equal to the American <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> degree<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In Denmark, it has formally been replaced by the PhD degree. The proper doctorates in Denmark are considered higher degrees than the <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">higher doctorates</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, a <i>Licenciatura</i> is awarded to students after studies of four to six years. Some universities require <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">students</a> to write a thesis in order to graduate while others have to write a shorter, and less labor-intensive, monograph. The Licenciatura is one of the major University degree previous to doctoral studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland_and_Sweden">Finland and Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Finland and Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers,_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers%2C_Sweden.jpg/220px-Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers%2C_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers%2C_Sweden.jpg/330px-Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers%2C_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers%2C_Sweden.jpg/440px-Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers%2C_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>Cover page of a licentiate dissertation from Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finnish universities</a>, a licentiate's degree, recognised as a pre-doctoral degree, is equal to completion of the coursework and a dissertation which is formally equivalent to half of a doctoral dissertation. In Finland, the extent of licentiate degree is 120 ECTS equivalent and it requires two to three years of full-time research. Its prerequisite is a completed 4-year academic degree at advanced level, such as a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Magister_(degree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister (degree)">Magister's degree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licentiate degree holders are officially eligible for independent scientific research in Universities, and entitled to the right to supervise master's and licentiate degree theses. </p><p>Until the early 1970s, the degree in Sweden was equivalent to the U.S. PhD requiring four to seven years of study after the Bachelor's (or Master's) degree, and a publicly defended thesis. It was gradually substituted with the "Doctor's exam" in 1969 and was re-instituted as an intermediate level in research training in the 1980s, now requiring only two years of study after Masters graduation. The licentiate's degree is called a <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">filosofie licentiat</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland-Swedish">Swedish</a> and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">filosofian lisensiaatti</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> (Licentiate of Philosophy), <i>teologie licentiat</i> and <i>teologian lisensiaatti</i> (Licentiate of Theology) etc., depending on the faculty. Furthermore, the requisite degree for a physician's licence is <i>licentiat/lisensiaatti</i>; there is no master's degree. (The degree <i>lääketieteen tohtori</i>, <i>medicine doktor</i>, "Doctor of Medicine" is a traditional professor's degree, or a research <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a>, with licentiate as a prerequisite.) </p><p>The Licentiate of Engineering is an intermediate postgraduate degree used only in a few countries, among them Sweden and Finland, and can be seen as an academic step halfway between a Master's and a PhD. In Swedish, it is called <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Teknologie Licentiat</i></span>, usually abbreviated as <i>Tekn. Lic.</i>, and in Finnish, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tekniikan lisensiaatti</i></span>, abbreviated as <i>TkL</i>. The Licentiate of Engineering corresponds to 120 ECTS credits (80 workweeks (old credits)), or nominally two years of full-time work, whereas a PhD amounts to 240 ECTS credits (160 workweeks (old credits)), or a nominal period of four years of full-time work (one old credit equals one week of full-time studies). However, as a result of the differences in requirements and individual performance, the time to complete a Licentiate of Engineering degree varies. For the thesis, 2–3 peer-refereed articles (or an equivalent monograph) is usually required, and there is no requirement for original research <i>per se</i>. In contrast, a doctoral thesis requires 4–6 articles and must demonstrate original research. The program for a licentiate degree is equivalent to a total of two years of full-time study.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree#France" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree § France</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">French universities</a>, a licenciate (<i>licencié(e)</i>) is the holder of a <i>licence</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[liˈsãs]</a></span>), which is a three-year degree, roughly equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>. There are two kinds of licence: general and professional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, a person titled <i>Lizentiat</i> holds the equivalent education of a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom</a>. Until the 1990s, the degree was offered as a law degree at the <a href="/wiki/Saarland_University" title="Saarland University">Saarland University</a> as a single university degree (Lic.iur.) with a duration varying between five and eight years. For political reasons, this degree was discontinued, mainly because the <a href="/wiki/Staatsexamen" title="Staatsexamen">Staatsexamen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Law_degree" title="Law degree">Law degree</a>) became the predominant representation of the mainstream education of a lawyer. The Lizentiat is largely equivalent to the 1. Staatsexamen but, unlike the latter, is assessed by the university, not the state administration. It also allowed specialisation in areas of the law which were either not covered by other legal qualifications, e.g. ecclesiastical law etc., or not covered to the same extent. Other disciplines, such as theology or journalism (FU Berlin), used to offer a <i>Lizentiat</i> qualification instead of a PhD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiti">Haiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Haiti universities, a licenciate (licencié(e)) is the holder of a licence, which is a four-year degree, equivalent to a bachelor's degree. There are two kinds of licence: general and professional. </p><p>The general licence is a diploma issued by a university and authenticated by the national department of education. This authentication confirms the school follows and complies to the national curriculum requirements for a four-year baccalaureat (bachelor's) degree. </p><p>The professional licence is a Certificate licence issued by a university and authenticated national Department of education after the licenciate diploma holder submits a final paper research that have been analyzed and graded by a board of professors or faculty jury member from the school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR) offers a Licentiate of the Medical Council of Hong Kong (LMCHK).