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class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Calluna</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سميسم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سميسم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B5%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Çерçи хуратулĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çерçи хуратулĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedelyng-sl%C3%A6gten" title="Hedelyng-slægten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hedelyng-slægten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calluna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هدر معمولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هدر معمولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callune" title="Callune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Callune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calluna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calluna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8sslyngslekta" title="Røsslyngslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Røsslyngslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calluna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna_vulgaris" title="Calluna vulgaris – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calluna vulgaris" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Вереск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вереск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Calluna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Calluna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Calluna" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9A%E7%9F%B3%E6%A5%A0%E5%B1%9E" title="帚石楠属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帚石楠属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna_vulgaris&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Calluna vulgaris">Calluna vulgaris</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flowering plant in the heather family</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Calluna</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CallunaVulgaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/CallunaVulgaris.jpg/220px-CallunaVulgaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/CallunaVulgaris.jpg/330px-CallunaVulgaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/CallunaVulgaris.jpg/440px-CallunaVulgaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="874" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Flowering <i>Calluna vulgaris</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Calluna" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ericoideae" title="Ericoideae">Ericoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ericeae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ericeae (page does not exist)">Ericeae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Calluna</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Richard_Anthony_Salisbury" title="Richard Anthony Salisbury">Salisb.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. vulgaris</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Calluna vulgaris</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) Hull</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Calluna vulgaris</b></i>, <b>common heather</b>, <b>ling</b>, or simply <b>heather</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the sole species in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Calluna</b></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> family <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a>. It is a low-growing <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a> growing to 20 to 50 centimetres (8 to 20 in) tall, or rarely to 1 metre (40 in) and taller,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is found widely in Europe and Asia Minor on <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> soils in open sunny situations and in moderate shade. </p><p>It is the dominant plant in most <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heathland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a> in Europe, and in some <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a> vegetation and acidic <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> woodland. It is tolerant of grazing and regenerates following occasional burning, and is often managed in nature reserves and <a href="/wiki/Grouse_moor" class="mw-redirect" title="Grouse moor">grouse moors</a> by sheep or cattle grazing, and also by light burning. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Calluna</i> can reach 60 centimetres (24 in) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has small-scale <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> (less than 2–3 mm long) borne in opposite and <a href="/wiki/Decussate" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussate">decussate</a> pairs, whereas those of <i>Erica</i> are generally larger and in whorls of 3–4, sometimes 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Stace_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It flowers from July to September.<sup id="cite_ref-CTW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 231">: 231 </span></sup> In wild plants these are normally <a href="/wiki/Mauve" title="Mauve">mauve</a>, but white-flowered plants also occur occasionally. They are terminal in <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">racemes</a> with sepal-like <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> at the base with a superior ovary, the fruit a <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <i>Erica</i>, <i>Calluna</i> sometimes sports <a href="/wiki/Double-flowered" title="Double-flowered">double flowers</a>. <i>Calluna</i> is sometimes referred to as Summer (or Autumn) heather to distinguish it from winter or spring flowering species of <i>Erica</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compound">Phenolic compounds</a> in the shoots of <i>Calluna vulgaris</i> include <a href="/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid" title="Chlorogenic acid">chlorogenic acid</a> and a novel phenolic glycoside, most of which are found in greater number during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> of <i>Calluna vulgaris</i> contains a megastigmane, callunene, that is inhibitory at naturally occurring concentrations to a common <a href="/wiki/Trypanosomatida" title="Trypanosomatida">trypanosome</a> parasite of bumble bees, <i><a href="/wiki/Crithidia_bombi" title="Crithidia bombi">Crithidia bombi</a></i>. Koch et al. elucidate the mechanism of activity that results in the loss of the parasite's flagellum, leading to reduced infectivity, because the flagellum is crucial to anchoring in the insect gut.