Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H2O2 Using Low-Intensity Direct Current

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H2O2 Using Low-Intensity Direct Current</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/sensors-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/sensors-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/sensors-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732286508"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(0,124,127,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(0,124,127,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(0,124,127,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(0,124,127,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(0,124,127,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732286508"> <meta name="title" content="Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H2O2 Using Low-Intensity Direct Current"> <meta name="description" content="Chronic wounds impose a significant financial burden for the healthcare system. Currently, assessment and monitoring of hard-to-heal wounds are often based on visual means and measuring the size of the wound. The primary wound dressings must be removed before assessment can be done. We have developed a quasi-monopolar bioimpedance-measurement-based method and a measurement system to determine the status of wound healing. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that with an appropriate setup, long-term monitoring of wound healing from beneath the primary dressings is feasible. The developed multielectrode sensor array was applied on the wound area and left under the primary dressings for 142 h. The impedance of the wounds and the surrounding intact skin area was measured regularly during the study at 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies. At the end of the follow-up period, the wound impedance had reached the impedance of the intact skin at the higher frequencies and increased significantly at the lowest frequencies. The measurement frequency affected the measurement sensitivity in wound monitoring. The skin impedance remained stable over the measurement period. The sensor array also enabled the administration of periodical low-intensity direct current (LIDC) stimulation in order to create an antimicrobial environment across the wound area via the controlled formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/sensors-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H2O2 Using Low-Intensity Direct Current"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Atte Kekonen"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Mikael Bergelin"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Max Johansson"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Narender Kumar Joon"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Johan Bobacka"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jari Viik"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Sensors 2019, Vol. 19, Page 2505"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2019-05-31"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/s19112505"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Chronic wounds impose a significant financial burden for the healthcare system. Currently, assessment and monitoring of hard-to-heal wounds are often based on visual means and measuring the size of the wound. The primary wound dressings must be removed before assessment can be done. We have developed a quasi-monopolar bioimpedance-measurement-based method and a measurement system to determine the status of wound healing. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that with an appropriate setup, long-term monitoring of wound healing from beneath the primary dressings is feasible. The developed multielectrode sensor array was applied on the wound area and left under the primary dressings for 142 h. The impedance of the wounds and the surrounding intact skin area was measured regularly during the study at 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies. At the end of the follow-up period, the wound impedance had reached the impedance of the intact skin at the higher frequencies and increased significantly at the lowest frequencies. The measurement frequency affected the measurement sensitivity in wound monitoring. The skin impedance remained stable over the measurement period. The sensor array also enabled the administration of periodical low-intensity direct current (LIDC) stimulation in order to create an antimicrobial environment across the wound area via the controlled formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="bioimpedance" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="quasi-monopolar" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="wound monitoring" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="multielectrode" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="sensor array" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="wound dressing" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="long-term monitoring" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="beneath the dressings" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="hydrogen peroxide" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="wound stimulation" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="low-intensity direct current" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="1424-8220"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Sensors"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2019-05-31"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="19"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="2505" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="1424-8220"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Sensors"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H2O2 Using Low-Intensity Direct Current"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2019/1"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2019/05/31"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="19"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="11"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="2505"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kekonen, Atte"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bergelin, Mikael"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Johansson, Max"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kumar Joon, Narender"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bobacka, Johan"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Viik, Jari"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/s19112505"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-s19112505"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/pdf?version=1559716622"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/pdf?version=1559716622"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/pdf?version=1559716622"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/sensors-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H2O2 Using Low-Intensity Direct Current" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Chronic wounds impose a significant financial burden for the healthcare system. Currently, assessment and monitoring of hard-to-heal wounds are often based on visual means and measuring the size of the wound. The primary wound dressings must be removed before assessment can be done. We have developed a quasi-monopolar bioimpedance-measurement-based method and a measurement system to determine the status of wound healing. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that with an appropriate setup, long-term monitoring of wound healing from beneath the primary dressings is feasible. The developed multielectrode sensor array was applied on the wound area and left under the primary dressings for 142 h. The impedance of the wounds and the surrounding intact skin area was measured regularly during the study at 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies. At the end of the follow-up period, the wound impedance had reached the impedance of the intact skin at the higher frequencies and increased significantly at the lowest frequencies. The measurement frequency affected the measurement sensitivity in wound monitoring. The skin impedance remained stable over the measurement period. The sensor array also enabled the administration of periodical low-intensity direct current (LIDC) stimulation in order to create an antimicrobial environment across the wound area via the controlled formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g001-550.jpg?1571619925" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/1424-8220/19/11/2506">Energy-Effective Data Gathering for UAV-Aided Wireless Sensor Networks</a></div> Next Article in Special Issue<br> <div><a href="/1424-8220/19/12/2731">First Principles Simulations of Phenol and Methanol Detector Based on Pristine Graphene Nanosheet and Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/1424-8220/19/11/2504">Hybrid Data Fusion DBN for Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Vehicle Reducers</a></div> Previous Article in Special Issue<br> <div><a href="/1424-8220/19/9/2113">Estimation of Heart Rate Recovery after Stair Climbing Using a Wrist-Worn Device</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=sensors " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" selected='selected'> Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="19" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="11" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/sensors">Sensors</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/1424-8220/19">Volume 19</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/1424-8220/19/11">Issue 11</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/s19112505</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/sensors"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/sensors-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="sensors-logo" title="Sensors" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D3" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/sensors" data-path="/1424-8220/19/11/2505" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/1424-8220/19/11/2505/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Links</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/31159298" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PubMed/Medline</a> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bioimpedance%20Sensor%20Array%20for%20Long-Term%20Monitoring%20of%20Wound%20Healing%20from%20Beneath%20the%20Primary%20Dressings%20and%20Controlled%20Formation%20of%20H2O2%20Using%20Low-Intensity%20Direct%20Current" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Atte%20Kekonen%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kekonen, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Mikael%20Bergelin%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bergelin, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Max%20Johansson%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Johansson, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Narender%20Kumar%20Joon%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kumar Joon, N.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Johan%20Bobacka%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bobacka, J.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Jari%20Viik%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Viik, J.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Atte%20Kekonen" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kekonen, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mikael%20Bergelin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bergelin, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Max%20Johansson" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Johansson, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Narender%20Kumar%20Joon" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kumar Joon, N.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Johan%20Bobacka" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bobacka, J.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jari%20Viik" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Viik, J.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Atte%20Kekonen" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kekonen, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Mikael%20Bergelin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bergelin, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Max%20Johansson" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Johansson, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Narender%20Kumar%20Joon" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kumar Joon, N.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Johan%20Bobacka" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bobacka, J.