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href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbiter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbiter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Orbiter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbiter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vikram_lander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vikram_lander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vikram lander </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vikram_lander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pragyan_rover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pragyan_rover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Pragyan rover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pragyan_rover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telemetry,_tracking,_and_command_(TT&C)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telemetry,_tracking,_and_command_(TT&C)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telemetry,_tracking,_and_command_(TT&C)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Science payload </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_payload-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Science payload subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Science_payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbiter_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbiter_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Orbiter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbiter_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vikram_lander_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vikram_lander_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vikram lander </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vikram_lander_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pragyan_rover_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pragyan_rover_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pragyan rover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pragyan_rover_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discoveries_and_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discoveries_and_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Discoveries and results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discoveries_and_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mission profile </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mission profile subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Launch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geocentric_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geocentric_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Geocentric phase </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geocentric_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selenocentric_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selenocentric_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Selenocentric phase </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selenocentric_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_landing_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_landing_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Planned landing site </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_landing_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_landing_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_landing_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Failed landing attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_landing_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countinuing_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countinuing_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Countinuing mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countinuing_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientists_involved_in_the_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientists_involved_in_the_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Scientists involved in the mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientists_involved_in_the_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reattempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reattempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reattempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reattempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chandrayaan-2</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_2" title="شاندريان 2 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاندريان 2" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A8" title="চন্দ্ৰযান-২ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চন্দ্ৰযান-২" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A8" title="চন্দ্রযান-২ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চন্দ্রযান-২" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD-2" title="Чандраян-2 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чандраян-2" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-2" title="चंद्रयान-2 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चंद्रयान-2" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Candraj%C3%A1n-2" title="Čandraján-2 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čandraján-2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD-2" title="Τσαντραγιάν-2 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντραγιάν-2" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%B2" title="چاندرایان ۲ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاندرایان ۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8-%E0%AB%A8" title="ચંદ્રયાન-૨ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચંદ્રયાન-૨" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%96%80_2%ED%98%B8" title="찬드라얀 2호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찬드라얀 2호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A8" title="चंद्रयान-२ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चंद्रयान-२" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_2" title="צ'אנדריאן 2 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אנדריאן 2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B3%A8" title="ಚಂದ್ರಯಾನ-೨ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಂದ್ರಯಾನ-೨" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csandraj%C3%A1an%E2%80%932" title="Csandrajáan–2 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csandrajáan–2" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB-2" title="ചന്ദ്രയാൻ-2 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചന്ദ്രയാൻ-2" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8" title="चंद्रयान २ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चंद्रयान २" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A8" title="चन्द्रयान-२ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चन्द्रयान-२" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B32%E5%8F%B7" title="チャンドラヤーン2号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャンドラヤーン2号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8-%E0%AD%A8" title="ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଯାନ-୨ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଯାନ-୨" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-2" title="چندریان-2 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چندریان-2" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD-2" title="Чандраян-2 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чандраян-2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chandrayaan-2" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-2" title="சந்திரயான்-2 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சந்திரயான்-2" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ongoing Indian lunar orbiter mission</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Chandrayaan-2</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:GSLV_Mk_III_M1,_Chandrayaan-2_-_Vikram_lander_mounted_on_top_of_orbiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Vikram_lander_mounted_on_top_of_orbiter.jpg/260px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Vikram_lander_mounted_on_top_of_orbiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Vikram_lander_mounted_on_top_of_orbiter.jpg/390px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Vikram_lander_mounted_on_top_of_orbiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Vikram_lander_mounted_on_top_of_orbiter.jpg/520px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Vikram_lander_mounted_on_top_of_orbiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="7360" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Vikram lander mounted on top of orbiter inside cleanroom.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">Orbiter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">Lander</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rover</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2019-042A">2019-042A</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q325065#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">44441</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_2.html">www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_2.html</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Orbiter: ~ 7.5 years (planned); 5 years, 5 months, 30 days (elapsed) </li> <li><a href="#Vikram_lander">Vikram</a> lander: ≤ 14 days (planned);<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-duration-2">[2]</a> 0 days (landing failure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a> rover: ≤ 14 days (planned);<a href="#cite_note-duration-2">[2]</a> 0 days (not deployed)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">ISRO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">Combined (wet): 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) <a href="#cite_note-CY2_LaunchKit-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ndtv20180829-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-idos20180828-5">[5]</a> Combined (dry): 1,308 kg (2,884 lb) <a href="#cite_note-CY2_DryMass-6">[6]</a> Orbiter (wet): 2,379 kg (5,245 lb) <a href="#cite_note-ndtv20180829-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-idos20180828-5">[5]</a> Orbiter (dry): 682 kg (1,504 lb) <a href="#cite_note-CY2_DryMass-6">[6]</a> Vikram lander (wet): 1,471 kg (3,243 lb) <a href="#cite_note-ndtv20180829-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-idos20180828-5">[5]</a> Vikram lander (dry): 626 kg (1,380 lb)<a href="#cite_note-CY2_DryMass-6">[6]</a> Pragyan rover: 27 kg (60 lb) <a href="#cite_note-ndtv20180829-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-idos20180828-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">Orbiter: 1000 watts<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Vikram lander: 650 watts <a href="#cite_note-Launchkit_gl-8">[8]</a> Pragyan rover: 50 watts</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 2019, 09:13:12 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><a href="#cite_note-Cdy-2_new_schedule-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a> M1 <a href="#cite_note-gslv3-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-gslv2-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_Second_Launch_Pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad">Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data">ISRO</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 2019, 03:32 UTC <a href="#cite_note-TG_20190722-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-isro.gov.in-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periselene altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100 km (62 mi) <a href="#cite_note-AS-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aposelene altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100 km (62 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> lander</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">6 September 2019, 20:23 UTC <a href="#cite_note-isro.gov.in-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data">near-<a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">Lunar south pole</a> (intended) <a href="/wiki/Tiranga_Point" title="Tiranga Point">Tiranga Point</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chandrayaan-2&params=70.8810_S_22.7840_E_globe:Moon">70°52′52″S 22°47′02″E / 70.8810°S 22.7840°E / -70.8810; 22.7840</a> (between <a href="/wiki/Manzinus_(crater)" title="Manzinus (crater)">Manzinus C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simpelius_(crater)" title="Simpelius (crater)">Simpelius N</a> craters) (crash site)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan_2_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chandrayaan_2_logo.jpg/200px-Chandrayaan_2_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chandrayaan_2_logo.jpg/300px-Chandrayaan_2_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chandrayaan_2_logo.jpg/400px-Chandrayaan_2_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="242" /></a> Mission Insignia <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan programme</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Chandrayaan-2 (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5b\/Chandrayaan.ogg\/Chandrayaan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Chandrayaan.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Chandrayaan.ogg/Chandrayaan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">pronunciation</a><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan.ogg" title="File:Chandrayaan.ogg">ⓘ</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a>, "Moon" and yāna, "craft, vehicle") is the second <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">lunar exploration</a> mission developed by the <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO) after <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a>. It consists of a lunar <a href="/wiki/Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">orbiter</a>, the Vikram lunar <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a>, and the Pragyan <a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">rover</a>, all of which were developed in India. The main scientific objective is to map and study the variations in lunar surface composition, as well as the location and abundance of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">lunar water</a>. The spacecraft was launched from the <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_Second_Launch_Pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad">second launch pad</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> by a <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a>-M1 rocket. The craft reached lunar orbit on 20 August 2019. The Vikram lander attempted a <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">lunar landing</a> on 6 September 2019; the lander crashed due to a software error. The lunar orbiter continues to operate in orbit around the Moon. A follow-up landing mission, <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a>, was launched in 2023 and successfully performed a lunar landing. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> On 12 November 2007, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a>'s follow-up project, Chandrayaan-2.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter, rover and the launch by <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a>, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander.<a href="#cite_note-:8-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> approved the mission in a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Cabinet</a>, held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu3-19">[19]</a> The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.<a href="#cite_note-design_complete_1-20">[20]</a> Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 on schedule,<a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a> the mission was postponed in January 2013 and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.<a href="#cite_note-postponed-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-delay-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ndtv20120909-24">[24]</a> In 2012, there was a delay in the construction of the Russian lander for Chandrayaan-2 due to the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> mission to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, since the technical issues connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission which were also used in the lunar projects including the lander for Chandrayaan-2 needed to be reviewed.<a href="#cite_note-delay-23">[23]</a> The changes proposed by Roscosmos necessitated increase in lander mass and required ISRO to decrease mass of its rover and accept some reliability risk.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-18">[18]</a> When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by a revised time-frame of 2015 due to technical and financial reasons, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.<a href="#cite_note-postponed-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-idos98239-26">[26]</a> With new mission timeline for Chandrayaan-2 and an opportunity for a Mars mission arising with launch window in 2013, unused Chandrayaan-2 orbiter hardware was repurposed to be used for the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Chandrayaan-2 launch had been scheduled for March 2018 initially, but was first delayed to April and then to October 2018 to conduct further tests on the vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-sfn-sched-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-econtimes20180323-29">[29]</a> On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration<a href="#cite_note-:7-30">[30]</a> and landing sequence<a href="#cite_note-timesin20180812-31">[31]</a> were planned for implementation which increased the <a href="/wiki/Gross_lift-off_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross lift-off mass">gross lift-off mass</a> of spacecraft from 3,250 kg to 3,850 kg.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Initially an uprated <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#GSLV_Mark_II" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV Mk II</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> was the chosen launch vehicle for Chandrayaan-2 but this increased spacecraft mass and issues with launch vehicle upratement<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> forced the launch vehicle to be switched to more capable <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-30">[30]</a> Issues with engine throttling were found during testing<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> pushing the launch to the early 2019<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and later two of the lander's legs received minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019 delaying the launch even further.<a href="#cite_note-on_hold-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Chandrayaan-2 launch was scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time), with the landing expected on 6 September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-ISRO20190501-40">[40]</a> However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and was rescheduled.<a href="#cite_note-Cdy-2_new_schedule-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-42">[42]</a> The launch occurred on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 UTC (14:43:12 IST) on the first operational flight of a GSLV MK III M1.<a href="#cite_note-ISRO_PR_20190722-43">[43]</a> On 6 September 2019, the lander during its landing phase, deviated from its intended trajectory starting at 2.1 km (1.3 mi) altitude,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and had lost communication when touchdown confirmation was expected.<a href="#cite_note-Patel_MIT-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_10_September_2019-46">[46]</a> Initial reports suggesting a crash <a href="#cite_note-Apparent_crash-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-planetary_landing-48">[48]</a> were confirmed by ISRO chairman <a href="/wiki/Kailasavadivoo_Sivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasavadivoo Sivan">K. Sivan</a>, stating that "it must have been a hard landing".<a href="#cite_note-Hard_landing_TOI-49">[49]</a> The Failure Analysis Committee concluded that the crash was caused by a software glitch.<a href="#cite_note-Failure_report-50">[50]</a> Unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee has not been made public.<a href="#cite_note-IE_FAC-51">[51]</a> Chandrayaan-2 orbiter performed a <a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_(spacecraft)" title="Collision avoidance (spacecraft)">collision avoidance</a> manoeuvre at 14:52 UTC on 18 October 2021 to avert possible conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>. Both spacecraft were expected to come dangerously close to each other on 20 October 2021 at 05:45 UTC over the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_north_pole" title="Lunar north pole">Lunar north pole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Objectives">edit</a>]</div> The primary objectives of the Chandrayaan-2 lander were to illustrate the ability to <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (aeronautics)">soft-land</a> and operate a robotic rover on the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar surface">lunar surface</a>. The scientific goals of the orbiter are <ul><li>to study <a href="/wiki/Lunar_topography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar topography">lunar topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elemental_abundance" class="mw-redirect" title="Elemental abundance">elemental abundance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_exosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar exosphere">lunar exosphere</a>, and signatures of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">water ice</a>;<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li>to study the water ice in the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">south polar region</a> and thickness of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">lunar regolith</a> on the surface;<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and</li> <li>to map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> The name Chandrayaan means "mooncraft" in Sanskrit and most other Indian languages.