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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #009E60; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#009E60"><b>Gather 'round the campfire</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Folklore</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#66ffc3;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Folklore" title="Category:Folklore"><img alt="Icon folklore.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/43/Icon_folklore.svg/100px-Icon_folklore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/43/Icon_folklore.svg/150px-Icon_folklore.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/43/Icon_folklore.svg/200px-Icon_folklore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#009E60; text-align:center;"><b>Folklore</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#66ffc3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligators_in_the_sewers" title="Alligators in the sewers">Alligators in the sewers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99" title="龙">龙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_(fran%C3%A7ais)" title="Halloween (français)">Halloween (français)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#009E60; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends"><font color="white">Urban legends</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#66ffc3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothman" title="Mothman">Mothman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Heeled_Jack" title="Spring Heeled Jack">Spring Heeled Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_death" title="Fan death">Fan death</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#009E60; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition"><font color="white">Superstition</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#66ffc3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molybdomancy" title="Molybdomancy">Molybdomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23" title="23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_letter" title="Chain letter">Chain letter</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folklore" title="Template:Folklore">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folklore" title="Template talk:Folklore">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Folklore&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>You see, Doctor, there are as many species of vampire as there are beasts of prey.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Kronos_%E2%80%93_Vampire_Hunter" class="extiw" title="wp:Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter">Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vampires</b> (or <b>Vampyres</b>, if you're old or pretentious) are mythical beings who subsist by feeding on the <a href="/wiki/Life_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Life force">life essence</a> (generally in the form of blood) of living creatures. In folklore, vampires could be either <a href="/wiki/Undead" class="mw-redirect" title="Undead">undead</a> or a living person.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bane_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bane-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Many people find the <a href="/wiki/Undead" class="mw-redirect" title="Undead">undead</a> variant of <a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">vampires incredibly hawt</a>. Some will go so far as to dress and almost <i>act</i> like them. Others (though apparently not everyone<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>) find the penetration aspect disconcerting. Very few vampires have been known to be whiny teenagers who sparkle in the sun. </p><p>Contrary to popular belief, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" class="mw-redirect" title="Garlic">garlic</a> may <i>attract</i> vampires.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> No, really — check the study. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins_and_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins and history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Religious_interpretations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Religious interpretations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#How_to_kill_a_vampire"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">How to kill a vampire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Stupidity_and_woo"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Stupidity and woo</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#.22Real.22_vampires"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">"Real" vampires</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Vampire_hunters"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vampire hunters</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#One_reason_vampires_cannot_exist"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">One reason vampires cannot exist</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Suggested_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Suggested reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>As you study vampire legend throughout history, it goes back to almost every culture. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, crazy places have that legend and that idea of <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hardwicke" class="extiw" title="wp:Catherine Hardwicke" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Catherine Hardwicke">Catherine Hardwicke</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> director of the film adaptation of <i>Twilight</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The concept of a being that had to feed on the blood of the living goes all the way back to ancient times. The Lilitu of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> is perhaps the oldest of these, and there is some debate whether this has any relation to <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a> who supposedly drained the blood of children (who in the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Book of <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Isaiah#Isaiah_34:14" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Isaiah">Isaiah 34:14</a> is translated "lamia"). Such beings need not be undead, as shown by the Astral (everywhere), <i>ghul</i> (Arabia), <i>loogaroo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>), and <i>penanggalen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malay Peninsula</a>) who were living sorcerers or <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a>. In the majority of cases, the vampire of folklore was horrific even if they weren't a walking corpse. For example, the <i>penanggalen</i> at night was a flying head with its entrails dangling below. In Indonesia, a city was named for the <i>pontianak</i>, a "vampiric female ghost". </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmilla.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carmilla.jpg/300px-Carmilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carmilla.jpg/450px-Carmilla.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carmilla.jpg/600px-Carmilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1098" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmilla.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Illustration in Carmilla, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" class="extiw" title="wp:Sheridan Le Fanu" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Sheridan Le Fanu">Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu's</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> vampire story (1872)</div></div></div><p> The modern concept of the cool undead vampire that women would actually <i>want</i> to have bite them (or men, in the case of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld_(2003_film)" class="extiw" title="wp:Underworld (2003 film)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Underworld (2003 film)">Kate B.</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in a tight black latex outfit) probably stems originally from 19<sup>th</sup> century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_dreadful" class="extiw" title="wp:Penny dreadful" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Penny dreadful">pulp novels</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> like John William Polidori's <i>The Vampyre</i> (1819), the anonymous <i>Varney the Vampire; or, the Feast of Blood</i> (1845-47), and Sheridan Le Fanu's <i>Carmilla</i> (1871-72), the last being best known now for putting a <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> twist on the genre. </p><p>Published in 1897, Bram Stoker's novel <i>Dracula</i> added more modern elements to vampire literature, incorporating then-new ideas and contemporary advances in medical science. For example, vampirism is transmitted from person to person through bites, referencing the then-novel conception of infectious diseases. The victims are cured via blood transfusions, a new technique at the time, and the way Van Helsing and his crew purify Dracula's boxes of soil with <a href="/wiki/Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion">Communion</a> wafers can be read as a sterilization, also a recently-invented practice.<sup id="cite_ref-kirshnan-lithub_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirshnan-lithub-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>The book also embodies various contemporary <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" class="mw-redirect" title="Prejudice">prejudices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>. Dracula is said to come from Eastern Europe, the homeland of many immigrants in London, and he's described as a "whirlpool" of races, referencing similar contemporary descriptions of London's East End, a hub for <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> refugees fleeing <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in Eastern Europe. These aspects, combined with his association with diseases, reflect anti-immigrant rhetoric of that time, which associated the arrival of immigrants with both medical and moral illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-kirshnan-lithub_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirshnan-lithub-12">[12]</a></sup> The book also references Max Nordau and Cesare Lombroso, who were obsessed with the idea that modern society had become <a href="/wiki/Degenerate" title="Degenerate">degenerate</a>. Nordau equated artists with bomb-throwing <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a> and pioneered the concept of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art_and_architecture#Degenerate_art" title="Modern art and architecture">so-called "degenerate art"</a>, and Lombroso believed that <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">the shape of the skull predicted future criminal deeds</a>, which he considered a form of <a href="/wiki/De-evolution" title="De-evolution">de-evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> </p><p><i>Dracula</i> is the one most remembered nowadays, partly because of a highly successful stage adaptation and, later, Universal Pictures' famous 1931 film with Bela Lugosi.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[note 1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[note 2]</a></sup> Since the novel is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 3]</a></sup> it has since had numerous adaptations in film and television, ranging from the classy to the lurid to the comedic. The <i>Castlevania</i> <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> series also has Dracula as the antagonist of several games.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a></sup> It was also filmed without permission by FW Murnau as <i>Nosferatu</i> (1921), subject of a successful legal action by Stoker's heirs, but today regarded as one of the greatest versions of the story — it's also the source of vampires burning in sunlight. Yes, that's actually a fairly modern invention.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>A good number of modern adaptations tend to draw inspiration from two real-life figures that the character was allegedly based on: Vlad III the Impaler, a 15<sup>th</sup> century Wallachian duke who was famed for his campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Ottomans</a> and his trademark execution method (both of which have made him something of a <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> folk hero), and the "Blood Countess" Elizabeth Báthory, one of the most prolific serial killers in history, a <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> countess who allegedly murdered hundreds of girls and young women and bathed in their blood to maintain her youth and beauty; the actual number is suspected to be "only" around 30-40, but still.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampire_world_bank_protest16.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vampire_world_bank_protest16.jpg/165px-Vampire_world_bank_protest16.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="248" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vampire_world_bank_protest16.jpg/248px-Vampire_world_bank_protest16.