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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Desvios da Lei de Beer-Lambert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desvios_da_Lei_de_Beer-Lambert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Espectrofotômetro_UV/Visível" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espectrofotômetro_UV/Visível"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Espectrofotômetro UV/Visível</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espectrofotômetro_UV/Visível-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Espectro_ultravioleta-visível" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espectro_ultravioleta-visível"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Espectro ultravioleta-visível</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espectro_ultravioleta-visível-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipos_de_espectrofotômetros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipos_de_espectrofotômetros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tipos de espectrofotômetros</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipos_de_espectrofotômetros-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Tipos de espectrofotômetros</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipos_de_espectrofotômetros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Espectrofotômetros_UV/_VIS_mais_comuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espectrofotômetros_UV/_VIS_mais_comuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Espectrofotômetros UV/ VIS mais comuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espectrofotômetros_UV/_VIS_mais_comuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Espectroscopia UV/visível</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo 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Disponível em 24 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مطيافية الأشعة المرئية وفوق البنفسجية — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطيافية الأشعة المرئية وفوق البنفسجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оптична спектроскопия — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптична спектроскопия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultravioletna-vidljiva_spektroskopija" title="Ultravioletna-vidljiva spektroskopija — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ultravioletna-vidljiva spektroskopija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectrosc%C3%B2pia_ultraviolada-visible" title="Espectroscòpia ultraviolada-visible — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectroscòpia ultraviolada-visible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafialovo-viditeln%C3%A1_spektroskopie" title="Ultrafialovo-viditelná spektroskopie — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ultrafialovo-viditelná spektroskopie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/VIS-Spektroskopie" title="UV/VIS-Spektroskopie — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="UV/VIS-Spektroskopie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectroscopia_ultravioleta-visible" title="Espectroscopia ultravioleta-visible — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espectroscopia ultravioleta-visible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/Vis-spektroskoopia" title="UV/Vis-spektroskoopia — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="UV/Vis-spektroskoopia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%E2%80%93%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B4" title="طیف‌شناسی مرئی–فرابنفش — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طیف‌شناسی مرئی–فرابنفش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopie_ultraviolet-visible" title="Spectroscopie ultraviolet-visible — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spectroscopie ultraviolet-visible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spettroscopia_ultravioletta/visibile" title="Spettroscopia ultravioletta/visibile — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spettroscopia ultravioletta/visibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%96%E8%BF%91%E8%B5%A4%E5%A4%96%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E6%B3%95" title="紫外可視近赤外分光法 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紫外可視近赤外分光法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0_%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%EA%B4%91%EC%84%A0_%EB%B6%84%EA%B4%91%EB%B2%95" title="자외선 가시광선 분광법 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자외선 가시광선 분광법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/VIS-spectroscopie" title="UV/VIS-spectroscopie — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="UV/VIS-spectroscopie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/VIS-spektroskopi" title="UV/VIS-spektroskopi — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="UV/VIS-spektroskopi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafiolett%E2%80%93synlig_spektroskopi" title="Ultrafiolett–synlig spektroskopi — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ultrafiolett–synlig spektroskopi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopia_UV-VIS" title="Spektroskopia UV-VIS — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spektroskopia UV-VIS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оптическая спектроскопия — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптическая спектроскопия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_absorption" title="Ultraviolet–visible absorption — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ultraviolet–visible absorption" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ультрафіолетова спектроскопія — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ультрафіолетова спектроскопія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_quang_ph%E1%BB%95_c%E1%BB%B1c_t%C3%ADm_-_Kh%E1%BA%A3_ki%E1%BA%BFn" title="Máy quang phổ cực tím - Khả kiến — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy quang phổ cực tím - Khả kiến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96-%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E6%B3%95" title="紫外-可见分光光度法 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紫外-可见分光光度法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96-%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E6%B3%95" title="紫外-可見分光光度法 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紫外-可見分光光度法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q898426#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> 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href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Espectroscopia+UV%2Fvis%C3%ADvel">A</a>)</span></small>).