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Calluna</i> was separated from the closely related genus <i><a href="/wiki/Erica_(plant)" title="Erica (plant)">Erica</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Anthony_Salisbury" title="Richard Anthony Salisbury">Richard Anthony Salisbury</a>, who devised the generic name <i>Calluna</i> probably from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">Kallyno</i></span> ([καλλύνω]), "beautify, sweep clean", in reference to its traditional use in <a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besoms</a>. The specific <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">epithet</a> <i>vulgaris</i> is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'common'. <i>Calluna</i> is differentiated from <i>Erica</i> by its <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a> each being in four parts instead of five. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Calluna vulgaris</i> is native to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-powo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been introduced into many other places worldwide with suitable climates, including <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-issg_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is extremely cold-<a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardy</a>, surviving severe exposure and freezing conditions well below −20 °C (−4 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heather is an important food source for various sheep and deer which can graze the tips of the plants when snow covers low-growing vegetation. <a href="/wiki/Willow_grouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Willow grouse">Willow grouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_grouse" title="Red grouse">red grouse</a> feed on the young shoots and seeds of this plant.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both adult and <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a> of the heather beetle (<i><a href="/wiki/Lochmaea_suturalis" title="Lochmaea suturalis">Lochmaea suturalis</a></i>) feed on it, and can cause extensive mortality in some instances. The larvae of a number of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> species also feed on the plant, notably the small emperor moth <i><a href="/wiki/Saturnia_pavonia" title="Saturnia pavonia">Saturnia pavonia</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_invasive_species">As an invasive species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As an invasive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plant was introduced to New Zealand and has become an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive weed</a> in some areas, notably the <a href="/wiki/Tongariro_National_Park" title="Tongariro National Park">Tongariro National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a> in the North Island, as well as the Wilderness Reserve (Te Anau) in the South Island, overgrowing native plants. <a href="/wiki/Lochmaea_suturalis" title="Lochmaea suturalis">Heather beetles</a> have been released to stop the heather, with preliminary trials successful to date.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many named <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>, selected for variation in flower colour and for different foliage colour and growing habits.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different cultivars have flower colours ranging from white, through pink and a wide range of purples, and including reds. The flowering season with different cultivars extends from late July to November in the northern hemisphere. The flowers may turn brown but still remain on the plants over winter, and this can lead to interesting decorative effects. Cultivars with ornamental foliage are usually selected for reddish and golden leaf colour. A few forms can be silvery grey. Many of the ornamental foliage forms change colour with the onset of winter weather, usually increasing in intensity of colour. Some forms are grown for distinctive young spring foliage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following cultivars have gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>'Alicia' (Garden Girls series)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Annemarie' <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Beoley Gold'<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'County Wicklow'<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Dark Beauty'<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Dark Star'<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Darkness' <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Elsie Purnell'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Firefly'<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Kerstin' <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Kinlochruel' <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Peter Sparkes'<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Robert Chapman' <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Silver Queen'<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Sister Anne'<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Spring Cream'<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Tib' <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Velvet Fascination'<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Wickwar Flame'<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'White Coral'<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formerly heather was used to dye wool yellow and to tan leather. With <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>, heather is an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Gruit" title="Gruit">gruit</a>, a mixture of flavourings used in the brewing of <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Scotland" title="Beer in Scotland">heather-beer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> before the use of <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Thomas Pennant</a> wrote in <i>A Tour in Scotland</i> (1769) that on the Scottish island of <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a> "ale is frequently made of the young tops of heath, mixing two thirds of that plant with one of malt, sometimes adding hops".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Heath Beer" is mentioned in the recipe book of <a href="/wiki/Ann,_Lady_Fanshawe" title="Ann, Lady Fanshawe">Lady Ann Fanshawe</a> (compiled from 1651).