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modelling</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: multilevel modelling"> <meta name="keywords" content="multilevel modelling"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="multilevel modelling"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1946</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: multilevel modelling</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1946</span> Comparison of Methods of Estimation for Use in Goodness of Fit Tests for Binary Multilevel Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20V.%20Pinto">I. V. Pinto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Sooriyarachchi"> M. R. Sooriyarachchi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It can be frequently observed that the data arising in our environment have a hierarchical or a nested structure attached with the data. Multilevel modelling is a modern approach to handle this kind of data. When multilevel modelling is combined with a binary response, the estimation methods get complex in nature and the usual techniques are derived from quasi-likelihood method. The estimation methods which are compared in this study are, marginal quasi-likelihood (order 1 & order 2) (MQL1, MQL2) and penalized quasi-likelihood (order 1 & order 2) (PQL1, PQL2). A statistical model is of no use if it does not reflect the given dataset. Therefore, checking the adequacy of the fitted model through a goodness-of-fit (GOF) test is an essential stage in any modelling procedure. However, prior to usage, it is also equally important to confirm that the GOF test performs well and is suitable for the given model. This study assesses the suitability of the GOF test developed for binary response multilevel models with respect to the method used in model estimation. An extensive set of simulations was conducted using MLwiN (v 2.19) with varying number of clusters, cluster sizes and intra cluster correlations. The test maintained the desirable Type-I error for models estimated using PQL2 and it failed for almost all the combinations of MQL. Power of the test was adequate for most of the combinations in all estimation methods except MQL1. Moreover, models were fitted using the four methods to a real-life dataset and performance of the test was compared for each model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=goodness-of-fit%20test" title="goodness-of-fit test">goodness-of-fit test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marginal%20quasi-likelihood" title=" marginal quasi-likelihood"> marginal quasi-likelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20modelling" title=" multilevel modelling"> multilevel modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=penalized%20quasi-likelihood" title=" penalized quasi-likelihood"> penalized quasi-likelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quasi-likelihood" title=" quasi-likelihood"> quasi-likelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=type-I%20error" title=" type-I error"> type-I error</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105519/comparison-of-methods-of-estimation-for-use-in-goodness-of-fit-tests-for-binary-multilevel-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1945</span> Modelling and Simulation of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Single Source Inverter Using PSIM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaddafi%20Sani%20Shehu">Gaddafi Sani Shehu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tankut%20Yalc%C4%B1noz"> Tankut Yalcınoz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullahi%20Bala%20Kunya"> Abdullahi Bala Kunya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multilevel inverters such as flying capacitor, diode-clamped, and cascaded H-bridge inverters are very popular particularly in medium and high power applications. This paper focuses on a cascaded H-bridge module using a single direct current (DC) source in order to generate an 11-level output voltage. The noble approach reduces the number of switches and gate drivers, in comparison with a conventional method. The anticipated topology produces more accurate result with an isolation transformer at high switching frequency. Different modulation techniques can be used for the multilevel inverter, but this work features modulation techniques known as selective harmonic elimination (SHE).This modulation approach reduces the number of carriers with reduction in Switching Losses, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), and thereby increasing Power Quality (PQ). Based on the simulation result obtained, it appears SHE has the ability to eliminate selected harmonics by chopping off the fundamental output component. The performance evaluation of the proposed cascaded multilevel inverter is performed using PSIM simulation package and THD of 0.94% is obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cascaded%20H-bridge%20multilevel%20inverter" title="cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter">cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality" title=" power quality"> power quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selective%20harmonic%20elimination" title=" selective harmonic elimination"> selective harmonic elimination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9115/modelling-and-simulation-of-cascaded-h-bridge-multilevel-single-source-inverter-using-psim" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">418</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1944</span> Hybrid PWM Techniques for the Reduction of Switching Losses and Voltage Harmonics in Cascaded Multilevel Inverters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkata%20Reddy%20Kota">Venkata Reddy Kota</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> These days, the industrial trend is moving away from heavy and bulky passive components to power converter systems that use more and more semiconductor elements. Also, it is difficult to connect the traditional converters to the high and medium voltage. For these reasons, a new family of multilevel inverters has appeared as a solution for working with higher voltage levels. Different modulation topologies like Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM), Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (SHE-PWM) are available for multilevel inverters. In this work, different hybrid modulation techniques which are combination of fundamental frequency modulation and multilevel sinusoidal-modulation are compared. The main characteristic of these modulations are reduction of switching losses with good harmonic performance and balanced power loss dissipation among the device. The proposed hybrid modulation schemes are developed and simulated in Matlab/Simulink for cascaded H-bridge inverter. The results validate the applicability of the proposed schemes for cascaded multilevel inverter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20PWM%20techniques" title="hybrid PWM techniques">hybrid PWM techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cascaded%20multilevel%20inverters" title=" cascaded multilevel inverters"> cascaded multilevel inverters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=switching%20loss%20minimization" title=" switching loss minimization"> switching loss minimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12634/hybrid-pwm-techniques-for-the-reduction-of-switching-losses-and-voltage-harmonics-in-cascaded-multilevel-inverters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12634.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">616</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1943</span> Patriarchy and Clearance Rates of Sexual Victimization: A Multilevel Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Margaret%20Schmuhl">Margaret Schmuhl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michelle%20Cubellis"> Michelle Cubellis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Violence against women (VAW) is a widespread social problem affecting nearly two million women in the United States each year. Recently, feminist criminologists have sought to examine patriarchy as a guiding framework for understanding violence against women. Literature on VAW often examines measures of structural gender equality, often overlooking ideological patriarchy which is necessary for structural inequality to remain unchallenged. Additionally, empirical literature generally focuses on extreme forms of VAW, rape, and femicide, often neglecting more common types of violence. This literature, under the theoretical guidance of the Liberal, Radical, and Marxist feminist traditions, finds mixed support for the relationship of patriarchy and VAW. Explanations for these inconsistencies may include data availability, and the use of different operationalizations of structural patriarchy. Research is needed to examine fuller operationalizations of patriarchy