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-CY2_FAQ2-57">[57]</a> The mission was launched on a <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">GSLV Mk III</a> M1 with an approximate lift-off mass of 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) from <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CY2_LaunchKit-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-gslv2-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-AS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-timesin20180812-31">[31]</a> As of June 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit">[update]</a>, the mission has an allocated cost of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a> 9.78 billion (approximately US$141 million which includes <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a> 6 billion for the space segment and ₹ 3.75 billion as launch costs on GSLV Mk III M1.<a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially put in an Earth <a href="/wiki/Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">parking orbit</a> of 170 km (110 mi) <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perigee</a> and 40,400 km (25,100 mi) <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">apogee</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DoS_20190118-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbiter">Orbiter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Orbiter">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GSLV_Mk_III_M1,_Chandrayaan-2_-_Orbiter_at_SDSC_SHAR_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Orbiter_at_SDSC_SHAR_01.jpg/220px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Orbiter_at_SDSC_SHAR_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Orbiter_at_SDSC_SHAR_01.jpg/330px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Orbiter_at_SDSC_SHAR_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Orbiter_at_SDSC_SHAR_01.jpg/440px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Orbiter_at_SDSC_SHAR_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="3392" /></a><figcaption>Chandrayaan-2 orbiter at integration facility</figcaption></figure> The Chandrayaan-2 <a href="/wiki/Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">orbiter</a> is orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">polar orbit</a> at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).<a href="#cite_note-AR2015-61">[61]</a> It carries eight scientific instruments; two of which are improved versions of those flown on <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a>. The approximate launch mass was 2,379 kg (5,245 lb).<a href="#cite_note-ndtv20180829-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-idos20180828-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economic-62">[62]</a> The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) conducted high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter.<a href="#cite_note-duration-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR2015-61">[61]</a> The orbiter's structure was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited" title="Hindustan Aeronautics Limited">Hindustan Aeronautics Limited</a> and delivered to the <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Satellite_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRO Satellite Centre">ISRO Satellite Centre</a> on 22 June 2015.<a href="#cite_note-AR2016-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <ul><li>Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m <a href="#cite_note-Launchkit_gl-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Gross lift-off mass: 2,379 kg (5,245 lb) <a href="#cite_note-CY2_LaunchKit-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Propellant mass: 1,697 kg (3,741 lb) <a href="#cite_note-CY2_DryMass-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Dry mass: 682 kg (1,504 lb)</li> <li>Power generation capacity: 1000 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a><a href="#cite_note-Launchkit_gl-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Mission duration: ~ 7.5 years, extended from the planned 1 year owing to the precise launch and mission management, in lunar orbit <a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vikram_lander">Vikram lander</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vikram lander">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GSLV_Mk_III_M1,_Chandrayaan-2_-_Pragyan_rover_mounted_on_the_ramp_of_Vikram_lander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Pragyan_rover_mounted_on_the_ramp_of_Vikram_lander.jpg/220px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Pragyan_rover_mounted_on_the_ramp_of_Vikram_lander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Pragyan_rover_mounted_on_the_ramp_of_Vikram_lander.jpg/330px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Pragyan_rover_mounted_on_the_ramp_of_Vikram_lander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Pragyan_rover_mounted_on_the_ramp_of_Vikram_lander.jpg/440px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_-_Pragyan_rover_mounted_on_the_ramp_of_Vikram_lander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Rover Pragyan mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm/220px--Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1600" data-height="1200" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm/Images_of_the_Earth_captured_by_Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_Lander_camera_LI4.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Images of the Earth captured by Chandrayaan-2 Vikram lander camera LI4<a href="#cite_note-LI4_20190803-66">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> The mission's lander is called Vikram (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Vikrama, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Valour' <a href="#cite_note-Vikram-67">[67]</a>) <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3f\/Vikram.ogg\/Vikram.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Vikram.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Vikram.ogg/Vikram.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Pronunciation</a><a href="/wiki/File:Vikram.ogg" title="File:Vikram.ogg">ⓘ</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a> (1919–1971), who is widely regarded as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Indian space programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The Vikram lander detached from the orbiter and descended to a low lunar orbit of 30 km × 100 km (19 mi × 62 mi) using its 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines. After checking all of its on-board systems it attempted a <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (aeronautics)">soft landing</a> that would have deployed the rover, and performed scientific activities for approximately 14 Earth days. Vikram <a href="/wiki/Hard_landing" title="Hard landing">crash-landed</a> during this attempt.<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apparent_crash-47">[47]</a> The combined mass of the lander and rover was approximately 1,471 kg (3,243 lb).<a href="#cite_note-ndtv20180829-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-idos20180828-5">[5]</a> The preliminary configuration study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-postponed-22">[22]</a> The lander's propulsion system consisted of eight 58 N (13 lbf) thrusters for <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and five 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines derived from ISRO's 440 N (99 lbf) <a href="/wiki/Liquid_apogee_engine" title="Liquid apogee engine">liquid apogee motor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Initially, the lander design employed four main throttle-able liquid engines, but a centrally mounted fixed-thrust engine <a href="#cite_note-LPSC2020_1994-72">[72]</a> was added to handle new requirements of having to orbit the Moon before landing. The additional engine was expected to mitigate upward draft of lunar dust during the soft landing.<a href="#cite_note-timesin20180812-31">[31]</a> The four throttle-able engines of lander were capable of throttling between range of 40 to 100 percent incrementally in steps of 20%.<a href="#cite_note-PVV_20202-73">[73]</a>Vikram was designed to safely land on slopes up to 12°.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Some associated technologies include: <ul><li>A high resolution camera, Laser Altimeter (LASA)<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance Camera (LHDAC)</li> <li>Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera (LHVC), an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine <a href="#cite_note-AR2016-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Attitude thrusters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">Ka-band</a> radio <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeters</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>Laser Inertial Reference and Accelerometer Package (LIRAP)<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and the software needed to run these components.<a href="#cite_note-duration-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR2015-61">[61]</a></li></ul> Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial tests in late October 2016, in <a href="/wiki/Challakere" title="Challakere">Challakere</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chitradurga" title="Chitradurga">Chitradurga</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. ISRO created roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select a landing site.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <ul><li>Dimensions: 2.54 m × 2 m × 1.2 m (8 ft 4 in × 6 ft 7 in × 3 ft 11 in) <a href="#cite_note-Launchkit_gl-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Gross lift-off mass: 1,471 kg (3,243 lb) <a href="#cite_note-CY2_LaunchKit-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Propellant mass: 845 kg (1,863 lb) <a href="#cite_note-CY2_DryMass-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Dry mass: 626 kg (1,380 lb)</li> <li>Power generation capability: 650 watts</li> <li>Mission duration: ≤14 days (one lunar day) <a href="#cite_note-duration-2">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pragyan_rover">Pragyan rover</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pragyan rover">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pragyaan_Lunar_Rover_for_Chandrayaan-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pragyaan_Lunar_Rover_for_Chandrayaan-2.png/220px-Pragyaan_Lunar_Rover_for_Chandrayaan-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pragyaan_Lunar_Rover_for_Chandrayaan-2.png/330px-Pragyaan_Lunar_Rover_for_Chandrayaan-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Pragyaan_Lunar_Rover_for_Chandrayaan-2.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Pragyan rover of the Chandrayaan-2 mission</figcaption></figure> The mission's rover was called Pragyan (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Prajñāna, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Wisdom' <a href="#cite_note-Chandrayaan-2_Spacecraft-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pragyan-84">[84]</a>) <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/06\/Pragyaan.ogg\/Pragyaan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pragyaan.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Pragyaan.ogg/Pragyaan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Pronunciation</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pragyaan.ogg" title="File:Pragyaan.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Chandrayaan-2_Spacecraft-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> with a mass of 27 kg (60 lb), and would have operated on <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ndtv20180829-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-idos20180828-5">[5]</a> The rover was to move on six wheels, traversing 500 m (1,600 ft) on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 cm (0.39 in) per second, perform on-site analyses and send the data to the lander, which would have relayed it to the Mission Control on the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economic-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> For navigation, the rover would have used: <ul><li>Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">megapixel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochromatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Navcam" title="Navcam">navcams</a> in front of the rover to provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a <a href="/wiki/Digital_elevation_model" title="Digital elevation model">digital elevation model</a> of the terrain.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/IIT_Kanpur" title="IIT Kanpur">IIT Kanpur</a> contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Control and motor dynamics: the rover has a <a href="/wiki/Rocker-bogie" title="Rocker-bogie">rocker-bogie</a> suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent <a href="/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor" title="Brushless DC electric motor">brushless DC electric motors</a>. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li></ul> The expected operating time of Pragyan rover was one lunar day, or ~14 Earth days, as its electronics were not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. However, its power system has a solar-powered sleep/wake-up cycle implemented, which could have resulted in longer service time than planned.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Two aft wheels of the rover had the ISRO logo and the <a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_India" title="State Emblem of India">State Emblem of India</a> embossed on them to leave behind patterned tracks on the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <ul><li>Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m <a href="#cite_note-Launchkit_gl-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Power: 50 watts</li> <li>Travel speed: 1 cm/sec</li> <li>Mission duration: ~14 Earth days (one lunar day)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telemetry,_tracking,_and_command_(TT&C)">Telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C)">edit</a>]</div> During various phases of launch and spacecraft operations of Chandrayaan-2 mission, the TT&C support was provided by <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</a> (ISTRAC), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a> (IDSN), <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">National Institute for Space Research</a>'s (INPE) ground stations located in <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcântara Launch Center">Alcântara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuiab%C3%A1" title="Cuiabá">Cuiabá</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_payload">Science payload</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Science payload">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_Mission_Overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chandrayaan-2_Mission_Overview.jpg/220px-Chandrayaan-2_Mission_Overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chandrayaan-2_Mission_Overview.jpg/330px-Chandrayaan-2_Mission_Overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chandrayaan-2_Mission_Overview.jpg/440px-Chandrayaan-2_Mission_Overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption>Mission overview</figcaption></figure> ISRO selected eight scientific instruments for the orbiter, four for the lander,<a href="#cite_note-CY2_LaunchKit-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sci_lander-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-CY2_payloads-98">[98]</a> and two for the rover.<a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a> While it was initially reported that <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) would participate in the mission by providing some scientific instruments for the orbiter,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> ISRO in 2010 had clarified that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying foreign payloads on the mission.<a href="#cite_note-overseas_payload-100">[100]</a> However, in an update a month before launch,<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> an agreement between NASA and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO) was signed to include a small laser <a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a> from NASA to the lander's payload to measure the distance between the satellites above and the microreflector on the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-LRA_2019-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-MEA_20190211-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbiter_2">Orbiter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orbiter">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_orbiter_in_clean-room_being_integrated_with_payloads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Chandrayaan-2_orbiter_in_clean-room_being_integrated_with_payloads.jpg/220px-Chandrayaan-2_orbiter_in_clean-room_being_integrated_with_payloads.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Chandrayaan-2_orbiter_in_clean-room_being_integrated_with_payloads.jpg/330px-Chandrayaan-2_orbiter_in_clean-room_being_integrated_with_payloads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Chandrayaan-2_orbiter_in_clean-room_being_integrated_with_payloads.jpg/440px-Chandrayaan-2_orbiter_in_clean-room_being_integrated_with_payloads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Chandrayaan-2 orbiter in clean-room being integrated with payloads</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg/220px-Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg/330px-Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Chandrayaan-2 composite</figcaption></figure> The orbiter has several scientific payloads.<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CY2_LaunchKit-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CY2_payloads-98">[98]</a> <ul><li>The Chandrayaan-2 Large Area <a href="/wiki/Soft_X-ray_emission_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy">Soft X-ray Spectrometer</a> (CLASS) from the <a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">ISRO Satellite Centre</a> (ISAC), which makes use of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> spectra to determine the elemental composition of the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>The Solar X-ray monitor (XSM) from <a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory</a> (PRL), <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, primarily supports CLASS instrument by providing solar X-ray spectra and intensity measurements as input to it. Additionally these measurements will help in studying various high-energy processes occurring in the solar corona.<a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>The Dual Frequency <a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L-band</a> and <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S-band</a> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_Aperture_Radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic Aperture Radar">Synthetic Aperture Radar</a> (DFSAR) from the <a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a> (SAC) for probing the first few metres of the lunar surface for the presence of different constituents. DFSAR is expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice, and its distribution below the shadowed regions of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> It has lunar surface penetration depth of 5 m (16 ft) (L-band).<a href="#cite_note-:5-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-CY2_payloads-98">[98]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Imaging_spectrometer" title="Imaging spectrometer">Imaging IR Spectrometer</a> (IIRS) from the SAC for mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water molecules and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> present.<a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> It features an extended spectral range (0.8 μm to 5 μm), an improvement over previous lunar missions whose payloads worked up to 3 μm.<a href="#cite_note-:5-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>The Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (ChACE-2)<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_mass_analyzer" title="Quadrupole mass analyzer">Quadrupole Mass Analyzer</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Space Physics Laboratory</a> (SPL), designed for carry out a detailed study of the lunar exosphere.<a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a></li> <li>The Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from SAC for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and geology <a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>The Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere – Dual Frequency Radio Science experiment (RAMBHA-DFRS) by SPL for the studying electron density in the lunar ionosphere<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) by SAC for scouting a hazard-free spot prior to landing. Used to help prepare high-resolution topographic maps and <a href="/wiki/Digital_elevation_model" title="Digital elevation model">digital elevation models</a> of the lunar surface. OHRC has a spatial resolution of 0.32 m (1 ft 1 in) from 100 km (62 mi) polar orbit, which is the best resolution among any lunar orbiter mission to date.<a href="#cite_note-CY2_payloads-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-CH2updates-115">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vikram_lander_2">Vikram lander</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vikram lander">edit</a>]</div> The payloads on the Vikram lander were:<a href="#cite_note-CY2_LaunchKit-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CY2_payloads-98">[98]</a> <ul><li>Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> based <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometer</a> by LEOS for studying Moon-quakes near the landing site <a href="#cite_note-AS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sci_lander-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>Chandra's Surface Thermo-physical Experiment (ChaSTE) thermal probe jointly developed by SPL, <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a> (VSSC) and <a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory</a> (PRL), <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> for estimating the thermal properties of the lunar surface <a href="#cite_note-AS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>RAMBHA-LP <a href="/wiki/Langmuir_probe" title="Langmuir probe">Langmuir probe</a> by SPL, VSSC for measuring the density and variation of lunar surface <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a><a href="#cite_note-AS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sci_lander-97">[97]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/List_of_retroreflectors_on_the_Moon" title="List of retroreflectors on the Moon">laser retroreflector</a> array (LRA) by the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> for taking precise measurements of distance between the reflector on the lunar surface and satellites in lunar orbit.