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Jari%20Viik" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Viik, J.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/s19112505'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/s19112505?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/1424-8220/19/11/2505/pdf?version=1559716622" data-name="Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H2O2 Using Low-Intensity Direct Current" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/1424-8220/19/11/2505/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Low-Intensity Direct Current </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop1873579' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Atte Kekonen</div><div id="profile-card-drop1873579" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Atte Kekonen</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/609039?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Atte%20Kekonen" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Atte%20Kekonen&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Atte%20Kekonen" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="1873579" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#27084449430a44404e084b08424a464e4b0a575548534244534e48490417171612111616121713134117461713174617421741171317411516161216131741171f13411710171f"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-1943" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop1873580' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Mikael Bergelin</div><div id="profile-card-drop1873580" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Mikael Bergelin</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/eFpKNWtSRnJnLzVHK0dObnlFa0kwUjhZMlNLQWVOdi94QUhCR3FnTWhRdz0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Mikael%20Bergelin" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Mikael%20Bergelin&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mikael%20Bergelin" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop1873581' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Max Johansson</div><div id="profile-card-drop1873581" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Max Johansson</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/Y1lWYy9hUkdhNGpTM2NSV3ppY3NTY1o4SzdDRVhFSXFlRjNMcFVyUFR2WT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Max%20Johansson" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Max%20Johansson&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Max%20Johansson" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop1873582' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Narender Kumar Joon</div><div id="profile-card-drop1873582" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Narender Kumar Joon</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/WGFpRUNRemdveVU5QlY3bllMOFlZd3RPYXFuczFwbWV1Zm1vMVV0aW13OD0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Narender%20Kumar%20Joon" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Narender%20Kumar%20Joon&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Narender%20Kumar%20Joon" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 4</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop1873583' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Johan Bobacka</div><div id="profile-card-drop1873583" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/30001/thumb/Johan_Bobacka.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Johan Bobacka</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/30001?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Johan%20Bobacka" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Johan%20Bobacka&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Johan%20Bobacka" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 4</sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-9947" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop1873584' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Jari Viik</div><div id="profile-card-drop1873584" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Jari Viik</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/239970?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Jari%20Viik" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Jari%20Viik&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jari%20Viik" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-6819" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi Accelerator Laboratory, c/o Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">CutoSense Ltd., Kaarinantie 700, FI-20540 Turku, Finland</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>4</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku, Finland</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>19</em>(11), 2505; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505">https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 27 March 2019</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 29 April 2019</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 30 May 2019</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 31 May 2019</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/BEC2018 ">Selected Papers from 16th Biennial Baltic Electronics Conference (BEC 2018)</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-236194" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-236194" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-236194" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/1424-8220/19/11/2505/pdf?version=1559716622" data-name="Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H2O2 Using Low-Intensity Direct Current" data-journal="sensors">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/1424-8220/19/11/2505/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/1424-8220/19/11/2505/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/1424-8220/19/11/2505/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g001.png?1571619925" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The layout of the multielectrode sensor array prototype. (<b>b</b>) A photograph of the sensor array. The dashed white square marks the electrodes which participated in the measurements. The electrodes k1, a4, b1, b2, c2, c3, and d2 are marked on the figure. The electrodes a4, b1, and b2 were on the wound in the first experiment and the electrodes c2, c3, and d2 in the second experiment. The remaining electrodes in the array and on the left and the right side of the array were on the intact skin. The sensor array was based on the design presented by Kekonen et al. (2018) [<a href="#B24-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g002.png?1571619924" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The materials needed for preparing the multielectrode sensor array before placement on the skin. (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) The placement of the sensor array on the left shin. (<b>d</b>) A foam dressing applied on top of the sensor array. (<b>e</b>) Compression bandage folded on the shin; only the connector end was outside of the bandage.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003a.png?1571619925" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The impedance measurement results of the first experiment (left column) and the second experiment (right column) for 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies. In both experiments, the impedance was measured from beneath the primary dressings for 142 h. A total of 17 electrode pairs were used in the measurements. In the first experiment, a wound was induced under the electrodes a4, b1, and b2 after 24 h of measuring skin impedance. In the second experiment, a wound was induced under the electrodes c2, c3, and d2 after 24 h of measuring skin impedance. The remaining 14 electrode pairs measured skin impedance over the 142 h follow-up period. The electrode pair k1–k2 consisted of electrodes which had a larger surface area. (<b>a</b>) 150 Hz; (<b>b</b>) 300 Hz; (<b>c</b>) 1 kHz; (<b>d</b>) 5 kHz.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003b.png?1571619924" title=" <strong>Figure 3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The impedance measurement results of the first experiment (left column) and the second experiment (right column) for 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies. In both experiments, the impedance was measured from beneath the primary dressings for 142 h. A total of 17 electrode pairs were used in the measurements. In the first experiment, a wound was induced under the electrodes a4, b1, and b2 after 24 h of measuring skin impedance. In the second experiment, a wound was induced under the electrodes c2, c3, and d2 after 24 h of measuring skin impedance. The remaining 14 electrode pairs measured skin impedance over the 142 h follow-up period. The electrode pair k1–k2 consisted of electrodes which had a larger surface area. (<b>a</b>) 150 Hz; (<b>b</b>) 300 Hz; (<b>c</b>) 1 kHz; (<b>d</b>) 5 kHz.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g004.png?1571619924" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The condition of the skin and the wounds after 142 h of bioimpedance follow-up. The location of the wound electrodes is marked in the photos. (<b>a</b>) The first experiment. (<b>b</b>) The second experiment.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/1424-8220/19/11/2505/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Chronic wounds impose a significant financial burden for the healthcare system. Currently, assessment and monitoring of hard-to-heal wounds are often based on visual means and measuring the size of the wound. The primary wound dressings must be removed before assessment can be done. We have developed a quasi-monopolar bioimpedance-measurement-based method and a measurement system to determine the status of wound healing. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that with an appropriate setup, long-term monitoring of wound healing from beneath the primary dressings is feasible. The developed multielectrode sensor array was applied on the wound area and left under the primary dressings for 142 h. The impedance of the wounds and the surrounding intact skin area was measured regularly during the study at 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies. At the end of the follow-up period, the wound impedance had reached the impedance of the intact skin at the higher frequencies and increased significantly at the lowest frequencies. The measurement frequency affected the measurement sensitivity in wound monitoring. The skin impedance remained stable over the measurement period. The sensor array also enabled the administration of periodical low-intensity direct current (LIDC) stimulation in order to create an antimicrobial environment across the wound area via the controlled formation of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=bioimpedance">bioimpedance</a>; <a href="/search?q=quasi-monopolar">quasi-monopolar</a>; <a href="/search?q=wound+monitoring">wound monitoring</a>; <a href="/search?q=multielectrode">multielectrode</a>; <a href="/search?q=sensor+array">sensor array</a>; <a href="/search?q=wound+dressing">wound dressing</a>; <a href="/search?q=long-term+monitoring">long-term monitoring</a>; <a href="/search?q=beneath+the+dressings">beneath the dressings</a>; <a href="/search?q=hydrogen+peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>; <a href="/search?q=wound+stimulation">wound stimulation</a>; <a href="/search?q=low-intensity+direct+current">low-intensity direct current</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-sensors-19-02505' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>A wound is defined as an interruption in the continuity of a body structure, especially an injury in which the protective layer such as the skin is damaged [<a href="#B1-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. A wound is ambiguously defined as chronic if it fails to heal in timely manner through normal tissue repair processes despite active treatment [<a href="#B2-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. In most cases, a nonhealing wound is the result of a systemic disease such as impairment of venous or arterial circulation or metabolic syndrome. Also, bed-ridden patients are prone for chronic ulceration.