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data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">Eugen Dühring</div></div></div></a><a href="/money/Jeremy-Bentham" class="link-black" data-testid="RelatedContent-1-61103-1"><div class="card card-sm card-horizontal my-15" data-testid="Card"><div class="card-media" data-testid="CardMedia" style="aspect-ratio:50/40"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/10/150310-050-FED02169/Jeremy-Bentham.jpg?c=crop&h=40&w=50" alt="Jeremy Bentham" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">Jeremy Bentham</div></div></div></a></div></div><button class="btn btn-outline-undefined TableOfContents_MobileTableOfContentsButton__dHpRi d-md-none mb-20 w-100 d-none" data-testid="MobileTableOfContents" type="button" aria-label="Table Of Contents" style="--category-color:var(--blue-strong)"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" 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class="mr-5" data-testid="Byline"><span class="Byline_popoverTrigger__xVs4j font-14" id="_R6eajjtsuesq">Oscar J. Hammen</span></span><div class="popover AuthorPopover_AuthorPopover__0W0b4" data-testid="Popover"><a class="font-weight-semi-bold" href="/money/author/Oscar-J-Hammen/1214">Oscar J. Hammen</a><div class="AuthorPopover_shortBio__1tFaf mt-5 font-14 font-serif text-gray-700 line-clamp clamp-4">Emeritus Professor of History, University of Montana, Missoula. Author of <i>The Red '48ers: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.</i></div><div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div></div><strong class="font-12 mr-5">Fact-checked by</strong><span class="mr-5" data-testid="Byline"><span class="Byline_popoverTrigger__xVs4j font-14" id="_R6majjtsuesq">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></span><div class="popover AuthorPopover_AuthorPopover__0W0b4" data-testid="Popover"><a class="font-weight-semi-bold" href="/money/author/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a><div class="AuthorPopover_shortBio__1tFaf mt-5 font-14 font-serif text-gray-700 line-clamp clamp-4">Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div><div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div><div class="caption mt-5 d-flex" data-testid="ContentDateAndHistory"><span>Updated: <time dateTime="Feb. 19, 2025">Feb. 19, 2025</time></span></div></div><div class="TableOfContents_TableOfContents__g8WLR d-none" data-testid="TableOfContents"><div class="font-16 font-weight-bold">Table of Contents</div><hr class="mt-0"/><ul class="TableOfContents_TableOfContentsList__yU1tL p-0 mt-0 mb-0 list-unstyled pl-5" style="--category-color:var(--blue-strong)"><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Friedrich-Engels#ref187483-1">Introduction & Quick Facts</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Friedrich-Engels#ref2113">Early life</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Friedrich-Engels#ref2114">Conversion to communism</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Friedrich-Engels/Partnership-with-Marx#ref2115">Partnership with Marx</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Friedrich-Engels/Last-years#ref2116">Last years</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Friedrich-Engels/Last-years#ref187483-references">References</a></li></ul><div class="font-14 font-weight-bold mt-20">Read More</div><div class="TableOfContents_RelatedArticle__yK5m6" data-testid="RelatedContents"><a href="/money/economics" class="link-black" data-testid="RelatedContent-1-178548-1"><div class="card card-sm card-horizontal my-15" data-testid="Card"><div class="card-media" data-testid="CardMedia" style="aspect-ratio:50/40"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/35/99635-050-85CE42AA/Diagram-flow-goods-money-services-economy.jpg?c=crop&h=40&w=50" alt="economics" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">economics</div></div></div></a><a href="/money/Eugen-Duhring" class="link-black" data-testid="RelatedContent-1-173210-1"><div class="card card-sm card-horizontal my-15" data-testid="Card"><div class="card-media" data-testid="CardMedia" style="aspect-ratio:50/40"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/02/12202-004-947572B8/Duhring-1900.jpg?c=crop&h=40&w=50" alt="Dühring, c. 1900" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">Eugen Dühring</div></div></div></a><a href="/money/Jeremy-Bentham" class="link-black" data-testid="RelatedContent-1-61103-1"><div class="card card-sm card-horizontal my-15" data-testid="Card"><div class="card-media" data-testid="CardMedia" style="aspect-ratio:50/40"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/10/150310-050-FED02169/Jeremy-Bentham.jpg?c=crop&h=40&w=50" alt="Jeremy Bentham" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">Jeremy Bentham</div></div></div></a></div></div><button class="btn btn-outline-undefined TableOfContents_MobileTableOfContentsButton__dHpRi d-md-none mb-20 w-100" data-testid="MobileTableOfContents" type="button" aria-label="Table Of Contents" style="--category-color:var(--blue-strong)"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M4 10.5c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5s.