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ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Nano+gorri" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. 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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definizioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definizioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definizioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definizioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deskribapena_eta_ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deskribapena_eta_ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Deskribapena eta ezaugarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deskribapena_eta_ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izar_estandar_espektralak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izar_estandar_espektralak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izar estandar espektralak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izar_estandar_espektralak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Planetak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bizigarritasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bizigarritasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bizigarritasuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bizigarritasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nano_gorrien_adibideak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nano_gorrien_adibideak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nano gorrien adibideak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nano_gorrien_adibideak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nano gorri</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 72 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooidwerg" title="Rooidwerg – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooidwerg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_roya" title="Nana roya – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nana roya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="قزم أحمر – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قزم أحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_colorada" title="Nana colorada – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nana colorada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Чырвоны карлік – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чырвоны карлік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Червено джудже – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червено джудже" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrez_ruz" title="Korrez ruz – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Korrez ruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_patuljak_(zvijezda)" title="Crveni patuljak (zvijezda) – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crveni patuljak (zvijezda)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_roja" title="Nana roja – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nana roja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="گرگنی سوور – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گرگنی سوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Červený trpaslík – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Červený trpaslík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хĕрлĕ карлик – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕрлĕ карлик" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8d_dv%C3%A6rg" title="Rød dværg – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rød dværg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roter_Zwerg" title="Roter Zwerg – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roter Zwerg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ερυθρός νάνος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερυθρός νάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Red dwarf" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_nano" title="Ruĝa nano – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa nano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enana_roja" title="Enana roja – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enana roja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punane_k%C3%A4%C3%A4bus" title="Punane kääbus – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punane kääbus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="کوتوله سرخ – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوتوله سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punainen_k%C3%A4%C3%A4pi%C3%B6" title="Punainen kääpiö – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punainen kääpiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damudamu_leka" title="Damudamu leka – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Damudamu leka" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naine_rouge" title="Naine rouge – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naine rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anana_vermella" title="Anana vermella – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anana vermella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ננס אדום – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ננס אדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लाल बौना – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाल बौना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_patuljak" title="Crveni patuljak – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crveni patuljak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%B6rpe" title="Vörös törpe – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vörös törpe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%A9%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Կարմիր թզուկ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմիր թզուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_rubie" title="Nana rubie – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nana rubie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katai_merah" title="Katai merah – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katai merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0ur_dvergur" title="Rauður dvergur – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauður dvergur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_rossa" title="Nana rossa – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nana rossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E8%89%B2%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="赤色矮星 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤色矮星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="წითელი ჯუჯა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი ჯუჯა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agezlan_azegga%C9%A3" title="Agezlan azeggaɣ – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agezlan azeggaɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="적색왜성 