</div><div class='html-p'>Chronic wounds impose a significant and increasing burden to the healthcare system. In the United States alone (in 2009), chronic wounds affected 6.5 million patients, and in excess of US<span>$</span>25 billion is spent annually on the treatment of chronic wounds [<a href="#B3-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. In Europe, around 1.5–2 million patients suffer from chronic wounds. It is suggested that 64% of wounds treated in homecare in Europe are of chronic etiology [<a href="#B4-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. An aging population, diabetes, and lifestyle-related issues such as metabolic syndrome and obesity increase the prevalence of hard-to-heal wounds. Venous ulcers account for 70–90% of ulcers found on the lower leg. Treatment of a venous leg ulcer costs circa US<span>$</span>9600 on average [<a href="#B3-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. In most cases, venous leg ulcer patients are treated at home along with regular or occasional visits to outpatient clinics or specialized wound centers [<a href="#B5-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Before a chronic wound can be expected to heal, the systemic factors have to be brought under control. For example, a patient’s nutritional status and medication has to be inspected and smoking must cease [<a href="#B6-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. Patients with chronic venous insufficiency suffer from sustained venous hypertension, which eventually leads to lower-extremity edema. Lower-extremity edema contributes to ulceration in many ways and significantly impairs healing of venous ulcers. The backbone of treatment of a venous ulcer is compression therapy, which reduces venous stasis and swelling [<a href="#B7-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. Local wound care includes debridement and cleansing of the wound bed. Choosing an appropriate wound dressing is important. Venous ulcers are typically moist and absorbing primary dressings are used. Sometimes, venous surgery is necessary to correct vascular impairment; also, skin grafting may be applied [<a href="#B8-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Assessment and monitoring of chronic wounds in clinical practice is often based on visual evaluations of variables such as the color of the wound bed, the amount and color of the exudate and the debris, and the odor and overall condition of the surrounding skin. The wound size is often measured [<a href="#B10-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. These methods are either subjective or require the removal of the primary dressings.</div><div class='html-p'>Impedance, which is the ratio between voltage and current, is a frequency-dependent variable and describes the ability of a material to oppose the flow of alternating electrical current. Bioimpedance describes the passive electrical properties of biological tissues [<a href="#B11-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Bioimpedance measurement has been previously used in dermatological research, for example, to evaluate the hydration status of the skin, for skin cancer diagnosis, and to measure transdermal drug delivery [<a href="#B12-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B14-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. Bioimpedance measurement has also been applied to evaluate wound healing. Lukaski et al. (2012) studied wound healing using bioimpedance measurement in a tetrapolar arrangement [<a href="#B15-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. They monitored wounds of various statuses for several weeks in a noncontinuous manner with promising results. Swisher et al. (2015) introduced a smart bandage for early detection of pressure-induced tissue damage in a rat model using bipolar bioimpedance measurement in vivo [<a href="#B16-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Also, other related studies have been published in recent years [<a href="#B17-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B18-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Hydrogen peroxide is a well-known bactericide. It is naturally produced in cellular processes during wound healing [<a href="#B21-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Historically, it has been applied topically as an antiseptic for cleansing wounds. Presently, the topical use of high-concentration H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (typically 3%) has been reduced as it is nonspecific and also kills protagonist cells in the wound base. However, recently, several studies have suggested that long-term low-concentration exposure to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> would be beneficial for wound healing. Studies have also suggested that long-term low-concentration exposure to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> destroys biofilms, including methicillin-resistant biofilms [<a href="#B22-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. Reports by Sultana et al. (2015) and more recently Raval et al. (2019) have suggested that low-stimulation voltages produce low but clinically significant concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> [<a href="#B22-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>We have previously introduced a bioimpedance-measurement-based method and an early prototype of a measurement system for monitoring wound healing [<a href="#B17-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B18-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B24-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. We have shown that the bioimpedance method is a promising tool for monitoring acute and chronic wound healing in noncontinuous measurements [<a href="#B25-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. In this study, we introduced a new prototype of a multielectrode sensor array for long-term bioimpedance monitoring of wound healing from beneath the primary wound dressings. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to continuously monitor wound healing from beneath the primary wound dressing for an extended period of time with our measurement setup. We also studied the long-term behavior of skin impedance and the effect of measurement frequency on wound monitoring sensitivity and the stability of the skin impedance. Additionally, we arranged a laboratory test to study if it is possible to produce H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> using low-intensity direct current (LIDC) stimulation with our electrode setup.</div></section><section id='sec2-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><section id='sec2dot1-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Measurement Instrumentation</h4><div class='html-p'>The bioimpedance measurement instrumentation consisted of a perforated multielectrode sensor array and a purpose-built bioimpedance measurement system for wound monitoring. The prototype of the bioimpedance measurement system was introduced by Kekonen et al. (2016) [<a href="#B18-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. The sensor array was based on the design presented by Kekonen et al. (2018) [<a href="#B24-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</div><section id='sec2dot1dot1-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.1.1. Sensor Array</h4><div class='html-p'>The new prototype of the sensor array (<a href="#sensors-19-02505-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>) was based on a thin thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate. TPU is a soft, malleable, and slightly stretchable material. The overall size of the electrode head was 95 × 100 mm, and the size of the tail section was 40–50 × 400 mm. The sensor array contained an array of 25 silk-screen-printed circular electrodes with a diameter of 2 mm each, encircled by 4 counter electrodes with dimensions of 4 × 35 mm. The electrodes in the array were 12 mm apart. The electrodes and the leads consisted of electrically conductive silver-ink, and the electrode surfaces were coated with a thin layer of biomedical-grade carbon ink. The 500 µm width leads were electrically insulated with a layer of dielectric; thus, only the contact surfaces of the electrodes were exposed to the tissue. The excess substrate material was removed, so that the free space was maximized and the path for the wound exudate and moisture to transport to the primary dressings was open.</div></section><section id='sec2dot1dot2-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.1.2. Bioimpedance Measurement System</h4><div class='html-p'>The bioimpedance measurement system consisted of a measurement circuit for multifrequency bioimpedance measurement. It also included multiplexer blocks, so that the two-electrode measurements can be performed either using the predetermined measurement sequence or, if desired, the electrode pairs can be selected by the user individually. The device transmitted the measurement data via a Bluetooth link to the graphical user interface on a PC, which performed the initial calculation and visualization of the results.</div></section></section><section id='sec2dot2-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. The Skin and Wound Impedance Monitoring Study</h4><div class='html-p'>We arranged two experiments with similar setups to examine the feasibility of the multielectrode sensor array for long-term monitoring of wound healing from beneath the primary dressings. In these experiments, we also studied the behavior of the skin impedance. The impedance was measured in a quasi-monopolar configuration. The small electrodes, named a1 to d4, acted as the active electrodes, whereas the larger k1 electrode worked as the counter electrode. We also measured skin impedance in a bipolar configuration using the equally sized larger electrodes k1 and k2.</div><div class='html-p'>During the 142 h long follow-up, the subject lived a normal life without restrictions. The subject did light exercise during the follow-up and, when showering, the dressings were protected with a waterproof plastic cover.</div><section id='sec2dot2dot1-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.2.1. Measurement Arrangement for the Impedance Measurements</h4><div class='html-p'>In the first experiment, we monitored the healing of three small acute cut wounds from beneath the primary dressings. The sensor array was prepared as shown in the <a href="#sensors-19-02505-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>a by placing circa 2 mm diameter and 1 mm thick hydrogel pads on the circular electrodes of the array and circa 4 × 25 mm pads on the counter electrodes surrounding the array. The sensor array was placed on the intact skin of the left shin (<a href="#sensors-19-02505-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>b,c). A Biatain™ foam dressing was placed on top of the sensor array, tubular gauze fabric was placed under the tail section of the sensor array, and finally, a compression bandage was folded around the leg (<a href="#sensors-19-02505-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>d,e). We measured the intact skin impedance for the first 24 h. Then, the compression bandage was carefully removed and the foam dressing slightly lifted in a way that three wounds could be induced using a surgical lancet under the electrodes a4, b1, and b2. After this, the dressings were reapplied. The procedure took less than 5 min. The wound was circa 3 mm in length, extended to the dermis, and was bleeding slightly. The skin condition around the measurement area was dryish and flaky but intact. The wound and the skin impedances were measured at 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies in two electrode configurations from multiple locations according to the electrodes of the array, so that the counter electrode was k1. The wound and the skin impedances from beneath the primary dressings were monitored for a total of 142 h.</div><div class='html-p'>In the second experiment, we reproduced the arrangement of the first experiment for the right shin. The skin condition was normal in the area of measurement. After 24 h of monitoring the skin impedance, three small acute wounds were induced on the skin using a surgical lancet under the electrodes c2, c3, and d2. The wounds were similar in size and depth as in the first study. The foam dressing and the compression bandage were reapplied immediately after inducing the wounds. The counter electrode in all measurements was k1.</div><div class='html-p'>During the entire 142 h follow-up period, there were 40 measurement events in the first experiment and 31 measurement events in the second experiment. In each measurement event, the measurements were performed using a total of 17 electrode pairs. Of these, three electrode pairs were occupied by the wound impedance measurement (after inducing the wounds), 13 electrode pairs measured the skin impedance, and additionally, one electrode pair with a larger electrode surface area measured the skin impedance (k1–k2).