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vampire_world_bank_protest16.jpg/330px-Vampire_world_bank_protest16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampire_world_bank_protest16.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>I vaant to saack your blaad!'</i></div></div></div> <p>For decades, <i>Dracula</i> was pretty much <i>the</i> vampire story. Even as late as the 1970s, the more "modern" vampire movies by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> studio Hammer Films were themselves new adaptations of the Count featuring many of Stoker's characters (or their descendants). There did exist alternative takes on vampire mythology, such as Richard Matheson's <i>I Am Legend</i> (which also served as a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Zombies" title="Zombies">zombie</a> story) and Hammer's 1974 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Kronos_%E2%80%93_Vampire_Hunter" class="extiw" title="wp:Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter">Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i>, the first of a planned series that was to deal with "as many species of vampire as there are beasts of prey" and dealt with a vampire that drained youth and was active in daylight. However, most vampire stories looked chiefly to the 1931 Universal picture for inspiration (in Stoker's actual novel, Dracula is active in daylight). If somebody was talking about vampires, they were probably thinking of the 1931 <i>Dracula</i> movie. </p><p>That changed with the publication of Anne Rice's <i>Vampire Chronicles</i> series, starting with <i>Interview with the Vampire</i> in 1976. While vampires had had sex appeal well before then, Rice's books turned it up to erotic levels, while also answering the question of what happens when you put multiple bloodthirsty apex predators in the same room. The answer: a whole new genre known as "urban fantasy", in which vampires had <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">entire societies</a> separate from humanity, scheming against one another while treating humans like cattle. Love 'em or hate 'em, Rice's books sparked a new interest in vampire fiction in the '80s and '90s that reached across film, television, literature, and gaming. </p><p>Some might mention the <i>Twilight</i> series by <a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">Stephenie Meyer</a> here. To those who would dare do such a thing: <i>shut your yapper.</i> Though to be fair, the penny dreadful <i>Varney the Vampire</i> (1845–47) is likely worse, as the writer was paid by the line, resulting in an 876 double-columned page monstrosity divided into 220 chapters when somebody thought turning the weekly series into a book in 1847 was a good idea. This rambling nightmare went on for 207 weeks, with Varney getting repeatedly killed and raised by moonlight and several other means until the author had Varney chuck himself into Mount Vesuvius.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>Before <i>Dracula</i>, European vampires were something more akin to <a href="/wiki/Werewolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Werewolves">werewolves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zombies" title="Zombies">zombies</a>: the mythical undead danger in the forest. Some (like the Vrykolakas from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>) could pass themselves off as humans and even father children (one of the possible sources for the half-human half-vampire Dhampir concept), though for the most part they were clearly animated corpses. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> Ch'ing Shich from Siberia and China is so similar to many European vampires that it is nearly frightening.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a></sup> As with the large range of European types, they could be peasant or noble, and in many cases was a corpse animated by a <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>. They, like their European counterparts, could vary from beautiful to horrific. There is a very close variant called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jiangshi" class="extiw" title="wp:jiangshi" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: jiangshi">jiangshi</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> or hopping corpse.<sup id="cite_ref-bane_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bane-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44,75</sup> The main difference is that the jiangshi is <b>always</b> the result of a soul that cannot find rest and comes largely from the story <i>The Corpse Who Traveled a Thousand Miles.</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bane_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bane-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:75</sup> The jiangshi are always dressed in Qing Dynasty burial robes (think Fu Manchu here); they hop around with their arms stretched out like the Frankenstein monster. Somebody tried to make a movie involving the jiangshi,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a></sup> and yes, the result was what has to be the most ridiculous vampire ever put on film.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Every vampire fiction reinvents vampires to its own needs. <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">You take what you want.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joss_Whedon" class="extiw" title="wp:Joss Whedon" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Joss Whedon">Joss Whedon</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> creator of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" class="extiw" title="wp:Buffy the Vampire Slayer" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Buffy the Vampire Slayer"><i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i></span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm/300px--Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" width="300" height="225" data-durationhint="5059.521" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Nosferatu_(1922,_English_titles_1947).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="244984" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="485312" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="488976" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="793024" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="799490" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm/Nosferatu_%281922%2C_English_titles_1947%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" data-bandwidth="998928" /></video> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nosferatu_(1922,_English_titles_1947).webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Yes, we have <i>Nosferatu</i>! We have <i>Nosferatu</i> today!