in social institutions and to extend this theoretical framework to the criminal justice response to VAW (i.e., clearance rates). This study examines sexual violence clearance rates under the theoretical guidance of these feminist traditions using incident- and county-level data from National Incident Based Reporting System and other sources in multilevel modelling. The findings suggest mixed support for the feminist hypotheses and that patriarchy and gender equality differentially affect arrest clearance rates and clearance through exceptional means for sexual violence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clearance%20rates" title="clearance rates">clearance rates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20equality" title=" gender equality"> gender equality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20modelling" title=" multilevel modelling"> multilevel modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patriarchy" title=" patriarchy"> patriarchy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20victimization" title=" sexual victimization"> sexual victimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence%20against%20women" title=" violence against women"> violence against women</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79438/patriarchy-and-clearance-rates-of-sexual-victimization-a-multilevel-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1942</span> Multilevel Modelling of Modern Contraceptive Use in Nigeria: Analysis of the 2013 NDHS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akiode%20Ayobami">Akiode Ayobami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akiode%20Akinsewa"> Akiode Akinsewa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Odeku%20Mojisola"> Odeku Mojisola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salako%20Busola"> Salako Busola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Odutolu%20Omobola"> Odutolu Omobola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuhu%20Khadija"> Nuhu Khadija</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Evidence exists that family planning use can contribute to reduction in infant and maternal mortality in any country. Despite these benefits, contraceptive use in Nigeria still remains very low, only 10% among married women. Understanding factors that predict contraceptive use is very important in order to improve the situation. In this paper, we analysed data from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) to better understand predictors of contraceptive use in Nigeria. The use of logistics regression and other traditional models in this type of situation is not appropriate as they do not account for social structure influence brought about by the hierarchical nature of the data on response variable. We therefore used multilevel modelling to explore the determinants of contraceptive use in order to account for the significant variation in modern contraceptive use by socio-demographic, and other proximate variables across the different Nigerian states. Method: This data has a two-level hierarchical structure. We considered the data of 26, 403 married women of reproductive age at level 1 and nested them within the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja at level 2. We modelled use of modern contraceptive against demographic variables, being told about FP at health facility, heard of FP on TV, Magazine or radio, husband desire for more children nested within the state. Results: Our results showed that the independent variables in the model were significant predictors of modern contraceptive use. The estimated variance component for the null model, random intercept, and random slope models were significant (p=0.00), indicating that the variation in contraceptive use across the Nigerian states is significant, and needs to be accounted for in order to accurately determine the predictors of contraceptive use, hence the data is best fitted by the multilevel model. Only being told about family planning at the health facility and religion have a significant random effect, implying that their predictability of contraceptive use varies across the states. Conclusion and Recommendation: Results showed that providing FP information at the health facility and religion needs to be considered when programming to improve contraceptive use at the state levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20modelling" title="multilevel modelling">multilevel modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20planning" title=" family planning"> family planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predictors" title=" predictors"> predictors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21600/multilevel-modelling-of-modern-contraceptive-use-in-nigeria-analysis-of-the-2013-ndhs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">418</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1941</span> An Alternative Stratified Cox Model for Correlated Variables in Infant Mortality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20A.%20Adeleke">K. A. Adeleke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Often in epidemiological research, introducing stratified Cox model can account for the existence of interactions of some inherent factors with some major/noticeable factors. This research work aimed at modelling correlated variables in infant mortality with the existence of some inherent factors affecting the infant survival function. An alternative semiparametric Stratified Cox model is proposed with a view to take care of multilevel factors that have interactions with others. This, however, was used as a tool to model infant mortality data from Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) with some multilevel factors (Tetanus, Polio, and Breastfeeding) having correlation with main factors (Sex, Size, and Mode of Delivery). Asymptotic properties of the estimators are also studied via simulation. The tested model via data showed good fit and performed differently depending on the levels of the interaction of the strata variable Z*. An evidence that the baseline hazard functions and regression coefficients are not the same from stratum to stratum provides a gain in information as against the usage of Cox model. Simulation result showed that the present method produced better estimates in terms of bias, lower standard errors, and or mean square errors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratified%20Cox" title="stratified Cox">stratified Cox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiparametric%20model" title=" semiparametric model"> semiparametric model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20mortality" title=" infant mortality"> infant mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20factors" title=" multilevel factors"> multilevel factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cofounding%20variables" title=" cofounding variables"> cofounding variables</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76246/an-alternative-stratified-cox-model-for-correlated-variables-in-infant-mortality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1940</span> Implementation of a Novel Modified Multilevel Inverter Topology for Grid Connected PV System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhivya%20Balakrishnan">Dhivya Balakrishnan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhamodharan%20Shanmugam"> Dhamodharan Shanmugam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multilevel converters offer high power capability, associated with lower output harmonics and lower commutation losses. Their main disadvantage is their complexity requiring a great number of power devices and passive components, and a rather complex control circuitry. This paper proposes a single-phase seven-level inverter for grid connected PV systems, With a novel pulse width-modulated (PWM) control scheme. Three reference signals that are identical to each other with an offset that is equivalent to the amplitude of the triangular carrier signal were used to generate the PWM signals. The inverter is capable of producing seven levels of output-voltage levels from the dc supply voltage. This paper proposes a new multilevel inverter topology using an H-bridge output stage with two bidirectional auxiliary switches. The new topology produces a significant reduction in the number of power devices and capacitors required to implement a multilevel output using the asymmetric cascade configuration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetric%20cascade%20configuration" title="asymmetric cascade configuration">asymmetric cascade configuration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H-Bridge" title=" H-Bridge"> H-Bridge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20inverter" title=" multilevel inverter"> multilevel inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pulse%20Width%20Modulation%20%28PWM%29" title=" Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)"> Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1763/implementation-of-a-novel-modified-multilevel-inverter-topology-for-grid-connected-pv-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1939</span> Minimization of Switching Losses in Cascaded Multilevel Inverters Using Efficient Sequential Switching Hybrid-Modulation Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Satish%20Kumar">P. Satish Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Ramakrishna"> K. Ramakrishna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ch.