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From time immemorial heather has been used for making <a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besoms</a>, a practice recorded in "<a href="/wiki/Broom_Buzzems" title="Broom Buzzems">Buy Broom Buzzems</a>" a song probably written by <a href="/wiki/William_Purvis_(Blind_Willie)" title="William Purvis (Blind Willie)">William Purvis (Blind Willie)</a> (1752–1832) from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</a>, England. </p><p>Heather <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> is a highly valued product in moorland and heathland areas, with many <a href="/wiki/Beehives" class="mw-redirect" title="Beehives">beehives</a> being moved there in late summer. Not always as valued as it is today,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was dismissed as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mel improbum</i></span>, "unwholesome honey" by <a href="/wiki/Dioscurides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscurides">Dioscurides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heather honey has a characteristic strong taste, and an unusual texture, for it is <a href="/wiki/Thixotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thixotropic">thixotropic</a>, being a <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">jelly</a> until stirred, when it becomes a syrup like other honey, but then sets again to a jelly. This makes the <a href="/wiki/Honey_extraction" title="Honey extraction">extraction</a> of the honey from the comb difficult, and it is therefore often sold as <a href="/wiki/Comb_honey" title="Comb honey">comb honey</a>. </p><p>White heather is regarded in Scotland as being lucky,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a tradition brought from <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral</a> to England by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sprigs of it are often sold as a <a href="/wiki/Good_luck_charm" class="mw-redirect" title="Good luck charm">charm</a> and worked into bridal <a href="/wiki/Flower_bouquet" title="Flower bouquet">bouquets</a>. </p><p>Heather stalks are used by a small industry in Scotland as a raw material for sentimental jewellery. The stalks are stripped of bark, dyed in bright colours and then compressed with resin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Calluna vulgaris</i> herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea for treatment of disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heather is seen as iconic of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, where the plant grows widely. When poems like <i>Bonnie Auld Scotland</i> speak of "fragrant hills of purple heather', when the hero of <a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)" title="Kidnapped (novel)"><i>Kidnapped</i></a> flees through the heather, when heather and Scotland are linked in the same sentence, the heather talked about is <i>Calluna vulgaris</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purple heather is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">national flowers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other being <i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_cotyledon" title="Saxifraga cotyledon">Saxifraga cotyledon</a></i>. It was chosen as a national flower on the basis of a vote of popularity in a Norwegian radio show in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Calluna vulgaris</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Province_flowers_of_Sweden" title="Province flowers of Sweden">province flower</a> of the Swedish province of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heath_(habitat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath (habitat)">Heath (habitat)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erica_(plant)" title="Erica (plant)">Erica</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatveev" class="citation web cs1">Matveev, Vladimir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Ling">"Ling – definition from"</a>. Biology-Online.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ling+%E2%80%93+definition+from&rft.pub=Biology-Online.org&rft.aulast=Matveev&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology-online.org%2Fdictionary%2FLing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoats1964" class="citation book cs1">Coats, Alice M. (1964). <i>British Shrubs and Their Histories</i> (1992 ed.). London, England, UK: London Press. p. 45. <q>In favorable conditions, old plants can grow to the height of a man, and have hidden many a fugitive</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Shrubs+and+Their+Histories&rft.place=London%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=1992&rft.pub=London+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Coats&rft.aufirst=Alice+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis-Baker2021" class="citation book cs1">Francis-Baker, Tiffany (2021). <i>Concise Foraging Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wildlife_Trusts" title="The Wildlife Trusts">The Wildlife Trusts</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-8474-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-8474-6"><bdi>978-1-4729-8474-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Foraging+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Wildlife+Trusts&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-8474-6&rft.aulast=Francis-Baker&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stace-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stace_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Clive_Stace" class="mw-redirect" title="Clive Stace">Clive Stace</a>, (2010) <i>New Flora of the British Isles</i>, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTW-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CTW_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.R._ClaphamT._G._TutinE._F._Warburg1981" class="citation book cs1">A.R. Clapham; T. G. Tutin; E. F. Warburg (1981). <i>Excursion Flora of the British Isles</i> (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23290-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23290-2"><bdi>0-521-23290-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excursion+Flora+of+the+British+Isles&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-521-23290-2&rft.au=A.R.+Clapham&rft.au=T.+G.+Tutin&rft.au=E.+F.+Warburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parnell, P. and Curtis, T. 2012. <i>Webb's An Irish Flora</i>. Cork University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-185918-4783" title="Special:BookSources/978-185918-4783">978-185918-4783</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahbubul,_A.F._JalalDavid_J._ReadE._Haslam1982" class="citation journal cs1">Mahbubul, A.F. Jalal; David J. Read; <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Haslam" title="Edwin Haslam">E. Haslam</a> (1982). 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M.J.F.; Stevenson P.C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.08.037">"Flagellum Removal by a Nectar Metabolite Inhibits Infectivity of a Bumblebee Parasite"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (20): <span class="nowrap">3494–</span>3500. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E3494K">2019CBio...29E3494K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.08.037">10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31607528">31607528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Flagellum+Removal+by+a+Nectar+Metabolite+Inhibits+Infectivity+of+a+Bumblebee+Parasite&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3494-%3C%2Fspan%3E3500&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31607528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.08.037&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E3494K&rft.au=Koch%2C+H.&rft.au=Woodward%2C+J.&rft.au=Langat%2C+M.&rft.au=Brown.+M.J.F.&rft.au=Stevenson+P.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.08.037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-powo_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327305-1">"Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull"</a>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+%28or+multi-country+features%29+with+distribution+records+for+Calluna+vulgaris+in+the+Global+Invasive+Species+Database.&rft.pub=Invasive+Species+Specialist+Group+%28ISSG%29+of+the+IUCN+Species+Survival+Commission.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissg.org%2Fdatabase%2Fspecies%2Fdistribution.asp%3Fsi%3D1623%26fr%3D1%26sts%3D%26lang%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/2712/Calluna-vulgaris/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F2712%2FCalluna-vulgaris%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss R & Parkinson J (1972) The digestion of heather (<i>Culluna vulgaris</i>) by red grouse (<i>Lagopus lagopus scoticus</i>) Br.J.Nutr. 27, 285–296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Fowler2001" class="citation web cs1">Simon Fowler (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cabweb.org/Journals/BNI/Bni22-2/Gennews.htm">"Biocontrol News and Information - Heather Beetle: from Doom to Boom?"</a>. <i>PEST CABWeb</i>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International">CABI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160907182154/http://cabweb.org/Journals/BNI/Bni22-2/Gennews.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PEST+CABWeb&rft.atitle=Biocontrol+News+and+Information+-+Heather+Beetle%3A+from+Doom+to+Boom%3F&rft.date=2001-06&rft.au=Simon+Fowler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcabweb.org%2FJournals%2FBNI%2FBni22-2%2FGennews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/discover-our-research/biodiversity-biosecurity/weed-biocontrol/projects-agents/biocontrol-agents/heather-beetle/">"Heather beetle"</a>. <i>Manaaki Whenua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manaaki+Whenua&rft.atitle=Heather+beetle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landcareresearch.co.nz%2Fdiscover-our-research%2Fbiodiversity-biosecurity%2Fweed-biocontrol%2Fprojects-agents%2Fbiocontrol-agents%2Fheather-beetle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/search-results?form-mode=true&query=Calluna%20vulgaris&isAgm=true&pageSize=20&startFrom=20">"RHS - Find a plant"</a>. <i>rhs.org.uk</i>. The Royal Horticultural Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rhs.org.uk&rft.atitle=RHS+-+Find+a+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fsearch-results%3Fform-mode%3Dtrue%26query%3DCalluna%2520vulgaris%26isAgm%3Dtrue%26pageSize%3D20%26startFrom%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heatherworld.org/category/heathers/calluna-heathers/">"Calluna Subcategories"</a>. <i>heatherworld.org</i>. Heather World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heatherworld.org&rft.atitle=Calluna+Subcategories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heatherworld.org%2Fcategory%2Fheathers%2Fcalluna-heathers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/112721/Calluna-vulgaris-Alicia-(PBR)-(Garden-Girls-Series)/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Alicia' (Garden Girls Series)"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Alicia%27+%28Garden+Girls+Series%29&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F112721%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Alicia-%28PBR%29-%28Garden-Girls-Series%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92106/Calluna-vulgaris-Annemarie-(d)/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Annemarie'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Annemarie%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F92106%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Annemarie-%28d%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/94178/Calluna-vulgaris-Beoley-Gold/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Beoley Gold'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Beoley+Gold%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F94178%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Beoley-Gold%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98648/Calluna-vulgaris-County-Wicklow-(d)/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'County Wicklow'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27County+Wicklow%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F98648%2FCalluna-vulgaris-County-Wicklow-%28d%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96457/Calluna-vulgaris-Dark-Beauty-(PBR)-(d)/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Dark Beauty'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Dark+Beauty%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F96457%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Dark-Beauty-%28PBR%29-%28d%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97679/Calluna-vulgaris-Dark-Star-(d)/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Dark Star'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Dark+Star%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F97679%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Dark-Star-%28d%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97680/Calluna-vulgaris-Darkness/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Darkness'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Darkness%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F97680%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Darkness%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97561/Calluna-vulgaris-Elsie-Purnell-(d)/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Elsie Purnell'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Elsie+Purnell%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F97561%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Elsie-Purnell-%28d%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98128/Calluna-vulgaris-Firefly/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Firefly'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Firefly%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F98128%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Firefly%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95684/Calluna-vulgaris-Kerstin/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Kerstin'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Kerstin%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F95684%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Kerstin%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95685/Calluna-vulgaris-Kinlochruel-(d)/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Kinlochruel'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Kinlochruel%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F95685%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Kinlochruel-%28d%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89076/Calluna-vulgaris-Peter-Sparkes-(d)/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Peter