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This licentiate is required of non-locally trained doctors in order to register as a medical practitioner in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LMCHK qualification forms part of the pathway towards registration to practice medicine in Hong Kong for those that graduated from medical schools outside of Hong Kong. The <a href="/wiki/Medical_Licentiate_Society_of_Hong_Kong" title="Medical Licentiate Society of Hong Kong">Licentiate Society</a> is an independent, non-profit professional body formed to help candidates with the challenges of attaining the LMCHK.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, the Licentiate is a vocational qualification offered by the special vocational boards or professional bodies. These are offered after completion of school education and are somewhat less extensive than a full-fledged university degree. Issuers of the licentiate degree include but are not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Institute_of_India" title="Insurance Institute of India">Insurance Institute of India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Company_Secretaries_of_India" title="Institute of Company Secretaries of India">Institute of Company Secretaries of India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Association of Mutual Funds of India, and the Diploma Examination Board of the government of Andhra Pradesh. </p><p>Licentiate Certified Physician and Surgeon (LCPS) was a recognized medical qualification in India before 1946, when the <a href="/wiki/Bhore_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhore committee">Bhore Committee</a> effectively made the MBBS the sole entry point into the medical profession in India.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education in Mexico</a></div> <p>As in many Latin American countries, the <i>licenciatura</i> is a general term denoting the first higher-education degree awarded at universities, varying from three to five years of study, depending on the field. It is thus an <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> degree, and requires a <a href="/wiki/Licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence">licence</a> to practice in the learned profession. </p><p>In Mexico, a distinction is made between simply passing all the required courses, just being a graduate (<i>graduado</i> or <i>pasante</i>), and actually obtaining the degree <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diploma</a> (<i>título profesional</i>). Obtaining the diploma means the student completely concluded his or her studies, and has the right of using the title of <i>Licenciado</i>. Statistics show that historically only about 60% of those graduating actually obtain the diploma.<sup id="cite_ref-INEGI_2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INEGI_2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the diploma is awarded, a professional <a href="/wiki/Credential" title="Credential">credential</a> (<i>cédula profesional</i>) may be obtained from the National Directorate of Professions (<i>Dirección General de Profesiones, DGP</i>), which serves as a licence to practice and as a national <a href="/wiki/ID_card" class="mw-redirect" title="ID card">ID card</a>. Some professions do not require the professional credential, but for others, like <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>, it is mandatory by law.<sup id="cite_ref-DGP_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law also establishes <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_(law)" title="Sanctions (law)">penalties</a> for <a href="/wiki/Crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes">crimes</a> committed regarding the professional practice, including those in which an individual offers professional services without having the proper diploma or licence.<sup id="cite_ref-DGP_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a number of years, presenting a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> was the only method to obtain the diploma (<i>título</i>). Nowadays, some universities, like the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a>, may still require the thesis, while others, like the federal <a href="/wiki/National_Technological_Institute_of_Mexico" title="National Technological Institute of Mexico">institutes of technology</a>, may forgo the thesis in exchange for demonstrating professional experience, research work, or excellent <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">academic grades</a>. </p><p>By their nature, some disciplines, such as <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, require an intense theoretical background, as well as practical training, and so a first university degree in those areas may take longer to complete (up to 6 years). Even after obtaining the diploma, graduates require passing a national <a href="/wiki/Exam" title="Exam">exam</a> to finally be awarded the professional licence. </p><p>In Mexico, every graduate who obtained a <i>licenciatura</i> diploma is technically and legally a <i>licenciado</i> (abbreviated <i>Lic.</i> before the name). However, it is mostly common to use <i>Lic.</i> for graduates of the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, while more specific titles and prefixes are used for other professionals such as engineer (<i>Ingeniero, Ing.</i>), architect (<i>Arquitecto, Arq.</i>), or biologist (<i>Biólogo, Biol.