</div></section><section id='sec2dot2dot2-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.2.2. Impedance Data Analysis</h4><div class='html-p'>We calculated the average skin impedance and the standard deviation for each individual skin impedance measuring electrode pair and each measurement frequency (150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz) between 24 and 142 h. Between 24 and 142 h, there were 29 measurement events in the first experiment and 22 in the second experiment. We also calculated the average skin impedance and the average of the standard deviation of all 13 skin impedance measuring electrode pairs between 24 and 142 h. We referred to these variables as the total average skin impedance (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mover accent="true"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </semantics></math><sub>total</sub>) and the total standard deviation (σ<sub>total</sub>). Additionally, we calculated the standard deviation (σ) of the total average skin impedance.</div><div class='html-p'>We also calculated the average skin impedance (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mover accent="true"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </semantics></math>) and the standard deviation (σ) for both experiments at 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies just before and right after inducing the wounds on the skin underneath the three electrode pairs.</div></section></section><section id='sec2dot3-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. Hydrogen Peroxide Measurements</h4><div class='html-p'>Periodic LIDC stimulation can be administered to a wound by utilizing the circular electrodes in parallel-connected form as a cathode and parallel-connected counter electrodes as an anode. Our primary interest in using LIDC was the possibility to create an antimicrobial environment across the wound area via controlled formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> on the cathode electrode surfaces. It has been shown that a sufficiently low H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration can destroy biofilm and maintain an antimicrobial wound environment, without significant adverse effects on cell proliferation [<a href="#B22-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. By utilizing LIDC at a set potential of 1.3 V, which is slightly above the thermodynamic stability of the water in intercellular fluid, a manageable amount of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is formed via the reaction between water and oxygen radicals at the cathode surface. Using LIDC in periodical mode allows the formed H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to dissipate into the intercellular fluid volume between polarization pulses, thereby ensuring the desired µM-level concentration of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and sought-after effect.</div><div class='html-p'>A separate laboratory test was performed in order to verify the formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> on the screen-printed carbon cathodes of the sensor array. The concentration of electrochemically generated H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was determined amperometrically by reduction of the formed H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at a screen-printed Prussian-blue-modified electrode. For this purpose, a laboratory-built Teflon measurement cell was constructed, which was mounted on top of the carbon electrode prints with a 1.25 mm gap between the carbon ink cathode and a screen-printed Prussian-blue-modified electrode (DRP-710, DropSens) that was used to detect H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> amperometrically. Prior to the measurement, the Prussian-blue-coated DropSens electrode was calibrated by spiking known quantities of 0.1 M H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> solution (EMSURE, 30%) into 20 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution (NaCl—8.0 g; Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>—1.44 g; KCl—0.2 g; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O—0.24 g, standard addition method). The current was measured at −0.1 V. The sensitivity of the DropSens electrode was found to be excellent in the micromolar range, and the slope was found to be −4 nA/µM. Prior to the analysis, the DropSens electrode was conditioned in PBS for 15 min to achieve a faster steady state. The cell was assembled, the printed carbon ink electrodes were connected to an EmStat potentiostat (PalmSens), and the potential (1.3 V) was applied between anode and cathode prints. The formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was detected with the DropSens electrode connected to a second EmStat potentiostat.</div></section></section><section id='sec3-sensors-19-02505' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><section id='sec3dot1-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. The Skin and Wound Impedance Measurements</h4><div class='html-p'><a href="#sensors-19-02505-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> represents the results of the first and second experiments. The protocol of the first experiment was reproduced in the second experiment. The impedance of three wounds and intact skin was measured from multiple locations at 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies. After 24 h of measuring skin impedance, the wound dressings were carefully removed and wounds were induced under electrodes a4, b1, and b2 in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the wounds were induced under electrodes c2, c3, and d2. The wound dressings were then reapplied. The remaining electrodes measured skin impedance over the whole 142 h follow-up period. The electrode k1 was the counter electrode in all measurements. The electrode k2 had a larger surface area, similar to k1, and was on intact skin.</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#sensors-19-02505-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a> represents the calculated skin impedance variables of both experiments. The variables include the total average skin impedance (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mover accent="true"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </semantics></math><sub>total</sub>), the total standard deviation (σ<sub>total</sub>), and the standard deviation (σ) of the total average skin impedance. The results are based on the skin impedance measurements between 24 and 142 h of 13 electrode pairs.</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#sensors-19-02505-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a> depicts the calculated impedance variables of both experiments just before and immediately after inducing the wounds. In the first experiment, the wounds were induced under electrodes a4, b1, and b2 after 24 h of measuring skin impedance. In the second experiment, this was done under the electrodes c2, c3, and d2. An immediate and significant decrease of impedance was observed in all measurement frequencies in both experiments after inducing the wounds. In the first experiment, results could not be obtained at 1 and 5 kHz at this time due temporary problems with the electrode leads.</div><div class='html-p'>In the first experiment, the first signs of modest but conclusive impedance increase of electrode pair k1–a4 could be seen 2–4 h after inducing the wounds at 5 kHz frequency (<a href="#sensors-19-02505-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, left column). The time difference between the first signs of impedance increase at 150 Hz and 5 kHz frequencies was approximately 24 h. In all frequencies, the slope of the impedance magnitude gradually increased. The slope decreased when the wound impedance reached or exceeded the level of intact skin impedance. After 142 h of follow-up, the remaining leads cut off. The wound impedances at 5 kHz had surpassed the general level of the intact skin impedance. At 1 kHz frequency, the wound impedance measuring electrode pair k1–a4 had exceeded the average skin impedance, electrode pair k1–b2 had reached the average skin impedance, and electrode pair k1–b1 had not yet reached the average skin impedance. At 300 and 150 Hz, electrode pair k1–a4 had surpassed the average skin impedance, the electrode pair k1–b1 was closing the average skin impedance, and the electrode pair k1–b2 had not yet reached the average skin impedance. The wound dressings were removed after 142 h follow-up. By visual evaluation, it was noted that the wounds under electrodes a4 and b1 had re-epithelized, while the tissue under electrode b2 did not appear to be completely re-epithelized (<a href="#sensors-19-02505-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>a). However, it is unclear if the wound had slightly reopened during removal of the dressings.</div><div class='html-p'>In the second experiment, the first conclusive signs of impedance increase of electrode pairs k1–d2 and k1–c2 were noticed at 5 kHz frequency circa 20 h after inducing the wounds (<a href="#sensors-19-02505-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, right column). The impedance first increased at the higher measurement frequencies, which occurred in all three wound electrode pairs. The time difference between the first signs of impedance increase at 150 Hz and 5 kHz frequencies was approximately 14 h. The wound impedance increased in an accelerating manner, and the slope of impedance magnitude increased. The wound impedances did not reach the level of the skin impedance at 150 Hz by the end of the follow-up period, and additionally, we were not able obtain measurement results from k1–c2 after 116 h. However, the trend clearly showed that the wound impedances were closing to the level of the skin impedances. At higher frequencies, the impedance of wound measuring electrode pair k1–d2 exceeded the level of the skin impedances by the end of the follow-up period. The electrode pair k1–c2 reached the level of skin impedance at higher frequencies by 116 h, after which we could not obtain any further results, as the electrode leads had cut off. The impedance of wound measuring electrode pair k1–c1 also seemed to close in and almost reach the level of the intact skin impedances by the end of the follow-up 142 h from the start of the experiment. After 142 h, the remaining electrode leads cut off and no further measurement results could be obtained. The wound dressings were removed after 142 h of impedance follow-up. By visual evaluation, it was noted that the wounds under electrodes c2 and d2 had re-epithelized, while the tissue under electrode c3 did not appear to be completely re-epithelized (<a href="#sensors-19-02505-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b). However, also in this case, it was unclear whether the wound had actually slightly reopened during removal of the dressings.</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-sensors-19-02505' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Hydrogen Peroxide Measurement Results</h4><div class='html-p'>The formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was studied separately in a small-volume measurement cell. While analyzing, to minimize the noise, the curves were smoothened out (20 points). To determine the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration, a baseline current was obtained from the last 2–3 min from each part (just prior to the polarization) and the first current value after the polarization was used to determine the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration. For the concentration calculation, a slope of −4 nA/μM was used as determined by the calibrations. It was found that with a polarization time of 60 s, the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration was 33 µM in the vicinity of the cathode and leveled out at 65 µM when the polarizing time exceeded 120 s (tested up to 300 s). Results are shown in <a href="#sensors-19-02505-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>.</div></section></section><section id='sec4-sensors-19-02505' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion</h2><div class='html-p'>In this article, we have introduced a prototype of a multielectrode sensor array. We have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the sensor array for long-term monitoring of intact skin and wound healing from beneath the primary dressings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the bioimpedance method has been used successfully to monitor wound healing continuously for a long time under difficult conditions. We have also shown that the multielectrode sensor array with LIDC stimulation produces clinically relevant concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in order to form an antibacterial environment around the wound area.</div><div class='html-p'>The intact skin and wound impedances were monitored for 142 h from beneath the primary dressings in two experiments with the same setup. The skin impedance in both experiments remained very stable throughout the 142 h follow-up period, regardless of light exercise and other normal life activities. The wound impedance increased first at the higher frequencies. By the end of the 142 h follow-up period, the wound impedances had either reached, exceeded, or significantly increased to match the skin impedance in all measured frequencies.