Sparkes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Peter+Sparkes%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F89076%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Peter-Sparkes-%28d%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90894/Calluna-vulgaris-Robert-Chapman/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Robert Chapman'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Robert+Chapman%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F90894%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Robert-Chapman%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89504/Calluna-vulgaris-Silver-Queen/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Silver Queen'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Silver+Queen%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F89504%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Silver-Queen%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89955/Calluna-vulgaris-Sister-Anne/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Sister Anne'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Sister+Anne%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F89955%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Sister-Anne%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90779/Calluna-vulgaris-Spring-Cream/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Spring Cream'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Spring+Cream%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F90779%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Spring-Cream%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90121/Calluna-vulgaris-Tib-(d)/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Tib'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Tib%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F90121%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Tib-%28d%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92372/Calluna-vulgaris-Velvet-Fascination/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Velvet Fascination'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Velvet+Fascination%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F92372%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Velvet-Fascination%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89601/Calluna-vulgaris-Wickwar-Flame/Details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'Wickwar Flame'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27Wickwar+Flame%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F89601%2FCalluna-vulgaris-Wickwar-Flame%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/96812/calluna-vulgaris-white-coral-(d)/details">"<i>Calluna vulgaris</i> 'White Coral'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. RHS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calluna+vulgaris+%27White+Coral%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2F96812%2Fcalluna-vulgaris-white-coral-%28d%29%2Fdetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Pennant, <i>A Tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides</i> (1772), New Ed. (Birlinn Ltd, 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874744-88-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-874744-88-2">1-874744-88-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanshawe,_Lady_Ann1651" class="citation book cs1">Fanshawe, Lady Ann (1651). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/tw7bkjtq"><i>Recipe book of Lady Ann Fanshawe</i></a>. Unpublished manuscript (wellcome collection). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/tw7bkjtq/items?canvas=152">404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recipe+book+of+Lady+Ann+Fanshawe&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Unpublished+manuscript+%28wellcome+collection%29&rft.date=1651&rft.au=Fanshawe%2C+Lady+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwellcomecollection.org%2Fworks%2Ftw7bkjtq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Most people today consider it the best of all honeys, but this was not always so." Alice M. Coats, <i>Garden Shrubs and Their Histories</i> (1964) 1992, <i>s.v.</i> "Calluna".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated as "noughty honey" by <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a>: noted in Coats (1964) 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080425034217/http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/mythfolk/heather.html">"The Folklore of Heather"</a>. Tree for Life. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/mythfolk/heather.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Folklore+of+Heather&rft.pub=Tree+for+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treesforlife.org.uk%2Fforest%2Fmythfolk%2Fheather.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coats (1964) 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoglPickerMihaly-BisonFakhrudin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vogl, S; Picker, P; Mihaly-Bison, J; Fakhrudin, N; Atanasov, A. G.; Heiss, E. H.; Wawrosch, C; Reznicek, G; Dirsch, V. M.; Saukel, J; Kopp, B (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791396">"Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine—an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i>. <b>149</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">750–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2013.06.007">10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791396">3791396</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23770053">23770053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Ethnopharmacological+in+vitro+studies+on+Austria%27s+folk+medicine%E2%80%94an+unexplored+lore+in+vitro+anti-inflammatory+activities+of+71+Austrian+traditional+herbal+drugs&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E750-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3791396%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23770053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jep.2013.06.007&rft.aulast=Vogl&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Picker%2C+P&rft.au=Mihaly-Bison%2C+J&rft.au=Fakhrudin%2C+N&rft.au=Atanasov%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Heiss%2C+E.+H.&rft.au=Wawrosch%2C+C&rft.au=Reznicek%2C+G&rft.au=Dirsch%2C+V.+M.