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적색왜성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumilio_rubra" title="Pumilio rubra – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pumilio rubra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouden_Zwerg" title="Rouden Zwerg – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rouden Zwerg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonoji_nyk%C5%A1tuk%C4%97" title="Raudonoji nykštukė – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonoji nykštukė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkanais_punduris" title="Sarkanais punduris – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanais punduris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B5" title="Црвено џуџе – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвено џуџе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BB" title="ചുവപ്പുകുള്ളൻ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചുവപ്പുകുള്ളൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerdil_merah" title="Kerdil merah – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerdil merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ကြယ်ပုနီ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်ပုနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_dwerg" title="Rode dwerg – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode dwerg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud_dverg" title="Raud dverg – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raud dverg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8d_dverg" title="Rød dverg – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rød dverg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_roja" title="Nana roja – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nana roja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czerwony_karze%C5%82" title="Czerwony karzeł – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czerwony karzeł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A3_vermelha" title="Anã vermelha – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anã vermelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Pitică roșie – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pitică roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Красный карлик – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красный карлик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_patuljak" title="Crveni patuljak – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crveni patuljak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="රතු වාමන තරු – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රතු වාමන තරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red dwarf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Červený trpaslík – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červený trpaslík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Da_pritlikavka" title="Rdeča pritlikavka – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeča pritlikavka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciirsi_cas_(xiddig)" title="Ciirsi cas (xiddig) – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciirsi cas (xiddig)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhuxhi_i_kuq%C3%AB" title="Xhuxhi i kuqë – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhuxhi i kuqë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Црвени патуљак – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвени патуљак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6d_dv%C3%A4rg" title="Röd dvärg – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röd dvärg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="செங்குறுமீன் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செங்குறுமீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="ดาวแคระแดง – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวแคระแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_c%C3%BCce" title="Kırmızı cüce – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırmızı cüce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Кызыл кәрлә – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кызыл кәрлә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Червоний карлик – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Червоний карлик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_l%C3%B9n_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F" title="Sao lùn đỏ – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao lùn đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodje_ninte" title="Rodje ninte – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rodje ninte" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="红矮星 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="红矮星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紅矮星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅矮星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><div class="nounderlines" style="width: 400px; float: right; margin: none; padding: none; border: none; clear: right; background-color: #ffffff;"> <div style="position: relative;"> <div style="background-color: {{{svg-background-color}}};"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:HR-diag-no-text-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/400px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/600px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/800px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:74px; top: 392px;"><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung-Russell_diagrama" title="Hertzsprung-Russell diagrama"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 110%">Hertzsprung-Russell diagrama</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:182px; top: 432px;"><a href="/wiki/Izar-sailkapen" class="mw-redirect" title="Izar-sailkapen"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 120%">Izar-mota</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:322px; top: 364px;"><a href="/wiki/Nano_marroi" title="Nano marroi"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Nano marroiak</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:154px; top: 316px;"><a href="/wiki/Nano_zuri" title="Nano zuri"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Nano zuriak</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:334px; top: 300px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Nano gorriak</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:202px; top: 268px;"><a href="/wiki/Izar_azpinano" title="Izar azpinano"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Azpinanoak</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:94px; top: 222px;"><a href="/wiki/Sekuentzia_nagusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekuentzia nagusi"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Sekuentzia nagusia<br />("nanoak")</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:262px; top: 184px;"><a