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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Využití" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Využití"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Využití</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Využití-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Galerie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fresnelova čočka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 48 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel-Linse" title="Fresnel-Linse – němčina (Švýcarsko)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fresnel-Linse" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="němčina (Švýcarsko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84" title="عدسة فرينل – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عدسة فرينل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lente_de_Fresnel" title="Lente de Fresnel – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lente de Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Френель линзаһы – baškirština" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Френель линзаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Френелова леща – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френелова леща" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent_de_Fresnel" title="Lent de Fresnel – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lent de Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnellinse" title="Fresnellinse – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fresnellinse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel-Linse" title="Fresnel-Linse – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fresnel-Linse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fresnel lens" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel-lenso" title="Fresnel-lenso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fresnel-lenso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lente_de_Fresnel" title="Lente de Fresnel – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lente de Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresneli_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ts" title="Fresneli lääts – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fresneli lääts" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_leiar" title="Fresnel leiar – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fresnel leiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%84" title="عدسی فرسنل – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عدسی فرسنل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel-linssi" title="Fresnel-linssi – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fresnel-linssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentille_de_Fresnel" title="Lentille de Fresnel – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lentille de Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel-Lins" title="Fresnel-Lins – fríština (severní)" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fresnel-Lins" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="fríština (severní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lente_de_Fresnel" title="Lente de Fresnel – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lente de Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9C" title="עדשת פרנל – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עדשת פרנל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="फ्रेसनेल ताल – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रेसनेल ताल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnelova_zrcala" title="Fresnelova zrcala – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fresnelova zrcala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensa_Fresnel" title="Lensa Fresnel – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lensa Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lente_di_Fresnel" title="Lente di Fresnel – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lente di Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="フレネルレンズ – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレネルレンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Френель линзасы – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Френель линзасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%84%AC_%EB%A0%8C%EC%A6%88" title="프레넬 렌즈 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프레넬 렌즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B0" title="Френелова леќа – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Френелова леќа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Френелийн линз – mongolština" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Френелийн линз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanta_Fresnel" title="Kanta Fresnel – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kanta Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnellens" title="Fresnellens – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fresnellens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel-linse" title="Fresnel-linse – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fresnel-linse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soczewka_Fresnela" title="Soczewka Fresnela – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Soczewka Fresnela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lente_de_Fresnel" title="Lente de Fresnel – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lente de Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Линза Френеля – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линза Френеля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fresnel lens" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnelova_%C5%A1o%C5%A1ovka" title="Fresnelova šošovka – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fresnelova šošovka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnelova_le%C4%8Da" title="Fresnelova leča – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fresnelova leča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Фреснелова сочива – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фреснелова сочива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel-lins" title="Fresnel-lins – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fresnel-lins" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பிரெனெல் வில்லை – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரெனெல் வில்லை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5" title="เลนส์แฟรแนล – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลนส์แฟรแนล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fresnel lens" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Лінза Френеля – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лінза Френеля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_linzalari" title="Fresnel linzalari – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fresnel linzalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A5u_k%C3%ADnh_Fresnel" title="Thấu kính Fresnel – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thấu kính Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lente_Fresnel" title="Lente Fresnel – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lente Fresnel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E6%B6%85%E8%80%B3%E9%80%8F%E9%8F%A1" title="菲涅耳透鏡 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲涅耳透鏡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E6%B6%85%E7%88%BE%E9%80%8F%E9%8F%A1" title="菲涅爾透鏡 – kantonština" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菲涅爾透鏡" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Fresnel_lens.