</div><div class='html-p'>The level of skin impedance, especially at the lower measurement frequencies, depends on the moisture level of the skin, thickness of the skin, and physiological state of the skin, among other factors. It is known that continuously (at-line) measuring skin impedance in a reliable and stable fashion for extended periods of time is very difficult. Our results show that with an appropriate setup, it is feasible, even in relatively difficult conditions. Our results also indicate that higher stability of skin impedance as a function of time can be achieved at higher measurement frequencies. However, there is a trade-off between the magnitude level of the skin impedance and the higher measurement frequency. The magnitude level of skin impedance decreases steeply with increasing measurement frequency.</div><div class='html-p'>An initial decrease of intact skin impedance in the first hours of the experiments was observed in all measurement frequencies. The initial decrease was largest, proportionally and as absolute values, at the lowest frequencies. This was most likely due to the skin absorbing the moisture delivered by the hydrogel pads, which had the largest effect on the superficial layers of the skin. The small hydrogel pads provided very good mildly adhesive contact with the skin and advantageously balanced the moisture conditions. Excessive dryness of the skin was avoided by the hydrogel releasing moisture to the skin. In the first experiment, the skin condition was clearly distinct from the second experiment. The skin in the first experiment was dry and flaky. In the second experiment, the skin condition was normal. Regardless of these differences, the intact skin impedances in both experiments were at the same level. The hydrogel also absorbed the blood and therefore prevented the formation of a dry scab; presumably, this also applied for the wound exudate. A moist wound environment and prevention of scab formation has been shown to be beneficial for wound healing [<a href="#B27-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">27</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The electrode surface area and conductive materials, the electrode–skin contact area, the electrolyte composition, and the measurement frequency are key factors for optimizing two-electrode bioimpedance measurements for different applications. The effect of electrode–skin contact area can be clearly seen from results when comparing the impedance magnitude levels measured by the electrode pair k1–k2 with larger and equal electrode surface areas (bipolar measurement) and other electrode pairs (quasi-monopolar measurement). The larger the electrode–skin contact area, the smaller the impedance magnitude. The quasi-monopolar configuration is essential for targeting the sensitivity to the area of interest. In the quasi-monopolar configuration, the active electrode, which has the smaller skin-contact area, provides higher impedance contribution to total impedance due to the straight-forward relationship between current density and sensitivity of the two-electrode bioimpedance setup. We have not found the electrode impedance to be a significant debilitating factor for bioimpedance measurements at these quite low frequencies, where the skin impedance provides a significant proportional contribution to the total impedance.</div><div class='html-p'>In both experiments, the wounds induced a drastic and immediate reduction of the measured impedance. The impedance reduction was mostly the result of a breach in the stratum corneum layer of the skin and the break-up of the other epidermal layers. The stratum corneum is known to provide a barrier against external agents such as chemicals, pathogens, and electrical current [<a href="#B28-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. In both experiments, the increase in wound impedance was first observed at higher frequencies a few hours after inducing the wounds. At lower frequencies, the recovery of the impedance started later. It seems that regardless of the measurement frequency, the impedance increased modestly at first, followed by a phase of rapid increase. The latter phase may have been due to wound contraction and the formation of the neo-epithelium on the surface of the wound, which we have observed in earlier studies to have a significant impact on the wound impedance [<a href="#B25-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. At the end of the 142 h follow-up period, the wound impedance at higher frequencies had reached or exceeded the level of the skin impedance. At 150 Hz frequency, the impedance of all wound measuring electrodes had increased significantly and some had reached the impedance of the skin.</div><div class='html-p'>We tested the production of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> using LIDC stimulation. A 1.3 V polarization at a duration of 120 s between measurement and counter electrodes yielded a H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration of 65 µM. Due to the limited signal-to-noise ratio in the measured currents, precise concentrations cannot be guaranteed and should be treated with caution. However, it is clear that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was formed on the printed carbon ink cathodes, in the desired concentration range, and was detectable in the PBS solution at a significant distance (1.25 mm) from the surface of the cathode electrode.</div></section><section id='sec5-sensors-19-02505' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>In this study, we have demonstrated that the multielectrode sensor array is capable of long-term monitoring of intact skin and acute wound healing from the beneath the primary dressings. The results indicated that by an appropriate selection of measurement frequency, it is possible to improve the sensitivity of the wound measurement, particularly in the early phase of the healing process, or to optimize the sensitivity to unveil the characteristics of different skin layers or tissue depths. It was also found that a clinically relevant amount of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> could be produced by polarization of electrodes. This H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration participates in the production of an antimicrobial environment around the wound area.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>A.K. planned and executed the bioimpedance measurements and performed the impedance data analysis. He was also responsible for writing and editing the article, excluding sections related to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> measurements. M.B. took part in planning and executing the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> measurements and took part in writing the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-related parts. M.J. and N.K.J. took part in executing the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> measurements. J.B. took part in supervising the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> measurements and participated in writing the sections related to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> measurements. J.V. contributed to analyzing the bioimpedance measurement results and writing the parts related to the bioimpedance measurements; he was also the main person responsible for reviewing the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research received no external funding.</div></section><section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>We want to express our gratitude for Antti Tauriainen from Screentec Ltd., Oulu, Finland. Screentec Ltd. produced the multielectrode sensor array prototypes.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>A.K., M.B., M.J. and J.V. are shareholders in a start-up company CutoSense Ltd. (Finland). M.B. is also the chairman of the board of CutoSense Ltd. and M.J. works as a quality manager at CutoSense Ltd. No funding was received from CutoSense Ltd.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-sensors-19-02505' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Stedman, T.L. <span class='html-italic'>The American Heritage Stedman’s Medical Dictionary</span>, 2nd ed.; Hougton Mifflin Harcourt: Boston, MA, USA, 2004; p. 909. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+American+Heritage+Stedman%E2%80%99s+Medical+Dictionary&author=Stedman,+T.L.&publication_year=2004" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B2-sensors-19-02505' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>Kirsner, R.S.; Vivas, A.C. Lower-extremity ulcers: Diagnosis and management. <span class='html-italic'>Br. J. Dermatol.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>173</span>, 379–390. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Lower-extremity+ulcers:+Diagnosis+and+management&author=Kirsner,+R.S.&author=Vivas,+A.C.&publication_year=2015&journal=Br.+J.+Dermatol.&volume=173&pages=379%E2%80%93390&doi=10.1111/bjd.13953&pmid=26257052" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13953" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26257052" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B3-sensors-19-02505' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Sen, C.K.; Gordillo, G.M.; Roy, S.; Kirsner, R.; Lambert, L.; Hunt, T.K.; Gottrup, F.; Gurtner, G.C.; Longaker, M.T. Human skin wounds: A major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy. <span class='html-italic'>Wound Repair Regen.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 763–771. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Human+skin+wounds:+A+major+and+snowballing+threat+to+public+health+and+the+economy&author=Sen,+C.K.&author=Gordillo,+G.M.&author=Roy,+S.&author=Kirsner,+R.&author=Lambert,+L.&author=Hunt,+T.K.&author=Gottrup,+F.&author=Gurtner,+G.C.&author=Longaker,+M.T.&publication_year=2009&journal=Wound+Repair+Regen.&volume=17&pages=763%E2%80%93771&doi=10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00543.x&pmid=19903300" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00543.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903300" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2810192?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B4-sensors-19-02505' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Lindholm, C.; Searle, R. Wound management for the 21st century: Combining effectiveness and efficiency. <span class='html-italic'>Int. Wound J.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 5–15. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Wound+management+for+the+21st+century:+Combining+effectiveness+and+efficiency&author=Lindholm,+C.&author=Searle,+R.&publication_year=2016&journal=Int.+Wound+J.&volume=13&pages=5%E2%80%9315&doi=10.1111/iwj.12623&pmid=27460943" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12623" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27460943" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B5-sensors-19-02505' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Rondas, A.A.L.M.; Schols, J.M.G.; Halfens, R.J.G.; Hull, H.R.; Stobberingh, E.E.; Evers, S.M.A.A. Cost analysis of one of the first outpatient wound clinics in the Netherlands. <span class='html-italic'>J. Wound Care</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>24</span>, 426–436. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cost+analysis+of+one+of+the+first+outpatient+wound+clinics+in+the+Netherlands&author=Rondas,+A.A.L.M.&author=Schols,+J.M.G.&author=Halfens,+R.J.G.&author=Hull,+H.R.&author=Stobberingh,+E.E.&author=Evers,+S.M.A.A.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Wound+Care&volume=24&pages=426%E2%80%93436&doi=10.12968/jowc.2015.24.9.426&pmid=26349024" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2015.24.9.426" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26349024" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B6-sensors-19-02505' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Panuncialman, J.; Falanga, V. The science of wound bed preparation. <span class='html-italic'>Clin. Plast. Surg.</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>34</span>, 621–632. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+science+of+wound+bed+preparation&author=Panuncialman,+J.&author=Falanga,+V.&publication_year=2007&journal=Clin.+Plast.+Surg.&volume=34&pages=621%E2%80%93632&doi=10.1016/j.cps.2007.07.003&pmid=17967618" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2007.07.003" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17967618" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B7-sensors-19-02505' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Simon, D.A.; Dix, F.P.; McCollum, C.N. Management of venous leg ulcers. <span class='html-italic'>BMJ</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>328</span>, 1358–1362. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Management+of+venous+leg+ulcers&author=Simon,+D.A.&author=Dix,+F.P.&author=McCollum,+C.N.&publication_year=2004&journal=BMJ&volume=328&pages=1358%E2%80%931362&doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7452.1358" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7452.1358" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc420292?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B8-sensors-19-02505' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Obermayer, A.; Göstl, K.; Walli, G.; Benesch, T. Chronic venous leg ulcers benefit from surgery: Long-term results from 173 legs. <span class='html-italic'>J. Vasc. Surg.</span> <b>2006</b>, <span class='html-italic'>44</span>, 572–579. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chronic+venous+leg+ulcers+benefit+from+surgery:+Long-term+results+from+173+legs&author=Obermayer,+A.&author=G%C3%B6stl,+K.&author=Walli,+G.&author=Benesch,+T.&publication_year=2006&journal=J.+Vasc.+Surg.&volume=44&pages=572%E2%80%93579&doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2006.05.039" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2006.05.039" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81941061.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B9-sensors-19-02505' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Jones, J.E.; Nelson, E.A.; Al-Hity, A. Skin grafting for venous leg ulcers. <span class='html-italic'>Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>50</span>, CD001737. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Skin+grafting+for+venous+leg+ulcers&author=Jones,+J.E.&author=Nelson,+E.A.&author=Al-Hity,+A.&publication_year=2013&journal=Cochrane+Database+Syst.+Rev.&volume=50&pages=CD001737&doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001737.pub4" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001737.pub4" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B10-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Grey, J.E.; Enoch, S.; Harding, K.G. ABC of wound healing: Wound assessment. <span class='html-italic'>BMJ</span> <b>2006</b>, <span class='html-italic'>332</span>, 285–288. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=ABC+of+wound+healing:+Wound+assessment&author=Grey,+J.E.&author=Enoch,+S.&author=Harding,+K.G.&publication_year=2006&journal=BMJ&volume=332&pages=285%E2%80%93288&doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7536.285" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7536.285" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B11-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Grimnes, S.; Martinsen, O. <span class='html-italic'>Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics</span>; Elsevier: London, UK, 2015. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bioimpedance+and+Bioelectricity+Basics&author=Grimnes,+S.&author=Martinsen,+O.&publication_year=2015" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B12-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Tagami, H.; Ohi, M.; Iwatsuki, K.; Kanamaru, Y.; Yamada, M.; Ichijo, B. Evaluation of skin surface hydration in vivo by electrical measurement. <span class='html-italic'>J. Invest. Dermatol.</span> <b>1980</b>, <span class='html-italic'>75</span>, 500–507. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+skin+surface+hydration+in+vivo+by+electrical+measurement&author=Tagami,+H.&author=Ohi,+M.&author=Iwatsuki,+K.&author=Kanamaru,+Y.&author=Yamada,+M.&author=Ichijo,+B.&publication_year=1980&journal=J.+Invest.+Dermatol.&volume=75&pages=500%E2%80%93507&doi=10.1111/1523-1747.ep12524316" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12524316" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B13-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Aberg, P.; Nicander, I.; Hansson, J.; Geladi, P.; Holmgren, U.; Ollmar, S. Skin cancer identification using multifrequency electrical impedance: A Potential screening tool. <span class='html-italic'>IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>51</span>, 2097–2102. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Skin+cancer+identification+using+multifrequency+electrical+impedance:+A+Potential+screening+tool&author=Aberg,+P.&author=Nicander,+I.&author=Hansson,+J.&author=Geladi,+P.&author=Holmgren,+U.&author=Ollmar,+S.&publication_year=2004&journal=IEEE+Trans.+Biomed.+Eng.&volume=51&pages=2097%E2%80%932102&doi=10.1109/TBME.2004.836523&pmid=15605856" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2004.836523" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15605856" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B14-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Arpaia, P.; Cesaro, U.; Moccaldi, N. Noninvasive measurement of transdermal drug delivery by impedance spectroscopy. <span class='html-italic'>Sci. Rep.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 44647. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Noninvasive+measurement+of+transdermal+drug+delivery+by+impedance+spectroscopy&author=Arpaia,+P.&author=Cesaro,+U.&author=Moccaldi,+N.&publication_year=2017&journal=Sci.+Rep.&volume=7&pages=44647&doi=10.1038/srep44647&pmid=28338008" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44647" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28338008" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B15-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Lukaski, H.C.; Moore, M. Bioelectrical impedance assessment of wound healing. <span class='html-italic'>J. Diabetes Sci. Technol.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 209–212. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bioelectrical+impedance+assessment+of+wound+healing&author=Lukaski,+H.C.&author=Moore,+M.&publication_year=2012&journal=J.+Diabetes+Sci.+Technol.&volume=6&pages=209%E2%80%93212&doi=10.1177/193229681200600126&pmid=22401341" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/193229681200600126" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22401341" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B16-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>Swisher, S.L.; Lin, M.C.; Liao, A.; Leeflang, E.J.; Khan, Y.; Pavinatto, F.J.; Mann, K.; Naujokas, A.; Young, D.; Roy, S.; et al. Impedance sensing device enables early detection of pressure ulcers in vivo. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Commun.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 6575. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Impedance+sensing+device+enables+early+detection+of+pressure+ulcers+in+vivo&author=Swisher,+S.L.&author=Lin,+M.C.&author=Liao,+A.&author=Leeflang,+E.J.&author=Khan,+Y.&author=Pavinatto,+F.J.&author=Mann,+K.&author=Naujokas,+A.&author=Young,+D.&author=Roy,+S.&publication_year=2015&journal=Nat.+Commun.&volume=6&pages=6575&doi=10.1038/ncomms7575" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7575" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B17-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Kekonen, A.; Bergelin, M.; Eriksson, J.-E.; Ylänen, H.; Viik, J. A quantitative method for monitoring wound healing. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Bioelectromagn.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 36–41. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+quantitative+method+for+monitoring+wound+healing&author=Kekonen,+A.&author=Bergelin,+M.&author=Eriksson,+J.-E.&author=Yl%C3%A4nen,+H.&author=Viik,+J.&publication_year=2015&journal=Int.+J.+Bioelectromagn.&volume=17&pages=36%E2%80%9341" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B18-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Kekonen, A.; Bergelin, M.; Eriksson, J.-E.; Ylänen, H.; Kielosto, S.; Viik, J. Bioimpedance Measurement System for Evaluation of the Status of Wound Healing. In Proceedings of the 15th Biennial Baltic Electronics Conference, Tallinn, Estonia, 3–5 October 2016; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, November 2016; pp. 175–178. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bioimpedance+Measurement+System+for+Evaluation+of+the+Status+of+Wound+Healing&conference=Proceedings+of+the+15th+Biennial+Baltic+Electronics+Conference&author=Kekonen,+A.&author=Bergelin,+M.&author=Eriksson,+J.-E.&author=Yl%C3%A4nen,+H.&author=Kielosto,+S.&author=Viik,+J.&publication_year=2016&pages=175%E2%80%93178" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B19-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Mehmood, N.; Hariz, A.; Templeton, S.; Voelcher, N.H. A flexible and low power telemetric sensing and monitoring system for chronic wound diagnostics. <span class='html-italic'>Biomed. Eng. Online</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 1–17. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+flexible+and+low+power+telemetric+sensing+and+monitoring+system+for+chronic+wound+diagnostics&author=Mehmood,+N.&author=Hariz,+A.&author=Templeton,+S.&author=Voelcher,+N.H.&publication_year=2014&journal=Biomed.+Eng.+Online&volume=14&pages=1%E2%80%9317&doi=10.1186/s12938-015-0011-y" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-015-0011-y" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B20-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Moore, Z.; Patton, D.; Rhodes, S.L.; O’Connor, T. Subepidermal moisture (SEM) and bioimpedance: A literature review of a novel method for early detection of pressure-induced tissue damage (pressure ulcers). <span class='html-italic'>Int. Wound J.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 331–337. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Subepidermal+moisture+(SEM)+and+bioimpedance:+A+literature+review+of+a+novel+method+for+early+detection+of+pressure-induced+tissue+damage+(pressure+ulcers)&author=Moore,+Z.&author=Patton,+D.&author=Rhodes,+S.L.&author=O%E2%80%99Connor,+T.&publication_year=2017&journal=Int.+Wound+J.&volume=14&pages=331%E2%80%93337&doi=10.1111/iwj.12604" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12604" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B21-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Zhu, G.; Wang, Q.; Lu, S.; Niu, Y. Hydrogen peroxide: A potential wound therapeutic target? <span class='html-italic'>Med. Princ. Pract.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 301–308. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hydrogen+peroxide:+A+potential+wound+therapeutic+target?&author=Zhu,+G.&author=Wang,+Q.&author=Lu,+S.&author=Niu,+Y.&publication_year=2017&journal=Med.+Princ.+Pract.&volume=26&pages=301%E2%80%93308&doi=10.1159/000475501" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000475501" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B22-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>Sultana, S.T.; Atci, E.; Babauta, J.T.; Falghoust, A.M.; Snekvik, K.R.; Call, D.R.; Beyenal, H. Electrochemical scaffold generates localized, low concentration of hydrogen peroxide that inhibits bacterial pathogens and biofilms. <span class='html-italic'>Sci. Rep.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, 14908. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Electrochemical+scaffold+generates+localized,+low+concentration+of+hydrogen+peroxide+that+inhibits+bacterial+pathogens+and+biofilms&author=Sultana,+S.T.&author=Atci,+E.&author=Babauta,+J.T.&author=Falghoust,+A.M.&author=Snekvik,+K.R.&author=Call,+D.R.&author=Beyenal,+H.&publication_year=2015&journal=Sci.+Rep.&volume=5&pages=14908&doi=10.1038/srep14908" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14908" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B23-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Raval, Y.S.; Mohamed, A.; Zmuda, H.M.; Patel, R.; Beyenal, H. Hydrogen-peroxide-generating electrochemical scaffold eradicates methicillin-resistant <span class='html-italic'>Staphylococcus aureus</span> biofilms. <span class='html-italic'>Glob. Chall.</span> <b>2019</b>, 1800101. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hydrogen-peroxide-generating+electrochemical+scaffold+eradicates+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+biofilms&author=Raval,+Y.S.&author=Mohamed,+A.&author=Zmuda,+H.M.&author=Patel,+R.&author=Beyenal,+H.&publication_year=2019&journal=Glob.+Chall.&pages=1800101&doi=10.1002/gch2.201800101" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201800101" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B24-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>Kekonen, A.; Bergelin, M.; Eriksson, J.-E.; Vesa, M.; Johansson, M.; Viik, J. Long-Term Monitoring of Acute Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Wound Dressings. In Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Baltic Electronics Conference, Tallinn, Estonia, 8–10 October 2018; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, November 2018; p. 4. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Long-Term+Monitoring+of+Acute+Wound+Healing+from+Beneath+the+Primary+Wound+Dressings&conference=Proceedings+of+the+16th+Biennial+Baltic+Electronics+Conference&author=Kekonen,+A.