href="/wiki/Azpierraldoi" title="Azpierraldoi"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Azpierraldoiak</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:174px; top: 164px;"><a href="/wiki/Izar_erraldoi" title="Izar erraldoi"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Izar erraldoiak</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:194px; top: 132px;"><a href="/wiki/Erraldoi_argitsu" title="Erraldoi argitsu"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Erraldoi argitsuak</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:174px; top: 104px;"><a href="/wiki/Supererraldoi" title="Supererraldoi"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Supererraldoiak</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:174px; top: 71.2px;"><a href="/wiki/Hipererraldoi" title="Hipererraldoi"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Hipererraldoiak</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:2px; top: 212px;"><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_absolutu" title="Magnitude absolutu"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">Magnitude<br />abso-<br />lutua<br />(M<sub>V</sub>)</span></a></div> </div> </div> <p><b>Nano gorri</b> bat <a href="/wiki/Sekuentzia_nagusia" title="Sekuentzia nagusia">sekuentzia nagusiko</a> <a href="/wiki/Izar" title="Izar">izar</a> motarik txikiena eta hotzena da. Nano gorriak dira, askorekin, <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidean</a> izar motarik ohikoena, <a href="/wiki/Eguzkia" title="Eguzkia">Eguzkiaren</a> auzoan behintzat, baina euren argitasun txikia dela eta, nano gorri indibidualak ezin dira erraz ikusi. Lurretik, nano gorri baten definiziorik zorrotzenetara egokitzen den izarrik ez da begi hutsez ikusten.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, Eguzkitik gertuen dagoen izarra, nano gorri bat da, hurbilen dauden <a href="/wiki/Zerrenda:Gertuen_dauden_izarrak" title="Zerrenda:Gertuen dauden izarrak">hirurogei izarretatik</a> berrogeita hamar bezala. Kalkulu batzuen arabera, nano gorriak Esne Bideko izarren hiru laurden dira.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eguzkitik hurbilen dauden nano gorri hotzenek ~ 2.000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(unitatea)" title="Kelvin (unitatea)">kelvineko</a> azaleko tenperatura dute, eta txikienek ~ % 9ko erradioak dituzte, ~ % 7,5eko masekin. Nano gorri hauek L0 eta L2 espektro klaseak dituzte. <a href="/wiki/Nano_marroi" title="Nano marroi">Nano marroien</a> propietateekin nolabaiteko gainjartze bat dago, metaltasun baxuagoko nano marroi masiboenak 3.600 kelvinera irits baitaitezke eta M espektro mota berantiarrak izan baititzakete. </p><p>Definizioak eta "nano gorria" terminoaren erabilera aldatu egiten dira mutur bero eta masiboenean sartzeari dagokionez. Definizio bat, <b>M nanoen</b> sinonimoa da (<b>M motako sekuentzia nagusiko izarrak</b>), 3.900 kelvineko eta 0,6 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>ko gehienezko tenperatura eragiten duena. Beste batek, sekuentzia nagusiko M motako izar guztiak eta <a href="/wiki/Nano_laranja" title="Nano laranja">K motako sekuentzia nagusiko izar</a> (K nanoa) guztiak hartzen ditu, honek, 5.200 kelvineko eta 0,8 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>ko gehienezko tenperatura ematen duelarik. Definizio batzuk, edozein <a href="/wiki/Izar_nano" title="Izar nano">izar nano</a> barne hartzen dute, eta K. nanoen sailkapenaren zati bat, beste definizio batzuk ere erabiltzen dira (ikus <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Definizioa">definizioa</a>). M nanorik hotzenetako eta masa txikieneko asko nano marroiak izatea espero da, ez benetako izarrak, eta, beraz, nano gorriaren edozein definiziotik kanpo geratuko lirateke. </p><p>Izar ereduek 0,35 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> baino gutxiagoko nano gorriak erabat <a href="/wiki/Konbekzio" title="Konbekzio">konbektiboak</a> direla adierazten dute.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beraz, hidrogenoaren <a href="/wiki/Fusio_termonuklear" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusio termonuklear">fusio termonuklearrak</a> sortutako helioa etengabe nahasten da izar osoan zehar, nukleoan helioa pilatzea ekidinez eta horrela fusio periodoa luzatuz. Beraz, masa baxuko nano gorriak oso poliki garatzen dira, <a href="/wiki/Argitasun" title="Argitasun">argitasun</a> eta espektro mota konstante bat bilioi urtetan mantenduz, euren erregaia agortzen den arte. Unibertsoaren adin konparatiboki motza dela eta, oraindik ez dago nano gorririk eboluzio aro aurreratuetan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definizioa">Definizioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definizioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:New_shot_of_Proxima_Centauri,_our_nearest_neighbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/New_shot_of_Proxima_Centauri%2C_our_nearest_neighbour.jpg/226px-New_shot_of_Proxima_Centauri%2C_our_nearest_neighbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/New_shot_of_Proxima_Centauri%2C_our_nearest_neighbour.jpg/339px-New_shot_of_Proxima_Centauri%2C_our_nearest_neighbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/New_shot_of_Proxima_Centauri%2C_our_nearest_neighbour.jpg/452px-New_shot_of_Proxima_Centauri%2C_our_nearest_neighbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, Eguzkitik gertuen dagoen izarra 4,2 ly-ra, nano gorri bat da.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nano gorri hitzak, izar bat izendatzeko erabiltzen denean, ez du definizio zorrotzik. Terminoaren lehen erabileretako bat 1915ean izan zen, izar nano "gorriak" izar nano "urdin" beroagoekin kontrastatzeko soilik erabili zena.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erabilera ezarria bihurtu zen, definizioa lausoa izaten jarraitu zuen arren.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nano gorri bezala kalifikatzen diren espektro motei dagokienez, ikerlari ezberdinek muga ezberdinak aukeratu zituzten, adibidez K8-M5<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> edo "K5aren ondorengoa".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>M izar nano</i> esamoldea ere erabili zen, dM laburtua, baina, batzuetan, k espektro motako izarrak ere hartzen zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaur egungo erabileran, <i>nano gorriaren</i> definizioa oraindik aldatu egiten da. Esplizituki definitzen denean, K klaseko izar berantiarrak eta M klaseko izar goiztiar eta ertainak sartzen ditu,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> baina kasu askotan M klaseko izarretara mugatzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasu batzuetan nano gorri bezala K klaseko izar guztiak sartzen dira,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta, batzuetan, baita izar goiztiarrenak ere.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ikerketa berrienek sekuentzia nagusiko izarrik hotzenak L2 edo L3 espektro motetan kokatzen dituzte. Aldi berean, M6 edo M7 baino objektu hotzago asko nano marroiak dira, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno_isotopoak#Protioa" title="Hidrogeno isotopoak">hidrogeno-1</a> fusioa mantentzeko behar bezain masiboak ez direnak.