</i>). </p><p>In Mexico, the <i>licenciatura</i> qualifies the recipient to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> (<i>maestría</i>). In exceptional cases, the recipient may apply directly to a <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral degree">doctoral degree</a> (<i>doctorado</i>), in which case the study plan integrates coursework from the master's program, and may take up to five years to complete. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a> in Europe, virtually any <i>licenciado</i> has the equivalent qualifications of a 3-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>. The Mexican <i>licenciatura</i>, however, should never be confused with a more advanced <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a> degree, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> "Licenciate of Technology" (<i>Teknologie Licentiat</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Photographic Society of New Zealand awards a licentiateship, Licentiate (LPSNZ), for "proficiency of a high order in practical photography." This means the applicant must demonstrate sound basic technical ability, along with good compositional skill, and awareness of lighting. Proficiency implies skill with the camera and in processing and presenting images. This is the first of three honours available the other two being Associate (APSNZ) and Fellow (FPSNZ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, a <i>Licenciatura</i> is awarded to students after <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> studies ranging between four and six years. Students are required to write a thesis if studying in the liberal arts, law or science in order to graduate. Students in engineering typically complete <i>módulos,</i> which are additional post-degree requirements before graduating. Additionally, there are Nicaraguan universities that require an internship <i>(internado or pasantía</i>) prior to graduation. The Licenciatura is the degree that segues candidates into both <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">masters</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama">Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This degree is awarded upon completion of four years of study in a specific field of study – e.g., <i>Licenciatura de Docencia en inglés</i> (Licentiate in Teaching of English), and qualifies the recipient to pursue a master's degree, or teach at a high school or middle school level with additional training. In order to be able to teach at university level, the recipient of a licentiate must complete the <i>Posgrado de Docencia Superior</i> (Postgraduate of Tertiary Education), which may be obtained before or after a master's degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Peru, "Bachiller" is awarded automatically for having completed all the courses required for obtaining the first academic degree. In <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Perú">Perú</a>, A "Bachiller" degree is the first academic degree and allows one to enroll in a master's degree course. The master's degree is the second degree and it allows you to get a Doctor's degree (equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>). </p><p>The "Licenciatura" in Peru is not considered an academic degree,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather a "Professional Title" within a specific profession which allows you to work in positions outside <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a> and perform as an independent professional in the Republic of Peru. Most professions require the "Licenciatura" or "Professional Title" to be able to register with <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional association or society</a> (<i>Colegio Profesional</i>). To obtain a "Licenciatura" it is required to either pass an additional test or defend a thesis. Although most Bachelor courses in Peru require to complete "Thesis work" or "Thesis seminars" modules(usually developing a research project during the last two semesters of the course) to obtain the degree, it is not mandatory to defend it. To obtain a "Licenciatura" or "Título Profesional" the student is required to write a thesis (usually that developed during their bachelor course), and pass their viva voce. Alternatively, it is possible to complete a written exam and then an oral examination in front of a group of professors (who are registered in the professional college/body of that specific profession). With this last option, it is usually required to have at least one year of professional experience in the relevant field of studies. Therefore, for some professions which used to be called "carreras largas" or long careers (e.g. dentistry, law, psychology and medicine), the student requires more than five years of studies or ten semesters to become a member of a professional body. </p><p>Nowadays, some universities do not use the word <i>Licenciado</i> or <i>Licenciada</i> as a prefix before the professional title, e.g. <i>Licenciado/a en Farmacia y Bioquímica</i> (Licentiate in Pharmacy and Biochemistry) in their certificates. Instead they use <i>Químico Farmacéutico</i>, the same happens in with the other professions (i.e. Enfermero, Ingeniero, Psicólogo.) In such cases, both written titles are equivalent. The Professional Titles in Peru are equivalent to the professional degrees in the US, therefore if a person obtained a Master in Counselling degree in the US will need to complete the university studies in Peru in order to obtain the Licenciate or Title of Psychologist and then the Licensure at the Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú. In Perú the Professional Title of Psicólogo is similar to the Psy.D which is given in the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>licencjat</i> is a degree that was introduced in Poland by the tertiary education reforms. The purpose of these reforms was to bring the Polish university system into line with the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna system</a>. It is typically a three- or four-year degree, equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>. Students completing a <i>licencjat</i> often go on to complete a <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_(degree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister (degree)">magister</a>'</i>s degree. In <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> faculties which use <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>-regulated degrees, <i>licencjat</i> is a degree between that of master and doctor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the developments introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> in