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zm0-6c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5S3.17 7.5 4 7.5 5.5 6.83 5.5 6 4.83 4.5 4 4.5zm0 12c-.83 0-1.5.68-1.5 1.5s.68 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.68 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zM7 19h14v-2H7v2zm0-6h14v-2H7v2zm0-8v2h14V5H7z"></path></svg><span class="font-18 ml-5">Table Of Contents</span></button><span hidden="" style="position:fixed;top:1px;left:1px;width:1px;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none"></span><div class="font-serif font-18 lh-lg dropCapArticle"><div class="Article_floatedHeroComponents__8_NjL"><div class="mb-10 BorderlessCard_BorderlessCard__u5tTW d-inline-block w-100 pb-0 rounded border p-10" data-testid="BorderlessCard"><div class="w-100 position-relative d-flex"><img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/47/101747-050-D9B72200/Friedrich-Engels-supporter-German-Karl-Marx-1879.jpg?w=385" alt="Friedrich Engels" width="385" data-testid="IrisImage" class="border rounded w-100"/><button class="btn btn-outline-blue-dark btn-xl btn-circle CircleIconButton_CircleIconButton__HkIE0 position-absolute bottom-10 right-10 bg-white" data-testid="CircleIconButton" type="button" aria-label="Open full size image" id="_R1ijjtsuesq"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27A6.471 6.471 0 0 0 16 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path><path d="M12 10h-2v2H9v-2H7V9h2V7h1v2h2v1z"></path></svg></button><div class="tooltip font-16" data-testid="Tooltip">Open full sized image<div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div></div><div class="font-serif text-gray-700 mt-5 font-14 text-left">Friedrich Engels, 1879.</div><div class="font-serif text-gray-700 mt-5 font-12 font-italic mb-10 text-left">Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/REX/Shutterstock.com</div></div></div><div class="QuickFacts_quickFacts__FMF2_ border rounded p-20 mb-20 ml-sm-20 mx-auto font-14 bg-white font-sans-serif"><div class="" data-testid="QuickFacts-Facts"><div class="QuickFacts_fact__5ukCJ position-relative mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"><dl class=""> <dt class="font-weight-bold text-capitalize mr-5">born:</dt><dd>Nov. 28, 1820, Barmen, Rhine province, <a href="/place/Prussia">Prussia</a> [Germany]</dd></dl></div><div class="QuickFacts_fact__5ukCJ position-relative mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"><dl class=""> <dt class="font-weight-bold text-capitalize mr-5">died:</dt><dd>Aug. 5, 1895, London, Eng. (aged 74)</dd></dl></div><div class="QuickFacts_fact__5ukCJ position-relative line-clamp clamp-3"><dl class=""> <dt class="font-weight-bold text-capitalize mr-5">Notable Works:</dt><dd><a href="/topic/The-Communist-Manifesto">“The Communist Manifesto”</a></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="mb-20 mb-sm-10"><div class="label mb-5 font-weight-bold text-hr text-hr-right font-14">Top Questions</div><div class="d-flex flex-column"><h3 class="TopQuestions_Question__v7Xj2 py-10 px-15 bg-gray-100 mb-0 mt-5 rounded-sm shadow-sm d-flex font-14 cursor-pointer font-weight-semi-bold justify-content-between align-items-center" data-testid="Question-0" role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0"><span>What did Friedrich Engels do for a living?</span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M7.41 8.59 12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path></svg></h3><div class="TopQuestions_Answer__psx8k border border-top-0 rounded-sm shadow p-20 bg-gray-50 font-16 d-none" data-testid="Answer-0" aria-expanded="false">Engels was (1842–44) a managerial apprentice in a Manchester, England, cotton mill co-owned by his father. He reluctantly returned to the business (1850) to support himself and his intellectual collaborator, <a href="/biography/Karl-Marx">Karl Marx</a>. Having become a partner in the firm, Engels sold his interest in 1869, which enabled him to live comfortably until his death. </div><h3 class="TopQuestions_Question__v7Xj2 py-10 px-15 bg-gray-100 mb-0 mt-5 rounded-sm shadow-sm d-flex font-14 cursor-pointer font-weight-semi-bold justify-content-between align-items-center" data-testid="Question-1" role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0"><span>When did Friedrich Engels get married?</span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M7.41 8.59 12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path></svg></h3><div class="TopQuestions_Answer__psx8k border border-top-0 rounded-sm shadow p-20 bg-gray-50 font-16 d-none" data-testid="Answer-1" aria-expanded="false">Engels did not believe in marriage, so he did not marry his working-class companion Mary Burns, with whom he lived during much of the time he spent in England from the early 1840s. Following her death in 1863, he lived on similar terms with Mary’s sister Lizzy, whom he married on her deathbed in 1878.