%20Lokeshwar%20Reddy"> Ch. Lokeshwar Reddy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Sridhar"> G. Sridhar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents two different sequential switching hybrid-modulation strategies and implemented for cascaded multilevel inverters. Hybrid modulation strategies represent the combinations of Fundamental-Frequency Pulse Width Modulation (FFPWM) and Multilevel Sinusoidal-Modulation (MSPWM) strategies, and are designed for performance of the well-known Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD), Phase Shifted Carrier (PSC). The main characteristics of these modulations are the reduction of switching losses with good harmonic performance, balanced power loss dissipation among the devices with in a cell, and among the series-connected cells. The feasibility of these modulations is verified through spectral analysis, power loss analysis and simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cascaded%20multilevel%20inverters" title="cascaded multilevel inverters">cascaded multilevel inverters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20modulation" title=" hybrid modulation"> hybrid modulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20loss%20analysis" title=" power loss analysis"> power loss analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulse%20width%20modulation" title=" pulse width modulation"> pulse width modulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7094/minimization-of-switching-losses-in-cascaded-multilevel-inverters-using-efficient-sequential-switching-hybrid-modulation-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7094.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">536</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1938</span> Ant Colony Optimization Control for Multilevel STATCOM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20T%C3%A9djini">H. Tédjini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Meslem"> Y. Meslem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Guesbaoui"> B. Guesbaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Safa"> A. Safa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) are potentially becoming more flexible and more economical local controllers in the power system; and because of the high MVA ratings, it would be expensive to provide independent, equal, regulated DC voltage sources to power the multilevel converters which are presently proposed for STATCOMs. DC voltage sources can be derived from the DC link capacitances which are charged by the rectified ac power. In this paper a new stronger control combined of nonlinear control based Lyapunov’s theorem and Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) to maintain stability of multilevel STATCOM and the utility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Static%20Compensator%20%28STATCOM%29" title="Static Compensator (STATCOM)">Static Compensator (STATCOM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ant%20colony%20optimization%20%28ACO%29" title=" ant colony optimization (ACO)"> ant colony optimization (ACO)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lyapunov%20control%20theory" title=" lyapunov control theory"> lyapunov control theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Decoupled%20power%20control" title=" Decoupled power control"> Decoupled power control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutral%20point%20clamped%20%28NPC%29" title=" neutral point clamped (NPC)"> neutral point clamped (NPC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19254/ant-colony-optimization-control-for-multilevel-statcom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">556</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1937</span> A Multilevel-Synthesis Approach with Reduced Number of Switches for 99-Level Inverter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Satish%20Kumar">P. Satish Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Ramu"> V. Ramu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Ramakrishna"> K. Ramakrishna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, an efficient multilevel wave form synthesis technique is proposed and applied to a 99-level inverter. The basic principle of the proposed scheme is that the continuous output voltage levels can be synthesized by the addition or subtraction of the instantaneous voltages generated from different voltage levels. This synthesis technique can be realized by an array of switching devices composing full-bridge inverter modules and proper mixing of each bi-directional switch modules. The most different aspect, compared to the conventional approach, in the synthesis of the multilevel output waveform is the utilization of a combination of bidirectional switches and full bridge inverter modules with reduced number of components. A 99-level inverter consists of three full-bridge modules and six bi-directional switch modules. The validity of the proposed scheme is verified by the simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cascaded%20connection" title="cascaded connection">cascaded connection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20inverter" title=" multilevel inverter"> multilevel inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synthesis" title=" synthesis"> synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20harmonic%20distortion" title=" total harmonic distortion"> total harmonic distortion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12054/a-multilevel-synthesis-approach-with-reduced-number-of-switches-for-99-level-inverter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12054.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">530</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1936</span> [Keynote Talk]: Implementation of 5 Level and 7 Level Multilevel Inverter in Local Trains of Mumbai</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharvari%20Sane">Sharvari Sane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swati%20Sharma"> Swati Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20K.%20Prasad"> Sanjay K. Prasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Local trains are the lifelines of Mumbai city. Earlier 1500 Volt D.C. supply, is now completely and successfully converted into 25 KV A.C. in central, western and harbour routes. This task is the outcome of the advancement in the area of power electronics. Author has already done the comparative study between D.C. and A.C. supply of traction and predicted the serious problem regarding the harmonics. In this paper, the simulation for 5 level as well as 7 level multilevel inverter has been done which is the substitute for the present cascade type inverter. This paper also showed the reduced level of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in the traction system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20harmonic%20distortion%20%28THD%29" title="total harmonic distortion (THD)">total harmonic distortion (THD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traction%20sub%20station%20%28TSS%29" title=" traction sub station (TSS)"> traction sub station (TSS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonics" title=" harmonics"> harmonics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20inverter" title=" multilevel inverter"> multilevel inverter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68258/keynote-talk-implementation-of-5-level-and-7-level-multilevel-inverter-in-local-trains-of-mumbai" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68258.