the mid-2000s, in Portugal the licentiate's degree (<i>Licenciatura</i>) may refer to both old and new <i>Licenciaturas</i>, which were awarded before and after the Bologna's reforms, respectively. The length of the old <i>Licenciatura</i> programs would range from four to six years and are now equivalent to the new <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degrees</a>. In the past, a master's degree would add 2 more years to the 4 to 6 years of the old undergraduate <i>Licenciatura</i> programs, thus taking 6 to 8 years of post-secondary education to obtain a master's degree. The new <i>Licenciatura</i> degrees that are now being awarded in Portugal and in almost all Europe with varying local designations, are usually three-year programs. </p><p>Since 2006, in the <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Portugal" title="Higher education in Portugal">Portuguese higher education</a> system, <i>Licenciatura</i> is the first <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degree</a> awarded by institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>. It is also the first degree used in the <a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a>, and is also designated a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> in other European countries. The Master's degree entails a two-year program of study, in which students can normally enroll after completing a licentiate's degree, and provides higher qualification for employment (e.g., for Architecture or Medicine a Master's is required, as well as for some Engineering branches, entailing a total of 5 to 6 years of post-secondary studies) or to prepare a student for his or her <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> research or work permit from the regulatory and licensing body for profession in Portugal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Romania, before the Bologna process, a licence (Rom. <i>licenţă</i>) was an academic degree awarded after four to six years of study, finalised by a thesis. It was a degree higher than the graduate diploma obtained after three years of study, which was mostly used in pedagogical institutes that trained secondary education teachers, and was considered inferior to the doctorate. A Romanian licence was the equivalent of a French <i>maîtrise</i> or a German <a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom</a>. There are some Romanian licences (obtained before the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a> was of application) which have been recognized as meester (mr.)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Doctorandus" title="Doctorandus">doctorandus</a> (drs.)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Netherlands, i.e. at the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, after the Bologna process, the Romanian licence is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and rest of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a> region, the name of the degree was <i>magistar</i>, which was awarded after one year of postgraduate studies and finishing the <i>magistar</i> <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> on a scientific subject. The basic graduate studies was four years before that. Accepting the Bolognia process, Serbia changed its academic degrees and the names of degrees were synchronized with other western school systems. Basically, there are 3 levels of studies now: 1. <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor</a>, 2. <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master</a> and 3. PhD (Ser. <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">doktorske</i></span>), but also there are two semi-levels of specialization. Between 1st and 2nd level are professional master's degree studies (Ser. <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">specijalističke strukovne studije</i></span>) and between 2nd and 3rd level are academic specialist studies (Ser. <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">specijalističke akademske studije</i></span>). That studies between 2nd and 3rd level of education are equal to licentiate level. It is formally at the 2nd level of academic studies with the master studies (at the same level). As a professional degree, when ranking employees, it is on 3rd level, together with PhD studies. </p><p>The main purpose for having such a semi-level is to enable students, who cannot finish PhD studies but reached certain significant level of additional knowledge (around first half of PhD studies), to get certificate about finishing one stage of the PhD studies and continue those studies later in life. To get to the <i>specialist</i> level, it is needed first to pass master's degree, then study for a year, after which the candidate need to defend the final specialist academic <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> which is a document describing a research in the scientific and professional area, winning additional 60 <a href="/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">ECTS</a> for overall study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spain, the <i>Licenciatura</i> degree was one of the major higher-education degrees previous to doctoral studies, and is equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor's">bachelor's</a> degree and a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Master's">master's</a> degree in the anglophone system. This degree is currently being phased out at Spanish universities, replaced by the 'Grado' and 'Master' system due to the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_declaration" title="Bologna declaration">Bologna Declaration on the European higher education area</a>. </p><p>The <i>Licenciatura</i> academic degree is academically equivalent to the <i>Ingeniero</i> or <i>Arquitecto</i> degrees. A <i>Licenciatura</i> typically required from four to six years of university courses, and had a typical credit workload of 300 to 400 credits. It usually had two or three introductory years (first cycle, after which the candidate could obtain a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplomatura (page does not exist)">Diplomatura</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor's">Bachelor's</a> degree in that field of studies) and two additional years (second cycle) for specialization (but this could vary from one to three). In addition, there existed a third cycle, comprising PhD degrees (<i>doctorado</i>, which included one or two years of research oriented courses and the completion