</div><h3 class="TopQuestions_Question__v7Xj2 py-10 px-15 bg-gray-100 mb-0 mt-5 rounded-sm shadow-sm d-flex font-14 cursor-pointer font-weight-semi-bold justify-content-between align-items-center" data-testid="Question-2" role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0"><span>What did Friedrich Engels write?</span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M7.41 8.59 12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path></svg></h3><div class="TopQuestions_Answer__psx8k border border-top-0 rounded-sm shadow p-20 bg-gray-50 font-16 d-none" data-testid="Answer-2" aria-expanded="false">Engels authored with <a href="/biography/Karl-Marx">Karl Marx</a> <em>The German Ideology</em> and <a href="/topic/The-Communist-Manifesto"><em>The Communist Manifesto</em></a>, and he completed volumes 2 and 3 of Marx’s <a href="/topic/Das-Kapital"><em>Das Kapital</em></a> after Marx’s death. Engels alone wrote, among other works, <em>The Condition of the Working Class in England</em>; <em>The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</em>; and numerous polemical articles. </div><h3 class="TopQuestions_Question__v7Xj2 py-10 px-15 bg-gray-100 mb-0 mt-5 rounded-sm shadow-sm d-flex font-14 cursor-pointer font-weight-semi-bold justify-content-between align-items-center" data-testid="Question-3" role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0"><span>Why is Friedrich Engels famous?</span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M7.41 8.59 12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path></svg></h3><div class="TopQuestions_Answer__psx8k border border-top-0 rounded-sm shadow p-20 bg-gray-50 font-16 d-none" data-testid="Answer-3" aria-expanded="false">Engels is famous for his authorship with <a href="/biography/Karl-Marx">Karl Marx</a> of some of the most influential works in the history of <a href="/money/socialism">socialism</a>, for his status with Marx as an intellectual leader of the early socialist movement, and for his interpretation of Marx’s ideas, which dominated popular and scholarly understandings of Marx until the mid-20th century.</div></div></div><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><span id="ref187483-1" data-level="1" /><p><strong><span id="ref7165" />Friedrich Engels</strong> (born Nov. 28, 1820, Barmen, Rhine province, Prussia [Germany]—died Aug. 5, 1895, London, Eng.) was a <a href="/place/Germany">German</a> <a href="/topic/Socialist-Party-France">socialist</a> <a href="/topic/philosophy">philosopher</a>, the closest <span id="ref7167" /><a href="/topic/Marxism">collaborator</a> of <span id="ref7166" /><a href="/biography/Karl-Marx">Karl Marx</a> in the foundation of modern <span id="ref7168" /><a href="/topic/communism">communism</a>. They coauthored <em><a href="/topic/The-Communist-Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></em> (1848), and Engels edited the second and third volumes of <em><a href="/topic/Das-Kapital">Das Kapital</a></em> after Marx’s death.</p></section><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><p><em><a href="/topic/Leon-Trotsky-on-Lenin-1983748">(Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.)</a></em></p><span id="ref2113" data-level="1" /><h2 class="h2">Early life</h2><p>Engels grew up in the environment of a family marked by moderately liberal political views, a steadfast loyalty to <a href="/place/Prussia">Prussia</a>, and a pronounced <a href="/topic/Protestantism">Protestant</a> faith. His father was the owner of a textile factory in Barmen and also a partner in the Ermen & Engels cotton plant in <a href="/place/Manchester-England">Manchester</a>, Eng. Even after Engels openly pursued the revolutionary goals that threatened the traditional values of the family, he usually could count on financial aid from home. The influence of his mother, to whom he was devoted, may have been a factor in preserving the tie between father and son.</p></section><a class="QuizLink_quizLink__4oGHT shadow-sm border rounded p-10 mx-auto mb-20 mw-600 d-flex" href="/quiz/philosophy-101" data-testid="QuizLink"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/42/163042-131-6AC5D943/greeting-guests-Agathon-canvas-oil-Platos-Symposium-1869.jpg" alt="Agathon (centre) greeting guests in Plato&#39;s Symposium, oil on canvas by Anselm Feuerbach, 1869; in the Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe, Germany." data-testid="IrisImage" class="rounded-sm mr-15"/><div class="d-flex flex-column font-weight-semi-bold font-sans-serif"><div class="QuizLink_quizLinkCategory__8kTHA font-14 text-white rounded-sm bg-green">Britannica Quiz</div><div class="QuizLink_quizLinkTitle__OjAOH mt-5">Philosophy 101</div></div></a><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><p>Aside from such disciplinary actions as the father considered necessary in rearing a gifted but somewhat rebellious son, the only instance in which his father forced his will on Engels was in deciding upon a career for him. Engels did attend a <em>Gymnasium</em> (secondary school), but he dropped out a year before graduation, probably because his father felt that his plans for the future were too undefined. Engels showed some skill in writing poetry, but his father insisted that he go to work in the expanding business. Engels, accordingly, spent the next three years (1838–41) in Bremen acquiring practical business experience in the offices of an export firm.