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honen ondorioz, nano gorri eta marroien espektro motak nabarmen gainjartzen dira. Espektro maila horretan dauden objektuak sailkatzen zailak izan daitezke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deskribapena_eta_ezaugarriak">Deskribapena eta ezaugarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Deskribapena eta ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Deskribapena eta ezaugarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nano gorriak <a href="/wiki/Izar_eboluzio" title="Izar eboluzio">oso masa txikiko izarrak</a> dira.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horregatik, presio erlatiboki baxuak dituzte, fusio-tasa baxua eta, beraz, tenperatura baxua. Sortutako energia <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogenoaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Fusio_nuklear" title="Fusio nuklear">fusio nuklearraren</a> emaitza da <a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">helioan</a> <a href="/wiki/Protoi-protoi_katea" title="Protoi-protoi katea">protoi-protoi katearen</a> bidez (PP). Beraz, izar hauek, nahiko argi gutxi igortzen dute, batzuetan, Eguzkiaren <span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10,000</sub></span> baino ez, honek, 10<sup>22</sup> watt (10 bilioi gigawatt) inguruko potentzia bat suposatzen jarraituko lukeen arren. Nano gorri handienek ere (adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_179930&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 179930 (sortu gabe)">HD 179930</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIP_12961&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIP 12961 (sortu gabe)">HIP 12961</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lacaille_8760" title="Lacaille 8760">Lacaille 8760</a>) <a href="/wiki/Eguzki-argitasun" title="Eguzki-argitasun">Eguzkiaren argitasunaren</a> %10 baino ez dute.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oro har, 0,35 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> baino gutxiagoko nano gorriek <a href="/wiki/Konbekzio" title="Konbekzio">konbekzio</a> bidez garraiatzen dute energia nukleotik azalera. Konbekzioa barnealdearen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opakotasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opakotasun (sortu gabe)">opakotasunaren</a> ondorioz gertatzen da, tenperaturarekin alderatuta dentsitate handia duena. Emaitza bezala, <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio" title="Erradiazio">erradiazio</a> bidezko energia transferentzia gutxitu egiten da, eta, honen ordez, konbekzioa da izarraren azalera energia garraiatzeko modu nagusia. Masa honen gainetik, nano gorri batek, bere nukleoaren inguruan, konbekziorik gertatzen ez den eskualde bat izango du.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Red_dwarf_lifetime.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Red_dwarf_lifetime.png/229px-Red_dwarf_lifetime.png" decoding="async" width="229" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Red_dwarf_lifetime.png/344px-Red_dwarf_lifetime.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Red_dwarf_lifetime.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Nano gorri baten sekuentzia nagusian aurreikusitako bizi-denbora, bere masaren arabera Eguzkiarekiko.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Masa baxuko nano gorriak erabat konbektiboak direnez, helioa ez da nukleoan pilatzen, eta, izar handienekin alderatuta, Eguzkia kasu, euren hidrogenoaren proportzio handiagoa erre dezakete <a href="/wiki/Sekuentzia_nagusia" title="Sekuentzia nagusia">sekuentzia nagusia</a> utzi aurretik. Ondorioz, nano gorriek unibertsoaren egungo adina baino askoz bizitza luzeagoa dute, eta 0,8 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> baino gutxiagoko izarrek ez dute sekuentzia nagusia uzteko denborarik izan. Nano gorri baten masa zenbat eta txikiagoa izan, orduan eta bizitza erabilgarri handiagoa izango du. Uste denez, izar hauen bizitza gure eguzkiarentzat aurreikusitako 10.000 milioi urtetik gorakoa da eguzki masaren eta bere masen arteko erlazioaren hirugarren edo laugarren potentzian, honela, 0,1 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>ko nano gorri batek, 10 bilioi urtez sutan jarrai dezake.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nano gorri batean hidrogeno proportzioa kontsumitzen den heinean, fusio tasa jaitsi egiten da eta nukleoa uzkurtzen hasten da. Tamaina murrizketa honek askatutako grabitate energia bero bihurtzen da, izar osoak konbekzio bidez garraiatzen duena.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>M nanoen ezaugarri tipikoak<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Izar <p>mota </p> </th> <th>Masa <p>(<a href="/wiki/Eguzki_masa" title="Eguzki masa"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></a>) </p> </th> <th>Erradioa <p>(<a href="/wiki/Eguzki_erradio" title="Eguzki erradio"><var>R</var><sub>☉</sub></a>) </p> </th> <th>Argitasuna <p>(<a href="/wiki/Eguzki-argitasun" title="Eguzki-argitasun"><var>L</var><sub>☉</sub></a>) </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenperatura_efektibo" title="Tenperatura efektibo">T<sub>eff</sub></a>(<a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(unitatea)" title="Kelvin (unitatea)">K</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>M0V </td> <td>60% </td> <td>62% </td> <td>7.2% </td> <td>3,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M1V </td> <td>49% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td>3,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M2V </td> <td>44% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>3,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M3V </td> <td>36% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>3,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M4V </td> <td>20% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>0.55% </td> <td>3,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M5V </td> <td>14% </td> <td>20% </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>2,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M6V </td> <td>10% </td> <td>15% </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>2,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M7V </td> <td>9% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M8V </td> <td>8% </td> <td>11% </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>2,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M9V </td> <td>7.5% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>0.015% </td> <td>2,300 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ordenagailu bidezko simulazioen arabera, nano gorri batek <a href="/wiki/Erraldoi_gorri" title="Erraldoi gorri">erraldoi gorri</a> baterantz eboluzionatzen amaitzeko izan behar duen gutxieneko masa 0,25<var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> da; hain