of a thesis towards the same <i>doctor</i> diploma). When studying for a <i>Licenciatura</i>, completion of the first cycle did not automatically lead to the award of a diploma. However, students could elect to study specialized three-year degrees from the outset (<i>diplomaturas</i>, and <i>arquitecturas técnicas</i>—technical engineering), which, after successful completion, would give access to the second cycle of a number of <i>Licenciaturas</i>. A <i>Licenciatura</i> degree also provided direct access to professional practice or membership in professional associations such as Bar Associations for lawyers (<i>Colegio de Abogados</i>, until Bar membership requirements were changed to include a minimum amount of legal work experience and passing an exam), medicine, economics, and other regulated professions. </p><p>The third cycle was sometimes called postgrado. Note, however, that the label "undergraduate" may be misleading to an anglophone audience, since while a Spanish <i>Diplomatura</i> may be likened to an undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a>, a Spanish <i>Licenciatura</i> is comparable in scope to a postgraduate <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a>, as the anglophone distinction between "undergraduate" and "postgraduate" degrees does not properly apply to the traditional higher-education system of Spain. Many Spanish <i>licenciados</i>, when translating their <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">CVs</a> into English, use the formula BA+MA (or BSc+MSc) to indicate that a <i>Licenciatura</i> is equivalent to a master's degree. Depending on the degree and study plan, some Spanish universities require a small thesis or research project to be submitted in the last year before the student can finally claim his or her degree. </p><p>The Spanish government issued a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2014-12098">royal decree</a> in 2014 establishing the official equivalences between the Spanish pre-Bologna titles and the <a href="/wiki/European_Qualifications_Framework" title="European Qualifications Framework">European Qualifications Framework</a> (EQF) levels. This royal decree also describes the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mecd.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/catalogo/educacion/gestion-titulos/estudios-universitarios/titulos-espanoles/202058.html">procedure for applying for a personal certificate</a> stating the equivalence of a given pre-Bologna title to the new Bologna levels. Most <i>Licenciaturas</i> (if not all) have been placed in level 7 (Master) of the EQF. </p><p>After the Bologna process, all official university degrees will fall into one of these three categories: <i>Grado</i> (Bachelor), Master or Doctor. Most <i>Grados</i> will consist of three or four years (240 ECTS credits), unless it is otherwise ruled by an EU Directive (like Pharmacy, five years, or Medicine, six years). All university students completing these four years will get a <i>Grado</i> and may then go on with Master's studies (one to two years, 60-120 ECTS credits). Doctorate studies will in most cases require a research-oriented master's degree and may or may not include specific courses. </p><p><i>Grados</i> will take one year more than the old <i>Diplomatura</i> or <i>Ingeniería Técnica</i> degrees, and graduates from the old system may have to study additional courses to transform their degree into a <i>Grado</i>. Nevertheless, in most aspects, <i>Grados</i> will be the equivalent of the old intermediate degrees: <i>Grado</i> engineers will have the responsibilities of former <i>Ingenieros técnicos</i>. Lawyers will need a master's degree, not a <i>Grado</i>. And in public service, <i>Grado</i> holders will by default be in the A2 level (the second highest), while A1 (the highest) will be for <i>Grado</i> holders with additional requirements (such as a master's or a doctorate, or a special <i>Grado</i> such as Medicine that is in many aspects equivalent to a master's). </p><p>Prior to the Bologna process, the master's degree was not considered an official academic degree in Spain, as the transition from undergraduate to postgraduate studies could only be done directly from a <i>Licenciatura</i> to doctoral studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> universities, until the adoption of the <a href="#Bologna_Process">Bologna Convention</a>, the <i>Lizentiat/licence</i> was the equivalent of a master's degree (there being no prior degrees) and qualified the holder for doctoral studies. The degree names are followed by the field of study (e.g. <i>lic. phil.</i>, <i>lic. ès lettres</i>, <i>lic. oec.</i>, etc.). In line with the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a>, the degree has now been replaced by master's degrees (with bachelor's degrees being newly introduced). </p><p>According to the Swiss University Conference, the joint organization of the cantons and the Confederation for university politics, and the Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities, the old <i>Lizentiat/licence</i> is considered equivalent to the current master's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> stated that they consider the Swiss licenciate as equivalent to a master's degree, though they state it is not the same.<sup id="cite_ref-ethz.ch_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethz.ch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Lampeter" title="University of Wales, Lampeter">University of Wales, Lampeter</a> offers Licences in Latin and Greek. They are postgraduate diplomas – meaning that the student would normally have completed a (typically three-year) bachelor's degree course first – and can be completed in either two or three years. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City and Guilds of London Institute</a> Licentiateship is awarded to those who achieve a level 4 Professional Recognition Award.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_London" title="Trinity College London">Trinity College London</a> formerly awarded licentiates, which were accredited at Level 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Regulated_Qualifications_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulated Qualifications Framework">Regulated Qualifications Framework</a> (RQF).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Landscape Institute offers licentiate membership to those who have completed a bachelor's degree and a postgraduate diploma in the field of landscape architecture. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/College_of_Teachers" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Teachers">College of Teachers</a> also offers a licentiateship. This program, which is offered at the degree level, is for individuals with a BEd (three-year program) who wishes to do in-service advanced training in education or a related learning field. Also in education, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_London" title="Trinity College London">Trinity College London</a> awards the <a href="/wiki/LTCL_DipTESOL" title="LTCL DipTESOL">Licentiate Diploma in TESOL</a>, commonly referred to as the Dip TESOL, an advanced teaching qualification in <a href="/wiki/ESL" class="mw-redirect" title="ESL">ESL</a> at Level 7 of the NQF.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Heraldic_and_Genealogical_Studies" title="Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies">Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, has as its highest qualification (above Certificate, Higher Certificate and Diploma levels) the Licentiateship of the institute, awarded following both a course of study including thesis and dissertation and professional practice.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In music, a licentiate is the qualification which follows the diploma and is offered by Trinity College London (LTCL), <a href="/wiki/Associated_Board_of_the_Royal_Schools_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music">Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music</a> (LRSM) and <a href="/wiki/London_College_of_Music" title="London College of Music">London College of Music</a> (LLCM); candidates may choose to specialize in performance or teaching, depending on the examination board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>Licenciatura</i> is awarded to students after five years of study. They are required to write a thesis and/or do an internship and/or develop a research project in order to graduate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pontifical_universities_and_faculties">Pontifical universities and faculties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pontifical universities and faculties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">Pontifical university</a></div> <p>The licentiate degree is a post-graduate, research degree, considered above the master's degree and below the research doctoral degree, conferred by authority of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> by a pontifical university or ecclesiastical faculty upon completion of studies in one of the sacred sciences. The pontifical licentiate is a canonical pre-requisite for entrance into a pontifical doctoral program: "Nobody can be admitted to the doctorate unless first having obtained the licentiate."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The licentiate may be conferred in any of the sacred sciences, including <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">theology</a>, philosophy or <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">canon law</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate of Canon Law</a> (JCL), the <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Licentiate of Sacred Theology">Licentiate of Sacred Theology</a> (STL), or the Licentiate of Philosophy (PhL). <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical universities">Pontifical universities</a> and Catholic Universities with Ecclesiastical Faculties such as the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University" title="Pontifical Lateran University">Pontifical Lateran University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Pontifical University of the Holy Cross">Pontifical University of the Holy Cross</a>, Pontifical Athenaeum of Sant'Anselmo, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Salesian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Salesian University">Pontifical Salesian University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonianum" title="Antonianum">Pontifical University of Antonianum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical university of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, <i>Angelicum</i></a> in Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Salamanca" title="Pontifical University of Salamanca">Pontifical University of Salamanca</a> in Spain, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic University of America">The Catholic University of America</a> in Washington, DC, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Lake" title="University of Saint Mary of the Lake">University of Saint Mary of the Lake</a> in Mundelein, IL, and <a href="/wiki/Regis_College,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Regis College, Toronto">Regis College</a> in Toronto, Canada all confer such degrees. The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in Toronto awards a licentiate in Mediaeval studies, but, unusually, only offers it as a postdoctoral degree. (Cf. the <a href="#Canada">Canada</a> section above.) Further, the licentiate degree also grants the holder the "licence" to teach at any Catholic university, seminary or pontifical faculty anywhere around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, anyone who completes the Level III Heraldic Proficiency Courses is granted the right to use the post-nominal of LRHSC (Licentiate of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada). This is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Heraldry_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Heraldry Society of Canada">Royal Heraldry Society of Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medicine,_surgery_and_obstetrics"><span id="Medicine.2C_surgery_and_obstetrics"></span>Medicine, surgery and obstetrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Medicine, surgery and obstetrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A medical graduate must obtain the qualification of <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_the_Medical_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada">Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Council_of_Canada" title="Medical Council of Canada">Medical Council of Canada</a> before they are eligible to apply for licensure in the province or territory concerned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians">Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians</a> (LRCP) is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> of London.