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fresnel_lens.svg/220px-Fresnel_lens.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fresnel_lens.svg/330px-Fresnel_lens.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fresnel_lens.svg/440px-Fresnel_lens.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Porovnání čočky Fresnelovy (1) a klasické (2)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fresnelova čočka</b> [vysl. <i>frenelova</i>], pojmenovaná podle svého vynálezce, francouzského fyzika <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustina-Jeana Fresnela</a>, má při podobných parametrech a stejném použitém materiálu (sklo, plast) podstatně nižší hmotnost než běžná <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Co%C4%8Dka_(optika)" title="Čočka (optika)">čočka</a>, protože jsou z ní odstraněny ty části, které se nepodílejí přímo na lomu paprsků. Pro svou menší tloušťku, a tedy i hmotnost, je vhodná nejen pro zobrazování (kde se však projeví její vady), ale zejména pro aplikaci v osvětlovací a signalizační technice a využití sluneční energie. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Historie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fresnelova čočka byla vyvinuta roku 1822 původně pro námořní <a href="/wiki/Maj%C3%A1k" title="Maják">majáky</a>. Až do 18. století byl „maják“ klasická olejová lampa s velmi nízkou účinností, protože jen pár procent světla se dostalo k pozorovateli. Koncem 18. století účinnost zlepšilo kovové parabolické <a href="/wiki/Zrcadlo" title="Zrcadlo">zrcadlo</a>, umístěné za plamenem lampy. Fresnelův vynález zvýšil účinnost až k 80 % a viditelnost dosáhla desítek kilometrů. Otáčivé soustavy Fresnelových čoček a zrcadel navíc vysílají charakteristickou frekvenci záblesků různých barev, podle nichž lze maják – na základě námořní <a href="/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa">mapy</a> – identifikovat. V moderních provedeních může mít čočka průměr až 2,5 m a účinek Fresnelovy čočky se ještě kombinuje s okrajovými prstenci, které světlo nelámou, nýbrž odrážejí žádoucím směrem.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fresnel rozdělil čočky do devíti kategorií (řádů). Největší byla prvního řádu s ohniskovou vzdáleností 920 mm a nejmenší osmého řádu s ohniskovou vzdáleností 75 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Největší čočky byly <a href="/wiki/Hyperradi%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka" title="Hyperradiální Fresnelova čočka">hyperradiální</a> s ohniskovou vzdáleností 1330 mm a mezoradiální čočky s ohniskovou vzdáleností 1123 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Klasifikace Fresnelových čoček </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>řád </th> <th>ohnisková vzdálenost v mm </th> <th>výška v mm </th> <th>hmotnost v kg </th></tr> <tr> <td>první </td> <td>920 </td> <td>2590 </td> <td>5800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>druhý </td> <td>700 </td> <td>2070 </td> <td>1600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>třetí </td> <td>500 </td> <td>1576 </td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>třetí a půl </td> <td>375 </td> <td>1090 </td> <td>545 </td></tr> <tr> <td>čtvrtý </td> <td>250 </td> <td>722 </td> <td>200–300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>pátý </td> <td>187,5 </td> <td>541 </td> <td>120–200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>šestý </td> <td>150 </td> <td>433 </td> <td>30–100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>sedmý </td> <td>140 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>6,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>osmý </td> <td>75 </td> <td>82 </td> <td>2,75 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Využití"><span id="Vyu.C5.BEit.C3.AD"></span>Využití</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Využití" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Využití"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Cape_Willoughby_Lighthouse_Fresnel_lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cape_Willoughby_Lighthouse_Fresnel_lens.jpg/220px-Cape_Willoughby_Lighthouse_Fresnel_lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cape_Willoughby_Lighthouse_Fresnel_lens.jpg/330px-Cape_Willoughby_Lighthouse_Fresnel_lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cape_Willoughby_Lighthouse_Fresnel_lens.jpg/440px-Cape_Willoughby_Lighthouse_Fresnel_lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Soustava Fresnelových čoček pro maják</figcaption></figure> <p>Skleněných nebo často i plastikových Fresnelových čoček užívají: </p> <ul><li>infračervená čidla pohybu PIR, viz <a href="/wiki/Pasivn%C3%AD_infra%C4%8Derven%C3%A9_%C4%8Didlo" title="Pasivní infračervené čidlo">Pasivní infračervené čidlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maj%C3%A1k" title="Maják">majáky</a> (poprvé osazena roku <a href="/wiki/1823" title="1823">1823</a> na majáku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordouan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cordouan (stránka neexistuje)">Cordouan</a> při ústí řeky <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Girondy</a>)</li> <li>divadelní, filmové i vojenské <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btlomet" title="Světlomet">světlomety</a></li> <li>světla („reflektory“) motorových vozidel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maj%C3%A1%C4%8Dek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majáček (stránka neexistuje)">majáčky</a> policejních a jiných pohotovostních vozidel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%9Bteln%C3%A9_signaliza%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_za%C5%99%C3%ADzen%C3%AD" title="Světelné signalizační zařízení">semafory</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1v%C4%9Bstidlo" title="Návěstidlo">návěstidla</a> a signalizační světla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondenzor_(optika)" title="Kondenzor (optika)">kondenzory</a> zvětšovacích a promítacích zařízení</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zp%C4%9Btn%C3%BD_projektor" title="Zpětný projektor">zpětný projektor</a></li> <li>velmi plochá <a href="/wiki/Lupa" title="Lupa">lupa</a></li> <li>sběrače <a href="/wiki/Sol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_kolektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Solární kolektor">slunečních kolektorů</a></li> <li>nitrooční čočka, tzv. trifokální čočka</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galerie">Galerie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Galerie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Galerie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Princip fungování Fresnelovy čočky v majáku s olejovou lampou; zrcadlové pásy, namontované kolem, zvyšovaly účinnost (více světla do paralelního paprsku)"><img alt="Princip fungování Fresnelovy čočky v majáku s olejovou lampou; zrcadlové pásy, namontované kolem, zvyšovaly účinnost (více světla do paralelního