</div></div></div> <p>In pop culture, from films such as <i>Blade</i>, <i>Night Watch</i>, <i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i>, and <i>Hotel Transylvania</i> to TV shows such as <i>Being Human</i>, <i>Count Duckula</i>, <i>Castlevania</i>, and <i>Adventure Time</i> or visual novels such as <i>Tsukihime</i> and its spin-offs, <i>Blood</i>, and <i>Hellsing</i>, vampires being nice and not drinking blood is a common theme. Some will just feast on animal blood, some will "go on the wagon" (plus many other references to <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>), some will just eat shades of red, some will use an alternative. However, even a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a> vampire can't get blood from a turnip. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula,_anonymous_photograph_from_1931,_Universal_Studios.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg/200px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg/300px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg/400px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1193" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula,_anonymous_photograph_from_1931,_Universal_Studios.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Velcome!</i></div></div></div> <p>Vampires also tend to fight with other mythical creatures across various works of fiction. Almost without exception, the vampires are the <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">cool</a> ones at the top of the food chain, while <a href="/wiki/Lycanthropy" title="Lycanthropy">werewolves</a> are usually the butt of their jokes. Not even <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Discworld</a> is able to escape this stereotype. </p><p>The earliest fictional vampires such as Varney the Vampire and even Stoker's Dracula were not destroyed by sunlight. That feature was introduced in F. W. Murnau's 1922 film <i>Nosferatu</i> (an unauthorized <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> adaptation of <i>Dracula</i> that's still regarded as one of the best). From that point on (with the occasional exception such as the vampire in Hammer's <i>Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter</i> and the vampires in <i>Master of Mosquiton</i> and <i>Hellsing</i> manga and anime), exposure to sunlight was one of the go-tos for dispatching a vampire. Now, thanks to ingenuity, an occasional trip back to the original folklore, and <a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">Stephenie Meyer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[note 5]</a></sup> all a vampire needs to keep from turning into ash is some bleached hair, sunscreen, and bad plot devices. </p><p>More recent books starring vampires include the likes of <i>Twilight</i> by the aforementioned Stephenie Meyer, <i>The Vampire Diaries</i> by L.J. Smith, and <i>The Southern Vampire Mysteries</i> (aka <i>True Blood</i>) by a <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi">Mississippian</a> named Charlaine Harris (the last of which is set in the last place you would expect to find a vampire: the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">South</a>). All three have become successful live-action movies or TV shows, and in the case of the third a critical hit (well, that is, until the latter seasons of the show). </p><p>Of course, the destruction of a vampire can be played for laughs, as is the case with Alucard von Mosquiton, who gets killed via stake and brought back with blood in nearly every episode of the six part <i>Master of Mosquiton</i> OVA. </p><p>What will drive a vampire away varies on how the various elements are used. </p><p>For example, in <i>The Fearless Vampire Killers</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Crucifiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifiction">crucifix</a> has no effect on a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> vampire. </p><p>In Marvel Comics, a vampire is driven away by belief. For example, in <i>Uncanny X-Men</i> #159, Kitty Pryde (who is Jewish) tries to drive Dracula away with a cross, which has no effect, but the Star of David on her necklace does affect him. Later, Wolverine makes a cross with his claws and Dracula laughs in his face, as Wolverine does not believe. Nightcrawler (who is a devout <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a>) makes a cross from some wood and drives Dracula away. Additionally, there are also vampire characters in the Marvel Universe such as the aforementioned Blade (who is a dhampir vampire hunter with his blood-sucking lineage coming from his father) and Morbius the Living Vampire (an archenemy of Spider-Man/antihero, who, while not a true vampire per se, does have aspects of them). </p><p>The comedy <i>Love at First Bite</i> has Dr. Rosenberg pull out a Star of David, to which Dracula comments that Rosenberg should go find a nice Jewish girl. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_interpretations">Religious interpretations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious interpretations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>I am a former newspaper reporter turned church secretary turned vampire novelist. I wrote my first complete novel, <i>Nice Girls Don't Have Fangs</i>, at night while I was working as the receptionist for a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> church. That was an interesting conversation with the pastor.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Harper" class="extiw" title="wp:Molly Harper" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Molly Harper">Molly Harper</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early, as well as modern, interpretations of European vampire lore suggest an allegory or parody of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. If a character <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">drinks the blood</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">vampire</a>, they will die but <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">live forever after death</a>. Sound familiar? </p><p>However, not all folklore vampires were based in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The Gaki of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, for instance, was related to <a href="/wiki/Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shintoism</a>. </p><p>Despite (or possibly because of) this, many priests have denounced the stories of Dracula and, more recently, Edward Cullen, akinning vampire-fandom to <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>. It is expected that many of those who speak out against such novels for this reason haven't read the books, otherwise they would praise the <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> message of the <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight" class="mw-redirect" title="Twilight">Twilight</a></i> saga and criticize it for its horrible writing. Although some claim it's full of <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> references, so they might not like that if they're not Mormons themselves. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="How_to_kill_a_vampire">How to kill a vampire</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: How to kill a vampire">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Vampire teeth really aren't very efficient, are they? It looks very messy. I'm not sure it's the best way to get a pint off anyone.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoirse_Ronan" class="extiw" title="wp:Saoirse Ronan" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Saoirse Ronan">Saoirse Ronan</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampire_killing_kit_-_Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!_-_Fisherman%27s_Wharf,_San_Francisco,_California,_USA.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vampire_killing_kit_-_Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not%21_-_Fisherman%27s_Wharf%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg/200px-Vampire_killing_kit_-_Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not%21_-_Fisherman%27s_Wharf%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vampire_killing_kit_-_Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not%21_-_Fisherman%27s_Wharf%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg/300px-Vampire_killing_kit_-_Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not%21_-_Fisherman%27s_Wharf%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vampire_killing_kit_-_Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not%21_-_Fisherman%27s_Wharf%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg/400px-Vampire_killing_kit_-_Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not%21_-_Fisherman%27s_Wharf%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampire_killing_kit_-_Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!_-_Fisherman%27s_Wharf,_San_Francisco,_California,_USA.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Vampire killing kit on display in the Ripley's Believe It or Not! Museum in San Francisco, California.</div></div></div> <p>Undead vampires are almost immortal, but they need to drain the lifeforce of the living in order to survive, usually in the form of blood. </p><p>The traditional sunlight, decapitation, being burned to ashes, or an oak stake driven through the heart is based on a mishmash of the Slavic variant (Vampiir), <i>Nosferatu</i> (1922), and <i>Dracula</i> (1931)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[note 6]</a></sup> movie. <i>Captain Kronos — Vampire Hunter'</i>s claim of there being "as many species of vampire as there are beasts of prey" is not that far from the actual folklore. </p><p>R.P. Smith 1979 "Varieties of Vampires" <i>Dragon Magazine</i> #25, <i>GURPS Blood Types</i>, and Theresa Bane's 2010 <i>Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology</i><sup id="cite_ref-bane_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bane-8">[8]</a></sup> outline some of the methods of killing folklore vampires that for the most part are outside the standard methods above. </p><p>For example, the Astral (everywhere), Baital (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>), and Gaki (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>) vampires are spirits that animate corpses and can be active in daylight if they want. So you can "kill" the body they are using, but they will simply animate another one. At least one vampire, the Katakhana, has a destroy by date — if not destroyed 40 days after creation, it becomes indestructible. </p><p>The Vukodlak<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[note 7]</a></sup> out of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> has what has to be the most insane destruction criteria of any folklore vampire. Either it is 1) stab through the stomach with a stake made of hawthorn 2) cover its hair with tar 3) set it ablaze with a candle that was used during its wake. 4) Make sure the fire is hot enough and burns long enough to render the corpse to ash. or it is a) cut off its toes and thumbs, b) drive a spike into its neck, pierce its navel (not its heart) with a stake, c) burn it with a fire lit by holy candles (mess it up and you have one pissed off Vukodlak coming after you… once it regenerates). </p><p>One problem with vampire myths is that there are issues with translations and spelling variations making it hard to see if the myth is of one vampire or ones with very similar names. For example, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vampires.wikia.com/wiki/Jiang_Shi">Jiang Shi, Ch’ing Shih, and Ch'iang Shich</a> seem to be three different vampires, despite the similarity of pronouncing their names. Similarly, the terms Vampiir and Vampir sound identical but seem to refer to two different vampires. </p><p>Another problem is that words change. Vukolak means both vampire and werewolf and seems to be what the Wild Wild West episode "Night of the Wolf" was going for with "vrkalack". It is unclear if the "Wurdulak" vampire in the 1963 film <i>Black Sabbath</i> is a variation of this or something made up that sounds similar. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Stupidity_and_woo">Stupidity and woo</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stupidity and woo">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>There's a whole vampire community online — those are some crazy people.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Heckerling" class="extiw" title="wp:Amy Heckerling" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Amy Heckerling">Amy Heckerling</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span id=""Real"_vampires"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Real.22_vampires">"Real" vampires</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Real" vampires">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>I'm an energy vampire. I just suck off everybody's energy, but I give it back.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton" class="extiw" title="wp:Dolly Parton" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some people actually think they're vampires, though what they define as a vampire varies, with one such laughable variation known as the "psychic vampire"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a></sup> or "energy vampire".