masiboak ez diren objektuek, zahartu ahala, euren azaleko tenperatura eta argitasuna areagotuko lituzkete <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_urdin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nano urdin (sortu gabe)">nano urdin</a> bihurtuz eta, azkenik, <a href="/wiki/Nano_zuri" title="Nano zuri">nano zuri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zenbat eta masiboagoa izan izarra, orduan eta luzeagoa izango da eboluzio-prozesu hori. Kalkuluen arabera, 0,16 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>ko nano gorri bat (<a href="/wiki/Barnarden_izarra" title="Barnarden izarra">Barnarden izarraren</a> masa, gutxi gora-behera) sekuentzia nagusian 2,5 bilioi urtez egongo litzateke, ondoren, bost mila milioi urte nano urdin bezala, denbora horretan izarrak <a href="/wiki/Eguzkiaren_argitasun" class="mw-redirect" title="Eguzkiaren argitasun">Eguzkiaren argitasunaren</a> herena eta 6.500-8.500 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(unitatea)" title="Kelvin (unitatea)">kelvineko</a> azaleko tenperatura izango lukeelarik.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nano gorriak eta masa baxuko beste izar batzuk sekuentzia nagusian jarraitzeak, izar masiboenak sekuentzia nagusitik irten direnean, <a href="/wiki/Izar-kumulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Izar-kumulu">izar kumuluen</a> adina estimatzea ahalbidetzen du, izarrak sekuentzia nagusitik irteten diren masa aurkituz. Honek <a href="/wiki/Unibertsoa" title="Unibertsoa">unibertsoaren</a> adina baino beheragoko muga bat ematen du, eta formazio denbora eskalak <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidearen</a> barruko egituretan kokatzea ere ahalbidetzen du, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_galaktiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halo galaktiko (sortu gabe)">halo galaktikoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_galaktiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disko galaktiko (sortu gabe)">disko galaktikoa</a> kasu. </p><p>Behatutako nano gorri guztiek "<a href="/wiki/Metalizitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalizitate">metalak</a>" dituzte, astronomian hidrogenoa eta helioa baino elementu astunagoak direnak. <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bangaren</a> ereduak, lehen izar belaunaldiak soilik hidrogenoa, helioa eta <a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">litio</a> arrastoak izan beharko lituzkeela aurreikusten du, eta, beraz, metaltasun gutxikoa izango litzateke. Bere muturreko bizi-iraupenarekin, lehen belaunaldi horretako parte izan ziren nano gorriek (III. populazioko izarrak) gaur egun ere existitu beharko lukete. Hala ere, metaltasun baxuko nano gorriak arraroak dira. Unibertsoaren eboluzio kimikorako onartutako ereduak metalean pobreak diren izar nanoen eskasia hau aurreikusten du, izar erraldoiak soilik unibertso primitiboaren ingurune txiroan sortu zirela uste baita. Izar erraldoiek, euren bizitza laburra <a href="/wiki/Supernoba" title="Supernoba">supernoba</a> leherketekin amaitzen dutenean, izar txikiagoak eratzeko behar diren elementurik astunenak kanporatzen dituzte. Beraz, nanoak ohikoagoak bihurtu ziren unibertsoa zahartu eta metaletan aberastu ahala. Metaletan pobreak diren antzinako nano gorrien oinarrizko eskasia espero daitekeen arren, behaketek aurreikusitakoa baino gutxiago antzeman dute. Nano gorriak bezalako objektu ahulak detektatzeko zailtasunak desadostasun hau azaltzen zuela uste zen, baina detekzio metodoen hobekuntzak baieztatu besterik ez du egin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nano gorri ez hain masiboen eta nano marroi masiboenen arteko muga, neurri handi batean, metaltasunaren araberakoa da. Eguzki-metaltasunean, muga 0,07 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> ingurukoa da, eta zero metaltasunean, berriz, 0,09 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> ingurukoa. Eguzki metaltasunean, hain masiboak ez diren nano gorriek, teorikoki, 1.700 kelvineko tenperaturak dituzte, eguzki inguruko nano gorrien neurketek, izar hotzenek, 2.075 kelvineko tenperaturak eta L2 espektro klaseak dituztela iradokitzen duten bitartean. Teoriaren arabera, zero metaltasuna duten nano gorri hotzenek 3.600 kelvineko tenperatura izango lukete, hain masiboak ez diren nano gorriek 0,09 <var>R</var><sub>☉</sub> inguruko erradioak dituzte, nano gorri masiboenak zein nano marroi ez hain masiboak handiagoak diren bitartean.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izar_estandar_espektralak">Izar estandar espektralak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izar estandar espektralak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Izar estandar espektralak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>M motako izarrentzako estandar espektralak zertxobait aldatu dira urteetan zehar, baina apur bat egonkortu dira 1990eko hamarkadaren hasieratik. Hau, neurri batean, nano gorririk hurbilenak ere nahiko ahulak direlako eta euren koloreak ez direlako ondo erregistratzen XX. mendearen hasieran eta erdialdean erabilitako argazki emultsioetan. M nano ertain eta berantiarren azterketak soilik nabarmen egin du aurrera azken hamarkadetan, batez ere teknika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrografia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrografia (sortu gabe)">astrografiko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Espektroskopia" title="Espektroskopia">espektroskopiko</a> berrien garapenagatik, argazki-plakak alde batera utziz eta karga akoplatzeko gailuetarantz (CCD) eta infragorrarekiko sentikorrak diren multzoetarantz aurrera eginez. </p><p>Yerkesen Atlasaren sistema berrikusiak (Johnson eta Morgan, 1953)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> m motako bi espektro izar estandar baino ez zituen: HD 147379 (M0V) eta HD 95735/<a href="/wiki/Lalande_21185" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185</a> (M2V). HD 147379 estandarren ondorengo laburpenetan sailkatu ziren adituek estandartzat hartu ez zuten bitartean, <a href="/wiki/Lalande_21185" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185</a> lehen mailako estandarra da M2Vrentzat. Robert Garrisonek<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ez du nano gorrien artean aingura estandarrik zerrendatzen, baina <a href="/wiki/Lalande_21185" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185</a> M2Vren estandar bezala biziraun du laburpen askoren bidez.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan & Keenanen MK sailkapenaren berrikuspenak (1973) ez zuen nano gorrien estandarrik. 