paprsku)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png/102px-Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png/153px-Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png/204px-Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princip fungování Fresnelovy čočky v majáku s olejovou lampou; zrcadlové pásy, namontované kolem, zvyšovaly účinnost (více světla do paralelního paprsku)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Lentille_de_fresnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Složitá Fresnelova čočka pro maják (Musée national de la Marine, Paříž)"><img alt="Složitá Fresnelova čočka pro maják (Musée national de la Marine, Paříž)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lentille_de_fresnel.jpg/95px-Lentille_de_fresnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lentille_de_fresnel.jpg/143px-Lentille_de_fresnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lentille_de_fresnel.jpg/190px-Lentille_de_fresnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Složitá Fresnelova čočka pro maják (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine" title="Musée national de la Marine">Musée national de la Marine</a>, Paříž)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Maják s lucernami opatřenými Fresnelovou čočkou na Světové výstavě v Paříži roku 1855"><img alt="Maják s lucernami opatřenými Fresnelovou čočkou na Světové výstavě v Paříži roku 1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png/86px-Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png/129px-Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png/173px-Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maják s lucernami opatřenými Fresnelovou čočkou na <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%BDstava_1855" title="Světová výstava 1855">Světové výstavě v Paříži</a> roku 1855</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Fresnel_face.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plochá lupa"><img alt="Plochá lupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fresnel_face.jpg/120px-Fresnel_face.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fresnel_face.jpg/180px-Fresnel_face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fresnel_face.jpg/240px-Fresnel_face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plochá lupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Fresnel_lens_ridges_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail ploché lupy"><img alt="Detail ploché lupy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fresnel_lens_ridges_closeup.jpg/120px-Fresnel_lens_ridges_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fresnel_lens_ridges_closeup.jpg/180px-Fresnel_lens_ridges_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fresnel_lens_ridges_closeup.jpg/240px-Fresnel_lens_ridges_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail ploché lupy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference">Reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Seeing The Light - The Fresnel Lens. <i>www.terrypepper.com</i> [online]. [cit. 2023-07-12]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/closeups/illumination/fresnel/fresnel.htm">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.terrypepper.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrypepper.com%2Flights%2Fcloseups%2Fillumination%2Ffresnel%2Ffresnel.htm&rft.atitle=Seeing+The+Light+-+The+Fresnel+Lens"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Sentinelles des Mers. <i>detienne.net</i> [online]. [cit. 2022-08-25]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://detienne.net/phares/divers_fresnel_fr.php">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=detienne.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdetienne.net%2Fphares%2Fdivers_fresnel_fr.php&rft.atitle=Sentinelles+des+Mers"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Fresnel Lens Orders, Sizes, Weights, Quantities and Costs | US Lighthouse Society. <i>uslhs.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2023-07-12]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627061512/https://uslhs.org/fresnel-lens-orders-sizes-weights-quantities-and-costs">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslhs.org/fresnel-lens-orders-sizes-weights-quantities-and-costs">originálu</a> dne 2023-06-27.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=uslhs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuslhs.org%2Ffresnel-lens-orders-sizes-weights-quantities-and-costs&rft.atitle=Fresnel+Lens+Orders%2C+Sizes%2C+Weights%2C+Quantities+and+Costs+%7C+US+Lighthouse+Society"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Sentinelles des Mers. <i>detienne.net</i> [online]. [cit. 2022-08-25]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://detienne.net/phares/divers_hyper_radial_gb.php">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=detienne.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdetienne.net%2Fphares%2Fdivers_hyper_radial_gb.php&rft.atitle=Sentinelles+des+Mers"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maj%C3%A1k" title="Maják">maják</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1v%C4%9Bstidlo" title="Návěstidlo">návěstidlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btlomet" title="Světlomet">světlomet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnelova_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fresnel_lenses" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Fresnel lenses">Fresnelova čočka</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span><i> </i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/closeups/illumination/fresnel/fresnel.htm">T. Pepper, <i>The incredible Fresnel lens</i></a> <span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lighthousegetaway.com/lights/fresnel.html">The Fresnel lens</a> (s obrázky z majáků) <span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bclee.net/lens.html">O vypalování a tavení velkou Fresnelovou čočkou</a> <span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 th,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title{background-color:#e0e0e0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{background-color:#e7e7e7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-abovebelow{background-color:#f0f0f0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}</style><div role="navigation" class="navbox2" aria-labelledby="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14672#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox2-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14672#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" scope="row" class="navbox2-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritn%C3%AD_kontrola" title="Autoritní kontrola">Autoritní data</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14672#identifiers" title="Editovat na Wikidatech"><img alt="Editovat na Wikidatech" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox2-list navbox2-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_republiky" title="Národní knihovna České republiky">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1098515">ph1098515</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna_Izraele" title="Národní knihovna Izraele">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553003705171">987007553003705171</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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