&rft.au=Saukel%2C+J&rft.au=Kopp%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3791396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Wallace1858" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Wallace (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dugpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6"><i>The heather in lore, lyric and lay ...</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heather+in+lore%2C+lyric+and+lay+...&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Alexander+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdugpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/r%C3%B8sslyng">"røsslyng i Store norske leksikon"</a>. <i>snl.no</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=snl.no&rft.atitle=r%C3%B8sslyng+i+Store+norske+leksikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fr%25C3%25B8sslyng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenorwayguide.com/norways-national-flower/">"Norway's National Flower Explained - The Norway Guide"</a>. <i>thenorwayguide.com</i>. 2022-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenorwayguide.com&rft.atitle=Norway%27s+National+Flower+Explained+-+The+Norway+Guide&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenorwayguide.com%2Fnorways-national-flower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalluna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calluna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Calluna_vulgaris" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Calluna vulgaris">Calluna vulgaris</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Calluna" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Calluna">Calluna</a> at Wikispecies</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers10996" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers10996" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Calluna</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6983007" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q6983007">Q6983007</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calluna" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Calluna">Calluna</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/188999">188999</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/98641">98641</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3FR3">3FR3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/71277">71277</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CUNG">1CUNG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105158">105158</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105158">105158</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2882481">2882481</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=1907">1907</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/119451">119451</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/14653-1">14653-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1324919">1324919</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=23633">23633</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000456308">NHMSYS0000456308</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13384">13384</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/dd28ac60-983e-41bd-822f-4d1c883598ce">dd28ac60-983e-41bd-822f-4d1c883598ce</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=920905">920905</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CALLU">CALLU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A14653-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14653-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40035302">40035302</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/933">933</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000006126">wfo-4000006126</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993792">993792</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Calluna vulgaris</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26615" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q26615">Q26615</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calluna_vulgaris" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Calluna vulgaris">Calluna vulgaris</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/142859">142859</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/98649">98649</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/calluna-vulgaris/">calluna-vulgaris</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38966">38966</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/PWBL">PWBL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=4061">4061</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/583611">583611</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CUNVU">CUNVU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/169587">169587</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/calvul/all.html">calvul</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220002166">220002166</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2882482">2882482</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1623">1623</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=8605">8605</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/119450">119450</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=11690">11690</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/327304-1">327304-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10206724">10206724</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=23634">23634</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1209">1209</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279934">279934</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.150845/">2.150845</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000003902">NBNSYS0000003902</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13385">13385</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/56c33a56-3c2e-4e6d-b719-3adac20c31ac">56c33a56-3c2e-4e6d-b719-3adac20c31ac</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3606">3606</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6509/">6509</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=519874">519874</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Calluna_vulgaris">Calluna_vulgaris</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calluna+vulgaris">Calluna vulgaris</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=3725">3725</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2692970">kew-2692970</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CAVU">CAVU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A327305-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327305-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/2712/wd/Details">2712</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/12300012">12300012</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/5496">5496</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=8118">8118</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000580837">wfo-0000580837</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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