1970eko hamarkadaren erdialdean, Keenan eta McNeilek (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta Boeshaarrek (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> izar estandar nano gorriak argitaratu zituzten, baina zoritxarrez, estandarren artean adostasun txikia egon zen. 1980ko hamarkadan izar hotzagoak identifikatu ziren heinean, argi geratu zen nano gorrien estandarrak berrikusi behar zirela. Boeshaarren estandarretan oinarrituta, Steward Behatokiko talde batek (Kirkpatrick, Henry eta McCarthy, 1991)<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K5V eta M9V arteko espektro sekuentzia osatu zuen. M motako izar estandar nano hauek dira gaur egun arte estandar nagusi bezala neurri handi batean biziraun dutenak. Nano gorrien espektro sekuentziaren aldaketak hutsalak izan dira 1991tik. Henry et al. (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nano gorrien estandar gehiago bildu zituzten, eta Kirkpatrickek berriki berrikusi du nano gorrien eta izar estandarren sailkapena 2009ko Gray & Corbally monografian.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hauek dira M nanetako lehen mailako estandar espektralak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=GJ_270&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GJ 270 (sortu gabe)">GJ 270</a> (M0V), <a href="/w/index.php?title=GJ_229A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GJ 229A (sortu gabe)">GJ 229A</a> (M1V), <a href="/wiki/Lalande_21185" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185</a> (M2V), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 581 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 581</a> (M3V), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_402&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 402 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 402</a> (M4V), <a href="/w/index.php?title=GJ_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GJ 51 (sortu gabe)">GJ 51</a> (M5V), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf_359&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolf 359 (sortu gabe)">Wolf 359</a> (M6V), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Biesbroeck_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Biesbroeck 8 (sortu gabe)">van Biesbroeck 8</a> (M7V), <a href="/w/index.php?title=VB_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VB 10 (sortu gabe)">VB 10</a> (M8V), <a href="/w/index.php?title=LHS_2924&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LHS 2924 (sortu gabe)">LHS 2924</a> (M9V). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planetak">Planetak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Planetak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Planetak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:RedDwarfPlanet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RedDwarfPlanet.jpg/220px-RedDwarfPlanet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RedDwarfPlanet.jpg/330px-RedDwarfPlanet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RedDwarfPlanet.jpg/440px-RedDwarfPlanet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Nano gorri baten inguruan orbitatzen ari den planeta baten irudikapen artistikoa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:AU_MIc_M-dwarf_artist%27s_conception.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/AU_MIc_M-dwarf_artist%27s_conception.jpg/220px-AU_MIc_M-dwarf_artist%27s_conception.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/AU_MIc_M-dwarf_artist%27s_conception.jpg/330px-AU_MIc_M-dwarf_artist%27s_conception.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/AU_MIc_M-dwarf_artist%27s_conception.jpg/440px-AU_MIc_M-dwarf_artist%27s_conception.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=AU_Mic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AU Mic (sortu gabe)">AU Mic</a>-en ilustrazioa, M motako izar nano gorri bat (M1Ve espektro klasea), gure eguzkiaren %0,7tik beherako adinarekin. Gune ilunek, eguzki orbanen antzeko eskualde erraldoiak irudikatzen dituzte.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nano gorri asko <a href="/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta">exoplanetek</a> orbitatzen dituzte, baina <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiterren</a> tamainako planeta handiak nahiko arraroak dira. Izar barietate handi baten Doppler azterketek, Eguzkia Jupiterren tamainako planeta batek edo gehiagok orbitatzen duten masa bikoitzarekin 6 izarretik 1 inguru, Eguzkiaren antzeko izarren kasuan 16tik 1ren aurrean, eta nano gorrien inguruan orbitatzen duten gertuko planeta erraldoien maiztasuna (Jupiterren tamainakoa edo handiagoak), 40tik 1ekoa baino ez dela adierazten dute.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bestalde, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrolente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrolente (sortu gabe)">mikrolenteen</a> azterketen arabera, hiru nano gorritik baten inguruan <a href="/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno">Neptunoren</a> masa duten orbita aldi luzeko planetak daude.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=HARPS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HARPS (sortu gabe)">HARPSekin</a> egindako behaketek, gainera, nano gorrien %40k "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Lur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Super-Lur (sortu gabe)">super-Lur</a>" klaseko planeta bat dutela adierazten dute, gainazalean ur likidoa egon daitekeen toki bizigarrian orbitatzen.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masa txikiko izarren inguruan planetak sortzeko ordenagailu bidezko simulazioek Lurraren tamainako planetak ugarienak direla iragartzen dute, baina simulatutako planeten % 90ek baino gehiagok gutxienez % 10eko masa ura dute, izar nano gorrien inguruan orbitatzen duten Lurraren tamainako planeta asko ozeano sakonez estalita daudela iradokitzen duena.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2005 eta 2010 artean, gutxienez lau aurkitu ziren, eta, ziuraski, sei exoplaneta orbitatzen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 581 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 581 planeta-sisteman</a>. Planetetako batek, gutxi gora-behera, <a href="/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno">Neptunoren</a> masa du, hau da, 16 <a href="/wiki/Lur_masa" title="Lur masa">Lur masa</a> (<var>M</var><sub>⊕</sub>). Bere izarretik 6 milioi <a href="/wiki/Kilometro" title="Kilometro">kilometrora</a> soilik orbitatzen du, eta bere izarraren iluntasuna gorabehera, 150 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius_gradu" title="Celsius gradu">C</a>-ko azaleko tenperatura duela uste da. 2006an, exoplaneta txikiago bat aurkitu zen (5,5 <var>M</var><sub>⊕</sub> bakarrik) <a href="/w/index.php?title=OGLE-2005-BLG-390L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OGLE-2005-BLG-390L (sortu gabe)">OGLE-2005-BLG-390L</a> nano gorria orbitatzen; 390 milioi kilometrora dago (2,6 UA) eta bere azaleko tenperatura -220 ° C (53 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(unitatea)" title="Kelvin (unitatea)">K</a>) da. </p><p>2007an, <a href="/wiki/Bizigarritasun_planetario" title="Bizigarritasun planetario">bizigarria</a> izan zitekeen exoplaneta berri bat aurkitu zen, <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581_c" title="Gliese 581 c">Gliese 581c</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 581 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 581</a> inguruan orbitatzen duena. Bere aurkitzaileek estimatutako gutxieneko masa (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephane_Udry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephane Udry (sortu gabe)">Stephane Udryk</a> zuzendutako talde bat) 5,36 <var>M</var><sub>⊕</sub>koa da. Aurkitzaileek, euren erradioa Lurrarena (<var>R</var><sub>⊕</sub>) baino 1,5 aldiz handiagoa dela uste dute. Ordutik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_581d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 581d (sortu gabe)">Gliese 581d</a> aurkitu zen, hau ere, potentzialki bizigarria dena. </p><p>Gliese 581c eta d izar anfitrioiaren <a href="/wiki/Gune_bizigarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gune bizigarri">gune bizigarriaren</a> barnean daude, eta orain arte aurkitutako exoplaneta guztien bizigarritasunerako aukera gehien duten hautagaietako bi dira.