</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Fevereiro de 2021</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:DU640_spectrophotometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/DU640_spectrophotometer.jpg/360px-DU640_spectrophotometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/DU640_spectrophotometer.jpg/540px-DU640_spectrophotometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/DU640_spectrophotometer.jpg/720px-DU640_spectrophotometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption>Espectrometro Beckman DU640 UV/Vis.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>espectroscopia no ultravioleta visível</b> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle UV/VIS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mi>I</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle UV/VIS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08990554175c5ca1591eb5f2dd542b9c570db11c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.19ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle UV/VIS}"></span>) envolve a espectroscopia de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fóton">fótons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Espectrofotometria" title="Espectrofotometria">espectrofotometria</a>). Ela utiliza <a href="/wiki/Luz" title="Luz">luz</a> na faixa do <a href="/wiki/Espectro_vis%C3%ADvel" title="Espectro visível">visível</a>, do <a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ultravioleta" title="Radiação ultravioleta">ultravioleta</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle UV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle UV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d301f63b7d5ab448d19b80cdebd4f145d89fe540" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.57ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle UV}"></span>) próximo e do <a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_infravermelha" title="Radiação infravermelha">infravermelho</a> próximo. Nessas faixas de energia as <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula">moléculas</a> sofrem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_eletr%C3%B4nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transição eletrônica (página não existe)">transições eletrônicas</a> moleculares.<sup id="cite_ref-EUV_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUV-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lei_de_Beer-Lambert">Lei de Beer-Lambert</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Lei de Beer-Lambert" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Lei de Beer-Lambert"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O método utilizado para determinar de um modo quantitativo a concentração de substâncias em solução que absorvem radiação, é usando a <a href="/wiki/Lei_de_Beer-Lambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Lei de Beer-Lambert">Lei de Beer-Lambert</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-EUV_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUV-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=-\log _{10}({\frac {I}{I_{0}}})=\epsilon \cdot c\cdot L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=-\log _{10}({\frac {I}{I_{0}}})=\epsilon \cdot c\cdot L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2a9cc1740a4f3c934573f79e701496143fe3d5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:26.598ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=-\log _{10}({\frac {I}{I_{0}}})=\epsilon \cdot c\cdot L}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>onde <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> é a <a href="/wiki/Absorb%C3%A2ncia" title="Absorbância">absorbância</a> medida, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/893d08e90ea73781dc133414d661529d0651ca80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{0}}"></span> é a intensidade da <a href="/wiki/Luz" title="Luz">luz</a> incidente a um dado <a href="/wiki/Comprimento_de_onda" title="Comprimento de onda">comprimento de onda</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span> é a intensidade transmitida pela amostra, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span> é o caminho óptico pela amostra (distância que a luz percorreu por ela), ε é uma constante conhecida como <a href="/wiki/Absorbtividade_molar" title="Absorbtividade molar">absorbtividade molar</a> (a qual varia de substância para substância), e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> é a <a href="/wiki/Concentra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Concentração">concentração</a> da substância em (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {mol}{L}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {mol}{L}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94aadd71777a734985159648937ad5e9235b06d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:4.697ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {mol}{L}}}"></span>). </p><p>A absorvância e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"></span> às vezes são definidos em termos do <a href="/wiki/Logaritmo_natural" title="Logaritmo natural">logaritmo natural</a> em vez do <a href="/wiki/Logaritmo" title="Logaritmo">logaritmo</a> na base <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>10</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ec811eb07dcac7ea67b413c5665390a1671ecb0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10}"></span>. A concentração também pode ser dada em (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {g}{L}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>g</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {g}{L}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/592e8ef00977f001f7999c61eea8453f5cc34ea3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:2.419ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {g}{L}}}"></span>) onde em vez de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"></span> e utilizado a (absorbtividade), onde temos a relação entre <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"></span> e a dada pela formula: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon =a\cdot MM}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon =a\cdot