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a></sup> The old joke is that "real vampires" are people who played too much <i>Vampire: The Masquerade</i> and read too much Anne Rice in the '90s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a></sup> One <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> linked vampirism to the skin disease porphyria (whose symptoms include photosensitivity); this has since been discredited, but it still comes up from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a></sup> </p><p>A group called the Temple of the Vampire<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a></sup> currently assists people in "awakening to their vampire nature", offering not only a free introductory audio series, but also memberships for the low, low price of $20 a month (or $200 a year). As one of the perks of being a <i>real vampire</i>, you get a discount on the Vampire Bible, which contains all the tenets of vampire society (which seem to begin with "com[ing] to a predator's perspective toward human beings" — very comforting); as a member, you pay $40 for it instead of $60.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[note 8]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Schnoebelen" title="William Schnoebelen">William Schnoebelen</a> claims to have been a practicing vampire until he was turned by a bank clerk in 1980, lost all his magical powers, and converted to <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[34]</a></sup> He has since denounced the Mormons, claiming that they're a front for <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vampire_hunters">Vampire hunters</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vampire hunters">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span><i>Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter</i> is without a doubt the best film we are ever likely to see on the subject — unless there is a sequel, which is unlikely, because at the end, the Lincolns are on their way to the theater.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert" class="extiw" title="wp:Roger Ebert" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[note 9]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other people really think that they are vampire hunters. Inspired by the lurid accounts of "actual" vampire hunts of the 18th century (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Paole" class="extiw" title="wp:Arnold Paole" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Arnold Paole">Arnold Paole</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> being the most famous of these) and the Victorian vampire craze a few scholars stripped their gears and went vampire hunting though the majority of 19<sup>th</sup> century hunts were done by local "amateurs" or quacks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[36]</a></sup> Occasionally, vampire hunting kits from the late 19<sup>th</sup> century will turn up at antique stores and auctions, with some selling for as much as $12,000. The kits usually came in the form of ornate boxes containing a crucifix, wooden stakes, vials of <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">"holy" water</a>, and a small Derringer-style pistol with <a href="/wiki/Silver_bullet" title="Silver bullet">silver bullets</a>. The kits were novelty items sold to <a href="/wiki/Goth" title="Goth">fans of the macabre</a> and the gullible (i.e. Victorian-Era <a href="/wiki/Mall_ninja" title="Mall ninja">mall ninjas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[37]</a></sup> </p><p>Even after vampires were dismissed as fiction, the occasional modern vampire hunter still turns up. Perhaps the best known of these modern vampire hunters are British weirdos <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Manchester" title="Seán Manchester">Seán Manchester</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[38]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/David_Farrant" title="David Farrant">David Farrant</a>, who claim to hunt and kill vampires for real. They are best known — in fact, solely known — for their involvement in the Highgate Vampire incident in the '70s, and subsequent rivalry over their competing accounts of the events. Indeed, a search for Manchester on Wikipedia gets a redirect to the Highgate Vampire article<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[39]</a></sup>, while a search for Farrant will bring up an obscure <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <a href="/wiki/Fun:Cricket" title="Fun:Cricket">cricketer</a>, with a note at the top saying "<i>For other uses, see Highgate Vampire#Initial publicity.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[40]</a></sup> </p><p>However, Manchester and Farrant are beaten in popularity by the fictional vampire hunters Abraham Van Helsing, one of the main characters of the aforementioned <i>Dracula</i>, and Buffy Summers, star of the cult TV series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)" class="extiw" title="wp:Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></i>. </p><p>In 1954, the city of Glasgow, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> went vampire-crazy, with hundreds of schoolkids swarming the city's cemeteries in pursuit of the "Gorbals vampire". This figure was rumoured to be seven feet tall (2.13 metres) with iron teeth, and thought to have killed and eaten two children (although no missing children were reported).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[41]</a></sup> Moral campaigners blamed American comic books for the hysteria, particularly one called The <i>Vampire with the Iron Teeth</i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[43]</a></sup> (although "there was no mention of a creature matching the description of the Gorbals Vampire in any of these comics", similarities to Daniel 7:7 of the Bible and a local myth could be found), and in 1955, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_and_Young_Persons_(Harmful_Publications)_Act_1955" class="extiw" title="wp:Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1955" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1955">Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> was passed. There were no more vampire sightings in Glasgow.