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_581g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 581g (sortu gabe)">Gliese 581g</a>, 2010eko irailean detektatua,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia orbita zirkularra du izarraren gune bizigarriaren erdian. Hala ere, planetaren existentzia eztabaidatua da.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2017ko otsailaren 23an, NASAk Lurraren tamainako zazpi planeta aurkitu zituela iragarri zuen, Acuario konstelazioan 39 argi-urteko distantziara dagoen <a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1" title="TRAPPIST-1">TRAPPIST-1</a> izar nano gorriaren inguruan orbitatzen dutenak. Planetak, igarotze-metodoaren bidez aurkitu ziren, horien guztien masa eta erradioari buruzko informazioa dugula esan nahi duena. TRAPPIST-1e, f eta g eremu bizigarriaren barruan daudela dirudi, eta ur likidoa izan dezakete gainazalean.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jarraian ikus daitekeen taulan exoplanetak aurkitu diren gure eguzki sistematik gertuko nano gorriak agertzen dira. </p> <table class="wikitaula" style="background-color:white;" width="69%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="1" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th width="22%"><a href="/wiki/Izar" title="Izar">Izarra</a> </th> <th width="15%"><a href="/wiki/Espektru_mota" class="mw-redirect" title="Espektru mota">Espektru<br />mota</a> </th> <th width="15%">Distantzia<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Argi-urte" title="Argi-urte">Argi-urteak</a>)</small> </th> <th width="8%">Planeta ezagunak </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_674&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 674 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 674</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffeddd" align="center">M2.5V </td> <td align="center">14,8 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_876&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 876 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 876</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffdddd" align="center">M3.5V </td> <td align="center">15,3 </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 832 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 832</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffdddd" align="center">M3.0V </td> <td align="center">16,1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 581 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 581</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffdddd" align="center">M3V </td> <td align="center">19,9 </td> <td align="center">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_849&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 849 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 849</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffdddd" align="center">M3.5V </td> <td align="center">28,6 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_317&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 317 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 317</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffdddd" align="center">M3.5* </td> <td align="center">29,9 </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_176&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 176 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 176</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffeddd" align="center">M2.5V </td> <td align="center">30,7 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_436&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 436 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 436</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffeddd" align="center">M2.5V </td> <td align="center">33,4 </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_649&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 649 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 649</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffeddd" align="center">M1.5V </td> <td align="center">33,7 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GJ_1148&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GJ 1148 (sortu gabe)">GJ 1148</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffdddd" align="center">M4V </td> <td align="center">35,9 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliese_179&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliese 179 (sortu gabe)">Gliese 179</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffdddd" align="center">M3.5V </td> <td align="center">40 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>* Gliese 317 <a href="/wiki/Metaltasun" title="Metaltasun">metaltasun</a> oso baxuko <a href="/wiki/Izar_azpinano" title="Izar azpinano">izar azpinano</a> bat izan liteke.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bizigarritasuna">Bizigarritasuna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bizigarritasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bizigarritasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NASA-RedDwarfPlanet-ArtistConception-20130728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NASA-RedDwarfPlanet-ArtistConception-20130728.jpg/260px-NASA-RedDwarfPlanet-ArtistConception-20130728.