<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-LRA_2019-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The microreflector weighed about 22 g (0.78 oz) and cannot be used for taking observations from Earth-based lunar laser stations.<a href="#cite_note-LRA_2019-102">[102]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pragyan_rover_2">Pragyan rover</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pragyan rover">edit</a>]</div> Pragyan rover carried two instruments to determine the abundance of elements near the landing site:<a href="#cite_note-CY2_LaunchKit-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CY2_payloads-98">[98]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy">Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscope</a> (LIBS) from the laboratory for Electro Optic Systems (LEOS), <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a><a href="#cite_note-payload-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer" title="Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer">Alpha Particle Induced X-ray Spectroscope</a> (APXS) from PRL, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CHACE2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="CHACE2"><img alt="CHACE2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CHACE2.png/121px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CHACE2.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CHACE2.png/182px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CHACE2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CHACE2.png/243px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CHACE2.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="552" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">CHACE2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_payloads_XSM.png" class="mw-file-description" title="XSM"><img alt="XSM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_XSM.png/280px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_XSM.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_XSM.png/420px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_XSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_XSM.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="277" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">XSM</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CLASS.png" class="mw-file-description" title="CLASS"><img alt="CLASS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CLASS.png/234px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CLASS.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_CLASS.png 1.5x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="266" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">CLASS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ILSA_6.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ILSA MEMS sensor package"><img alt="ILSA MEMS sensor package" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ILSA_6.png/330px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ILSA_6.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ILSA_6.png/495px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ILSA_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ILSA_6.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="321" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">ILSA <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> sensor package</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Laser_Retroreflector_for_InSight_Image-33-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laser retroreflector array (LRA)"><img alt="Laser retroreflector array (LRA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Laser_Retroreflector_for_InSight_Image-33-full.jpg/299px-Laser_Retroreflector_for_InSight_Image-33-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Laser_Retroreflector_for_InSight_Image-33-full.jpg/448px-Laser_Retroreflector_for_InSight_Image-33-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Laser_Retroreflector_for_InSight_Image-33-full.jpg/598px-Laser_Retroreflector_for_InSight_Image-33-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="723" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Laser_retroreflector" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser retroreflector">Laser retroreflector</a> array (LRA)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_payloads_LIBS.png" class="mw-file-description" title="LIBS"><img alt="LIBS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_LIBS.png/268px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_LIBS.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_LIBS.png/402px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_LIBS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_LIBS.png/536px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_LIBS.png 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="559" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">LIBS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_payloads_APXS.png" class="mw-file-description" title="APXS"><img alt="APXS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_APXS.png/218px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_APXS.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_APXS.png/328px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_APXS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_APXS.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="301" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">APXS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ChaSTE.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ChaSTE"><img alt="ChaSTE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ChaSTE.png/165px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ChaSTE.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ChaSTE.png/248px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ChaSTE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ChaSTE.png/331px-Chandrayaan-2_payloads_ChaSTE.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1123" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">ChaSTE</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discoveries_and_results">Discoveries and results</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Discoveries and results">edit</a>]</div> The orbiter, which is still active, did experiments on Lunar Atmospheric composition, trace elements, and more <ul><li>Detection of sodium: In October 2023, the orbiter discovered an abundance of sodium on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The moon is shown to have a <a href="/wiki/Sodium_Tail_of_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium Tail of the Moon">tail of Sodium atoms</a> thousands of Kilometers long. Due to phenomena like photon stimulated <a href="/wiki/Desorption" title="Desorption">desorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impacts</a>, sodium atoms gets knocked off the surface.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">Solar radiation pressure</a> accelerates the sodium atoms away from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, forming an elongated tail toward the <a href="/wiki/Antisolar_point" title="Antisolar point">antisolar direction</a>. Using the large area <a href="/wiki/X-ray_Spectrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray Spectrometry">X-raySpectrometer</a>, CLASS, the probe has spotted and mapped sodium on the Moon.</li> <li>Hydroxyl and Water molecules: The <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> probe detected water on the Moon for the first time. Chandrayaan-2 detected Water, as well as Hydroxyl ions on the Moon, August 2022. It distinguished between these two with the aid of IIRS (Imaging Infrared Spectrometer). Between 29 and 62 degrees north latitude, the probe detected the presence of these two molecules. Along with this, it also observed that the sunlit regions contain higher concentrations of these two.</li> <li>Distribution of Gas in <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Lunar Atmosphere</a>: Chandra Atmospheric Composition Explorer-2, detected <a href="/wiki/Argon-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon-40">Argon-40</a> in Lunar exosphere. The distribution of Ar-40 has significant spatial heterogeneity. The <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> probe, <a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a>, detected Argon near the Equatorial region, but Argon far from that, was detected for the first time. There are localised enhancements (termed as Argon bulge) over several regions including the <a href="/wiki/KREEP" title="KREEP">KREEP</a> (potassium (K), rare-earth elements, and phosphorus (P)) and South Pole Aitken terrain.</li> <li>Presence of Rare elements: Chandra's Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS), detected magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, titanium, iron etc. It also examined and detected minor elements – chromium and manganese, for the first time. The findings have paved the path for adding knowledge about the magmatic evolution of the Moon, its nebular conditions and much more.</li> <li>Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM), has witnessed a huge amount of microflares outside the active regions of the Sun for the first time.</li> <li>The DFSAR instrument studied the subsurface features of the Moon, detected signatures of the sub-surface water-ice, mapped lunar morphological features in the polar regions in high resolution.</li> <li>The TMC 2, which is conducting imaging of the Moon at a global scale, found interesting geologic signatures of lunar crustal shortening, and identification of volcanic domes. The OHRC, mapped Moon With a resolution of 25 cm at 100 km altitude.</li> <li>DFRS experiment, studied the ionosphere of the Moon, which is generated by the solar photo-ionisation of the neutral species of the lunar tenuous exosphere. The experiment showed that Moon's ionosphere has a plasma density of the order of 10^4 cm^3, in the wake region which is at least one order of magnitude more than that is present in the day side.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_profile">Mission profile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mission profile">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1192px;max-width:1192px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Animation of Chandrayaan-2</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:296px;max-width:296px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth_-_Geocentric_phase.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth_-_Geocentric_phase.gif/294px-Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth_-_Geocentric_phase.gif" decoding="async" width="294" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth_-_Geocentric_phase.gif/441px-Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth_-_Geocentric_phase.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth_-_Geocentric_phase.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a> phase</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:296px;max-width:296px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Moon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Moon.gif/294px-Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Moon.gif" decoding="async" width="294" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Moon.gif/441px-Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Moon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Moon.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Selenocentric_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenocentric orbit">Selenocentric</a> phase</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:296px;max-width:296px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_(LANDER)_around_Moon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_%28LANDER%29_around_Moon.gif/294px-Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_%28LANDER%29_around_Moon.gif" decoding="async" width="294" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_%28LANDER%29_around_Moon.gif/441px-Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_%28LANDER%29_around_Moon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_%28LANDER%29_around_Moon.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lunar landing phase</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:296px;max-width:296px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth.gif/294px-Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth.gif" decoding="async" width="294" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth.gif/441px-Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Animation_of_Chandrayaan-2_around_Earth.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Overall motion of Chandrayaan-2</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   Earth · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Moon · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Chandrayaan-2</div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Launch">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GSLV_Mk_III_M1,_Chandrayaan-2_Lifting_off_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_Lifting_off_01.jpg/220px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_Lifting_off_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_Lifting_off_01.jpg/330px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_Lifting_off_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_Lifting_off_01.jpg/440px-GSLV_Mk_III_M1%2C_Chandrayaan-2_Lifting_off_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Chandrayaan-2 lifting off on 22 July 2019 at 02.43 PM IST</figcaption></figure> The launch of Chandrayaan-2 was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time).<a href="#cite_note-ISRO20190501-40">[40]</a> However, the launch was aborted 56 minutes and 24 seconds before launch due to a technical glitch, so it was rescheduled to 22 July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Cdy-2_new_schedule-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-41">[41]</a> Unconfirmed reports later cited a leak in the nipple joint of a helium gas bottle as the cause of cancellation.<a href="#cite_note-:4-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Finally Chandrayaan-2 was launched on board the <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3 M1</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 UTC (14:43:12 IST) with a better-than-expected apogee as a result of the cryogenic upper stage being burned to depletion, which later eliminated the need for one of the apogee-raising burns during the <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">geocentric phase</a> of mission.<a href="#cite_note-ISRO_PR_20190722-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> This also resulted in the saving of around 40 kg fuel on board the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Immediately after launch, multiple observations of a slow-moving bright object over Australia were made, which could be related to upper stage venting of residual <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">LH2</a> propellant after the main burn.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geocentric_phase">Geocentric phase</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geocentric phase">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan2_trajectory.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chandrayaan2_trajectory.png/220px-Chandrayaan2_trajectory.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chandrayaan2_trajectory.png/330px-Chandrayaan2_trajectory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chandrayaan2_trajectory.png/440px-Chandrayaan2_trajectory.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Chandrayaan-2's trajectory</figcaption></figure> After being placed into a 45,475 × 169 km parking orbit by the launch vehicle,<a href="#cite_note-ISRO_PR_20190722-43">[43]</a> the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack gradually raised its orbit using on-board propulsion over 22 days. In this phase, one perigee-raising and five apogee-raising burns were performed to reach a highly eccentric orbit of 142,975 × 276 km<a href="#cite_note-EBO5_20190806-134">[134]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">trans-lunar injection</a> on 13 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-TLI_20190813-135">[135]</a> Such a long Earth-bound phase with multiple orbit-raising manoeuvres exploiting the <a href="/wiki/Oberth_effect" title="Oberth effect">Oberth effect</a> was required because of the limited lifting capacity of the launch vehicle and thrust of the spacecraft's on-board propulsion system. A similar strategy was used for Chandrayaan-1 and the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> during their Earth-bound phase trajectory.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On 3 August 2019, the first set of Earth images were captured by the LI4 camera on the Vikram lander, showing the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> landmass.<a href="#cite_note-LI4_20190803-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selenocentric_phase">Selenocentric phase</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Selenocentric phase">edit</a>]</div> After 29 days from its launch, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack entered lunar orbit on 20 August 2019 after performing a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbit_Insertion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Orbit Insertion">lunar orbit insertion</a> burn for 28 minutes 57 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The three-spacecraft stack was placed into an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon, with 18,072 km (11,229 mi) aposelene and 114 km (71 mi) periselene.<a href="#cite_note-LOI_20190820-138">[138]</a> By 1 September 2019, this elliptical orbit was made nearly circular with 127 km (79 mi) aposelene and 119 km (74 mi) periselene after four orbit-lowering manoeuvres <a href="#cite_note-LBN2_20190821-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-LBN3_20190828-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-LBN4_20190830-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-LBN5_20190901-142">[142]</a> followed by separation of Vikram lander from the orbiter on 07:45 UTC, 2 September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-VikSep_20190902-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_landing_site">Planned landing site</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Planned landing site">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Landing site <a href="#cite_note-Amitabh2018-144">[144]</a> </th> <th>Coordinates </th></tr> <tr> <td>Prime landing site </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chandrayaan-2&params=70.90267_S_22.78110_E_globe:Moon">70°54′10″S 22°46′52″E / 70.90267°S 22.78110°E / -70.90267; 22.78110</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alternate landing site </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chandrayaan-2&params=67.87406_S_18.46947_W_globe:Moon">67°52′27″S 18°28′10″W / 67.87406°S 18.46947°W / -67.87406; -18.46947</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikram_lunar_lander_planned_landing_zone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vikram_lunar_lander_planned_landing_zone.png/220px-Vikram_lunar_lander_planned_landing_zone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vikram_lunar_lander_planned_landing_zone.png/330px-Vikram_lunar_lander_planned_landing_zone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vikram_lunar_lander_planned_landing_zone.png/440px-Vikram_lunar_lander_planned_landing_zone.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>The flat highland between craters <a href="/wiki/Manzinus_(crater)" title="Manzinus (crater)">Manzinus C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simpelius_(crater)" title="Simpelius (crater)">Simpelius N</a> was the planned landing zone for the Vikram lander.</figcaption></figure> Two landing sites were selected, each with an ellipse of 32 km × 11 km (19.9 mi × 6.8 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Amitabh2018-144">[144]</a> The prime landing site (PLS54) was at 70.90267°S 22.78110°E (600 km (370 mi) from the south pole,<a href="#cite_note-LRO_first_pass-145">[145]</a>) and the alternate landing site (ALS01) was at 67.87406° South 18.46947° West. The prime site was on a high plain between the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_craters" title="Lunar craters">craters</a> <a href="/wiki/Manzinus_(crater)" title="Manzinus (crater)">Manzinus C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simpelius_(crater)" title="Simpelius (crater)">Simpelius N</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rishitosh_2019-147">[147]</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon" title="Near side of the Moon">near side of the Moon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_landing_attempt">Failed landing attempt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Failed landing attempt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Location of the Vikram lander impact site</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ejecta_with_scalebar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ejecta_with_scalebar.png/218px-Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ejecta_with_scalebar.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ejecta_with_scalebar.png/327px-Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ejecta_with_scalebar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ejecta_with_scalebar.png/436px-Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ejecta_with_scalebar.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ejecta field around Vikram lander impact site</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ratio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ratio.png/218px-Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ratio.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ratio.png/327px-Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ratio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ratio.png/436px-Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ratio.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Before and after images of the impact site</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif/218px-Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="218" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif/327px-Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif/436px-Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Before and after images of the impact site</div></div></div></div></div> Vikram began its descent at 20:08:03 UTC, 6 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 20:23 UTC. The descent and soft-landing were to be performed by the on-board computers on Vikram, with mission control unable to make corrections.