CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134ea058ff4603f',cH: 'wovDO2ugd9PJFeRyKyJGUh.bnKujU1oeae20rF9WVmE-1739786256-1.2.1.1-GoBHgVCLK318oCxH9bt4mFueEcTsuPcVxM6YPuOfQRMUisHu5p7Wmh_dB54lLCob',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=solar%20thermal%20collector&__cf_chl_tk=s5_BtqNFN.s5XBJS36VkED6_PRFL.b7y6fLr9hrJXws-1739786256-1.0.1.1-9HvqyAZ5m0U8qZ1AoaCKJ3EVvNaEFFIrbmYxeGAroOw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739786256',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=solar%20thermal%20collector&__cf_chl_f_tk=s5_BtqNFN.s5XBJS36VkED6_PRFL.b7y6fLr9hrJXws-1739786256-1.0.1.1-9HvqyAZ5m0U8qZ1AoaCKJ3EVvNaEFFIrbmYxeGAroOw",md: "12oB2FrfdGbXd3jWMlsrrkf1zRwN85CZ5HANW3IoqI0-1739786256-1.2.1.1-1b0GA8wd5ougBavqFyny2jrFdAdQoV_nuMt3SMiKmBAS3UE2C8n78_FyuC6wxxjyWsJnfqN8mSs4eih_b1RLPkfJLY0o5qFXDoF.bDt.KvbNlPflv8JRpIJdBTr8_..CO2zw8i.e.KswKlHt_E68C9sjJEG9aVdaEYgqfnXKAK41h_ODwPWNj0xmmhO3pS5YAa4IHTq0mrLMgZ8NZzCm.p7iKKt0OPK4kjXIVMVH4oG_W8ilnyAAe4VTCJjhQbcE2h2H.Z95HyA7HtPFDTeZE0v7JkAmg0mq3GNsO1YvxvkaqX2hbKg3.GfLFjzYYBFvQ5_BjEA3b7HwHFvKDnO6Kzu51VKFi.YN44P.9dd7XHNEbVNT3m1vrVtc56K17U1RBBnq_b3duL0U.3E95myvX87NC4fiC7DortfHOC9UNHsLvHEHujoVvDSNNvwpW37IvYp4EmiyEg9CQySzsfnLxMDymAQCln3Ew6V0OrezD0v2X9Te0sFH3l5OfyP.RqF_u4poUxZe_R8ql0misX2i8KkxItFfMkqJDmF2cDwYOx_7egmKDQyKtQDR1mWoz2eawYbKRXWquDIINvqLhp.3JuY7CUzX3DSGqX8V0OBI8iZKj.vL9FJGy.hTLI6l1.jaN_pQ5O6_mejo8j6o43Qkh9rQVmhNIm9Ns0ROPgGpL21EWjCVbh9cgcCe9sgPYOkMjhBGag.WdyHjxw1rS3KSfzJldoBVGBNEV.DVBvhNiVQnkNLUyFXG74AuWKUjP3s7hchjsjhvyrBWK5yb8T0ml7e6CE3XC8DpfFXXdastIxXOMTOXno.w2_x1Xf_AzZilQitVY89fDD.HoO9EWuYmE63i6qBHuSBe2Lsp.PErDDd6Ls7SVYVq.w04pgnyBkj0x.gprYmZfpqJEJ2Vw2zUYClMbmCKk_qRgO9E8FgD4HrLRoZtvMll4RFs5uj7LWbFwJQdYK5WU5XF5sZak1CekO0SRdG7TqGN0PEAsdBwGEAZfCVjGSCNhWXFurdlsDL8CjeBhHdZiqK_ZT2SimrmaLEBLDiKNN3AvmQFG_lIf.4QW46LX807bhGCh32LvGBe3VY5.jJLCIeYSJYk1cBPTCkWeiqF9K.ilX5tdb1JYjnlT2c7j61wuO2MkWbjN.kSczc71_M6K9_j.o7V6sUxpkucJ1pUBZ.8CWecnJ3LWBe_ZerNPqG5MybqE6jngI0W4mByzvmviRCFr1k8GSwY7BtYn.FuCE_Ca882PRI2FITFpqvl2_Il.xh0UVoHo0QGp6DZq0o5ocXK1ufUc0Tpn9YT5geqUKiYfk8zmqQQ68m8Ep46__PBNRpX_.ERR0z4JqsSGN3W5jnlIDDqwTYTL_PYdEM34UnGG1pS8WshMl41zsuJ7nuzwHJ_SUZM6p5.G7Xb_4s3fG36MLWmLCdHIBri3glerTYdFI50yIAxP2oxf7UrEgV7CHhNfwa_2f3inghx3JA_wkBf09nhqXWRC1EDu22nFQO_7bSttCSgL7U6ficNmEUUckVdu.tMJYJI8dN7WZwZ_SoDfJSVJdqBw.LW4fGIelp1Ly..hIdQcWXGp7xT2WBzGLGzTos19j157SCYp7OksJI7CBa2PD2GQmlUaqfmlaE33ZwbBEHQGQg3SyaJPx4BTsYgem9Io.Ns5j6zTNEHpifZnunXB8tsDJsO0.QqaMjeK9Xus6zmY1Nyn17HH6a3lD3CHWDf0620FEOpwaU08mCmLNZk86KhHob6cLS3E1ylohOTcZfMK7kvM.0b0Qlb5lMqsLvxv_JehwHR6pMvd_IRO_pyAYULkUcM8WLhZfRnJipwj8JmIgPEcXtNoIT2ts_sR3cFadZiKzP2YHMQAi.3JclH.U1cV2csp74QC5Nt1xtg7IIiySyYOIw4CdOjoTlO.dJEESwICN22b1Bc3wag9O2O3KyiXQAH5KA8U11eU1LpyRcZpy6G_krmUmX.KAthlSFkM3_G",mdrd: "Hhh0Mk6u85r6K2YdCfRdBYlhb_P7_EP8g8i4hnNGNtw-1739786256-1.2.1.1-MxjP1gj8imQ1l2JBVzG0Hyj_magwMeriO4E_BSUNL9VWA9gPGbDkDoRKDj.4TytgQp_spzgyWfaN9QCFDwzXzsGUzEyisIusyv.Z8HKhs0Tt7ZBgClem.U6Cg858iBqtx0oiHu9EkNrnEoL5mdvybuwVUGkz.WAxnUBhdCQGXp7SIu1A_YoQxwkhaEN1KtEcH3wLFE8QWCT6cIBkdhI97yemzDpg5PLdFCEDMChvNTeNwyCRbWQiAqYGq1hdtKKTLpXDOryFFTmFHNG.dBa6Z2dV0meOvDh4MZAwVPChROYNUQmEwxwjOv7RpvFTvArEnwtwQJacw3WSkPVCojX.18vhclqNx7xdxzQU3puq.Rh2Aacybel5nV8MsfIrv5VmIGV9c4m6xbvYzeX7XKP3H04NDjU._u0nWU3IQO0VwTpvQiwwHiEeF9Miw_a0T7hEwCOvc0DPLUrKGt5ZHeRrMMsBLpu8b0akOMv3qUE1P_YcWoj1wDdcvFM7LlvmsEyHqawtqIFWRomjNuGgPFDL8sYSq5hPePljUmHcgfXMzdZ1i5_4Xmg_ScYgRrP5n7DjM94XAgWRS8.LQ9nlvQLHeIfFF4iSuVs8f9lx2hWgnx4nZvArW02M76n4yIQZ4VjmXNwoEU5ZAq9v29OCn3P9PDkd0VohUhd5Sd1j6VcIgCBJSanNUHE7kg0FZphnPx5TVDM0AfUkQm.db1BKt0ShI8XYIxCUuMIbd7bp.np7L.vTIrOSm7YcMiOLdf1wSF0qG6VwMoSTpF71a7Ilb3X7fQnAhIhg6NzU_faOYtmJnvP7vPh05CgIxeGyHyjEBO687AaGISXb_LPMPbsuZhvzHopkiBVLVDeNQwPZ4UsSghcQdUtCvvLTyrO2TBBJjlm.S1zguqzp3XAf9w6POrB40YCOeUTru1RcdF7um3PykhUkWRtCHiP7kf_gAUJdLYZGRm6wk7gFnFzgDMHvZVgdJyH.0MImWSQDvBrhqx6lW1V6hZWCgq4XdiUU6lHbW3JoKNe14Zyv4ZcdXYhbdDr2MuTvmfXgzFwnKMw7FHUUvih03DFu0eo7jkaHfEkLkmhma5lPfYm_huR.BIeoq0qKy1PK9Vm5upJdrcjXp7xWGz4GK.I6jO5AepTqCg.qIvTsRlmR14_rm_1.Kf334JjY8oKw0s6dyBi6.37bIGPyB.4w3yee5.ji0o50U4Cq9kLuRcUvXIVEyRsdeirHCd_Wc4mlI_YvC9nZ8mI4wGYcwFJpvqnqePjlIgH7xMpRYmSGJ5KqZ_1v7z5zSEQtDXFIfQus5Y6cBISrfJ2QpyJn5aGCBeNSRxH7D7rUZH4je6jKR8aB5cyjxUQ9f.eYPN9YY1.AFgXypQYHUgZjZ2To0RYQUOe9XzvOypKSILVF9AEIWT0OR_BEsiBw13sDRaZE9Zh9gKyA4FkB927y2tbys2HS4rN.vAU927Rivjj70SiL.75GgSpH4F.LywGVVWWAjVRpQix7mp8AWefTli39ffzL.wt8EcdV_9YBYtjt4kGtCLGDGA8pIaaJ07XhJFL4nwyxgihWHXOO787Iuck5A0Zyqh.MLttlFqCBbZGwDv_rtmFLut8TtvVVmiBBaq9zCRWxEHka5upJ36gkIjDrvah1YV.5.WvhiY50JXpZZ2LUa4h9.JU8HDrYba0jOdOCpqGUlgPkouK1GwkNg_UGQRaDXs3uzjgfzgiNl4sZNsW8hdzKgLUJunt29sEgumUdXhsOBYV10zP9SEVR0t2HO7SLPcLJ0NZk0CmkZgELXOaA8dRXMBZj.VbFVDaraZGASfChetS8uHqPUN1rP8fd4F2zpO73OqKAjmtbWMG96OkmaSOh6HxKOkkQU0U_RJLJOK4HHdRS5nD4Wl.vj3KOJCoBY9IMFxKL7zerfaVIK3tSKGOVOt8D9K1me4IF5y490kuBgZPRwRM6jmXKFsfsKB9gipE5pcWm4CxTlRmh08P4Qxk_3Vl7lEMZW7kg.s0fOQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134ea058ff4603f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=solar%20thermal%20collector&__cf_chl_rt_tk=s5_BtqNFN.s5XBJS36VkED6_PRFL.b7y6fLr9hrJXws-1739786256-1.0.1.1-9HvqyAZ5m0U8qZ1AoaCKJ3EVvNaEFFIrbmYxeGAroOw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>