</li> <li>Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons (LRCS), previously <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Royal College of Surgeons">Member of the Royal College of Surgeons</a> (MRCS) is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons of England</a>.</li> <li>Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery of the Society of Apothecaries (LMSSA) is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Apothecaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Apothecaries">Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London</a>.</li> <li>Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (LRCPE) is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh">Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh</a>.</li> <li>Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (LRCSEd) is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh">Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh</a>.</li> <li>Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (LRCPSG) is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow">Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow</a>.</li></ul> <p>These <a href="/wiki/Conjoint" title="Conjoint">Conjoint</a> diplomas were latterly awarded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Examining_Board" title="United Examining Board">United Examining Board</a>. The first two, and latterly the first three, were granted together in England, and the last three in Scotland, until 1999, after which approval to hold the examinations was withdrawn. The qualifications are still registrable with the <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a>, and allow the bearer to practice medicine in the United Kingdom, and used to be recognised by some state medical boards in the United States. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_Hall_of_Ireland" title="Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland">Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall (LAH)</a> was a similar qualifying medical diploma awarded externally in Dublin until recognition was lost in 1968. </p><p>These licentiate diplomas were awarded by professional bodies, and were accepted by the General Medical Council for registration as a medical practitioner, but were not university degrees and were regarded as being at a slightly lower level than bachelor's degrees in medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Finland, licensed medical practitioners (physicians and surgeons) are either licentiates or doctorates, where the Licentiate of Medicine is the minimum qualification. In terms of degree coursework, the licentiate is above master's but below a doctorate. In the medical field, there is no master's degree, and the bachelor's degree qualifies only for practical training to become a licentiate. Qualified licentiates may continue studies to become a Doctor of Medicine if they want to work in research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong_2">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_the_Medical_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Licentiate of the Medical Council of Hong Kong">Licentiate of the Medical Council of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>Medical graduates from schools outside of Hong Kong must obtain a medical license directly form the Medical Council of Hong Kong before they are able to register to practice medicine in Hong Kong. The qualification is known as the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Hong Kong (LMCHK).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LMCHK is awarded after such doctors undergo careful vetting, passing the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="Hong Kong Medical Licensing Examination">HKMLE</a> exam, and completing a period of assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The licentiate doctors are represented by an independent, non-profit professional body, known as the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Licentiate_Society_of_Hong_Kong" title="Medical Licentiate Society of Hong Kong">Licentiate Society</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Dublin, students at the School of Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland</a> still qualify with licentiate diplomas from the two Irish Royal Colleges, coupled with a Licence in Midwifery from each, although in the past few years they have also been awarded the three medical bachelor's degrees of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a>: </p> <ul><li>Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (LRCPI) or (L & LM, RCPI) and</li> <li>Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (LRCSI) or (L & LM, RCSI).</li></ul> <p>Certain maternity hospitals in Dublin used to award a Licentiate in Midwifery or LM diploma, not to midwives but to qualified medical practitioners who had been examined there after a three-month residential appointment. The <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_Hospital" title="Rotunda Hospital">Rotunda Hospital</a> was the most recent to do so. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="LRAM">Licenciate of the Royal Academy of Music</a> is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a>.</li> <li>Licentiate Member of the Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate (post nominal LICWCI) is a professional grade of the Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate, the professional body that supports quality construction and compliance of building standards through inspection.</li> <li>Licentiate of the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Personnel_and_Development" title="Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development">Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development</a> is a part qualified professional grade of the Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development (CIPD). Prior to the Institute gaining its Royal Charter, members at this grade were able to use the post nominal Lic IPD after their names.