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as expected, but the lander's trajectory began to deviate at about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) above the surface.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1-150">[150]</a> The final telemetry readings during ISRO's live-stream show that Vikram's final vertical velocity was 58 m/s (210 km/h) at 330 m (1,080 ft) above the surface, which a number of experts noted, would have been too fast for the lunar lander to make a successful landing.<a href="#cite_note-Patel_MIT-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telemetry-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Initial reports suggesting a crash<a href="#cite_note-Apparent_crash-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-planetary_landing-48">[48]</a> were confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that "it must have been a hard landing".<a href="#cite_note-Hard_landing_TOI-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-landerspotted-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> However, it contradicted initial claims from anonymous ISRO officials that the lander was intact and lying in a tilted position.<a href="#cite_note-businessline-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-TN_IF-156">[156]</a> Radio transmissions from the lander were tracked during descent by analysts using a 25 m (82 ft) radio telescope owned by the <a href="/wiki/ASTRON" title="ASTRON">Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy</a>. Analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">doppler data</a> suggests that the loss of signal coincided with the lander impacting the lunar surface at a velocity of nearly 50 m/s (180 km/h) (as opposed to an ideal 2 m/s (7.2 km/h) touchdown velocity).<a href="#cite_note-CY2_LaunchKit-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_10_September_2019-46">[46]</a> The powered descent was also observed by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter#Payload" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (LRO) using its <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project</a> instrument to study changes in the lunar exosphere due to exhaust gases from the lander's engines.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> K. Sivan, tasked senior scientist <a href="/wiki/Prem_Shanker_Goel" title="Prem Shanker Goel">Prem Shanker Goel</a> to head the Failure Analysis Committee to look into the causes of the failure.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Both ISRO and NASA attempted to communicate with the lander for about two weeks before the lunar night set in,<a href="#cite_note-CH2updates-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> while NASA's LRO flew over on 17 September 2019 and acquired some images of the intended landing zone.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-114">[114]</a> However, the region was near <a href="/wiki/Dusk" title="Dusk">dusk</a>, causing poor lighting for optical imaging.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> NASA's LRO images, showing no sight of the lander, were released on 26 September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-LRO_first_pass-145">[145]</a> The LRO flew over again on 14 October 2019 under more favourable lighting conditions,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> but was unable to locate it.<a href="#cite_note-IAN_Oct2019-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The LRO performed a third flyover on 10 November 2019.<a href="#cite_note-IAN_Oct2019-164">[164]</a> On 16 November 2019, the Failure Analysis Committee released its report to the Space Commission, concluding that the crash was caused by a <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> glitch.<a href="#cite_note-Failure_report-50">[50]</a> Phase One of descent the Rough Braking Phase from an altitude of 30 km to 7.4 km above the Moon's surface went as intended with velocity being reduced from 1683 m/s to 146 m/s. Anomalous deviation in performance began 693.8 seconds into powered descent after the end of first phase and with the beginning of Absolute Navigation Phase (also known as Camera Coasting Phase) where lander's orientation is deliberately kept fixed. It was found that lander's main engines had slightly higher thrust of 422 N (95 lbf) than nominal at 360 N (81 lbf),<a href="#cite_note-YT_IIST_Veera-166">[166]</a> so during this phase lander slowed down more than it should have. The thrust control algorithm was configured to apply corrections towards the end of the phase and not instantaneously allowing large navigation errors to be accumulated. After end of camera coasting phase, rate of applying corrections was limited due to builtin safety constraints such as maximum rate at which attitude can change. Other contributing issues were, coarse throttling of main engines,<a href="#cite_note-PVV_20202-73">[73]</a> polarity related software error,<a href="#cite_note-YT_IIST_Veera-166">[166]</a> wrong computation of remaining time of flight by onboard algorithm and very rigid requirement to land inside the planned 500×500 meter landing site regardless of non-nominal flight status. Subsequently, Vikram lander ended up increasing its horizontal velocity (48 m/s) to reach landing site while descending at high rate (50 m/s) causing Vikram to land hard,<a href="#cite_note-ANI_20230710-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-IISc_20230805-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-MM136-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-AstrotalkUK_E90-170">[170]</a> though it managed to impact relatively near the intended landing site.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The complete official report has not been made public.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar2019-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Vikram's impact site was located at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chandrayaan-2&params=70.8810_S_22.7840_E_globe:Moon">70°52′52″S 22°47′02″E / 70.8810°S 22.7840°E / -70.8810; 22.7840</a> by the LROC team after receiving <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">helpful input</a> from Shanmuga Subramanian, a volunteer from <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, who located debris from the spacecraft in pictures released by NASA.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian03122019-176">[176]</a> While initially estimated to be within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the intended landing site, best-guess estimates from satellite imagery indicate initial impact about 600 m away.<a href="#cite_note-Vkrm_Impct_site-177">[177]</a> The spacecraft shattered upon impact,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> with debris scattered over almost two dozen locations in an area spanning kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian03122019-176">[176]</a> The crash site was later named <a href="/wiki/Tiranga_Point" title="Tiranga Point">Tiranga Point</a> after the Chandrayaan-3 landing.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Timeline of operations <a href="#cite_note-Plan_20190724-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;" rowspan="2">Phase </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20%;" rowspan="2">Date </th> <th scope="col" style="width:18%;" rowspan="2">Event </th> <th scope="col" style="width:17%;" rowspan="2">Detail </th> <th scope="col" style="width:30%;" colspan="2">Result </th> <th scope="col" style="width:5%;" rowspan="2">References </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" align="center">Apogee / Aposelene </th> <th scope="col" align="center">Perigee / Periselene </th></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffe0;"> <td scope="row" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a> phase </td> <td>22 July 2019, 09:13:12 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </td> <td>Launch </td> <td>Burn time: 16 min 14 sec </td> <td>45,475 km (28,257 mi)</td> <td>169.7 km (105.4 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_PR_20190722-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffe0;"> <td>24 July 2019, 09:22 UTC </td> <td>1st orbit-raising manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 48 seconds </td> <td>45,163 km (28,063 mi)</td> <td>230 km (140 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EBO1_20190724-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffe0;"> <td>25 July 2019, 19:38 UTC </td> <td>2nd orbit-raising manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 883 seconds </td> <td>54,829 km (34,069 mi)</td> <td>251 km (156 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EBO2_20190726-183">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffe0;"> <td>29 July 2019, 09:42 UTC </td> <td>3rd orbit-raising manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 989 seconds </td> <td>71,792 km (44,609 mi)</td> <td>276 km (171.5 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EBO3_20190729-184">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffe0;"> <td>2 August 2019, 09:57 UTC </td> <td>4th orbit-raising manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 646 seconds </td> <td>89,472 km (55,595 mi)</td> <td>277 km (172 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EBO4_20190802-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffe0;"> <td>6 August 2019, 09:34 UTC </td> <td>5th orbit-raising manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 1041 seconds </td> <td>142,975 km (88,841 mi)</td> <td>276 km (171 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EBO5_20190806-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffe0;"> <td>13 August 2019, 20:51 UTC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">Trans-lunar injection</a> </td> <td>Burn time: 1203 seconds </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-TLI_20190813-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E6E6FA;"> <td scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Selenocentric_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenocentric orbit">Selenocentric</a> phase </td> <td>20 August 2019, 03:32 UTC </td> <td>Lunar orbit insertion 1st lunar bound manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 1738 seconds </td> <td>18,072 km (11,229 mi)</td> <td>114 km (71 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-LOI_20190820-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E6E6FA;"> <td>21 August 2019, 07:20 UTC </td> <td>2nd lunar bound manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 1228 seconds </td> <td>4,412 km (2,741 mi)</td> <td>118 km (73 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-LBN2_20190821-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E6E6FA;"> <td>28 August 2019, 03:34 UTC </td> <td>3rd lunar bound manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 1190 seconds </td> <td>1,412 km (877 mi)</td> <td>179 km (111 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-LBN3_20190828-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E6E6FA;"> <td>30 August 2019, 12:48 UTC </td> <td>4th lunar bound manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 1155 seconds </td> <td>164 km (102 mi)</td> <td>124 km (77 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-LBN4_20190830-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E6E6FA;"> <td>1 September 2019, 12:51 UTC </td> <td>5th lunar bound manoeuvre </td> <td>Burn time: 52 seconds </td> <td>127 km (79 mi)</td> <td>119 km (74 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-LBN5_20190901-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D3F6EA;"> <td scope="row" rowspan="6">Vikram lunar landing </td> <td>2 September 2019, 07:45 UTC </td> <td>Vikram separation </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td>127 km (79 mi)</td> <td>119 km (74 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VikSep_20190902-143">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D3F6EA;"> <td>3 September 2019 3:20 UTC </td> <td>1st deorbit burn </td> <td>Burn time: 4 seconds </td> <td>128 km (80 mi)</td> <td>104 km (65 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VikBurn1_20190903-186">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D3F6EA;"> <td>3 September 2019, 22:12 UTC </td> <td>2nd deorbit burn </td> <td>Burn time: 9 seconds </td> <td>101 kilometres (63 mi)</td> <td>35 km (22 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-VikBurn2_20190904-187">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D3F6EA;"> <td>6 September 2019, 20:08 UTC </td> <td>Powered descent </td> <td>Burn time: 15 minutes </td> <td>Landing (planned) </td> <td>Landing (planned) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D3F6EA;"> <td>6 September 2019, 20:23 UTC </td> <td>Vikram landing </td> <td>Trajectory deviation started at 2.1 km altitude, <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> was lost seconds before touchdown.<a href="#cite_note-Patel_MIT-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telemetry-151">[151]</a> </td> <td>Lost upon crash landing. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D3F6EA;"> <td>7 September 2019, 00:00 UTC−01:00 UTC (planned) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan rover</a> deployment </td> <td>Lander failure, rover was not deployed. </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</div> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-SciRepo_Nov_2019-190">[190]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countinuing_mission">Countinuing mission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Countinuing mission">edit</a>]</div> Despite the failed landing, The orbiter part of the mission, with eight scientific instruments, remains operational, and will continue its seven-year mission to study the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_1-150">[150]</a> The Orbiter would later serve as an relay for Chandrayaa-3 which landed close to the crash site. The orbiter also observed the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> during a massive solar flare in May 2024 with the XSM and the CLASS intrument, in conjuction with <a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XpoSAT</a> & <a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> There was an outpouring of support for ISRO from various quarters in the aftermath of the crash landing of its lunar lander. However, prominent Indian news media also criticized ISRO's lack of transparency regarding the crash of the lander and its analysis of the crash.<a href="#cite_note-TH_IS-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-TN_IF-156">[156]</a> Indian media also noted that unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee was not made public<a href="#cite_note-IE_FAC-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Information_Act,_2005" title="Right to Information Act, 2005">RTI</a> queries seeking it were denied by ISRO citing section 8(1) of the RTI Act.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> ISRO's lack of consistency regarding the explanation around the rover's crashing was criticized, with the organization providing no proof of its own positions until the efforts of NASA and a <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> based volunteer located the crash site on the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-NW_TF-194">[194]</a> In the wake of the events surrounding Chandrayaan-2, former ISRO employees criticized unverified statements from chairman K Sivan and what they claimed is the top-down leadership and working culture of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-BB_WI-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-TW_SI-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-TP_NI-197">[197]</a> S Somanath who succeeded K Sivan as ISRO Chairman also expressed his dissatisfaction at the lack of transparency around landing failure, and misleading representation of it.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientists_involved_in_the_mission">Scientists involved in the mission</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scientists involved in the mission">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_Mission_Operations_Complex_1_(MOX-1)_at_ISTRAC,_Peenya_before_commencement_of_fourth_orbit_raising_burn_for_Chandrayaan-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_view_of_Mission_Operations_Complex_1_%28MOX-1%29_at_ISTRAC%2C_Peenya_before_commencement_of_fourth_orbit_raising_burn_for_Chandrayaan-2.jpg/220px-A_view_of_Mission_Operations_Complex_1_%28MOX-1%29_at_ISTRAC%2C_Peenya_before_commencement_of_fourth_orbit_raising_burn_for_Chandrayaan-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_view_of_Mission_Operations_Complex_1_%28MOX-1%29_at_ISTRAC%2C_Peenya_before_commencement_of_fourth_orbit_raising_burn_for_Chandrayaan-2.jpg/330px-A_view_of_Mission_Operations_Complex_1_%28MOX-1%29_at_ISTRAC%2C_Peenya_before_commencement_of_fourth_orbit_raising_burn_for_Chandrayaan-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_view_of_Mission_Operations_Complex_1_%28MOX-1%29_at_ISTRAC%2C_Peenya_before_commencement_of_fourth_orbit_raising_burn_for_Chandrayaan-2.jpg/440px-A_view_of_Mission_Operations_Complex_1_%28MOX-1%29_at_ISTRAC%2C_Peenya_before_commencement_of_fourth_orbit_raising_burn_for_Chandrayaan-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A view of Mission Operations Complex (MOX-1), <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISTRAC</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> prior to the fourth Earth-bound burn<a href="#cite_note-EBO4_20190802-185">[185]</a></figcaption></figure> Key scientists and engineers involved in the development of Chandrayaan-2 include:<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Karidhal" title="Ritu Karidhal">Ritu Karidhal</a> – Mission Director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthayya_Vanitha" title="Muthayya Vanitha">Muthayya Vanitha</a> – Project Director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana_Kalahasti" title="Kalpana Kalahasti">Kalpana Kalahasti</a> – Associate Project Director<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li> <li>G. Narayanan – Associate Project Director<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li>G. Nagesh – Project Director (former)<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li> <li>Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project Director (Radio-frequency systems)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Singh" title="Amitabh Singh">Amitabh Singh</a> – Deputy Project Director (Optical Payload Data Processing, <a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a> (SAC))<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reattempt">Reattempt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reattempt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></div> In November 2019, ISRO officials stated that a new lunar lander mission was being studied and prepared. It was launched on 14 July 2023;<a href="#cite_note-:6-209">[209]</a> with the designation <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a>, which was a second attempt to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a> proposed in partnership with Japan for 2025.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wire_Nov2019-211">[211]</a> The new mission was designed with a detachable propulsion module, also behaving like a communications relay satellite,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> a lander and a rover,<a href="#cite_note-ToI_20191114-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-TW_20191114-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-TW_20191102-215">[215]</a> but with no orbiter. <a href="/wiki/S._Somanath" title="S. Somanath">S. Somanath</a>, the VSSC director, announced that there would be more follow-up missions in the <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AstrotalkUK_E90-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$8.7 million), of which ₹60 crore (US$6.9 million) is intended for machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.7 million) was sought under a revenue expenditure allowance.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> K. Sivan stated that its cost would be around ₹615 crore (equivalent to ₹724 crore or US$84 million in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> It performed a soft landing on the Moon on 23 August 2023.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet lander</a> – Concurrent lunar lander mission, crash-landed on the Moon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">LUPEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update">"Chandrayaan-2 Latest Update"</a>. Indian Space Research Organisation. 7 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2019. 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The New Indian Express. 28 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404060630/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/mar/28/with-eye-on-lunar-mission-isro-to-test-high-thrust-vikas-engine-1793608.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=With+eye+on+lunar+mission%2C+ISRO+to+test+high-thrust+Vikas+engine&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2018%2Fmar%2F28%2Fwith-eye-on-lunar-mission-isro-to-test-high-thrust-vikas-engine-1793608.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-chief-on-a-mission-to-cut-expenses-on-launches/article22597896.ece">"ISRO chief on a mission to cut expenses on launches"</a>. The Hindu. 30 January 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031516/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-chief-on-a-mission-to-cut-expenses-on-launches/article22597896.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=ISRO+chief+on+a+mission+to+cut+expenses+on+launches&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fisro-chief-on-a-mission-to-cut-expenses-on-launches%2Farticle22597896.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/aug/01/isro-faces-costly-proposition-over-recall-of-gsat-11-1851412.html">"ISRO faces costly proposition over recall of GSAT-11"</a>. The New Indian Express. August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406122757/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/aug/01/isro-faces-costly-proposition-over-recall-of-gsat-11-1851412.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=ISRO+faces+costly+proposition+over+recall+of+GSAT-11&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkarnataka%2F2018%2Faug%2F01%2Fisro-faces-costly-proposition-over-recall-of-gsat-11-1851412.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2018/08/06/What-caused-delay-in-ISRO-Chandrayaan-2-launch.html">"What caused delay in ISRO's Chandrayaan-2 launch"</a>. The Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813152540/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2018/08/06/What-caused-delay-in-ISRO-Chandrayaan-2-launch.