MM}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1eb6b7626b4e84748b1164016fcaaeab117a49d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.836ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon =a\cdot MM}"></span></dd></dl> <p>onde <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle MM}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MM}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/067ddecef8a21e7f2531aeb70b445c7807f14ff9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.884ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MM}"></span> é a <a href="/wiki/Massa_molecular" title="Massa molecular">massa molecular</a> da substancia analisada </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desvios_da_Lei_de_Beer-Lambert">Desvios da Lei de Beer-Lambert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Desvios da Lei de Beer-Lambert" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Desvios da Lei de Beer-Lambert"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Desvios Reais:</b> São desvios que ocorrem devido às interações dos centros absorventes e a variação do índice de refração. </p><p>Na derivação da Lei de Beer admitimos que os centros absorventes não tem interações entre si ou com outras espécies presentes na solução isso faz com que a Lei de Beer tenha caracter de uma lei limite aplicada principalmente para soluções diluidas(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle <10^{-2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo><</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle <10^{-2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/adadfa1b275413aab0972de7ce73f1d74568535b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.111ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle <10^{-2}}"></span>). Essa interação altera a distribuição de cargas na espécie absorvente, modificando a energia necessária para sua excitação, portanto a posição, a forma e a altura da banda de absorção podem sofrer alterações. </p><p>Outro Desvio Real da Lei de Beer é a possibilidade de haver uma variação do índice de refração <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> da solução com a concentração. Isso decorre do fato de ε depender do índice de refração da solução. Para soluções de baixas concentrações <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> é <a href="/wiki/Constante" class="mw-disambig" title="Constante">constante</a>, porém pode variar consideravelmente para soluções com concentrações mais altas. Desvios superiores <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0,01~\%}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>01</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0,01~\%}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1013be420892a6aacb904ede8047da15689b45f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.038ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0,01~\%}"></span> somente são observados para soluções cujas concentrações sejam superiores a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1ed6a6982c7776b79b651a59fe3f493f9ad8c1f8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.658ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-2}}"></span> </p><p><b>Desvios Aparentes:</b> podem ser classificados em: </p> <dl><dd><ol><li>Desvios Químicos: aqueles que ocorrem devido a associação ou dissociação da espécie absorvente ou então o constituinte não é completamente convertido em uma única espécie absorvente</li> <li>Desvios Instrumentais: são desvios que ocorrem devido ao instrumento utilizado na medição da absorbância.</li></ol></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Largura finita da faixa espectral escolhida.</li> <li>Radiação estranha refletida dentro do equipamento que alcançou o detector.</li> <li>Variação da resposta do detector.</li> <li>Flutuação da fonte.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Espectrofotômetro_UV/Visível"><span id="Espectrofot.C3.B4metro_UV.2FVis.C3.ADvel"></span>Espectrofotômetro UV/Visível</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Espectrofotômetro UV/Visível" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Espectrofotômetro UV/Visível"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Schematic_of_UV-_visible_spectrophotometer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Schematic_of_UV-_visible_spectrophotometer.png/360px-Schematic_of_UV-_visible_spectrophotometer.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Schematic_of_UV-_visible_spectrophotometer.png/540px-Schematic_of_UV-_visible_spectrophotometer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Schematic_of_UV-_visible_spectrophotometer.png/720px-Schematic_of_UV-_visible_spectrophotometer.png 2x" data-file-width="3607" data-file-height="2023" /></a><figcaption> Esquema de um espectrómetro UV- visível</figcaption></figure> <p>O instrumento usado na espectroscopia UV/VIS é chamado de <b><a href="/wiki/Espectrofot%C3%B4metro" title="Espectrofotômetro">espectrofotômetro</a></b>. Para se obter informação sobre a absorção de uma amostra, ela é inserida no caminho óptico do aparelho. Então, luz UV e/ou visível em um certo comprimento de onda (ou uma faixa de comprimentos de ondas) é passada pela amostra. O espectrofotómetro mede o quanto de luz foi absorvida pela amostra. A intensidade da luz antes de passar pela amostra é simbolizada por <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/893d08e90ea73781dc133414d661529d0651ca80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{0}}"></span>, e a intensidade da luz depois de passar pela amostra é simbolizada por <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span>. A transmitância da amostra é definida pela <a href="/wiki/Raz%C3%A3o_(matem%C3%A1tica)" title="Razão (matemática)">razão</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f24ab89af10fac72fac8ab7b92023c4d6699e8d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:2.913ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}}"></span>), a qual normalmente é expressa em porcentagem de transmitância (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T~\%}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T~\%}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51a0d31ba7bbffedf5a33b93a9343b7bf7826e4d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.153ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T~\%}"></span>). A partir dessa informação, a absorvância da ambos é determinada para esse certo comprimento de onda ou como uma <a href="/wiki/Fun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(matem%C3%A1tica)" title="Função (matemática)">função</a> de uma faixa de comprimentos de onda. Os espectrofotômetros mais sofisticados normalmente fazem isso automaticamente. Existem dois tipos de espectofotometros: de feixe simples e de feixe duplo.