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1935</span> Design and Advancement of Hybrid Multilevel Inverter Interface with PhotoVoltaic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.Kiruthika">P.Kiruthika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Ramani"> K. Ramani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presented the design and advancement of a single-phase 27-level Hybrid Multilevel DC-AC Converter interfacing with Photo Voltaic. In this context, the Multicarrier Pulse Width Modulation method can be implemented in 27-level Hybrid Multilevel Inverter for generating a switching pulse. Perturb & Observer algorithm can be used in the Maximum Power Point Tracking method for the Photo Voltaic system. By implementing Maximum Power Point Tracking with three separate solar panels as an input source to the 27-level Hybrid Multilevel Inverter. This proposed method can be simulated by using MATLAB/simulink. The result shown that the proposed method can achieve silky output wave forms, more flexibility in voltage range, and to reduce Total Harmonic Distortion in medium-voltage drives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Multi%20Carrier%20Pulse%20Width%20Modulation%20Technique%20%28MCPWM%29" title="Multi Carrier Pulse Width Modulation Technique (MCPWM)">Multi Carrier Pulse Width Modulation Technique (MCPWM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Multi%20Level%20Inverter%20%28MLI%29" title=" Multi Level Inverter (MLI)"> Multi Level Inverter (MLI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maximum%20Power%20Point%20Tracking%20%28MPPT%29" title=" Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)"> Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Perturb%20and%20Observer%20%28P%26O%29" title=" Perturb and Observer (P&O)"> Perturb and Observer (P&O)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21126/design-and-advancement-of-hybrid-multilevel-inverter-interface-with-photovoltaic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">579</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1934</span> Towards a Multilevel System of Talent Management in Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises: French Context Exploration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abid%20Kousay">Abid Kousay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Appeared and developed essentially in large companies and multinationals, Talent Management (TM) in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) has remained an under-explored subject till today. Although the literature on TM in the Anglo-Saxon context is developing, it remains monopolized in non-European contexts, especially in France. Therefore, this article aims to address these shortcomings through contributing to TM issues, by adopting a multilevel approach holding the goal of reaching a global holistic vision of interactions between various levels, while applying TM. A qualitative research study carried out within 12 SMEs in France, built on the methodological perspective of grounded theory, will be used in order to go beyond description, to generate or discover a theory or even a unified theoretical explanation. Our theoretical contributions are the results of the grounded theory, the fruit of context considerations and the dynamic of the multilevel approach. We aim firstly to determine the perception of talent and TM in SMEs. Secondly, we formalize TM in SME through the empowerment of all 3 levels in the organization (individual, collective, and organizational). And we generate a multilevel dynamic system model, highlighting the institutionalization dimension in SMEs and the managerial conviction characterized by the domination of the leader's role. Thirdly, this first study shed the light on the importance of rigorous implementation of TM in SMEs in France by directing CEO and HR and TM managers to focus on elements that upstream TM implementation and influence the system internally. Indeed, our systematic multilevel approach policy reminds them of the importance of the strategic alignment while translating TM policy into strategies and practices in SMEs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=French%20context" title="French context">French context</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutionalization" title=" institutionalization"> institutionalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=talent" title=" talent"> talent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20approach" title=" multilevel approach"> multilevel approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=talent%20management%20system" title=" talent management system"> talent management system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136968/towards-a-multilevel-system-of-talent-management-in-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises-french-context-exploration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136968.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1933</span> Interaction between Space Syntax and Agent-Based Approaches for Vehicle Volume Modelling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuan%20Yang">Chuan Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Bie"> Jing Bie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panagiotis%20Psimoulis"> Panagiotis Psimoulis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhong%20Wang"> Zhong Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modelling and understanding vehicle volume distribution over the urban network are essential for urban design and transport planning. The space syntax approach was widely applied as the main conceptual and methodological framework for contemporary vehicle volume models with the help of the statistical method of multiple regression analysis (MRA). However, the MRA model with space syntax variables shows a limitation in vehicle volume predicting in accounting for the crossed effect of the urban configurational characters and socio-economic factors. The aim of this paper is to construct models by interacting with the combined impact of the street network structure and socio-economic factors. In this paper, we present a multilevel linear (ML) and an agent-based (AB) vehicle volume model at an urban scale interacting with space syntax theoretical framework. The ML model allowed random effects of urban configurational characteristics in different urban contexts. And the AB model was developed with the incorporation of transformed space syntax components of the MRA models into the agents’ spatial behaviour. Three models were implemented in the same urban environment. The ML model exhibit superiority over the original MRA model in identifying the relative impacts of the configurational characters and macro-scale socio-economic factors that shape vehicle movement distribution over the city. Compared with the ML model, the suggested AB model represented the ability to estimate vehicle volume in the urban network considering the combined effects of configurational characters and land-use patterns at the street segment level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20syntax" title="space syntax">space syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20volume%20modeling" title=" vehicle volume modeling"> vehicle volume modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20model" title=" multilevel model"> multilevel model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agent-based%20model" title=" agent-based model"> agent-based model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130963/interaction-between-space-syntax-and-agent-based-approaches-for-vehicle-volume-modelling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1932</span> Elimination of Low Order Harmonics in Multilevel Inverter Using Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Ould%20Cherchali">N. Ould Cherchali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Tlem%C3%A7ani"> A. Tlemçani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Boucherit"> M. S. Boucherit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Morsli"> A. Morsli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms, particularly those founded on swarm intelligence, have attracted much attention over the past decade. Firefly algorithm has appeared in approximately seven years ago, its literature has enlarged considerably with different applications. It is inspired by the behavior of fireflies. The aim of this paper is the application of firefly algorithm for solving a nonlinear algebraic system. This resolution is needed to study the Selective Harmonic Eliminated Pulse Width Modulation strategy (SHEPWM) to eliminate the low order harmonics; results have been applied on multilevel inverters. The final results from simulations indicate the elimination of the low order harmonics as desired. Finally, experimental results are presented to confirm the simulation results and validate the efficaciousness of the proposed approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firefly%20algorithm" title="firefly algorithm">firefly algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaheuristic%20algorithm" title=" metaheuristic algorithm"> metaheuristic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20inverter" title=" multilevel inverter"> multilevel inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SHEPWM" title=" SHEPWM"> SHEPWM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108337/elimination-of-low-order-harmonics-in-multilevel-inverter-using-nature-inspired-metaheuristic-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1931</span> Multidisciplinary and Multilevel Design Methodology of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles using Enhanced Collaborative Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20F.