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=What+caused+delay+in+ISRO%27s+Chandrayaan-2+launch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Fsci-tech%2F2018%2F08%2F06%2FWhat-caused-delay-in-ISRO-Chandrayaan-2-launch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-to-launch-pslvc-46-followed-by-pslvc-47-chandrayaan-2-in-may-k-sivan20190401124511">"ISRO to launch PSLVC-46 followed by PSLVC-47, Chandrayaan-2 in May: K. Sivan"</a>. Asian News International. 1 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401082054/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-to-launch-pslvc-46-followed-by-pslvc-47-chandrayaan-2-in-may-k-sivan20190401124511/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019. 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The Wire. 4 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407123720/https://thewire.in/space/india-moon-lander-damaged-chandrayaan-2-launch">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+Moon+Lander+Damaged+During+Test%2C+Chandrayaan+2+Launch+Put+on+Hold&rft.pub=The+Wire&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fspace%2Findia-moon-lander-damaged-chandrayaan-2-launch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/damage-to-moon-lander-delays-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/68714029.cms">"Vikram hurt during practice, puts Chandrayaan-2 on bench"</a>. The Times of India. 4 April 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410163850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/damage-to-moon-lander-delays-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/68714029.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Vikram+hurt+during+practice%2C+puts+Chandrayaan-2+on+bench&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fdamage-to-moon-lander-delays-chandrayaan-2%2Farticleshow%2F68714029.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISRO20190501-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISRO20190501_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISRO20190501_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-may-2019/press-release-chandrayaan-2">"Press release on Chandrayaan-2, ISRO"</a>. Indian Space Research Organisation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725103137/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-may-2019/press-release-chandrayaan-2">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2019. 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Retrieved 15 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chandrayaan+2+Moon+Mission+Launch+Aborted+After+Technical+Snag%3A+10+Points&rft.pub=NDTV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fchandrayaan-2-launch-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-called-off-by-isro-set-to-be-rescheduled-2069511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-pinpoints-chandrayaan-2-leak-to-nipple-joint-of-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/70241645.cms">"ISRO pinpoints GSLV-MkIII leak to 'nipple joint' of cryo engine"</a>. The Times of India. 17 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-pinpoints-chandrayaan-2-leak-to-nipple-joint-of-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/70241645.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=ISRO+pinpoints+GSLV-MkIII+leak+to+%27nipple+joint%27+of+cryo+engine&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fisro-pinpoints-chandrayaan-2-leak-to-nipple-joint-of-cryogenic-engine%2Farticleshow%2F70241645.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISRO_PR_20190722-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISRO_PR_20190722_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISRO_PR_20190722_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISRO_PR_20190722_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISRO_PR_20190722_43-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-jul-2019/gslv-mkiii-m1-successfully-launches-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft">"GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GSLV+MkIII-M1+Successfully+Launches+Chandrayaan-2+spacecraft&rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fupdate%2F22-jul-2019%2Fgslv-mkiii-m1-successfully-launches-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-brake-thrust-may-have-sent-vikram-out-of-control-in-home-stretch/articleshow/71030431.cms">"Extra brake thrust may have sent Vikram out of control in home stretch"</a>. The Times of India. 8 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908042704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-brake-thrust-may-have-sent-vikram-out-of-control-in-home-stretch/articleshow/71030431.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Extra+brake+thrust+may+have+sent+Vikram+out+of+control+in+home+stretch&rft.date=2019-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fextra-brake-thrust-may-have-sent-vikram-out-of-control-in-home-stretch%2Farticleshow%2F71030431.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patel_MIT-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patel_MIT_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patel_MIT_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patel_MIT_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeel_V._Patel2019" class="citation web cs1">Neel V. 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The Chances Are Slim"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911162003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Did+India%27s+Chandrayaan-2+Moon+Lander+Survive%3F+The+Chances+Are+Slim&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F09%2F10%2Fscience%2Findia-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apparent_crash-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apparent_crash_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apparent_crash_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apparent_crash_47-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html">India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190909041327/https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mike Wall, space.com, 7 September 2019, Quote: "India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash". </li> <li id="cite_note-planetary_landing-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-planetary_landing_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-planetary_landing_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html">"India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash – Lands on Moon"</a>. planetary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910230719/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=planetary.org&rft.atitle=India%27s+Vikram+Spacecraft+Apparently+Crash+%E2%80%93+Lands+on+Moon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fblogs%2Fjason-davis%2Fvikram-apparently-crash-lands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hard_landing_TOI-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hard_landing_TOI_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hard_landing_TOI_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms">"Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: ISRO"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Vikram+lander+located+on+lunar+surface%2C+wasn%27t+a+soft+landing%3A+ISRO&rft.date=2019-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fvikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro%2Farticleshow%2F71037009.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Failure_report-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Failure_report_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Failure_report_50-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html">How did Chandrayaan-2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html">Archived</a> 19 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mahesh Guptan, The Week 16 November 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-IE_FAC-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IE_FAC_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IE_FAC_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-three-months-on-isro-yet-to-make-public-vikram-lander-failure-report-details-6174092/">"Chandrayaan-2: Three months on, ISRO yet to make public Vikram lander failure report details"</a>. The Indian Express. 19 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107055128/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-three-months-on-isro-yet-to-make-public-vikram-lander-failure-report-details-6174092/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020. <q>"This is unlike the ISRO's previous record. For instance, after the failure of an operational fourth flight of the heavy lift GSLV rocket — the GSLV-F02 mission — on 10 July 2006, a 15-member FAC was tasked with providing a report in a month. After the report was submitted to the government, ISRO made the details public on 6 September 2006, on its website. In 2010, when GSLV D3, a developmental flight and the fifth heavy lift GSLV rocket, failed after launch on 15 April 2010, an FAC report was submitted with the government on 24 May 2010. Details of the report were made public on 9 July 2010. The same year, when GSLV F06, an operational sixth flight for GSLV rocket, failed on 25 December 2011, ISRO went public on 31 December 2011, with findings of an analysis of failure done by a preliminary FAC comprising space experts".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chandrayaan-2%3A+Three+months+on%2C+ISRO+yet+to+make+public+Vikram+lander+failure+report+details&rft.pub=The+Indian+Express&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Ftechnology%2Fscience%2Fchandrayaan-2-three-months-on-isro-yet-to-make-public-vikram-lander-failure-report-details-6174092%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115105649/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-nov-2021/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-ch2o-performs-evasive-manoeuvre-to-mitigate-critically">"Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter (CH2O) performs an evasive manoeuvre to mitigate a critically close approach with LRO – ISRO"</a>. www.isro.gov.in. 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Retrieved 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+No.+1084%3A+Deployment+of+Rover+on+Lunar+Surface&rft.pub=Rajya+Sabha&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft.aulast=Rathinavel&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Singh%2C+Jitendra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.158.235%2Fquestion%2Fannex%2F241%2FAu1084.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerji2019" class="citation web cs1">Banerji, Abigail (13 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-will-scan-and-make-a-comprehensive-map-of-the-lunar-surface-6892891.html">"Chandrayaan 2: Everything you need to know about the orbiter's mission and design"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chandrayaan+2%3A+Everything+you+need+to+know+about+the+orbiter%27s+mission+and+design&rft.pub=First+Post&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fchandrayaan-2-orbiter-will-scan-and-make-a-comprehensive-map-of-the-lunar-surface-6892891.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a>, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899): <a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">candra</a>: "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)" yāna: "[...] n. a vehicle of any kind, carriage, wagon, vessel, ship, [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-CY2_FAQ2-57"><a href="#cite_ref-CY2_FAQ2_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq">"Chandrayaan-2 FAQ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629122319/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. <q>The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle", –in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), – the lunar spacecraft.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chandrayaan-2+FAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fchandrayaan2-faq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh2019" class="citation news cs1">Ramesh, Sandhya (12 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/">"Why Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO's "most complex mission" so far"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Space+Annual+Report+2016%E2%80%9317&rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fflipping_book%2Fannualreport-eng-2017%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fcommon%2Fdownloads%2FAnnual%2520Report%25202016-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhumathi2016" class="citation news cs1">Madhumathi, D. S. (25 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-starts-landing-tests-for-chandrayaan2-mission/article9262825.ece">"ISRO starts landing tests for Chandrayaan-2 mission"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISRO-starts-landing-tests-for-Chandrayaan-2-mission/article16080665.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=ISRO+starts+landing+tests+for+Chandrayaan-2+mission&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.aulast=Madhumathi&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fisro-starts-landing-tests-for-chandrayaan2-mission%2Farticle9262825.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-begins-flight-integration-activity-for-chandrayaan-2-as-scientists-tests-lander-and-rover-4905883/">"ISRO begins flight integration activity for Chandrayaan-2, as scientists tests lander and rover"</a>. The Indian Express. 25 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213065122/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-begins-flight-integration-activity-for-chandrayaan-2-as-scientists-tests-lander-and-rover-4905883/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=ISRO+begins+flight+integration+activity+for+Chandrayaan-2%2C+as+scientists+tests+lander+and+rover&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Ftechnology%2Fscience%2Fisro-begins-flight-integration-activity-for-chandrayaan-2-as-scientists-tests-lander-and-rover-4905883%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandrayaan-2_Spacecraft-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandrayaan-2_Spacecraft_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandrayaan-2_Spacecraft_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft">"Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft"</a>. Indian Space Research Organisation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. <q>Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to "wisdom" in Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chandrayaan-2+Spacecraft&rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fchandrayaan2-spacecraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pragyan-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Pragyan_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1832" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Horace Hayman (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561">A dictionary in Sanscrit and English</a>. Calcutta: Education Press. p. 561. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124234/https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+in+Sanscrit+and+English&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=561&rft.pub=Education+Press&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Horace+Hayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanskritlibrary.org%2Fcologne%2Fapidev%2Fservepdf.php%3Fdict%3DWIL%26page%3D561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElumalaiKharge2019" class="citation web cs1">Elumalai, V.; Kharge, Mallikarjun (7 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207192144/http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf">"Chandrayaan–II"</a> (PDF). pib.nic.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <q>Lander (Vikram) is undergoing final integration tests. Rover (Pragyan) has completed all tests and waiting for the Vikram readiness to undergo further tests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.nic.in&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan%E2%80%93II&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.aulast=Elumalai&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Kharge%2C+Mallikarjun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.190%2Floksabhaquestions%2Fannex%2F17%2FAU482.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7">"ISRO to Launch Chandrayaan 2 on July 15, Moon Landing by September 7"</a>. The Wire. 12 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613012659/https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISRO+to+Launch+Chandrayaan+2+on+July+15%2C+Moon+Landing+by+September+7&rft.pub=The+Wire&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fspace%2Fisro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2019" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Surendra (10 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms">"Chandrayaan-2 will carry 14 payloads to moon, no foreign module this time"</a>. The Times of India. TNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan-2+will+carry+14+payloads+to+moon%2C+no+foreign+module+this+time&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Surendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fchandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time%2Farticleshow%2F69265687.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubhalakshmiBasavarajSelvarajLaha2010" class="citation book cs1">Subhalakshmi, K.; Basavaraj, B.; Selvaraj, P.; Laha, J. (22 December 2010). "Design of Miniature Space Grade Navigation Camera for Lunar Mission". 2010 International Symposium on Electronic System Design. pp. 169–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISED.2010.40">10.1109/ISED.2010.40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-8979-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-8979-4"><bdi>978-1-4244-8979-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25978793">25978793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design+of+Miniature+Space+Grade+Navigation+Camera+for+Lunar+Mission&rft.btitle=2010+International+Symposium+on+Electronic+System+Design&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25978793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FISED.2010.40&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-8979-4&rft.aulast=Subhalakshmi&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Basavaraj%2C+B.&rft.au=Selvaraj%2C+P.&rft.au=Laha%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms">"With robot hands, IIT-K profs bring joy to paralytics"</a>. The Times of India. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720235523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=With+robot+hands%2C+IIT-K+profs+bring+joy+to+paralytics&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fwith-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics%2Farticleshow%2F70151178.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnaduraiNageshVanitha2017" class="citation web cs1">Annadurai, Mylswami; Nagesh, G.; Vanitha, Muthayaa (28 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830031559/http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc">""Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbiter and Lander Mission", 10th IAA Symposium on The Future of Space Exploration: Towards the Moon Village and Beyond, Torin, Italy"</a>. International Academy of Astronautics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc">the original</a> on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2019. <q>Mobility of the Rover in the unknown lunar terrain is accomplished by a Rocker bogie suspension system driven by six wheels. Brushless DC motors are used to drive the wheels to move along the desired path and steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels. The wheels are designed after extensive modelling of the wheel-soil interaction, considering the lunar soil properties, sinkage and slippage results from a single wheel test bed. The rover mobility has been tested in the lunar test facility wherein the soil simulant, terrain and the gravity of moon are simulated. The limitations w.r.t slope, obstacles, pits in view of slippage/sinkage have been experimentally verified with the analysis results.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Chandrayaan-2%3A+Lunar+Orbiter+and+Lander+Mission%22%2C+10th+IAA+Symposium+on+The+Future+of+Space+Exploration%3A+Towards+the+Moon+Village+and+Beyond%2C+Torin%2C+Italy&rft.pub=International+Academy+of+Astronautics&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft.aulast=Annadurai&rft.aufirst=Mylswami&rft.au=Nagesh%2C+G.&rft.au=Vanitha%2C+Muthayaa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceexplor.iaaweb.org%2F%3Fq%3Dipc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/">"Dr M. Annadurai, project director, Chandrayaan-1: "Chandrayaan-2 logical extension of what we did in first mission""</a>. The Indian Express. 29 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629180634/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Dr+M.+Annadurai%2C+project+director%2C+Chandrayaan-1%3A+%22Chandrayaan-2+logical+extension+of+what+we+did+in+first+mission%22&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fdr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayyappillyMuthusamy2018" class="citation book cs1">Payyappilly, Baiju; Muthusamy, Sankaran (17 January 2018). "Design framework of a configurable electrical power system for lunar rover". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524">2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES)</a>. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICPCES.2017.8117660">10.1109/ICPCES.2017.8117660</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-4426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-4426-9"><bdi>978-1-5090-4426-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38638820">38638820</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203342/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524_Design_framework_of_a_configurable_electrical_power_system_for_lunar_rover">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design+framework+of+a+configurable+electrical+power+system+for+lunar+rover&rft.btitle=2017+4th+International+Conference+on+Power%2C+Control+%26+Embedded+Systems+%28ICPCES%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38638820%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICPCES.2017.8117660&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-4426-9&rft.aulast=Payyappilly&rft.aufirst=Baiju&rft.au=Muthusamy%2C+Sankaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F321408524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/ashoka-chakra-isro-logo-flag-chandrayaan-2-set-to-engrave-indias-name-on-moon-for-centuries-2184543.html">"Ashoka Chakra, ISRO Logo, Flag: Chandrayaan-2 Set to Engrave India's Name on Moon for Centuries"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 May 2020. <q>On being persistently asked by the media on Wednesday why ISRO was not being transparent about the fate of the lander as the entire nation was waiting with bated breath for a successful landing, Sivan finally said, "Yes, yes...it is in pieces...!"