</p><p>In Bremen, Engels began to show the capacity for living the double life that characterized his middle years. During regular hours, he operated effectively as a business apprentice. An outgoing person, he joined a choral society, frequented the famed Ratskeller tavern, became an expert swimmer, and practiced fencing and riding (he outrode most Englishmen in the fox hunts). Engels also cultivated his capacity for learning languages; he boasted to his sister that he knew 24. In private, however, he developed an interest in liberal and revolutionary works, notably the banned writings of “Young German” authors such as Ludwig Börne, <a href="/biography/Karl-Ferdinand-Gutzkow">Karl Gutzkow</a>, and <a href="/biography/Heinrich-Heine-German-author">Heinrich Heine</a>. But he soon rejected them as undisciplined and inconclusive in favour of the more systematic and all embracing <a href="/topic/philosophy">philosophy</a> of <span id="ref7169" /><a href="/biography/Georg-Wilhelm-Friedrich-Hegel">G.W.F. Hegel</a> as expounded by the “<span id="ref7170" /><a href="/topic/Young-Hegelians">Young Hegelians</a>,” a group of leftist intellectuals, including the theologian and historian Bruno Bauer and the anarchist <a href="/biography/Max-Stirner">Max Stirner</a>. They accepted the Hegelian <span id="ref7171" /><a href="/topic/dialectic-logic">dialectic</a>—basically that rational progress and historical change result from the conflict of opposing views, ending in a new synthesis. The Young Hegelians were bent on accelerating the process by criticizing all that they considered irrational, outmoded, and repressive. As their first assault was directed against the foundations of <a href="/topic/Christianity">Christianity</a>, they helped convert an <a href="/topic/agnosticism">agnostic</a> Engels into a militant <a href="/topic/atheism">atheist</a>, a relatively easy task since by this time Engels’s revolutionary convictions made him ready to strike out in almost any direction.</p><p>In Bremen, Engels also demonstrated his talent for journalism by publishing articles under the pseudonym of Friedrich Oswald, perhaps to spare the feelings of his family. He possessed pungent critical abilities and a clear style, qualities that were utilized later by Marx in articulating their revolutionary goals.</p><p>After returning to Barmen in 1841, the question of a future career was shelved temporarily when Engels enlisted as a one-year volunteer in an artillery regiment in Berlin. No antimilitarist disposition prevented him from serving commendably as a recruit; in fact, military matters later became one of his specialties. In the future, friends would often address him as “the general.” Military service allowed Engels time for more compelling interests in Berlin. Though he lacked the formal requirements, he attended lectures at the university. His Friedrich Oswald articles gained him entrée into the Young Hegelian circle of The Free, formerly the Doctors Club frequented by Karl Marx. There he gained recognition as a formidable protagonist in philosophical battles, mainly directed against religion.</p><span id="ref2114" data-level="1" /><h2 class="h2">Conversion to communism</h2><p>After his discharge in 1842, Engels met <span id="ref7172" /><a href="/biography/Moses-Hess">Moses Hess</a>, the man who converted him to communism. Hess, the son of wealthy Jewish parents and a promoter of radical causes and publications, demonstrated to Engels that the logical consequence of the Hegelian philosophy and dialectic was communism. Hess also stressed the role that England, with its advanced industry, burgeoning <a href="/topic/proletariat">proletariat</a>, and portents of <a href="/topic/social-class">class</a> conflict, was destined to play in future upheavals. Engels eagerly seized the opportunity to go to England, ostensibly to continue his business training in the family firm in Manchester.</p><p>In England (1842–44), Engels again functioned successfully as a businessman. After business hours, however, he pursued his real interests: writing articles on communism for continental and English journals, reading books and parliamentary reports on economic and political conditions in England, mingling with workers, meeting radical leaders, and gathering materials for a projected history of England that would stress the rise of industry and the wretched position of the workers.