%20Albuquerque">Pedro F. Albuquerque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20V.%20Gamboa"> Pedro V. Gamboa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miguel%20A.%20Silvestre"> Miguel A. Silvestre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work describes the implementation of the Enhanced Collaborative Optimization (ECO) multilevel architecture with a gradient-based optimization algorithm with the aim of performing a multidisciplinary design optimization of a generic unmanned aerial vehicle with morphing technologies. The concepts of weighting coefficient and a dynamic compatibility parameter are presented for the ECO architecture. A routine that calculates the aircraft performance for the user defined mission profile and vehicle’s performance requirements has been implemented using low fidelity models for the aerodynamics, stability, propulsion, weight, balance and flight performance. A benchmarking case study for evaluating the advantage of using a variable span wing within the optimization methodology developed is presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multidisciplinary" title="multidisciplinary">multidisciplinary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel" title=" multilevel"> multilevel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphing" title=" morphing"> morphing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhanced%20collaborative%20optimization" title=" enhanced collaborative optimization"> enhanced collaborative optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18259/multidisciplinary-and-multilevel-design-methodology-of-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-using-enhanced-collaborative-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18259.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">929</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1930</span> Anatomically-Based Oropharyngeal Rehabilitation for the Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using a Multilevel Approach </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsin-Yu%20Lin">Hsin-Yu Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Hsia%20Hung"> Ching-Hsia Hung </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by a complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. The vulnerable sites of upper airway collapses are consequences of sleep state-dependent reductions in tone in speciﬁc pharyngeal dilators. Clinical examinations reveal multilevel collapses of the upper airway among the patients with OSA. Therefore, an anatomically-based oropharyngeal rehabilitation should comprise a multilevel approach, including retropalatal, retroglossal, hypopharyngeal, temporomandibular, and facial levels, all of which involve different muscle groups and contribute to multifunctional interaction and coordination, such as swallowing, breathing, and phonation. The purpose of the study was to exam the effects of this rehabilitation program with a multilevel approach. In this study, fifteen subjects with newly diagnosed moderate or severe OSA (Apnea-Hypopnea-Index≥15) were randomized into an intervention group and control group. The intervention group (N=8) underwent a 12-week-intervention of a hospital-based rehabilitation program, while the control group (N=7) was kept on the waiting list. The 12-week-intervention comprised an anatomically based multilevel approach. The primary outcome was Polysomnography (PSG) data, and the secondary outcome was oropharyngeal and respiratory muscle function. In the intervention group, Apnea-Hypopnea-Index significantly improved (46.96±19.45 versus 32.78±10.78 events/h, p=0.017) compared with control group (35.77±17.49 versus 42.96±17.32 events/h, p=0.043). While the control group remained no change, the intervention group demonstrated other PSG outcomes significantly improvement, including arousal index (46.04±18.9 versus 32.98±8.35/h, p=0.035), mean SpO2 (92.88±2.1 versus 94.13±1.46%, p=0.039). Besides, the intervention group demonstrated significant improvement in oropharyngeal and respiratory muscle function compared to the control group. This anatomically-based oropharyngeal rehabilitation with a multilevel approach can be proven as a non-invasive therapy for patients with OSA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstructive%20sleep%20apnea" title="obstructive sleep apnea">obstructive sleep apnea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upper%20airway" title=" upper airway"> upper airway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oropharyngeal%20rehabilitation" title=" oropharyngeal rehabilitation"> oropharyngeal rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20approach" title=" multilevel approach"> multilevel approach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116238/anatomically-based-oropharyngeal-rehabilitation-for-the-patients-with-obstructive-sleep-apnea-using-a-multilevel-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116238.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1929</span> Directors’ Compensation: Analyzing the Multilevel Factors That Exert the Greatest Influence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabel%20Acero">Isabel Acero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuria%20Alcalde"> Nuria Alcalde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The economic crisis and notorious corporate scandals have caused social indignation and sparked the debate concerning the underlying rationality of the compensation that directors receive. In this context, this study examines the determinants of the remuneration of directors in listed Spanish companies using individualized data. A multilevel methodology appropriate for this type of data has been used that allows us to differentiate between inter-company variations and intra-company variations. The results show that company size is the variable (at the company level) that exerts the greatest influence on the level of director´s compensation. One surprising finding is that the presence of independent directors on the board has a positive influence on remuneration. At the individual level, tenure and experience have a significant influence on the level of compensation, while the director´s level of education does not appear to have an effect on it. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=board%20of%20directors" title="board of directors">board of directors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compensation" title=" compensation"> compensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experience" title=" experience"> experience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel" title=" multilevel"> multilevel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tenure" title=" tenure"> tenure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87177/directors-compensation-analyzing-the-multilevel-factors-that-exert-the-greatest-influence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87177.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1928</span> A Framework for Auditing Multilevel Models Using Explainability Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debarati%20Bhaumik">Debarati Bhaumik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diptish%20Dey"> Diptish Dey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multilevel models, increasingly deployed in industries such as insurance, food production, and entertainment within functions such as marketing and supply chain management, need to be transparent and ethical. Applications usually result in binary classification within groups or hierarchies based on a set of input features. Using open-source datasets, we demonstrate that popular explainability methods, such as SHAP and LIME, consistently underperform inaccuracy when interpreting these models. They fail to predict the order of feature importance, the magnitudes, and occasionally even the nature of the feature contribution (negative versus positive contribution to the outcome). Besides accuracy, the computational intractability of SHAP for binomial classification is a cause of concern. For transparent and ethical applications of these hierarchical statistical models, sound audit frameworks need to be developed. In this paper, we propose an audit framework for technical assessment of multilevel regression models focusing on three aspects: (i) model assumptions & statistical properties, (ii) model transparency using different explainability methods, and (iii) discrimination assessment. To this end, we undertake a quantitative approach and compare intrinsic model methods with SHAP and LIME. The framework comprises a shortlist of KPIs, such as PoCE (Percentage of Correct Explanations) and MDG (Mean Discriminatory Gap) per feature, for each of these three aspects. A traffic light risk assessment method is furthermore coupled to these KPIs. The audit framework will assist regulatory bodies in performing conformity assessments of AI systems using multilevel binomial classification models at businesses. It will also benefit businesses deploying multilevel models to be future-proof and aligned with the European Commission’s proposed Regulation on Artificial Intelligence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audit" title="audit">audit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20model" title=" multilevel model"> multilevel model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20transparency" title=" model transparency"> model transparency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20explainability" title=" model explainability"> model explainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title=" discrimination"> discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethics" title=" ethics"> ethics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150654/a-framework-for-auditing-multilevel-models-using-explainability-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150654.