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=ISRO+finally+admits+to+Chandrayaan-2%27s+lander+Vikram+lying+on+Moon+%22in+pieces%22&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2F2020%2Fjan%2F01%2Fisro-finally-admits-to-chandrayaan-2s-lander-vikram-lying-on-moon-in-pieces-2083739.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartels2019" class="citation web cs1">Bartels, Meghan (13 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-lander-lessons-nasa-commercial.html">"U.S. Moon Landing Hopefuls Watch Silent India Lander – and Learn"</a>. space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915124625/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-lander-lessons-nasa-commercial.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Moon+Landing+Hopefuls+Watch+Silent+India+Lander+%E2%80%93+and+Learn&rft.pub=space.com&rft.date=2019-09-13&rft.aulast=Bartels&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Findia-chandrayaan-2-moon-lander-lessons-nasa-commercial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghu_Krishnan2019" class="citation web cs1">Raghu Krishnan (9 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/hard-landing-derailed-lunar-mission-says-k-sivan/articleshow/71041208.cms">"Hard landing derailed lunar mission, says K Sivan"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103070325/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/hard-landing-derailed-lunar-mission-says-k-sivan/articleshow/71041208.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Hard+landing+derailed+lunar+mission%2C+says+K+Sivan&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft.au=Raghu+Krishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fhard-landing-derailed-lunar-mission-says-k-sivan%2Farticleshow%2F71041208.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/chandrayaan-2-the-sun-has-finally-set-on-vikram-lander-4461861.html">Chandrayaan-2: The Sun has finally set on Vikram lander</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922165149/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/chandrayaan-2-the-sun-has-finally-set-on-vikram-lander-4461861.html">Archived</a> 22 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Swathi Moorthy, Money Control 22 September 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/search-for-vikram-lander-nasa-analysing-images-taken-by-lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter-2103764">Search for Vikram Lander: NASA Analysing Images Taken by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920153741/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/search-for-vikram-lander-nasa-analysing-images-taken-by-lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter-2103764">Archived</a> 20 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Indo-Asian News Service 19 September 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/lro-fails-see-india-moon-lander-vikram.html">NASA Moon Orbiter Fails to Spot India's Lunar Lander: Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920123546/https://www.space.com/lro-fails-see-india-moon-lander-vikram.html">Archived</a> 20 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Leonard David, space.com 18 September 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartels2019" class="citation web cs1">Bartels, Meghan (24 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-not-found-by-nasa.html">"A NASA Spacecraft Still Hasn't Spotted India's Ill-Fated Moon Lander"</a>. space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025021310/https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-not-found-by-nasa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+NASA+Spacecraft+Still+Hasn%27t+Spotted+India%27s+Ill-Fated+Moon+Lander&rft.pub=space.com&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft.aulast=Bartels&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Findia-moon-lander-not-found-by-nasa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/galaxy-fold-my-first-day-with-samsungs-new-and-improved-foldable-phone-hands-on/">NASA still searching for India's Chandrayaan-2 Vikram moon lander</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923050225/https://www.cnet.com/news/galaxy-fold-my-first-day-with-samsungs-new-and-improved-foldable-phone-hands-on/">Archived</a> 23 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Amanda Kooser, CNET 18 September 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-IAN_Oct2019-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAN_Oct2019_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAN_Oct2019_164-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-nasa-to-perform-a-rigorous-search-for-vikram-lander-2118180">Chandrayaan-2: NASA to Perform a "Rigorous" Search for Vikram Lander</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020004016/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-nasa-to-perform-a-rigorous-search-for-vikram-lander-2118180">Archived</a> 20 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Indo-Asian News Service 18 October 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/nasa-finds-no-trace-of-indias-chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-in-latest-pics-by-moon-orbiter/articleshow/71719225.cms">NASA finds no trace of India's Chandrayaan-2 Vikram lander in latest pics by Moon orbiter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165619/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/nasa-finds-no-trace-of-indias-chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-in-latest-pics-by-moon-orbiter/articleshow/71719225.cms">Archived</a> 24 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Economic Times 24 October 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-YT_IIST_Veera-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YT_IIST_Veera_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YT_IIST_Veera_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Bdu1BV4oxs&t=2316s">IIST Foundation Day & Chandrayaan Utsav</a>. 14 September 2023. Event occurs at 38 min. 36 sec. <q>every engine instead of producing 360 N, it was producing 62 N more.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IIST+Foundation+Day+%26+Chandrayaan+Utsav&rft.date=2023-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4Bdu1BV4oxs%26t%3D2316s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANI_20230710-167"><a href="#cite_ref-ANI_20230710_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGv4qpSSl3w">ISRO Chief explains what went wrong with Chandrayaan-2 and how Chandrayaan-3 will be different!</a>. 10 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISRO+Chief+explains+what+went+wrong+with+Chandrayaan-2+and+how+Chandrayaan-3+will+be+different%21&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DgGv4qpSSl3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IISc_20230805-168"><a href="#cite_ref-IISc_20230805_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ2sNRP1opY&t=2247s">First Prof. (Dr.) Pradeep Memorial Lecture, IISc Alumni Association. "Chandrayaan-3: ISRO's Moon Exploration" by S Somanath, Chairman, ISRO</a>. 5 August 2023. Event occurs at 37 minute 28 seconds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Prof.+%28Dr.%29+Pradeep+Memorial+Lecture%2C+IISc+Alumni+Association.+%22Chandrayaan-3%3A+ISRO%27s+Moon+Exploration%22+by+S+Somanath%2C+Chairman%2C+ISRO&rft.date=2023-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DfZ2sNRP1opY%26t%3D2247s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM136-169"><a href="#cite_ref-MM136_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.jatan.space/i/134458231/how-did-chandrayaan-fail">"Moon Monday #136: Chandrayaan 3 on its way to Luna as Russia and Japan prep their Moonshot, plus NASA mission updates"</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moon+Monday+%23136%3A+Chandrayaan+3+on+its+way+to+Luna+as+Russia+and+Japan+prep+their+Moonshot%2C+plus+NASA+mission+updates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.jatan.space%2Fi%2F134458231%2Fhow-did-chandrayaan-fail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AstrotalkUK_E90-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AstrotalkUK_E90_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AstrotalkUK_E90_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/">Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S. Somanath and R. Umamaheshwaran</a>. Event occurs at 30 minute 46 seconds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episode+90+%E2%80%93+An+update+on+ISRO%27s+activities+with+S.+Somanath+and+R.+Umamaheshwaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastrotalkuk.org%2Fepisode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6766&lsno=17">"Unstarred Question number: 588"</a>. Parliament of India, Lok Sabha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120131604/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6766&lsno=17">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019. <q>The first phase of descent was performed nominally from an altitude of 30 km to 7.4 km above the moon surface. The velocity was reduced from 1683 m/s to 146 m/s. During the second phase of descent, the reduction in velocity was more than the designed value. Due to this deviation, the initial conditions at the start of the fine braking phase were beyond the designed parameters. As a result, Vikram hard-landed within 500 m of the designated landing site.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+India%2C+Lok+Sabha&rft.atitle=Unstarred+Question+number%3A+588&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.194%2FLoksabha%2FQuestions%2FQResult15.aspx%3Fqref%3D6766%26lsno%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar2019-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2019_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2019" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Chethan (20 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-braking-caused-vikram-to-deviate-govt-in-ls/articleshow/72149744.cms">"Chandrayaan-2: Extra braking caused Vikram to deviate: Govt in LS"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121140020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-braking-caused-vikram-to-deviate-govt-in-ls/articleshow/72149744.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan-2%3A+Extra+braking+caused+Vikram+to+deviate%3A+Govt+in+LS&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Chethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fextra-braking-caused-vikram-to-deviate-govt-in-ls%2Farticleshow%2F72149744.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/new-details-emerge-about-failed-lunar-landings/">"New details emerge about failed lunar landings"</a>. SpaceNews. 21 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203303/https://spacenews.com/new-details-emerge-about-failed-lunar-landings/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+details+emerge+about+failed+lunar+landings&rft.pub=SpaceNews&rft.date=2019-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnew-details-emerge-about-failed-lunar-landings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/india-admits-moon-lander-crash.html">India Admits Its Moon Lander Crashed, Cites Problem with Braking Thrusters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127195942/https://www.space.com/india-admits-moon-lander-crash.html">Archived</a> 27 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chelsea Gohd, space.com 25 November 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2019" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (2 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/02/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-lander-found.html">"NASA Finds India's Vikram Moon Lander Crash Site, With Amateur's Help"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203001435/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/02/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-lander-found.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NASA+Finds+India%27s+Vikram+Moon+Lander+Crash+Site%2C+With+Amateur%27s+Help&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F02%2Fscience%2Findia-moon-mission-vikram-lander-found.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian03122019-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian03122019_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian03122019_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface">"India's crashed Vikram moon lander spotted on lunar surface"</a>. The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 3 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221002227/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=India%27s+crashed+Vikram+moon+lander+spotted+on+lunar+surface&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2019%2Fdec%2F03%2Findias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vkrm_Impct_site-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Vkrm_Impct_site_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/1131">"Vikram Lander Found"</a>. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202205553/http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/1131">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lunar+Reconnaissance+Orbiter+Camera&rft.atitle=Vikram+Lander+Found&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flroc.sese.asu.edu%2Fposts%2F1131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2019" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (6 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-found.html">"A Billion Pixels and the Search for India's Crashed Moon Lander"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207014926/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-found.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Billion+Pixels+and+the+Search+for+India%27s+Crashed+Moon+Lander&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F06%2Fscience%2Findia-moon-mission-vikram-found.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivemint2023" class="citation web cs1">Livemint (26 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/chandrayaan3-landing-spot-to-be-known-as-shivshakti-crash-landed-site-named-tiranga-pm-modi-at-isro-in-bengaluru-11693018380086.html">"PM Modi names Chandrayaan-3 landing site and crash-landed Chandrayaan-2"</a>. mint. 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Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chandrayaan-2%3A+First+de-orbiting+maneuver&rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fupdate%2F03-sep-2019%2Fchandrayaan-2-update-first-de-orbiting-maneuver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VikBurn2_20190904-187"><a href="#cite_ref-VikBurn2_20190904_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-de-orbiting-maneuver">"Chandrayaan-2: Second de-orbiting maneuver"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chandrayaan-2%3A+Second+de-orbiting+maneuver&rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fupdate%2F04-sep-2019%2Fchandrayaan-2-update-second-de-orbiting-maneuver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/airnewsalerts/status/1170043152230580224">"#Chandrayaan2 ; Vikram and Pragyan Timeline: #Chandrayaan2Live #Chandrayaan2Landingpic.twitter.com/nZ2u18OXjb"</a>. @airnewsalerts (in Hungarian). 6 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911145147/https://twitter.com/airnewsalerts/status/1170043152230580224">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2019. 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Science Reporter. 56 (11): 20–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923102415/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/51218">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Reporter&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan-2+%E2%80%93+What+Went+Wrong+with+the+Lander%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2019-11&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Anand+Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnopr.niscair.res.in%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F51218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_CapturesSignaturesRecentSolarEruptive_Events.html">"ISRO Captures the Signatures of the Recent Solar Eruptive Events from Earth, Sun-Earth L1 Point, and the Moon"</a>. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 10 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isro.gov.in&rft.atitle=ISRO+Captures+the+Signatures+of+the+Recent+Solar+Eruptive+Events+from+Earth%2C+Sun-Earth+L1+Point%2C+and+the+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2FISRO_CapturesSignaturesRecentSolarEruptive_Events.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TH_IS-192"><a href="#cite_ref-TH_IS_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-silent-on-nasa-pictures-of-vikram/article30152586.ece">"ISRO silent on NASA pictures of Vikram"</a>. The Hindu. 3 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192415/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-silent-on-nasa-pictures-of-vikram/article30152586.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020. <q>"However, except for sketchy information, ISRO has shied away from sharing its own analysis of the crash".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=ISRO+silent+on+NASA+pictures+of+Vikram&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fisro-silent-on-nasa-pictures-of-vikram%2Farticle30152586.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/isro-should-be-transparent-ex-chief-isro-denies-info-vikram-lander-failure-136827">""ISRO should be transparent": Ex-Chief as ISRO denies info on Vikram Lander failure"</a>. The News Minute. 3 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103160600/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/isro-should-be-transparent-ex-chief-isro-denies-info-vikram-lander-failure-136827">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22ISRO+should+be+transparent%22%3A+Ex-Chief+as+ISRO+denies+info+on+Vikram+Lander+failure&rft.pub=The+News+Minute&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fisro-should-be-transparent-ex-chief-isro-denies-info-vikram-lander-failure-136827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NW_TF-194"><a href="#cite_ref-NW_TF_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom24x7.com/2019/12/18/isro-time-for-change-of-leadership/">"ISRO: Time for Change of leadership"</a>. Newsroom 24x7. 18 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193552/https://newsroom24x7.com/2019/12/18/isro-time-for-change-of-leadership/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020. <q>Question that remains to be answered by ISRO is where "the proof for what they have been claiming. Why no photographs or a video of the Lander's undocking from the Lunar Orbiter have been made public till now. Only an objective probe will find answers to the questions regarding Chandrayaan-2 and what led to the Lander's failure. There are also many lapses that should make the citizens of India, who fund ISRO's working, sit up straight</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISRO%3A+Time+for+Change+of+leadership&rft.pub=Newsroom+24x7&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom24x7.com%2F2019%2F12%2F18%2Fisro-time-for-change-of-leadership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BB_WI-195"><a href="#cite_ref-BB_WI_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49875897">"Chandrayaan-2: Was India's Moon mission actually a success?"</a>. BBC News. 30 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217020647/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49875897">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020. <q>"Mr Sivan's remarks have been met with criticism from scientists who said it was too early for ISRO to term the mission a success, especially since its most important goal – to land a rover on the Moon's surface that can gather crucial data – remains unrealised".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chandrayaan-2%3A+Was+India%27s+Moon+mission+actually+a+success%3F&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-49875897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TW_SI-196"><a href="#cite_ref-TW_SI_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/space/senior-isro-scientist-criticises-sivans-approach-after-moon-mission-setback">"Senior ISRO Scientist Criticises Sivan's Approach After Moon Mission Setback"</a>. The Wire. 22 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207160644/https://thewire.in/space/senior-isro-scientist-criticises-sivans-approach-after-moon-mission-setback">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2020. <q>"Misra called attention to ISRO's top-down working culture and inadequate leadership, particularly in the face of Chandrayaan-2 having failed to execute its surface mission because the lander crashed on the Moon's surface instead of touching down".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senior+ISRO+Scientist+Criticises+Sivan%27s+Approach+After+Moon+Mission+Setback&rft.pub=The+Wire&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fspace%2Fsenior-isro-scientist-criticises-sivans-approach-after-moon-mission-setback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TP_NI-197"><a href="#cite_ref-TP_NI_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/science/no-isro-update-on-chandrayaan-2-lander-but-social-media-goes-wild-with-speculation/289329/">"No ISRO update on Chandrayaan-2 lander but social media goes wild with speculation"</a>. The Print. 10 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203306/https://theprint.in/science/no-isro-update-on-chandrayaan-2-lander-but-social-media-goes-wild-with-speculation/289329/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020. <q>"The chairman also released a statement Friday, saying 90 to 95% of mission objectives have already been met. The statement was met with much criticism due to a lack of transparency on the calculation of these percentages".