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[45]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="One_reason_vampires_cannot_exist">One reason vampires cannot exist</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: One reason vampires cannot exist">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>C.J. Efthimiou and S. Gandhi, in their paper <i>Cinema Fiction vs Physics Reality: Ghosts, Vampires and Zombies,</i> state that vampires are clearly impossible; for if they fed at anywhere near the rate at which they do in films and folklore, the human race would have been wiped out quickly after the first vampire appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[46]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Suggested_reading">Suggested reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Suggested reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>Grate, Lance (1995) <i>GURPS Blood Types</i> ISBN: 1-55634-113 (uses the below as source material but serves as quick reference guide on how diverse vampires in actual mythology are)</li> <li>Barber, Paul (1988) <i>Vampires, Burial and Death</i> (Yale University Press)</li> <li>Bunson, Matthew (1993) <i>The Vampire Encyclopedia</i> (Crown Publications)</li> <li>Frayling, Christopher (1991) <i>Vampyres: Lord Byron to Count Dracula</i> (Faber and Faber, Ltd)</li> <li>Haining, Peter (1977) <i>The Dracula Scrapbook</i> (Bramhall House)</li> <li>McNally, Raymond T. and Florescu, Radu (1972) <i>In Search of Dracula</i> (N.Y. Graphic Society)</li> <li>Melton, J. Gordon (1994) <i>The Vampire Book</i> (Visible Ink Press)</li> <li>Summers, Montague (1928) <i>The Vampire, His Kith and Kin</i> (Routledge and Keegan Paul)</li> <li>Summers, Montague (1929) <i>The Vampire in Europe</i> (Routledge and Keegan Paul)</li> <li>Twitchell, James B, (1975) <i>The Living Dead: The Vampire in Romantic Literature</i> (Duke University Press)</li> <li>Wolf, Leonard (ed.) (1995) <i>The Essential Dracula</i> (Plume)</li></ul> <p>Another suggested work is </p> <ul><li>Bane, Theresa (2010) <i>Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology</i> (McFarland)<sup id="cite_ref-bane_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bane-8">[8]</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosts">Ghosts</a> — the only undead as clean as a sheet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goth" title="Goth">Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubus_and_succubus_myths" title="Incubus and succubus myths">Incubus and succubus myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycanthropy" title="Lycanthropy">Lycanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherkin" title="Otherkin">Otherkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> — "Two, four, six, eight, Time to <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiate</a>!"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[47]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a> — vampirism through blood transfusions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombies" title="Zombies">Zombies</a> — the other, less intelligent, more decayed, and likely smellier form of undead.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SX3uFN_LQnU">How to Stop Energy Vampires</a> according to this <a href="/wiki/Crank" title="Crank">blithering fool</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://healing.about.com/cs/energyhealing/a/aa_vampires.htm">Be Wary of Energy Suckers: Understanding How a Psychic Attack Happens</a> — Seems legit</li> <li>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyptra_(moth)" class="extiw" title="wp:Calyptra (moth)" rel="nofollow">Vampire moths</a>.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">That, and the lashings of alluring vampire women, with their ivory skin, heaving bosoms, tightly-bound corsets, and… excuse me, I need a cold shower…</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">It should be mentioned that the Spanish version, shot on the same sets on the night shift, actually follows the original movie script closer and is generally regarded as the better film.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hell, you can read it right here.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">And you thought modern <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> practices could get messed-up.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Who has <i>a lot</i> to answer for...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">If you don't mind subtitles, the Spanish version is better.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced "voockodluck," if you're wondering.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Or, you know, you can just read it for free on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheVampireAdeptBible">Internet Archive</a>. You don't even need an account!</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the novel, it is revealed that Lincoln became a vampire.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(French) Levkievskaja, E.E. (1997). "La mythologie slave : problèmes de répartition dialectale (une étude de cas : le vampire)". Cahiers Slaves 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Créméné, Mythologie du Vampire, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunson, Vampire Encyclopedia, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ukrainian) Словник символів, Потапенко О.І., Дмитренко М.К., Потапенко Г.І. та ін., 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dundes, Alan (1998). The Vampire: A Casebook. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 13. ISBN 0299159248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Vampire". Encyclopaedia Britannica 27. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. 1911. p. 876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dundes, Alan (ed) (1998) <i>The Vampire: A Casebook</i> University of Wisconsin Press ISBN-10: 0299159248 pg 13, 14 , 22, 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bane-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bane_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bane_8-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bane_8-2">8.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bane_8-3">8.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bane_8-4">8.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Theresa Bane, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://i.4pcdn.org/tg/1472706529772.pdf">Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology</a>.</i> McFarland & Company, Inc., 2010. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786444526" title="Special:BookSources/9780786444526">9780786444526</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmdrunk.uproxx.com/2011/03/its-finally-happened-a-sparkling-sex-toy-for-twilight-fans">It’s finally happened: A sparkling sex toy for Twilight fans</a> by Vince Mancini (March 7, 2011) <i>Uproxx: Filimdrunk</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7825135">[Does Garlic Protect Against Vampires? An Experimental Study]</a> by H. Sandvik & A. Baerheim (1994) <i>Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen</i> 114(30):3583-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/c/catherineh705549.html">Catherine Hardwicke Quotes</a> <i>BrainyQuote</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirshnan-lithub-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kirshnan-lithub_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kirshnan-lithub_12-1">12.