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology,_canon_law,_history,_and_cultural_patrimony"><span id="Theology.2C_canon_law.2C_history.2C_and_cultural_patrimony"></span>Theology, canon law, history, and cultural patrimony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Theology, canon law, history, and cultural patrimony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Licentiate of Theology">Licentiate of Theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Licentiate of Sacred Theology">Licentiate of Sacred Theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate of Canon Law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_Curriculum_at_the_Gregorian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="History Curriculum at the Gregorian University">History Curriculum at the Gregorian University</a></div> <p>The degree of Licentiate of Theology (LTh) is a theological qualification commonly awarded for ordinands and laymen studying theology in the United Kingdom, Malta, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. </p><p>A qualification similar to the LTh is the two-year postgraduate <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Licentiate of Sacred Theology">Licentiate of Sacred Theology</a> (STL), available from many <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">Pontifical universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_faculty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical faculty">Pontifical faculties</a> of theology, possessing the authority to grant Pontifical degrees. This compares with, for example in North American institutions, the four-year program for a B.A. at many universities, a two-year program for an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, and the writing and successful defense of the doctoral dissertation for the <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Th.D.">Th.D.</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Doctor of Sacred Theology">STD</a> (an additional two to three years). </p><p>The degree of <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate of Canon Law</a> (JCL) is similarly awarded at Pontifical universities and faculties. Other qualifications for canon law include an inter-denominational <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a> program at least one university (<a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff</a>), though this degree would not have canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_Curriculum_at_the_Gregorian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="History Curriculum at the Gregorian University">Faculty of the History and the Cultural Patrimony of the Church at the Gregorian University</a> also awards the Licentiate in the History of the Church, and the Licentiate in the Cultural Patrimony of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bologna_Process">Bologna Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bologna Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> organized the Bologna Convention for the <a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Recognition_Convention" title="Lisbon Recognition Convention">Lisbon Recognition Convention</a>, more commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a>, in order to create uniform standards across the European Union in university education. The resulting conclusions called for all European universities to change their degree programs to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_but_dissertation" title="All but dissertation">All but dissertation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate degree">Graduate degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">Undergraduate degree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_(degree)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethz.ch-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethz.ch_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethz.ch_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethz.ch/en/studies/study-certifications/diploma-programmes/equivalence-diploma-master-degree.html">"Equivalence of Diploma and Master's degree title"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Members.home.nl&rft.atitle=Groningen+%3A+1+September+2008+%3A+Kenmerk+KS%2FD%26L%2F22553%2F07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.home.nl%2Ficnl%2Ftoestemming-doctorandus.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicentiate+%28degree%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As these Dutch titles were replaced with their corresponding international degrees, after the application of the Bologna process in the Netherlands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuffic.nl/nederlandse-organisaties/docs/extranet/Landenmodule%20Roemenie.pdf">Landenmodule Roemenie</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> by Nuffic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928235704/http://www.crus.ch/information-programmes/bologne-ects/equivalence.html?L=1">"Équivalence entre licence / diplôme et master"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crus.ch" class="mw-redirect" title="Crus.ch">Crus.ch</a>. 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City and Guilds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092800/http://www.cityandguilds.com/qualifications-and-apprenticeships/professional-recognition-awards/professional-recognition-awards/9200-professional-recognition-awards#tab=information&acc=level4">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Register+of+Recognised+Qualifications&rft.pub=Ofqual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregister.ofqual.gov.uk%2FSearch%3Fcategory%3DQualifications%26query%3Dlicentiate%26sort%3D-None%26filters%255B0%255D%3Dorganisationname%252BTrinity%2520College%2520London&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicentiate+%28degree%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinitycollege.com/site/?id=292">"Dip TESOL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_London" title="Trinity College London">Trinity College London</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075158/http://www.trinitycollege.com/site/?id=292">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Licentiate+Society+of+Hong+Kong&rft.atitle=Process+of+attaining+LMCHK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flmchk.org%2Flmchk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALicentiate+%28degree%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pontificia Università Gregoriana (2007), <i>Facoltà della Storia e dei Beni Culturali della Chiesa</i>, Rome: Gregoriana Publicità.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a> / <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">Postgraduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate of Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postdoctoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">Higher doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docent#Northern_Europe" 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