<sup id="cite_ref-EUV_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUV-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apesar de as amostras poderem ser <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido">sólidas</a> (ou mesmo <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1s" title="Gás">gasosas</a>), elas usualmente são <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADquido" title="Líquido">líquidas</a>. Uma cela <a href="/wiki/Transpar%C3%AAncia_(%C3%B3ptico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparência (óptico)">transparente</a> (ou seja, que não absorve radiação na faixa de comprimentos de onda usada), comumente chamada de <i><a href="/wiki/Cubeta" title="Cubeta">cuvete</a></i>, é enchida com a amostra <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADquida" class="mw-redirect" title="Líquida">líquida</a> e inserida no espectrofotómetro. O caminho <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ptico" class="mw-redirect" title="Óptico">óptico</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span> pela amostra é então a largura da cuvete. Espectrofotómetros mais simples (económicos) usam cuvetes com a forma cilíndrica (<a href="/wiki/Tubo_de_ensaio" title="Tubo de ensaio">tubos de ensaio</a>), porém, os mais sofisticados usam cuvetes retangulares, geralmente com uma largura de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1~cm}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>c</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1~cm}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68c0cdf117fd983247513d079c24dac83381d55a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.79ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1~cm}"></span>. Para espectroscopia apenas no visível, simples cuvetes de <a href="/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro">vidro</a> podem ser usadas, porém a espectroscopia no ultravioleta requer cuvetes especiais feitas de um material que (ao contrário do vidro) não absorva <a href="/wiki/Luz" title="Luz">luz</a> UV, como o <a href="/wiki/Quartzo" title="Quartzo">quartzo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Espectro_ultravioleta-visível"><span id="Espectro_ultravioleta-vis.C3.ADvel"></span>Espectro ultravioleta-visível</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Espectro ultravioleta-visível" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Espectro ultravioleta-visível"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bis(triphenylphosphine)_nickel_(II)_chloride_UV-vis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bis%28triphenylphosphine%29_nickel_%28II%29_chloride_UV-vis.JPG/360px-Bis%28triphenylphosphine%29_nickel_%28II%29_chloride_UV-vis.JPG" decoding="async" width="360" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bis%28triphenylphosphine%29_nickel_%28II%29_chloride_UV-vis.JPG/540px-Bis%28triphenylphosphine%29_nickel_%28II%29_chloride_UV-vis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bis%28triphenylphosphine%29_nickel_%28II%29_chloride_UV-vis.JPG/720px-Bis%28triphenylphosphine%29_nickel_%28II%29_chloride_UV-vis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Um exemplo de gráfico obtido de um espectrofotômetros UV/VIS, no caso em questão, uma amostra de Bis <a href="/wiki/Trifenilfosfina" title="Trifenilfosfina">Trifenilfosfina</a> de <a href="/wiki/Cloreto_de_n%C3%ADquel_(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloreto de níquel (II)">Cloreto de níquel (II)</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle NiCl_{2}{(PPH_{3})}_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle NiCl_{2}{(PPH_{3})}_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f2c012c34f3fd28e3c3137a33bd74bd37255e8dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.72ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle NiCl_{2}{(PPH_{3})}_{2}}"></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Um espectro ultravioleta-visível é essencialmente um <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1fico" title="Gráfico">gráfico</a> (ou plotagem) da absorbância versus o comprimento de onda na faixa do ultravioleta e/ou visível. Tal espectro pode facilmente ser produzido pelos espectrofotômetros mais sofisticados. O comprimento de onda é frequentemente representado pelo símbolo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span>. Da mesma forma, para uma dada substância,um gráfico <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"></span> vs. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span> pode ser feito ou usado se um já está disponível. Para uma dada substância, o comprimento de onda no qual ocorre o máximo de absorção é chamado de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{max}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{max}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0282ccadc70c60e37d98ffdf5509547be5096b34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.84ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{max}}"></span> (lê-se <i>lambda máximo</i>). <sup id="cite_ref-EUV_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUV-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipos_de_espectrofotômetros"><span id="Tipos_de_espectrofot.C3.B4metros"></span>Tipos de espectrofotômetros</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Tipos de espectrofotômetros" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Tipos de espectrofotômetros"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em um espectrofotômetro UV/VIS de feixe simples a luz passa pela amostra. Em um de feixe duplo a luz passa por um divisor de feixe o qual alternadamente direciona o feixe de luz para a amostra ou para uma cela de referência várias vezes por segundo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Espectrofotômetros_UV/_VIS_mais_comuns"><span id="Espectrofot.C3.B4metros_UV.2F_VIS_mais_comuns"></span>Espectrofotômetros UV/ VIS mais comuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Espectrofotômetros UV/ VIS mais comuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Espectrofotômetros UV/ VIS mais comuns"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A seguir está uma lista dos espectrofotômetros UV/VIS mais usados: </p> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Glomax