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1927</span> Reducing Total Harmonic Content of 9-Level Inverter by Use of Cuckoo Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20Enayati">Mahmoud Enayati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirous%20Mohammadi"> Sirous Mohammadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a novel procedure to find the firing angles of the multilevel inverters of supply voltage and, consequently, to decline the total harmonic distortion (THD), has been presented. In order to eliminate more harmonics in the multilevel inverters, its number of levels can be lessened or pulse width modulation waveform, in which more than one switching occur in each level, be used. Both cases complicate the non-algebraic equations and their solution cannot be performed by the conventional methods for the numerical solution of nonlinear equations such as Newton-Raphson method. In this paper, Cuckoo algorithm is used to compute the optimal firing angle of the pulse width modulation voltage waveform in the multilevel inverter. These angles should be calculated in such a way that the voltage amplitude of the fundamental frequency be generated while the total harmonic distortion of the output voltage be small. The simulation and theoretical results for the 9-levels inverter offer the high applicability of the proposed algorithm to identify the suitable firing angles for declining the low order harmonics and generate a waveform whose total harmonic distortion is very small and it is almost a sinusoidal waveform. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolutionary%20algorithms" title="evolutionary algorithms">evolutionary algorithms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20inverters" title=" multilevel inverters"> multilevel inverters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20harmonic%20content" title=" total harmonic content"> total harmonic content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cuckoo%20Algorithm" title=" Cuckoo Algorithm"> Cuckoo Algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24347/reducing-total-harmonic-content-of-9-level-inverter-by-use-of-cuckoo-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24347.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">532</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1926</span> A Multilevel Authentication Protocol: MAP in VANET for Human Safety</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Meddeb">N. Meddeb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Makhlouf"> A. M. Makhlouf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Ben%20Ayed"> M. A. Ben Ayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the real-time requirement of message in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET), it is necessary to authenticate vehicles to achieve security, efficiency, and conditional privacy-preserving. Privacy is of utmost relevance in VANETs. For this reason, we have proposed a new protocol called ‘Multilevel Authentication Protocol’ (MAP) that considers different vehicle categories. The proposed protocol is based on our Multilevel Authentication protocol for Vehicular networks (MAVnet). But the MAP leads to human safety, where the priority is given to the ambulance vehicles. For evaluation, we used the Java language to develop a demo application and deployed it on the Network Security Simulation (Nessi2). Compared with existing authentication protocols, MAP markedly enhance the communication overhead and decreases the delay of exchanging messages while preserving conditional privacy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vehicular%20Ad%20hoc%20NETworks%20%28VANET%29" title="Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET)">Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20categories" title=" vehicle categories"> vehicle categories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=databases" title=" databases"> databases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privacy" title=" privacy"> privacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title=" authentication"> authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=throughput" title=" throughput"> throughput</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay" title=" delay"> delay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87440/a-multilevel-authentication-protocol-map-in-vanet-for-human-safety" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1925</span> The Impact of Nurse-Physician Interprofessional Relationship on Nurses' Willingness to Engage in Leadership Roles: A Multilevel Modelling Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sulaiman%20D.%20Al%20Sabei">Sulaiman D. Al Sabei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amy%20M.%20Ross"> Amy M. Ross</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20S.%20Lee"> Christopher S. Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nurse leaders play a fundamental role in transforming healthcare system and improving quality of patient care. Several healthcare organizations have called to increase the number of nurse leaders across all levels and in every practice setting. Identification of factors influencing nurses’ willingness to lead can inform healthcare leaders and policy makers of potentially illuminating strategies for establishing favorable work environments that motivate nurses to engage in leadership roles. The aim of this study was to investigate determinants of nurses’ willingness to engage in future leadership roles. The study was conducted at a public hospital in the Sultanate of Oman. A total of 171 registered nurses participated. A multilevel modeling was conducted. Findings revealed that 80% of nurses were likely to seek out opportunities to engage in leadership roles. The quality of the nurse-physician collegial relationships was a significant predictor of nurses’ willingness to lead. Establishing a work environment’s culture of positive nurse-physician relationships is critical to enhance nurses’ work attitude and engage them in leadership roles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interprofessional%20relationship" title="interprofessional relationship">interprofessional relationship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership" title=" leadership"> leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nurses" title=" nurses"> nurses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95530/the-impact-of-nurse-physician-interprofessional-relationship-on-nurses-willingness-to-engage-in-leadership-roles-a-multilevel-modelling-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95530.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1924</span> Improved Multilevel Inverter with Hybrid Power Selector and Solar Panel Cleaner in a Solar System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Oladoyinbo">S. Oladoyinbo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Tijani"> A. A. Tijani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multilevel inverters (MLI) are used at high power application based on their operation. There are 3 main types of multilevel inverters (MLI); diode clamped, flying capacitor and cascaded MLI. A cascaded MLI requires the least number of components to achieve same number of voltage levels when compared to other types of MLI while the flying capacitor has the minimum harmonic distortion. However, maximizing the advantage of cascaded H-bridge MLI and flying capacitor MLI, an improved MLI can be achieved with fewer components and better performance. In this paper an improved MLI is presented by asymmetrically integrating a flying capacitor to a cascaded H-bridge MLI also integrating an auxiliary transformer to the main transformer to decrease the total harmonics distortion (THD) with increased number of output voltage levels. Furthermore, the system is incorporated with a hybrid time and climate based solar panel cleaner and power selector which intelligently manage the input of the MLI and clean the solar panel weekly ensuring the environmental factor effect on the panel is reduced to minimum. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20inverter" title="multilevel inverter">multilevel inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20harmonics%20distortion" title=" total harmonics distortion"> total harmonics distortion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cascaded%20h-bridge%20inverter" title=" cascaded h-bridge inverter"> cascaded h-bridge inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flying%20capacitor" title=" flying capacitor"> flying capacitor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36730/improved-multilevel-inverter-with-hybrid-power-selector-and-solar-panel-cleaner-in-a-solar-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1923</span> Separate Powers Control Structure of DFIG Based on Fractional Regulator Fed by Multilevel Inverters DC Bus Voltages of a photovoltaic System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ghoudelbourk">S. Ghoudelbourk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Omeiri"> A. Omeiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Dib"> D. Dib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Cheghib"> H. Cheghib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper shows that we can improve the performance of the auto-adjustable electric machines if a fractional dynamic is considered in the algorithm of the controlling order. This structure is particularly interested in the separate control of active and reactive power of the double-fed induction generator (DFIG) of wind power conversion chain. Fractional regulators are used in the regulation of chain of powers. Knowing that, usually, the source of DFIG is provided by converters through controlled rectifiers, all this system makes the currents of lines strongly polluted that can have a harmful effect for the connected loads and sensitive equipment nearby. The solution to overcome these problems is to replace the power of the rotor DFIG by multilevel inverters supplied by PV which improve the THD. The structure of the adopted adjustment is tested using Matlab/Simulink and the results are presented and analyzed for a variable wind. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFIG" title="DFIG">DFIG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractional%20regulator" title=" fractional regulator"> fractional regulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20inverters" title=" multilevel inverters"> multilevel inverters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PV" title=" PV"> PV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25071/separate-powers-control-structure-of-dfig-based-on-fractional-regulator-fed-by-multilevel-inverters-dc-bus-voltages-of-a-photovoltaic-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1922</span> Understanding Mathematics Achievements among U. S. Middle School Students: A Bayesian Multilevel Modeling Analysis with Informative Priors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Yuan">Jing Yuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongwei%20Yang"> Hongwei Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to understand U.S. middle school students’ mathematics achievements by examining relevant student and school-level predictors. Through a variance component analysis, the study first identifies evidence supporting the use of multilevel modeling. Then, a multilevel analysis is performed under Bayesian statistical inference where prior information is incorporated into the modeling process. During the analysis, independent variables are entered sequentially in the order of theoretical importance to create a hierarchy of models. By evaluating each model using Bayesian fit indices, a best-fit and most parsimonious model is selected where Bayesian statistical inference is performed for the purpose of result interpretation and discussion. The primary dataset for Bayesian modeling is derived from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2012 with a secondary PISA dataset from 2003 analyzed under the traditional ordinary least squares method to provide the information needed to specify informative priors for a subset of the model parameters. The dependent variable is a composite measure of mathematics literacy, calculated from an exploratory factor analysis of all five PISA 2012 mathematics achievement plausible values for which multiple evidences are found supporting data unidimensionality. The independent variables include demographics variables and content-specific variables: mathematics efficacy, teacher-student ratio, proportion of girls in the school, etc. Finally, the entire analysis is performed using the MCMCpack and MCMCglmm packages in R. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayesian%20multilevel%20modeling" title="Bayesian multilevel modeling">Bayesian multilevel modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematics%20education" title=" mathematics education"> mathematics education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PISA" title=" PISA"> PISA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel" title=" multilevel"> multilevel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67623/understanding-mathematics-achievements-among-u-s-middle-school-students-a-bayesian-multilevel-modeling-analysis-with-informative-priors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1921</span> Understanding Talent Management In French Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises: Towards Multi-Level Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abid%20Kousay">Abid Kousay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Appeared and developed essentially in large companies and multinationals, Talent Management (TM) in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) has remained an under-explored subject till today. Although the literature on TM in the Anglo-Saxon context is developing, it remains monopolized in non-European contexts, especially in France. Therefore, this article aims to address these shortcomings through contributing to TM issues by adopting a multilevel approach holding the goal of reaching a global holistic vision of interactions between various levels while applying TM. A qualitative research study carried out within 12 SMEs in France, built on the methodological perspective of grounded theory, will be used in order to go beyond description, to generate or discover a theory or even a unified theoretical explanation. Our theoretical contributions are the results of the grounded theory, the fruit of context considerations and the dynamic of the multilevel approach. We aim firstly to determine the perception of talent and TM in SMEs. Secondly, we formalize TM in SME through the empowerment of all 3 levels in the organization (individual, collective, and organizational). And we generate a multilevel dynamic system model, highlighting the institutionalization dimension in SMEs and the managerial conviction characterized by the domination of the leader’s role. Thirdly, this first study sheds light on the importance of rigorous implementation of TM in SMEs in France by directing CEO and HR and TM managers to focus on elements that upstream TM implementation and influence the system internally. Indeed, our systematic multilevel approach policy reminds them of the importance of strategic alignment while translating TM policy into strategies and practices in SMEs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=French%20context" title="French context">French context</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20approach" title=" multilevel approach"> multilevel approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=talent%20management" title=" talent management"> talent management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=""></a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TM%20system" title=" TM system"> TM system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136970/understanding-talent-management-in-french-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises-towards-multi-level-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136970.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1920</span> A Review of HVDC Modular Multilevel Converters Subjected to DC and AC Faults</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jude%20Inwumoh">Jude Inwumoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20P.%20R.