</p><p>In Manchester, Engels established an enduring attachment to Mary Burns, an uneducated Irish working girl, and, though he rejected the institution of marriage, they lived together as husband and wife. In fact, the one serious strain in the Marx-Engels friendship occurred when Mary died in 1863 and Engels thought that Marx responded a little too casually to the news of her death. In the future, however, Marx made a point of being more considerate, and, when Engels later lived with Mary’s sister Lizzy, on similar terms, Marx always carefully closed his letters with greetings to “Mrs. Lizzy” or “Mrs. Burns.” Engels finally married Lizzy, but only as a deathbed concession to her.</p><p>In 1844 Engels contributed two articles to the <em><span id="ref7173" /><a href="/topic/Deutsch-Franzosische-Jahrbucher">Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher</a></em> (“German-French Yearbooks”), which were edited by Marx in Paris. In them Engels put forth an early version of the principles of scientific <a href="/money/socialism">socialism</a>. He revealed what he regarded as the contradictions in liberal economic doctrine and set out to prove that the existing system based on private <span id="ref7174" /><a href="/money/property-legal-concept">property</a> was leading to a world made up of “millionaires and paupers.” The revolution that would follow would lead to the elimination of private property and to a “reconciliation of humanity with nature and itself.”</p></section></div></div><aside class="d-none d-lg-block cm-right-rail col-da-320 z-1" data-testid="RightRail"></aside></div><div data-page-index="1" data-testid="PageSentinel"></div></div></main><footer class="Footer_Footer__h6k1G text-align-center pb-100" data-testid="Footer"><div class="pt-30 pt-md-40 mx-25 mx-md-0"><a href="/money"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/money/assets/Money-475x60-footer-2x.png?h=47&w=390" alt="Britannica Money Logo" data-testid="IrisImage"/></a></div><div class="Footer_SubLinks__z2QDt my-30 font-weight-semi-bold 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Engels did attend a \u003cem\u003eGymnasium\u003c/em\u003e (secondary school), but he dropped out a year before graduation, probably because his father felt that his plans for the future were too undefined. Engels showed some skill in writing poetry, but his father insisted that he go to work in the expanding business. Engels, accordingly, spent the next three years (1838–41) in Bremen acquiring practical business experience in the offices of an export firm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-4]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Bremen, Engels began to show the capacity for living the double life that characterized his middle years. During regular hours, he operated effectively as a business apprentice. An outgoing person, he joined a choral society, frequented the famed Ratskeller tavern, became an expert swimmer, and practiced fencing and riding (he outrode most Englishmen in the fox hunts). Engels also cultivated his capacity for learning languages; he boasted to his sister that he knew 24. In private, however, he developed an interest in liberal and revolutionary works, notably the banned writings of “Young German” authors such as Ludwig Börne, \u003ca href=\"/biography/Karl-Ferdinand-Gutzkow\"\u003eKarl Gutzkow\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"/biography/Heinrich-Heine-German-author\"\u003eHeinrich Heine\u003c/a\u003e. But he soon rejected them as undisciplined and inconclusive in favour of the more systematic and all embracing \u003ca href=\"/topic/philosophy\"\u003ephilosophy\u003c/a\u003e of \u003cspan id=\"ref7169\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/biography/Georg-Wilhelm-Friedrich-Hegel\"\u003eG.W.F. Hegel\u003c/a\u003e as expounded by the “\u003cspan id=\"ref7170\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/topic/Young-Hegelians\"\u003eYoung Hegelians\u003c/a\u003e,” a group of leftist intellectuals, including the theologian and historian Bruno Bauer and the anarchist \u003ca href=\"/biography/Max-Stirner\"\u003eMax Stirner\u003c/a\u003e. They accepted the Hegelian \u003cspan id=\"ref7171\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/topic/dialectic-logic\"\u003edialectic\u003c/a\u003e—basically that rational progress and historical change result from the conflict of opposing views, ending in a new synthesis. The Young Hegelians were bent on accelerating the process by criticizing all that they considered irrational, outmoded, and repressive. As their first assault was directed against the foundations of \u003ca href=\"/topic/Christianity\"\u003eChristianity\u003c/a\u003e, they helped convert an \u003ca href=\"/topic/agnosticism\"\u003eagnostic\u003c/a\u003e Engels into a militant \u003ca href=\"/topic/atheism\"\u003eatheist\u003c/a\u003e, a