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+ISRO+update+on+Chandrayaan-2+lander+but+social+media+goes+wild+with+speculation&rft.pub=The+Print&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fscience%2Fno-isro-update-on-chandrayaan-2-lander-but-social-media-goes-wild-with-speculation%2F289329%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/11/04/k-sivan-tried-prevent-elevation-isro-chairman-somanath-chandrayaan.html">"K Sivan tried to prevent my elevation to ISRO chairman's post: Somanath"</a>. Onmanorama. Retrieved 13 January 2024. <q>He further alleges that the chairman, instead of stating the truth that it was an error in the software that had caused the failure in the landing of Chandrayaan 2, declared that contact could not be established with the lander. Sivan made several changes to the Chandrayaan 2 mission, which started when Kiran Kumar was the chairman. Excessive publicity also affected the Chandrayaan 2 mission adversely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onmanorama&rft.atitle=K+Sivan+tried+to+prevent+my+elevation+to+ISRO+chairman%27s+post%3A+Somanath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onmanorama.com%2Fnews%2Fkerala%2F2023%2F11%2F04%2Fk-sivan-tried-prevent-elevation-isro-chairman-somanath-chandrayaan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/havent-targeted-anyone-in-autobiography-says-isro-chief-s-somanath-4544939">"Haven't Targeted Anyone In Autobiography, Says ISRO Chief S Somanath"</a>. NDTV.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024. <q>He admitted that he mentioned in his book the lack of clarity in connection with the announcement of the failure of the Chandrayaan-2 mission. During the time of landing, it was not clearly said that there was communication failure and it would crash land, he said. "I believe that a good practice is to tell what has actually happened. It will increase transparency in the organisation. So I referred to that particular incident in the book," Mr Somanath added.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Haven%27t+Targeted+Anyone+In+Autobiography%2C+Says+ISRO+Chief+S+Somanath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fhavent-targeted-anyone-in-autobiography-says-isro-chief-s-somanath-4544939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoshy2023" class="citation news cs1">Koshy, Jacob (4 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-chairman-somnath-withdraws-memoir-after-controversy/article67498103.ece">"ISRO Chairman Somanath withdraws memoir after controversy"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 13 January 2024. <q>"That a software glitch was at fault was known only subsequently. However, the crashing of the lander was known on that day itself (September 6, 2019). There was no point in calling it a communication failure... [as Chairman Sivan had described it]. However, every Chairman can choose what they communicate. I believe that whatever success or failure happens should be transparently communicated. I'm not criticising Dr. Sivan though," said Mr. Somanath.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=ISRO+Chairman+Somanath+withdraws+memoir+after+controversy&rft.date=2023-11-04&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Koshy&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fisro-chairman-somnath-withdraws-memoir-after-controversy%2Farticle67498103.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/at-bangalore-mission-control-all-eyes-on-mars/">"At Bangalore mission control, all eyes on Mars"</a>. The Indian Express. 16 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802124002/https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/at-bangalore-mission-control-all-eyes-on-mars/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=At+Bangalore+mission+control%2C+all+eyes+on+Mars&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Fphotos%2Fpicture-gallery-others%2Fat-bangalore-mission-control-all-eyes-on-mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/the-women-and-men-behind-chandrayaan-2/article28431373.ece">The women, and men, behind Chandrayaan-2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192528/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/the-women-and-men-behind-chandrayaan-2/article28431373.ece">Archived</a> 27 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Madhumathi D.S., The Hindu 15 July 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603">Chandrayaan-2: India launches second Moon mission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603">Archived</a> 22 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News 22 July 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-deputy-project-director-taught-village-students-to-fund-his-education/articleshow/70442093.cms">"Chandrayaan-2 deputy project director taught village students to fund his education"</a>. The Times of India. 30 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190909193154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-deputy-project-director-taught-village-students-to-fund-his-education/articleshow/70442093.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan-2+deputy+project+director+taught+village+students+to+fund+his+education&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fchandrayaan-2-deputy-project-director-taught-village-students-to-fund-his-education%2Farticleshow%2F70442093.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/ms-k-kalpana-an-electrical-engineer-at-the-indian-space-news-photo/1156926425">"BENGALURU, KARNATAKA, INDIA. Ms K. Kalpana, an electrical engineer at..."</a> Getty Images. 19 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727203216/https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/ms-k-kalpana-an-electrical-engineer-at-the-indian-space-news-photo/1156926425">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BENGALURU%2C+KARNATAKA%2C+INDIA.+Ms+K.+Kalpana%2C+an+electrical+engineer+at...&rft.pub=Getty+Images&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.in%2Fdetail%2Fnews-photo%2Fms-k-kalpana-an-electrical-engineer-at-the-indian-space-news-photo%2F1156926425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajwi2019" class="citation news cs1">Rajwi, Tiki (14 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayali-presence-in-making-chandrayaan-2-a-reality/article28428941.ece">"The Malayali hand in Chandrayaan-2"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193700/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayali-presence-in-making-chandrayaan-2-a-reality/article28428941.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+Malayali+hand+in+Chandrayaan-2&rft.date=2019-07-14&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Rajwi&rft.aufirst=Tiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fmalayali-presence-in-making-chandrayaan-2-a-reality%2Farticle28428941.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2016" class="citation web cs1">Subramanian, T. S. (28 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/cryogenic-gains-for-gslv/article9153824.ece">"Cryogenic gains for GSLV"</a>. Frontline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202543/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/cryogenic-gains-for-gslv/article9153824.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cryogenic+gains+for+GSLV&rft.pub=Frontline&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fscience-and-technology%2Fcryogenic-gains-for-gslv%2Farticle9153824.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amitabh_Singh6">"Amitabh Singh | MTech | Indian Space Research Organization, Bengaluru | ISRO | signal & Image Processing | ResearchGate"</a>. Research Gate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930204321/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amitabh_Singh6">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amitabh+Singh+%7C+MTech+%7C+Indian+Space+Research+Organization%2C+Bengaluru+%7C+ISRO+%7C+signal+%26+Image+Processing+%7C+ResearchGate&rft.pub=Research+Gate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FAmitabh_Singh6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-209"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html">"A mix of young and middle-aged people will train for Gaganyaan"</a>. The Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128073908/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020. <q>The work on Chandrayaan-3 is also going on; it should be launched in the next 16 months or so.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+mix+of+young+and+middle-aged+people+will+train+for+Gaganyaan&rft.pub=The+Week&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Ftheweek%2Fcurrent%2F2020%2F01%2F24%2Fa-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=7734&lsno=17">"Unstarred Question no. 1384 in Lok Sabha"</a>. 164.100.47.194. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127095402/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=7734&lsno=17">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=164.100.47.194&rft.atitle=Unstarred+Question+no.+1384+in+Lok+Sabha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.194%2FLoksabha%2FQuestions%2FQResult15.aspx%3Fqref%3D7734%26lsno%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wire_Nov2019-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Wire_Nov2019_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan/">"ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt"</a>. The Wire. 14 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193626/https://science.thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISRO+Will+Embark+on+Chandrayaan-3+by+November+2020+for+Another+Landing+Attempt&rft.pub=The+Wire&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.thewire.in%2Fspace%2Fisro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3">"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+NSSDCA+%E2%80%93+Spacecraft+%E2%80%93+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3DCHANDRYN3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToI_20191114-213"><a href="#cite_ref-ToI_20191114_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2019" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Chethan (14 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020/articleshow/72047390.cms">"Chandrayaan-3: Second bid to land on Moon by November 2020"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116130934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020/articleshow/72047390.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan-3%3A+Second+bid+to+land+on+Moon+by+November+2020&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Chethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fchandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020%2Farticleshow%2F72047390.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TW_20191114-214"><a href="#cite_ref-TW_20191114_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan">"ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt"</a>. The Wire. 14 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115171741/https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISRO+Will+Embark+on+Chandrayaan-3+by+November+2020+for+Another+Landing+Attempt&rft.pub=The+Wire&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fspace%2Fisro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TW_20191102-215"><a href="#cite_ref-TW_20191102_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-attempt-another-soft-landing-on-the-moon-in-the-near-future">"ISRO Will Attempt Another Soft-Landing on the Moon 'in the Near Future'"</a>. The Wire. 2 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115173017/https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-attempt-another-soft-landing-on-the-moon-in-the-near-future">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISRO+Will+Attempt+Another+Soft-Landing+on+the+Moon+%27in+the+Near+Future%27&rft.pub=The+Wire&rft.date=2019-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fspace%2Fisro-will-attempt-another-soft-landing-on-the-moon-in-the-near-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1593795#">"CHANDRAYAAN-III"</a> (Press release). Delhi. Press Information Bureau. 27 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111620/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1593795">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHANDRAYAAN-III&rft.place=Delhi&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressReleasePage.aspx%3FPRID%3D1593795%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2019" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Chethan (8 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms">"ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=ISRO+seeks+75+crore+more+from+Centre+for+Chandrayaan-3&rft.date=2019-12-08&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Chethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fisro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3%2Farticleshow%2F72421303.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms">"Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021"</a>. The Times of India. 2 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan-3+to+cost+Rs+615+crore%2C+launch+could+stretch+to+2021&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fchandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021%2Farticleshow%2F73055941.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-2" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrishikeshPandey2023" class="citation web cs1">Hrishikesh, Sharanya; Pandey, Vikas, eds. (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-india-66576580">"Chandrayaan-3 live: India's Vikram lander makes historic Moon landing"</a>. 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title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme#Lunokhod_201" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod 0 (1A)</a>† (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> (1970–1971, on <a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">Luna 17</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a> (1973, on <a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">Luna 21</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> (1971, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-2</a> (1972, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-3</a> (1972, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a> (2013–2016, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Yidong Xiangji</a> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a>† (2019, on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a> (2023, on <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a>† (2022–2023, on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CubeRover" title="CubeRover">Iris</a>† (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmena" title="Colmena">Colmena</a> × 5† (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>† (2022–2023, on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>) (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRanger" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonRanger">MoonRanger</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid 2</a>) (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Terrain_Vehicle" title="Lunar Terrain Vehicle">Lunar Terrain Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATHLETE" title="ATHLETE">ATHLETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTScientists" class="mw-redirect" title="PTScientists">Audi Lunar Quattro ×2 (PTScientists)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Systems" title="Deep Space Systems">Deep Space Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond#ECA_rover" title="OrbitBeyond">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES (spacecraft)">HERACLES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Cruiser" title="Lunar Cruiser">Lunar Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Grunt rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">LUPEX rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">Moon Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Icebreaker_to_the_north_pole" title="Astrobotic Technology">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(rover)" title="Scarab (rover)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Vehicle" title="Space Exploration Vehicle">Space Exploration Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Space_Technologies" title="Puli Space Technologies">Team Puli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme#Lunokhod_3" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod 3</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank_on_the_Moon" title="Tank on the Moon">Tank on the Moon</a> (2007 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover (space exploration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extraterrestrial rovers">List of extraterrestrial rovers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lunar_landing_missions71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lunar_landers" title="Template:Lunar landers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lunar_landers" title="Template talk:Lunar landers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar_landers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar landers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lunar_landing_missions71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">Lunar landing</a> missions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">none</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">V</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">VI</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VII">VII</a> (2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Blue_Ghost_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">Blue Ghost M2</a> (2026)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-3" title="IM-3">IM-3</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">KLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_lunar_lander" title="Korean lunar lander">Korean lunar lander</a> (2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">28</a> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/SpaceIL" title="SpaceIL">SpaceIL</a>, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">Hakuto-R M3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace</a>, 2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="CLPS4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">CLPS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redwire#Deep_Space_Systems" title="Redwire">Redwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Genesis_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">Masten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">MoonEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond#Z-01" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">Korean Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">TENACIOUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_19" title="Luna 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_22" title="Luna 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15#Lunar_subsatellite" title="Apollo 15">PFS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16#Lunar_subsatellite_PFS-2" title="Apollo 16">PFS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_impacted_the_Moon" title="Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon">Impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> ×6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vikram_lander">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lunar_flybys" title="Category:Lunar flybys">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAS-22" title="PAS-22">PAS-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">II</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">III</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">V</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">26</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">28</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 29 (page does not exist)">29</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 30 (page does not exist)">30</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 31 (page does not exist)">31</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">4</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">KLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_lunar_lander" title="Korean lunar lander">Korean lunar lander</a> (2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Escape_Explorer" title="Earth Escape Explorer">CU-E3</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled / concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">XL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_space_programme593" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Template:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Template talk:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_space_programme593" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_space_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian space programme">Indian space programme</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space (DoS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing" title="Indian Institute of Remote Sensing">Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Research_Laboratory" title="National Atmospheric Research Laboratory">National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Space_Cell" title="Integrated Space Cell">Integrated Space Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Space_Promotion_and_Authorisation_Centre" title="Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre">Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/120px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/180px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/240px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">INSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT" title="RISAT">RISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">SROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment" title="Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment">APPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMS-1" title="IMS-1">IMS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">South Asia Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana-1" title="Kalpana-1">Kalpana-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar and planetary spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vikram_lander">Vikram lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (upcoming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_human_spaceflight_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian human spaceflight programme">Indian human spaceflight programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II">SRE-II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">CARE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRO Space Station">ISRO Space Station</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Orbital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GSLV_launches" title="List of GSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SSLV_launches" title="List of SSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Suborbital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(rocket_family)" title="Rohini (rocket family)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicle" title="Advanced Technology Vehicle">ATV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programme" title="RLV Technology Demonstration Programme">RLV Technology Demonstration Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE-7.5" title="CE-7.5">CE-7.