%20Taylor"> Adam P. R. Taylor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kosala%20Gunawardane"> Kosala Gunawardane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modular multilevel converters (MMC) exhibit a highly scalable and modular characteristic with good voltage/power expansion, fault tolerance capability, low output harmonic content, good redundancy, and a flexible front-end configuration. Fault detection, location, and isolation, as well as maintaining fault ride-through (FRT), are major challenges to MMC reliability and power supply sustainability. Different papers have been reviewed to seek the best MMC configuration with fault capability. DC faults are the most common fault, while the probability that AC fault occurs in a modular multilevel converter (MCC) is low; though, AC faults consequence are severe. This paper reviews several MMC topologies and modulation techniques in tackling faults. These fault control strategies are compared based on cost, complexity, controllability, and power loss. A meshed network of half-bridge (HB) MMC topology was optimal in rendering fault ride through than any other MMC topologies but only when combined with DC circuit breakers (CBS), AC CBS, and fault current limiters (FCL). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MMC-HVDC" title="MMC-HVDC">MMC-HVDC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC%20faults" title=" DC faults"> DC faults</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20current%20limiters" title=" fault current limiters"> fault current limiters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20scheme" title=" control scheme"> control scheme</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113483/a-review-of-hvdc-modular-multilevel-converters-subjected-to-dc-and-ac-faults" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113483.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1919</span> Creating a Multilevel ESL Learning Community for Adults</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gloria%20Chen">Gloria Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When offering conventional level-appropriate ESL classes for adults is not feasible, a multilevel adult ESL class can be formed to benefit those who need to learn English for daily function. This paper examines the rationale, the process, the contents, and the outcomes of a multilevel ESL class for adults. The action research discusses a variety of assessments, lesson plans, teaching strategies that facilitate lifelong language learning. In small towns where adult ESL learners are only a handful, often advanced students and inexperienced students have to be placed in one class. Such class might not be viewed as desirable, but with on-going assessments, careful lesson plans, and purposeful strategies, a multilevel ESL class for adults can overcome the obstacles and help learners to reach a higher level of English proficiency. This research explores some hand-on strategies, such as group rotating, cooperative learning, and modifying textbook contents for practical purpose, and evaluate their effectiveness. The data collected in this research include Needs Assessment (beginning of class term), Mid-term Self-Assessment (5 months into class term), End-of-term Student Reflection (10 months into class), and End-of-term Assessment from the Instructor (10 months into class). A descriptive analysis of the data explains the practice of this particular learning community, and reveal the areas for improvement and enrichment. This research answers the following questions: (1) How do the assessments positively help both learners and instructors? (2) How do the learning strategies prepare students to become independent, life-long English learners? (3) How do materials, grouping, and class schedule enhance the learning? The result of the research contributes to the field of teaching and learning in language, not limited in English, by (a) examining strategies of conducting a multilevel adult class, (b) involving adult language learners with various backgrounds and learning styles for reflection and feedback, and (c) improving teaching and learning strategies upon research methods and results. One unique feature of this research is how students can work together with the instructor to form a learning community, seeking and exploring resources available to them, to become lifelong language learners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adult%20language%20learning" title="adult language learning">adult language learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment" title=" assessment"> assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel" title=" multilevel"> multilevel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching%20strategies" title=" teaching strategies"> teaching strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48220/creating-a-multilevel-esl-learning-community-for-adults" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48220.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1918</span> Hypergraph for System of Systems modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haffaf%20Hafid">Haffaf Hafid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hypergraphs, after being used to model the structural organization of System of Sytems (SoS) at macroscopic level, has recent trends towards generalizing this powerful representation at different stages of complex system modelling. In this paper, we first describe different applications of hypergraph theory, and step by step, introduce multilevel modeling of SoS by means of integrating Constraint Programming Langages (CSP) dealing with engineering system reconfiguration strategy. As an application, we give an A.C.T Terminal controlled by a set of Intelligent Automated Vehicle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypergraph%20model" title="hypergraph model">hypergraph model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20analysis" title=" structural analysis"> structural analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bipartite%20graph" title=" bipartite graph"> bipartite graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title=" monitoring"> monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20of%20systems" title=" system of systems"> system of systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconfiguration%20analysis" title=" reconfiguration analysis"> reconfiguration analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypernetwork" title=" hypernetwork"> hypernetwork</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26377/hypergraph-for-system-of-systems-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1917</span> Empirical Roughness Progression Models of Heavy Duty Rural Pavements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nahla%20H.%20Alaswadko">Nahla H. Alaswadko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rayya%20A.%20Hassan"> Rayya A. Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayar%20N.%20Mohammed"> Bayar N. Mohammed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Empirical deterministic models have been developed to predict roughness progression of heavy duty spray sealed pavements for a dataset representing rural arterial roads. The dataset provides a good representation of the relevant network and covers a wide range of operating and environmental conditions. A sample with a large size of historical time series data for many pavement sections has been collected and prepared for use in multilevel regression analysis. The modelling parameters include road roughness as performance parameter and traffic loading, time, initial pavement strength, reactivity level of subgrade soil, climate condition, and condition of drainage system as predictor parameters. The purpose of this paper is to report the approaches adopted for models development and validation. The study presents multilevel models that can account for the correlation among time series data of the same section and to capture the effect of unobserved variables. Study results show that the models fit the data very well. The contribution and significance of relevant influencing factors in predicting roughness progression are presented and explained. The paper concludes that the analysis approach used for developing the models confirmed their accuracy and reliability by well-fitting to the validation data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roughness%20progression" title="roughness progression">roughness progression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empirical%20model" title=" empirical model"> empirical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavement%20performance" title=" pavement performance"> pavement performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20duty%20pavement" title=" heavy duty pavement"> heavy duty pavement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81268/empirical-roughness-progression-models-of-heavy-duty-rural-pavements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20modelling&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20modelling&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20modelling&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20modelling&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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