relatively easy task since by this time Engels’s revolutionary convictions made him ready to strike out in almost any direction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-5]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Bremen, Engels also demonstrated his talent for journalism by publishing articles under the pseudonym of Friedrich Oswald, perhaps to spare the feelings of his family. He possessed pungent critical abilities and a clear style, qualities that were utilized later by Marx in articulating their revolutionary goals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-6]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter returning to Barmen in 1841, the question of a future career was shelved temporarily when Engels enlisted as a one-year volunteer in an artillery regiment in Berlin. No antimilitarist disposition prevented him from serving commendably as a recruit; in fact, military matters later became one of his specialties. In the future, friends would often address him as “the general.” Military service allowed Engels time for more compelling interests in Berlin. Though he lacked the formal requirements, he attended lectures at the university. His Friedrich Oswald articles gained him entrée into the Young Hegelian circle of The Free, formerly the Doctors Club frequented by Karl Marx. There he gained recognition as a formidable protagonist in philosophical battles, mainly directed against religion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-7]--\u003e\u003cspan id=\"ref2114\" data-level=\"1\" /\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"h2\"\u003eConversion to communism\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter his discharge in 1842, Engels met \u003cspan id=\"ref7172\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/biography/Moses-Hess\"\u003eMoses Hess\u003c/a\u003e, the man who converted him to communism. Hess, the son of wealthy Jewish parents and a promoter of radical causes and publications, demonstrated to Engels that the logical consequence of the Hegelian philosophy and dialectic was communism. Hess also stressed the role that England, with its advanced industry, burgeoning \u003ca href=\"/topic/proletariat\"\u003eproletariat\u003c/a\u003e, and portents of \u003ca href=\"/topic/social-class\"\u003eclass\u003c/a\u003e conflict, was destined to play in future upheavals. Engels eagerly seized the opportunity to go to England, ostensibly to continue his business training in the family firm in Manchester.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-8]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn England (1842–44), Engels again functioned successfully as a businessman. After business hours, however, he pursued his real interests: writing articles on communism for continental and English journals, reading books and parliamentary reports on economic and political conditions in England, mingling with workers, meeting radical leaders, and gathering materials for a projected history of England that would stress the rise of industry and the wretched position of the workers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-9]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Manchester, Engels established an enduring attachment to Mary Burns, an uneducated Irish working girl, and, though he rejected the institution of marriage, they lived together as husband and wife. In fact, the one serious strain in the Marx-Engels friendship occurred when Mary died in 1863 and Engels thought that Marx responded a little too casually to the news of her death. In the future, however, Marx made a point of being more considerate, and, when Engels later lived with Mary’s sister Lizzy, on similar terms, Marx always carefully closed his letters with greetings to “Mrs. Lizzy” or “Mrs. Burns.” Engels finally married Lizzy, but only as a deathbed concession to her.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-10]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1844 Engels contributed two articles to the \u003cem\u003e\u003cspan id=\"ref7173\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/topic/Deutsch-Franzosische-Jahrbucher\"\u003eDeutsch-Französische Jahrbücher\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (“German-French Yearbooks”), which were edited by Marx in Paris. In them Engels put forth an early version of the principles of scientific \u003ca href=\"/money/socialism\"\u003esocialism\u003c/a\u003e. He revealed what he regarded as the contradictions in liberal economic doctrine and set out to prove that the existing system based on private \u003cspan id=\"ref7174\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/money/property-legal-concept\"\u003eproperty\u003c/a\u003e was leading to a world made up of “millionaires and paupers.” The revolution that would follow would lead to the elimination of private property and to a “reconciliation of humanity with nature and itself.