&author=Bergelin,+M.&author=Eriksson,+J.-E.&author=Vesa,+M.&author=Johansson,+M.&author=Viik,+J.&publication_year=2018&pages=4" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B25-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>Kekonen, A.; Bergelin, M.; Eriksson, J.-E.; Vaalasti, A.; Ylänen, H.; Viik, J. Bioimpedance measurement based evaluation of wound healing. <span class='html-italic'>Physiol. Meas.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>38</span>, 1373–1383. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bioimpedance+measurement+based+evaluation+of+wound+healing&author=Kekonen,+A.&author=Bergelin,+M.&author=Eriksson,+J.-E.&author=Vaalasti,+A.&author=Yl%C3%A4nen,+H.&author=Viik,+J.&publication_year=2017&journal=Physiol.+Meas.&volume=38&pages=1373%E2%80%931383&doi=10.1088/1361-6579/aa63d6&pmid=28248191" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/aa63d6" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28248191" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B26-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>Kekonen, A.; Bergelin, M.; Eriksson, J.-E.; Vaalasti, A.; Viik, J. Proof-of-Concept Study for Bioimpedance Based Monitoring of Venous Ulcers during Galvanic Stimulation. Available online: <a href='https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02101645' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02101645</a> (accessed on 31 May 2019).</li><li id='B27-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Hess, C. Checklist for factors affecting wound healing. <span class='html-italic'>Adv. Skin Wound Care</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 192. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Checklist+for+factors+affecting+wound+healing&author=Hess,+C.&publication_year=2011&journal=Adv.+Skin+Wound+Care&volume=4&pages=192&doi=10.1097/01.ASW.0000396300.04173.ec&pmid=21422844" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000396300.04173.ec" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21422844" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B28-sensors-19-02505' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>Bouwstra, J.A.; Ponec, M. The skin barrier in healthy and diseased state. <span class='html-italic'>Biochim. Biophys. Acta</span> <b>2006</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1758</span>, 2080–2095. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+skin+barrier+in+healthy+and+diseased+state&author=Bouwstra,+J.A.&author=Ponec,+M.&publication_year=2006&journal=Biochim.+Biophys.+Acta&volume=1758&pages=2080%E2%80%932095&doi=10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.06.021&pmid=16945325" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.06.021" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945325" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82569439.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='FiguresandTables' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="sensors-19-02505-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f001"> <img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g001 550" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g001.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g001.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> (<b>a</b>) The layout of the multielectrode sensor array prototype. (<b>b</b>) A photograph of the sensor array. The dashed white square marks the electrodes which participated in the measurements. The electrodes k1, a4, b1, b2, c2, c3, and d2 are marked on the figure. The electrodes a4, b1, and b2 were on the wound in the first experiment and the electrodes c2, c3, and d2 in the second experiment. The remaining electrodes in the array and on the left and the right side of the array were on the intact skin. The sensor array was based on the design presented by Kekonen et al. (2018) [<a href="#B24-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">24</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f001" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 1.</b> (<b>a</b>) The layout of the multielectrode sensor array prototype. (<b>b</b>) A photograph of the sensor array. The dashed white square marks the electrodes which participated in the measurements. The electrodes k1, a4, b1, b2, c2, c3, and d2 are marked on the figure. The electrodes a4, b1, and b2 were on the wound in the first experiment and the electrodes c2, c3, and d2 in the second experiment. The remaining electrodes in the array and on the left and the right side of the array were on the intact skin. The sensor array was based on the design presented by Kekonen et al. (2018) [<a href="#B24-sensors-19-02505" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g001" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g001.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g001.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g001.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="sensors-19-02505-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f002"> <img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g002 550" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g002.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g002.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> (<b>a</b>) The materials needed for preparing the multielectrode sensor array before placement on the skin. (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) The placement of the sensor array on the left shin. (<b>d</b>) A foam dressing applied on top of the sensor array. (<b>e</b>) Compression bandage folded on the shin; only the connector end was outside of the bandage.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f002" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 2.</b> (<b>a</b>) The materials needed for preparing the multielectrode sensor array before placement on the skin. (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) The placement of the sensor array on the left shin. (<b>d</b>) A foam dressing applied on top of the sensor array. (<b>e</b>) Compression bandage folded on the shin; only the connector end was outside of the bandage.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g002" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g002.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g002.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g002.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="sensors-19-02505-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f003"> <img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g003a 550" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003a.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003a.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003a-550.jpg" /><img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g003b 550" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003b.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003b.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003b-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> The impedance measurement results of the first experiment (left column) and the second experiment (right column) for 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies. In both experiments, the impedance was measured from beneath the primary dressings for 142 h. A total of 17 electrode pairs were used in the measurements. In the first experiment, a wound was induced under the electrodes a4, b1, and b2 after 24 h of measuring skin impedance. In the second experiment, a wound was induced under the electrodes c2, c3, and d2 after 24 h of measuring skin impedance. The remaining 14 electrode pairs measured skin impedance over the 142 h follow-up period. The electrode pair k1–k2 consisted of electrodes which had a larger surface area. (<b>a</b>) 150 Hz; (<b>b</b>) 300 Hz; (<b>c</b>) 1 kHz; (<b>d</b>) 5 kHz.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f003" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 3.</b> The impedance measurement results of the first experiment (left column) and the second experiment (right column) for 150 Hz, 300 Hz, 1 kHz, and 5 kHz frequencies. In both experiments, the impedance was measured from beneath the primary dressings for 142 h. A total of 17 electrode pairs were used in the measurements. In the first experiment, a wound was induced under the electrodes a4, b1, and b2 after 24 h of measuring skin impedance. In the second experiment, a wound was induced under the electrodes c2, c3, and d2 after 24 h of measuring skin impedance. The remaining 14 electrode pairs measured skin impedance over the 142 h follow-up period. The electrode pair k1–k2 consisted of electrodes which had a larger surface area. (<b>a</b>) 150 Hz; (<b>b</b>) 300 Hz; (<b>c</b>) 1 kHz; (<b>d</b>) 5 kHz.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g003a" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003a.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003a.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003a.png" /><img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g003b" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003b.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003b.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g003b.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="sensors-19-02505-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f004"> <img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g004 550" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g004.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g004.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> The condition of the skin and the wounds after 142 h of bioimpedance follow-up. The location of the wound electrodes is marked in the photos. (<b>a</b>) The first experiment. (<b>b</b>) The second experiment.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_sensors-19-02505-f004" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 4.</b> The condition of the skin and the wounds after 142 h of bioimpedance follow-up. The location of the wound electrodes is marked in the photos. (<b>a</b>) The first experiment. (<b>b</b>) The second experiment.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Sensors 19 02505 g004" data-large="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g004.png" data-original="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g004.png" data-lsrc="/sensors/sensors-19-02505/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-19-02505-g004.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="sensors-19-02505-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href='#table_body_display_sensors-19-02505-t001'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#table_body_display_sensors-19-02505-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> The calculated skin impedance variables of the first and second experiments between 24 and 142 h of follow-up. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_sensors-19-02505-t001" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 1.</b> The calculated skin impedance variables of the first and second experiments between 24 and 142 h of follow-up.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >f</th><th colspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Experiment 1</th><th colspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Experiment 2</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mover accent="true"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mstyle> </semantics> </math><sub>total</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >σ<sub>total</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >σ</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mover accent="true"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mstyle> </semantics> </math><sub>total</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >σ<sub>total</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >σ</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >150 Hz</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >256.0 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.2 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35.8 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >233.0 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14.3 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >19.6 kΩ</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300 Hz</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >153.8 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.1 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17.4 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >140.2 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.6 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.7 kΩ</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 kHz</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >58.6 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.3 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.7 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >54.1 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.0 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.2 kΩ</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5 kHz</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >14.1 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.0 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13.0 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7 kΩ</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="sensors-19-02505-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href='#table_body_display_sensors-19-02505-t002'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#table_body_display_sensors-19-02505-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> The calculated impedance variables of the first experiment and second experiments before and after inducing the wounds. The skin impedance results at 1 and 5 kHz in the first experiment could not be obtained due to temporary problems with the electrode leads. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_sensors-19-02505-t002" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 2.</b> The calculated impedance variables of the first experiment and second experiments before and after inducing the wounds. The skin impedance results at 1 and 5 kHz in the first experiment could not be obtained due to temporary problems with the electrode leads.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th rowspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >f</th><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Experiment 1</th><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Experiment 2</th></tr><tr ><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Before Wounding (Skin)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >After Wounding (Wounds)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Before Wounding (Skin)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >After Wounding (Wounds)</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mover accent="true"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mstyle> </semantics> </math></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ</mi> </mstyle> </semantics> </math></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mover accent="true"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mstyle> </semantics> </math></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ</mi> </mstyle> </semantics> </math></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mover accent="true"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mstyle> </semantics> </math></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ</mi> </mstyle> </semantics> </math></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mover accent="true"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mstyle> </semantics> </math></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'> <semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ</mi> </mstyle> </semantics> </math></th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >150 Hz</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >323.9 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >27.3 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >22.8 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.1 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >265.6 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >23.5 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17.0 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.0 kΩ</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >300 Hz</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >186.2 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.2 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14.7 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.0 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >157.7 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13.7 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.6 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.7 kΩ</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 kHz</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.9 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.8 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >58.7 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.5 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.3 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.2 kΩ</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5 kHz</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.5 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13.6 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.1 kΩ</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1 kΩ</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="sensors-19-02505-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href='#table_body_display_sensors-19-02505-t003'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2505/display" href="#table_body_display_sensors-19-02505-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> Hydrogen peroxide concentration as a function of polarization time in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 1.25 mm from cathode surface. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_sensors-19-02505-t003" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 3.</b> Hydrogen peroxide concentration as a function of polarization time in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 1.25 mm from cathode surface.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Polarization Time</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Baseline Current (Prior to Polarization)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Current (After Polarization)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Concentration</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60 s (200–260)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−1.964 µA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−2.095 µA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33 µM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >120 s (400–520)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−1.867 µA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >−2.126 µA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >65 µM</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >300 s (800–1100)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1.842 µA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−2.093 µA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >63 µM</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href='http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Bioimpedance+Sensor+Array+for+Long-Term+Monitoring+of+Wound+Healing+from+Beneath+the+Primary+Dressings+and+Controlled+Formation+of+H2O2+Using+Low-Intensity+Direct+Current&hashtags=mdpisensors&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F472388&via=Sensors_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F472388&title=Bioimpedance%20Sensor%20Array%20for%20Long-Term%20Monitoring%20of%20Wound%20Healing%20from%20Beneath%20the%20Primary%20Dressings%20and%20Controlled%20Formation%20of%20H2O2%20Using%20Low-Intensity%20Direct%20Current%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DChronic%20wounds%20impose%20a%20significant%20financial%20burden%20for%20the%20healthcare%20system.%20Currently%2C%20assessment%20and%20monitoring%20of%20hard-to-heal%20wounds%20are%20often%20based%20on%20visual%20means%20and%20measuring%20the%20size%20of%20the%20wound.%20The%20primary%20wound%20dressings%20must%20be%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/472388" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/472388" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/472388" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Kekonen, A.; Bergelin, M.; Johansson, M.; Kumar Joon, N.; Bobacka, J.; Viik, J. Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Low-Intensity Direct Current. <em>Sensors</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>19</em>, 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Kekonen A, Bergelin M, Johansson M, Kumar Joon N, Bobacka J, Viik J. Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Low-Intensity Direct Current. <em>Sensors</em>. 2019; 19(11):2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Kekonen, Atte, Mikael Bergelin, Max Johansson, Narender Kumar Joon, Johan Bobacka, and Jari Viik. 2019. "Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Low-Intensity Direct Current" <em>Sensors</em> 19, no. 11: 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Kekonen, A., Bergelin, M., Johansson, M., Kumar Joon, N., Bobacka, J., & Viik, J. (2019). Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Low-Intensity Direct Current. <em>Sensors</em>, <em>19</em>(11), 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/sensors/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="236194"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="236194"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="236194"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Kekonen, A.; Bergelin, M.; Johansson, M.; Kumar Joon, N.; Bobacka, J.; Viik, J. Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Low-Intensity Direct Current. <em>Sensors</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>19</em>, 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Kekonen A, Bergelin M, Johansson M, Kumar Joon N, Bobacka J, Viik J. Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Low-Intensity Direct Current. <em>Sensors</em>. 2019; 19(11):2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Kekonen, Atte, Mikael Bergelin, Max Johansson, Narender Kumar Joon, Johan Bobacka, and Jari Viik. 2019. "Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Low-Intensity Direct Current" <em>Sensors</em> 19, no. 11: 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Kekonen, A., Bergelin, M., Johansson, M., Kumar Joon, N., Bobacka, J., & Viik, J. (2019). Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Using Low-Intensity Direct Current. <em>Sensors</em>, <em>19</em>(11), 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112505 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/sensors">Sensors</a></em>, EISSN 1424-8220, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/sensors" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/sensors/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Bioimpedance+Sensor+Array+for+Long-Term+Monitoring+of+Wound+Healing+from+Beneath+the+Primary+Dressings+and+Controlled+Formation+of+H2O2+Using+Low-Intensity+Direct+Current&hashtags=mdpisensors&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F472388&via=Sensors_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F472388&title=Bioimpedance%20Sensor%20Array%20for%20Long-Term%20Monitoring%20of%20Wound%20Healing%20from%20Beneath%20the%20Primary%20Dressings%20and%20Controlled%20Formation%20of%20H2O2%20Using%20Low-Intensity%20Direct%20Current%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DChronic%20wounds%20impose%20a%20significant%20financial%20burden%20for%20the%20healthcare%20system.%20Currently%2C%20assessment%20and%20monitoring%20of%20hard-to-heal%20wounds%20are%20often%20based%20on%20visual%20means%20and%20measuring%20the%20size%20of%20the%20wound.%20The%20primary%20wound%20dressings%20must%20be%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/472388" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/472388" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/472388" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/472388" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/472388" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/472388</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "sensors"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732286508"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/236194/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/s19112505' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/1424-8220/19/11/2505" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fs19112505/3"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fs19112505", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/1424-8220/19/11/2505/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/236194/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/236194/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732286508"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732286508"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e6f62f8eed28992',t:'MTczMjM0NjMyMS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Bioimpedance Sensor Array for Long-Term Monitoring of Wound Healing from Beneath the Primary Dressings and Controlled Formation of H2O2 Using Low-Intensity Direct Current