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/on-the-victorian-science-and-prejudices-behind-bram-stokers-dracula/">On the Victorian Science and Prejudices Behind Bram Stoker’s Dracula</a> by Vidya Krishnan (February 18, 2022) <i>Lithub</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/dracula"><i>Dracula</i>: vampires, perversity and Victorian anxieties</a> by Greg Buzwell (May 15, 2014) <i>British Library</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Bram_Stoker/Dracula/"><i>Dracula</i></a> by Bram Stoker, <i>Page by Page Books</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_in_popular_culture" class="extiw" title="wp:Dracula in popular culture" rel="nofollow">Dracula in popular culture</a>.. There's a fuller list of adaptations, if you're into that.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2011/10/17/dracula-vs-nosferatu-a-true-copyright-horror-story/">Dracula vs. Nosferatu: A True Copyright Horror Story</a>, Plagiarism Today, 17 Oct 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Countess Dracula</i> (1971) Hammer pictures</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Skal, David J. (1996) <i>V is for Vampire</i> pg 211-212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327184659/http://vampmyth.com/122/67/990575.html">Ching Shih</a>. Archived from the original at vampmyth.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429223616/http://www.vampmyth.com/122/72/990709.html">Hopping Corpse</a>. Archived from the original at vampmyth.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robo Vampire (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbC5GzCCWA8&t=3m27s">RIPOFF COP (The Big Picture)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/josswhedon552014.html">Joss Whedon Quotes</a> <i>BrainyQuote</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/mollyharpe577651.html">Molly Harper Quotes</a> <i>BrainyQuote</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/s/saoirseron535476.html">Saoirse Ronan Quotes</a> <i>BrainyQuote</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/amyheckerl705759.html">Amy Heckerling Quotes</a> <i>BrainyQuote</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/4L72T">Dolly or Bust</a> by Jesse Green (April 19, 2009) <i>New York Magazine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesse, Monica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/23/AR2008112302158.html">"A Vampire's Life? It's Really Draining."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, 24 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drbrucegoldberg.com/EnergyVampires.htm">"Energy Vampires"</a> by Dr. (Dentist) Bruce Goldberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthspirit.com/fireheart/fhvampire.html">Real Vampires</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, John Edgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/10/life-among-the-vampires/413446/">"Life Among the Vampires."</a> <i>The Atlantic</i>, 31 October 2015 (recovered 18 July 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/born-to-the-purple-the-st/">"Born to the Purple: The Story of Porphyria."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, 16 December 2002 (recovered 19 October 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://templeofthevampire.com">The Temple of the Vampire</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301053916/http://www.relfe.com/07/Bill_William_Schnoebelen.html">William Schnoebelen (Bill Schnoebelen): EX - Satanic Priest, Catholic Priest, Witch, Satanist, Ninety Degree Freemason, Vampire and more!</a> by Stephanie Relfe, <i>Health, Wealth & Happiness</i> (archived from March 1, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/abraham-lincoln-vampire-hunter-2012">Don't sneer. It's how we won the Civil War</a> by Roger Ebert (June 20, 2012) <i>RogerEbert.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-great-new-england-vampire-panic-36482878/?no-ist">Tucker, Abigail (2010) "The Great New England Vampire Panic", <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.gizmodo.com/the-true-story-behind-those-antique-vampire-hunting-1658820382">Mark Strauss (11/14/14) "The True Story Behind Those "Antique" Vampire Hunting Kits"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/obb/prog_cb/pcb37/issue58.pdf">Confirmed as weirdo in Ofcom broadcast bulletin 58, Apr 2006, pages 44-50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sean_Manchester&redirect=no">Sean Manchester redirect to Highgate Vampire#Manchester.27s exorcism claims</a> <i>Wikipedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farrant" class="extiw" title="wp:David Farrant" rel="nofollow">David Farrant</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">April Snellings, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/650659/scotland-gorbals-vampire-hunt">When Hundreds of Vampire-Hunting Children Invaded a Scottish Cemetery—And Helped Spur a Comic Book Ban</a>. Mental Floss, 28 September 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehorrorsofitall.blogspot.com/2009/09/vampire-with-iron-teeth.html">The Vampire With the Iron teeth.</a> The Horrors of It All, 16 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comics.org/issue/205134/">Dark Mysteries 15.</a> Master Comics, December 1953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/heritage/people-places/the-gorbals-vampire-and-monster-hunt-that-shook-glasgow-1-4076003">The Gorbals Vampire and monster hunt that shook Glasgow</a>, Claire Mckim, The Scotsman, 18 March 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8574484.stm">Child vampire hunters sparked comic crackdown</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 22 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C.J. Efthimiou and S. Gandhi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0608059.pdf">Cinema Fiction vs Physics Reality: Ghosts, Vampires and Zombies</a>, University of Central Florida and Cornell University, 27 August 2007, via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0608059">arxiv archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.last.fm/music/Tom+Lehrer/_/The+Vatican+Rag/+lyrics">The Vatican Rag</a> by Tom Lehrer</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Vampire&oldid=2594687">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Vampire&oldid=2594687</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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