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NASA-RedDwarfPlanet-ArtistConception-20130728.jpg/390px-NASA-RedDwarfPlanet-ArtistConception-20130728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NASA-RedDwarfPlanet-ArtistConception-20130728.jpg/520px-NASA-RedDwarfPlanet-ArtistConception-20130728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Nano gorri baten eremu bizigarrian bi exoilargi orbitatzen dituen planeta baten inpresio artistikoa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nano gorrien sistemen <a href="/wiki/Bizigarritasun_planetarioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizigarritasun planetarioa">bizigarritasun planetarioa</a> eztabaidagai da. Bere bizitza luzea eta ugaria den arren, planetetan nano gorri baten inguruko bizitza zaildu dezaketen zenbait faktore daude. Lehenik eta behin, nano gorri baten eremu bizigarrian dauden planetak, ama izarretik hain gertu egongo lirateke, ziuraski, <a href="/wiki/Errotazio_sinkrono" title="Errotazio sinkrono">mareek blokeatuko</a> lituzketela. Horrek esan nahiko luke alde bat betiko argitan egongo litzatekeela eta bestea betiko gauean. Honek, planetaren alde batetik bestera tenperatura aldaketa izugarriak sor ditzake. Baldintza hauek, dirudienez, Lurraren antzeko bizimoduen eboluzioa zailtzen dute. Eta, dirudienez, arazo handi bat dago marea blokeatuta duten planeta horien atmosferarekin: betiko gau-eremua atmosferako gas nagusiak izozteko bezain hotza izango litzateke, eguneko argi-eremua biluzik eta lehor utziz. Beste alde batetik, oraintsuko teoriek, atmosfera lodi batek edo ozeano planetarioak, horrelako planeta baten inguruan beroa zirkularazi dezaketela proposatzen dute.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izarretako energiaren ekoizpenaren aldakortasunak ere eragin kaltegarriak izan ditzake bizitzaren garapenean. Nano gorriak, sarri, distira <a href="/wiki/Izar_%C3%B1ir%C3%B1irkari" title="Izar ñirñirkari">handiko izarrak</a> dira, sugar erraldoiak bota ditzaketenak, euren distira minututan bikoiztuz. Aldagarritasun honek nano gorri baten inguruko bizitzaren garapena eta iraupena ere zaildu dezake.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Litekeena da nano gorri batetik gertu orbitatzen duen planeta batek bere atmosfera kontserbatzea, izarrak sugarrak igortzen baditu ere.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hala ere, ikerketa berriagoek izar hauek energia altuko etengabeko sugarren eta <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">eremu magnetiko</a> oso handien iturri izan daitezkeela iradokitzen dute, ezagutzen dugun bezala bizitzeko aukera gutxitzen duena. Azterturiko izarraren berezitasun bat edo mota guztiko ezaugarri bat den zehazteke dago.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nano_gorrien_adibideak">Nano gorrien adibideak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nano gorrien adibideak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Nano gorrien adibideak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jarraian ikus daitekeen taulan euren espektro motaren arabera sailkatutako nano gorri batzuen ezaugarri nagusiak agertzen dira. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" width="95%" align="center" style="background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="22%"><a href="/wiki/Izar" title="Izar">Izarra</a> </th> <th width="15%"><a href="/wiki/Espektru_mota" class="mw-redirect" title="Espektru mota">Espektru<br />mota</a> </th> <th width="15%"><a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">Masa</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Eguzki_masa" title="Eguzki masa">Eguzki<sub>masa</sub></a>)</small> </th> <th width="15%"><a href="/wiki/Erradio_(geometria)" title="Erradio (geometria)">Erradioa</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Eguzki_erradio" title="Eguzki erradio">Eguzki<sub>erradioa</sub></a>)</small> </th> <th width="15%"><a href="/wiki/Argitasun" title="Argitasun">Argitasuna</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Argitasun" title="Argitasun">Eguzki<sub>argitasuna</sub></a>)</small> </th> <th width="12%">Distantzia<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Argi-urte" title="Argi-urte">Argi-urteak</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Lalande_21185" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffeddd">M2V </td> <td align="center">0,46 </td> <td align="center">0,393 </td> <td align="center">0,025 </td> <td align="center">8,31 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ross 154 (sortu gabe)">Ross 154</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffdddd">M3.5Ve </td> <td align="center">0,17 </td> <td align="center">0,24 </td> <td align="center">0,0038 </td> <td align="center">9,69 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Barnarden_izarra" title="Barnarden izarra">Barnarden izarra</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffeddd">M4Ve </td> <td align="center">0,144 </td> <td align="center">0,196 </td> <td align="center">0,0035 </td> <td align="center">5,98 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffdcdd">M5.5Ve </td> <td align="center">0,123 </td> <td align="center">0,141 </td> <td align="center">0,0017 </td> <td align="center">4,24 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf_359&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolf 359 (sortu gabe)">Wolf 359</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffdcdd">M6V </td> <td align="center">0,09 </td> <td align="center">0,16 </td> <td align="center">0,00002 </td> <td align="center">7,78 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/LHS_292" title="LHS 292">LHS 292</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffdcdd">M6.5Ve </td> <td align="center">0,08 </td> <td align="center">0,11 </td> <td align="center">0,00069 </td> <td align="center">14,81 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LHS_2397a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LHS 2397a (sortu gabe)">LHS 2397a</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffcbdd">M8Ve </td> <td align="center">0,09 </td> <td align="center">0,10 </td> <td align="center">0,0000025 </td> <td align="center">46,5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; 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href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-star-rising/"><i>Red Star Rising. </i></a> Scientific American</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/this-stormy-star-means-alien-life-may-be-rarer-than-we-1743540362">«This Stormy Star Means Alien Life May Be Rarer Than We Thought»</a> <i>Gizmodo</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-06-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izar_sailkapen" class="mw-redirect" title="Izar sailkapen">Izar sailkapen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano_laranja" title="Nano laranja">Nano laranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izar_azpinano" title="Izar azpinano">Izar azpinano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertueneko_izarren_zerrenda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertueneko izarren zerrenda (sortu gabe)">Gertueneko izarren zerrenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung-Russell_diagrama" title="Hertzsprung-Russell diagrama">Hertzsprung-Russell diagrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_hipotesia" title="Nemesis hipotesia">Nemesis hipotesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erraldoi_gorri" title="Erraldoi gorri">Erraldoi gorri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nano_gorri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control 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