Discover</li> <li>Glomax Explorer</li> <li>PG T60</li> <li>PG T70</li> <li>PG T80</li> <li>PG T90</li> <li>Jasco V630 (Geral)</li> <li>Jasco V630Bio(Análises Biológicas)</li> <li>Jasco V650 (Alta resolução)</li> <li>Jasco V660 (Baixa luz espúria)</li> <li>Jasco V670 (UV-VIS-NIR)</li> <li>GBC Cintra 101</li> <li>GBC Cintra 202</li> <li>GBC Cintra 303</li> <li>GBC Cintra 404</li> <li>Spectronic GENESYS 10</li> <li>Spectronic GENESYS 20</li> <li>Spectronic GENESYS 6</li> <li>Spectronic AquaMate</li> <li>Spectronic BioMate 3</li> <li>Spectronic BioMate 5</li> <li>Nicolet Evolution 100</li> <li>Nicolet Evolution 300</li> <li>Nicolet Evolution 600</li> <li>Libra S21 / S22</li> <li>Libra S32 / Libra S32 PC</li> <li>Libra S5</li> <li>UV-Visível série Libra S11 / S12</li> <li>Shimadzu UV-Mini 1240</li> <li>Shimadzu UV-1800</li> <li>Shimadzu UV-2600/2700</li> <li>Shimadzu UV-3600</li> <li>Gehaka 380G UV-VIS</li> <li>Gehaka 340G VIS</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Química analítica">Química analítica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%A1lise_quantitativa" title="Análise quantitativa">Análise quantitativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espectroscopia_de_infravermelho" title="Espectroscopia de infravermelho">Espectroscopia de infravermelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espectroscopia_rotacional" title="Espectroscopia rotacional">Espectroscopia rotacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espectrofotometria" title="Espectrofotometria">Espectrofotometria</a></li></ul> </div> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EUV-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EUV_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EUV_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EUV_1-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-EUV_1-3">d</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Skoog; et al. (2007). <b>Principles of Instrumental Analysis</b> (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 169–173. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780495012016" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-049-501-201-6</a>. (em inglês)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J Mendham; R C Denney; J D Barnes; M J K Thomas. Vogel - Análise Química Quantitativa 6ªEd. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9788521613114" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-852-161-311-4</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bibliografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Daniel C. Harris, <b>Análise química quantitativa</b>; LTC, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/8521616252" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 8-521-61625-2</a></li> <li>J. Mendham, <b>Vogel: análise química quantitativa</b>, Livros Tecnicos e Científicos, 2002 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/8521613113" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 8-521-61311-3</a></li> <li>G. H. Jeffery, <b>Análise química quantitativa</b>, Guanabara Koogan, 1989 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/8527702169" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 8-527-70216-9</a></li> <li>Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, <b>Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction</b> , Saunders College Pub., 1994 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0030977169" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-030-97716-9</a> (em inglês)</li> <li>A. H. Beckett, J. B. Stenlake, <b>Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Part II Fourth Edition</b> , A&C Black, 1988 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0485113236" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-485-11323-6</a></li> <li>Arnold Heyworth Beckett, John Bedford Stenlake, <b>Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parte 1</b>, Athlone Press, 1988 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0485113228" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-485-11322-8</a> (em inglês)</li> <li>Douglas Skoog, Donald West, F. Holler, Stanley Crouch, <b>Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry</b>, Cengage Learning, 2013 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/1285607198" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-285-60719-8</a> (em inglês)</li></ol> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro.if.ufrgs.br/rad/espec/espec.htm">«Tutorial sobre espectroscopia do Instituto de Física da UFRGS»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AEspectroscopia+UV%2Fvis%C3vel&rft.btitle=Tutorial+sobre+espectroscopia+do+Instituto+de+F%C3sica+da+UFRGS&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastro.if.ufrgs.br%2Frad%2Fespec%2Fespec.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lem.iq.usp.br">«Laboratório de espectroscopia molecular do Instituto de Química da USP»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AEspectroscopia+UV%2Fvis%C3vel&rft.btitle=Laborat%C3%B3rio+de+espectroscopia+molecular+do+Instituto+de+Qu%C3mica+da+USP&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flem.iq.usp.br&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Sciences_exactes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ícone de esboço" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sciences_exactes.svg/30px-Sciences_exactes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sciences_exactes.svg/45px-Sciences_exactes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sciences_exactes.svg/60px-Sciences_exactes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Este artigo sobre <a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia" title="Ciência">ciência</a> é um <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esbo%C3%A7o" title="Wikipédia:Esboço">esboço</a>. Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Espectroscopia_UV/vis%C3%ADvel&action=edit">expandindo-o</a></span></b>.</i><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="position:absolute; right:15px; font-size:smaller; display:none;"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Esbo%C3%A7o-ci%C3%AAncia" title="Predefinição:Esboço-ciência"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Esbo%C3%A7o-ci%C3%AAncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Esboço-ciência (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Esbo%C3%A7o-ci%C3%AAncia&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; 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