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-11]--\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7:[\"$\",\"$L19\",null,{\"initialArticle\":{\"contentInfo\":{\"contentId\":\"1-187483-1\",\"browserTitle\":\"Friedrich Engels | German Philosopher, Marxist Theorist \u0026 Social Activist\",\"metaDescription\":null,\"description\":\"Friedrich Engels was a German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern communism. 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He reluctantly returned to the business (1850) to support himself and his intellectual collaborator, \u003ca href=\\\"/biography/Karl-Marx\\\"\u003eKarl Marx\u003c/a\u003e. Having become a partner in the firm, Engels sold his interest in 1869, which enabled him to live comfortably until his death. \"},{\"question\":\"When did Friedrich Engels get married?\",\"answer\":\"Engels did not believe in marriage, so he did not marry his working-class companion Mary Burns, with whom he lived during much of the time he spent in England from the early 1840s. Following her death in 1863, he lived on similar terms with Mary’s sister Lizzy, whom he married on her deathbed in 1878.\"},{\"question\":\"What did Friedrich Engels write?\",\"answer\":\"Engels authored with \u003ca href=\\\"/biography/Karl-Marx\\\"\u003eKarl Marx\u003c/a\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe German Ideology\u003c/em\u003e and \u003ca href=\\\"/topic/The-Communist-Manifesto\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Communist Manifesto\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, and he completed volumes 2 and 3 of Marx’s \u003ca href=\\\"/topic/Das-Kapital\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDas Kapital\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e after Marx’s death. Engels alone wrote, among other works, \u003cem\u003eThe Condition of the Working Class in England\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eThe Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State\u003c/em\u003e; and numerous polemical articles. \"},{\"question\":\"Why is Friedrich Engels famous?\",\"answer\":\"Engels is famous for his authorship with \u003ca href=\\\"/biography/Karl-Marx\\\"\u003eKarl Marx\u003c/a\u003e of some of the most influential works in the history of \u003ca href=\\\"/money/socialism\\\"\u003esocialism\u003c/a\u003e, for his status with Marx as an intellectual leader of the early socialist movement, and for his interpretation of Marx’s ideas, which dominated popular and scholarly understandings of Marx until the mid-20th century.\"}]},{\"type\":\"HTML\",\"content\":\"\u003cspan id=\\\"ref187483-1\\\" data-level=\\\"1\\\" /\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan id=\\\"ref7165\\\" /\u003eFriedrich Engels\u003c/strong\u003e (born Nov. 28, 1820, Barmen, Rhine province, Prussia [Germany]—died Aug. 5, 1895, London, Eng.) was a \u003ca href=\\\"/place/Germany\\\"\u003eGerman\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\\\"/topic/Socialist-Party-France\\\"\u003esocialist\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\\\"/topic/philosophy\\\"\u003ephilosopher\u003c/a\u003e, the closest \u003cspan id=\\\"ref7167\\\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"/topic/Marxism\\\"\u003ecollaborator\u003c/a\u003e of \u003cspan id=\\\"ref7166\\\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"/biography/Karl-Marx\\\"\u003eKarl Marx\u003c/a\u003e in the foundation of modern \u003cspan id=\\\"ref7168\\\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"/topic/communism\\\"\u003ecommunism\u003c/a\u003e. They coauthored \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"/topic/The-Communist-Manifesto\\\"\u003eThe Communist Manifesto\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (1848), and Engels edited the second and third volumes of \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"/topic/Das-Kapital\\\"\u003eDas Kapital\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e after Marx’s death.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-1]--\u003e\"},{\"type\":\"HTML\",\"content\":\"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"/topic/Leon-Trotsky-on-Lenin-1983748\\\"\u003e(Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-2]--\u003e\u003cspan id=\\\"ref2113\\\" data-level=\\\"1\\\" /\u003e\u003ch2 class=\\\"h2\\\"\u003eEarly life\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngels grew up in the environment of a family marked by moderately liberal political views, a steadfast loyalty to \u003ca href=\\\"/place/Prussia\\\"\u003ePrussia\u003c/a\u003e, and a pronounced \u003ca href=\\\"/topic/Protestantism\\\"\u003eProtestant\u003c/a\u003e faith. His father was the owner of a textile factory in Barmen and also a partner in the Ermen \u0026amp; Engels cotton plant in \u003ca href=\\\"/place/Manchester-England\\\"\u003eManchester\u003c/a\u003e, Eng. Even after Engels openly pursued the revolutionary goals that threatened the traditional values of the family, he usually could count on financial aid from home. The influence of his mother, to whom he was devoted, may have been a factor in preserving the tie between father and son.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-3]--\u003e\"},{\"type\":\"QUIZ_MODULE\",\"position\":3,\"link\":{\"title\":\"Philosophy 101\",\"url\":\"/quiz/philosophy-101\",\"description\":\"What is existentialism? Who was Socrates? What is idealism? Test your knowledge of these topics and more with this Philosophy 101 quiz!\",\"noFollow\":false,\"newTab\":false,\"image\":{\"type\":\"IMAGE\",\"description\":\"PHOTO\",\"id\":null,\"title\":null,\"caption\":null,\"credit\":\"http://www.zeno.org-Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft mbH\",\"url\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/42/163042-131-6AC5D943/greeting-guests-Agathon-canvas-oil-Platos-Symposium-1869.jpg\",\"width\":null,\"height\":null,\"altText\":\"Agathon (centre) greeting guests in Plato\u0026#39;s Symposium, oil on canvas by Anselm Feuerbach, 1869; in the Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe, Germany.\"}}},{\"type\":\"HTML\",\"content\":\"$1a\"}],\"tocItems\":[{\"title\":\"Introduction \u0026amp; Quick Facts\",\"url\":\"/money/Friedrich-Engels\",\"tocId\":\"187483-1\",\"level\":1,\"subSection\":[]},{\"title\":\"Early life\",\"url\":\"/money/Friedrich-Engels#ref2113\",\"tocId\":\"2113\",\"level\":1,\"subSection\":[]},{\"title\":\"Conversion to communism\",\"url\":\"/money/Friedrich-Engels#ref2114\",\"tocId\":\"2114\",\"level\":1,\"subSection\":[]},{\"title\":\"Partnership with Marx\",\"url\":\"/money/Friedrich-Engels/Partnership-with-Marx\",\"tocId\":\"2115\",\"level\":1,\"subSection\":[]},{\"title\":\"Last years\",\"url\":\"/money/Friedrich-Engels/Last-years\",\"tocId\":\"2116\",\"level\":1,\"subSection\":[]},{\"title\":\"References\",\"url\":\"/money/Friedrich-Engels/Last-years#ref187483-references\",\"tocId\":\"187483-references\",\"level\":1,\"subSection\":[]}],\"iguideLinks\":{\"EXTERNAL\":[{\"title\":\"Spartacus Educational - Biography of Friedrich Engels\",\"url\":\"https://spartacus-educational.com/TUengels.htm\",\"noFollow\":true,\"newTab\":true,\"type\":\"EXTERNAL\",\"date\":{\"ms\":1249603200000,\"utcms\":1249603200000,\"formattedShortDate\":\"Aug. 06, 2009\",\"formattedLongDate\":\"August 06, 2009\",\"formattedDateTime\":\"Aug. 6, 2009, 8:00 PM ET\",\"formattedUTCDateTime\":\"Aug. 7, 2009, 12:00 AM UTC\"}},{\"title\":\"Famous Philosophers - Friedrich Engels\",\"url\":\"https://www.famousphilosophers.org/friedrich-engels/\",\"noFollow\":false,\"newTab\":true,\"type\":\"EXTERNAL\",\"date\":{\"ms\":1662638399000,\"utcms\":1662638399000,\"formattedShortDate\":\"Sep. 08, 2022\",\"formattedLongDate\":\"September 08, 2022\",\"formattedDateTime\":\"Sep. 8, 2022, 7:59 AM ET\",\"formattedUTCDateTime\":\"Sep. 8, 2022, 11:59 AM UTC\"}},{\"title\":\"National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Friedrich Engels: Businessman and Revolutionary\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1447947/\",\"noFollow\":false,\"newTab\":true,\"type\":\"EXTERNAL\",\"date\":{\"ms\":1679357982000,\"utcms\":1679357982000,\"formattedShortDate\":\"Mar. 20, 2023\",\"formattedLongDate\":\"March 20, 2023\",\"formattedDateTime\":\"Mar. 20, 2023, 8:19 PM ET\",\"formattedUTCDateTime\":\"Mar. 21, 2023, 12:19 AM UTC\"}},{\"title\":\"Museum Industriekultur Wuppertal - Biography of Friedrich Engels\",\"url\":\"https://www.mi-wuppertal.de/en/friedrich-engels/biographie\",\"noFollow\":false,\"newTab\":true,\"type\":\"EXTERNAL\",\"date\":{\"ms\":1683067157000,\"utcms\":1683067157000,\"formattedShortDate\":\"May 02, 2023\",\"formattedLongDate\":\"May 02, 2023\",\"formattedDateTime\":\"May 2, 2023, 6:39 PM ET\",\"formattedUTCDateTime\":\"May 2, 2023, 10:39 PM UTC\"}},{\"title\":\"PBS - Commanding Heights - Biography of Friedrich Engels\",\"url\":\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/prof_friedrichengels.html\",\"noFollow\":false,\"newTab\":true,\"type\":\"EXTERNAL\",\"date\":{\"ms\":1700181706000,\"utcms\":1700181706000,\"formattedShortDate\":\"Nov. 16, 2023\",\"formattedLongDate\":\"November 16, 2023\",\"formattedDateTime\":\"Nov. 16, 2023, 7:41 PM ET\",\"formattedUTCDateTime\":\"Nov. 17, 2023, 12:41 AM UTC\"}},{\"title\":\"The Guardian - Engels comes of age: the socialist who wanted a joyous life for everyone\",\"url\":\"https://www.theguardian.com/focus/2020/nov/08/engels-comes-of-age-the-socialist-who-wanted-a-joyous-life-for-everyone\",\"noFollow\":false,\"newTab\":true,\"type\":\"EXTERNAL\",\"date\":{\"ms\":1709257333000,\"utcms\":1709257333000,\"formattedShortDate\":\"Feb. 29, 2024\",\"formattedLongDate\":\"February 29, 2024\",\"formattedDateTime\":\"Feb. 29, 2024, 8:42 PM ET\",\"formattedUTCDateTime\":\"Mar. 1, 2024, 1:42 AM UTC\"}},{\"title\":\"Minnesota Libraries Publishing Project - 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