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CE-20" title="CE-20">CE-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a></li></ul> <ul><li>under development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport">Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">U R Rao Satellite Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">ISRO Propulsion Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit" title="ISRO Inertial Systems Unit">ISRO Inertial Systems Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems">Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre" title="Human Space Flight Centre">Human Space Flight Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre" title="Indian Space Science Data Centre">Indian Space Science Data Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Control_Facility_(ISRO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Control Facility (ISRO)">Master Control Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">National Remote Sensing Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation and policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixxel" title="Pixxel">Pixxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyroot_Aerospace" title="Skyroot Aerospace">Skyroot Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellize" title="Satellize">Satellize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgniKul_Cosmos" title="AgniKul Cosmos">AgniKul Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Space" title="Dhruva Space">Dhruva Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellatrix_Aerospace" title="Bellatrix Aerospace">Bellatrix Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeamIndus" title="TeamIndus">TeamIndus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Day" title="National Space Day">National Space Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGA-220" title="SAGA-220">SAGA-220</a> (supercomputer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statio_Shiv_Shakti" title="Statio Shiv Shakti">Statio Shiv Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RESPOND" title="RESPOND">RESPOND</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chairmen of the Indian Space Research Organisation">List of ISRO chairpersons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_spacecraft243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_spacecraft" title="Template:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_spacecraft243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CMS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMS-01" title="CMS-01">01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMS-02" title="CMS-02">02</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-1" title="GSAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-2" title="GSAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-3" title="GSAT-3">3 (EDUSAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-4" title="GSAT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-5P" title="GSAT-5P">5P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4E" title="INSAT-4E">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-6A" title="GSAT-6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7" title="GSAT-7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7A" title="GSAT-7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">9 (South Asia Satellite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-10" title="GSAT-10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-11" title="GSAT-11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-12" title="GSAT-12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-14" title="GSAT-14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-15" title="GSAT-15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-16" title="GSAT-16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-17" title="GSAT-17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-18" title="GSAT-18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-19" title="GSAT-19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-29" title="GSAT-29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-30" title="GSAT-30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-31" title="GSAT-31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">INSAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1A" title="INSAT-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1B" title="INSAT-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1C" title="INSAT-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1D" title="INSAT-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2A" title="INSAT-2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2B" title="INSAT-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2C" title="INSAT-2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2D" title="INSAT-2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2DT" title="INSAT-2DT">2DT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2E" title="INSAT-2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3A" title="INSAT-3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3B" title="INSAT-3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3C" title="INSAT-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3D" title="INSAT-3D">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DR" title="INSAT-3DR">3DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DS" title="INSAT-3DS">3DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3E" title="INSAT-3E">3E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4A" title="INSAT-4A">4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4B" title="INSAT-4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4C" title="INSAT-4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4CR" title="INSAT-4CR">4CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4E" title="INSAT-4E">4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7" title="GSAT-7">4F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">4G</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planned: GSAT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-20" title="GSAT-20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSAT-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSAT-22 (page does not exist)">22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSAT-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSAT-23 (page does not exist)">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-24" class="mw-redirect" title="GSAT-24">24</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-1" title="Cartosat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2" title="Cartosat-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2A" title="Cartosat-2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2B" title="Cartosat-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2C" title="Cartosat-2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2D" title="Cartosat-2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2E" title="Cartosat-2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2F" title="Cartosat-2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-3" title="Cartosat-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a></li> <li>EOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EOS-01" title="EOS-01">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-02" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS-02">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-04" title="EOS-04">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-07" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS-07">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-08" title="EOS-08">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HySIS" title="HySIS">HySIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMS-1" title="IMS-1">IMS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Remote Sensing">IRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1A" title="IRS-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1B" title="IRS-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1C" title="IRS-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1D" title="IRS-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P1" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS-P1">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P1" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS-P1">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P2" title="IRS-P2">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P3" title="IRS-P3">P3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsat_(ISRO)" title="Microsat (ISRO)">Microsat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsat-R" title="Microsat-R">Microsat-R</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceansat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-1" title="Oceansat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-2" title="Oceansat-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Resourcesat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-1" title="Resourcesat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-2" title="Resourcesat-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>RISAT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-1" title="RISAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2" title="RISAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2B" title="RISAT-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2BR1" title="RISAT-2BR1">2BR1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-D2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCATSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="SCATSAT-1">SCATSAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_Experiment_Satellite" title="Technology Experiment Satellite">Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)</a></li> <li>Planned: <a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO_Imaging_Satellite" title="GEO Imaging Satellite">GISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-3" title="Oceansat-3">Oceansat-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resourcesat-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resourcesat-3 (page does not exist)">Resourcesat-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-1A" class="mw-redirect" title="RISAT-1A">RISAT-1A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment" title="Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment">APPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li>Rohini <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1B" title="IRNSS-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1C" title="IRNSS-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1D" title="IRNSS-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">1F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">1G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">1I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVS-01" title="NVS-01">NVS-01</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANUSAT" title="ANUSAT">ANUSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugnu_(satellite)" title="Jugnu (satellite)">Jugnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRMSAT" title="SRMSAT">SRMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudSat" title="StudSat">StudSat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/StudSat-2" title="StudSat-2">StudSat-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouthSat" title="YouthSat">YouthSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratham_(satellite)" title="Pratham (satellite)">Pratham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aryabhata Satellite"><img alt="Aryabhata Satellite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/115px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/173px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/230px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="381" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">SROSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">C2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a> (planned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Lunar programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vikram_lander">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander:" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayaan-5">Chandrayaan-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandrayaan-6 (page does not exist)">Chandrayaan-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a> (planned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (planned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II">SRE-II</a></li> <li>SRE-III</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">CARE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Future spacecraft in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a> (deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2 rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a> (by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mangalyaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2018Orbital_launches_in_20192020_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2019" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2019"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2019" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2019"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2019" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2019"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2018Orbital_launches_in_20192020_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2018_in_spaceflight" title="2018 in spaceflight">← 2018</a></div><a href="/wiki/2019_in_spaceflight" title="2019 in spaceflight">Orbital launches in 2019</a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2020_in_spaceflight" title="2020 in spaceflight">2020 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat#ChinaSat_2D" class="mw-redirect" title="ChinaSat">ChinaSat 2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_NEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium NEXT">Iridium NEXT</a> × 10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAPIS-1" title="RAPIS-1">RAPIS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALE-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ALE-1">ALE-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hodoyoshi-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodoyoshi-2">Hodoyoshi-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/MicroDragon" title="MicroDragon">MicroDragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/AOBA-VELOX-IV" class="mw-redirect" title="AOBA-VELOX-IV">AOBA-VELOX-IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEXUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="NEXUS (satellite)">NEXUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OrigamiSat-1" class="mw-redirect" title="OrigamiSat-1">OrigamiSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of USA satellites">USA-290</a> / <a href="/wiki/KH-11_Kennen" class="mw-redirect" title="KH-11 Kennen">KH-11 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#Spectrum_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Hyperspectral-01</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#Spectrum_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Hyperspectral-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsat-R" title="Microsat-R">Microsat-R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dousti_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dousti (satellite) (page does not exist)">Dousti</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-31" title="GSAT-31">GSAT-31</a>, <a href="/wiki/SaudiGeoSat-1/HellasSat-4" title="SaudiGeoSat-1/HellasSat-4">SaudiGeoSat-1 / HellasSat-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptSat_A" class="mw-redirect" title="EgyptSat A">EgyptSat A</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helios_Wire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helios Wire (page does not exist)">Helios Wire</a> 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_Satu" title="Nusantara Satu">Nusantara Satu / PSN 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a>, S5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb</a> x6</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-1" title="Crew Dragon Demo-1">Crew Dragon Demo-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat" class="mw-redirect" title="ChinaSat">ChinaSat</a>-6C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-12" title="Soyuz MS-12">Soyuz MS-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideband_Global_SATCOM" title="Wideband Global SATCOM">WGS</a>-10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISMA_(spacecraft)" title="PRISMA (spacecraft)">PRISMA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingque_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingque 1B (page does not exist)">Lingque 1B</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">"Two Thumbs Up"</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=R3D2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R3D2 (page does not exist)">R3D2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian II">Tianlian II</a>-01</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrocast#Satellites_launched" title="Astrocast">Astrocast 0.2</a>, <a href="/wiki/NanoAvionics#Implemented_missions" title="NanoAvionics">Bluewalker 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-4a</a> × 20, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4, <a href="/wiki/NanoAvionics#Implemented_missions" title="NanoAvionics">M6P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-11" title="Progress MS-11">Progress MS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="O3b (satellite)">O3b</a> × 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabsat-6A" title="Arabsat-6A">Arabsat-6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-11" title="Cygnus NG-11">Cygnus NG-11</a> (<a href="/wiki/NepaliSat-1" title="NepaliSat-1">NepaliSat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raavana_1" title="Raavana 1">Raavana 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seeker_(spacecraft)" title="Seeker (spacecraft)">Seeker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">I1Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-17" title="SpaceX CRS-17">SpaceX CRS-17</a></li> <li>Harbinger / <a href="/wiki/ICEYE" title="ICEYE">ICEYE X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou-2" class="mw-redirect" title="BeiDou-2">BeiDou-2</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2B" title="RISAT-2B">RISAT-2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 33</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink v0.9</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501-2750)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501-2750)">Kosmos 2543</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal-601" title="Yamal-601">Yamal-601</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-03A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RADARSAT_Constellation" title="RADARSAT Constellation">RADARSAT Constellation</a> × 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_7C" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutelsat 7C">Eutelsat 7C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">I2Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Test_Program#2019" title="Space Test Program">STP-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_and_Science_Experiments" title="Demonstration and Science Experiments">DSX</a>, <a href="/wiki/COSMIC-2" title="COSMIC-2">COSMIC-2</a> × 6, <a href="/wiki/Green_Propellant_Infusion_Mission" title="Green Propellant Infusion Mission">GPIM</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA_Launch_Services_Program#Merritt_Island_High_School_StangSat" title="NASA Launch Services Program">StangSat</a> , <a href="/wiki/FalconSAT" title="FalconSAT">FalconSAT-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BRICSat-2" title="BRICSat-2">BRICSat-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/LightSail#LightSail-2" title="LightSail">LightSail-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_Industries#BlackSky" title="Spaceflight Industries">BlackSky Global 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteor-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor-M">Meteor-M 2-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exolaunch#CarboNIX" title="Exolaunch">CarboNIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICEYE" title="ICEYE">ICEYE X4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICEYE" title="ICEYE">ICEYE X5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 8</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2535&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2535 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2535</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2536&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2536 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2536</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2537 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2537</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2538&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2538 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2538</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falcon_Eye_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falcon Eye 1 (page does not exist)">Falcon Eye 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-13" title="Soyuz MS-13">Soyuz MS-13</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vikram_lander">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-18" title="SpaceX CRS-18">SpaceX CRS-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30-05</a> x3</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridian_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridian 8 (page does not exist)">Meridian 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-12" title="Progress MS-12">Progress MS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest_(satellite)" title="Blagovest (satellite)">Blagovest</a>-14L</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDRS" class="mw-redirect" title="EDRS">EDRS</a>-C / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HYLAS-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HYLAS-3 (page does not exist)">HYLAS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos-17">Amos-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEHF" class="mw-redirect" title="AEHF">AEHF</a>-5</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianqi-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tianqi-2 (page does not exist)">Tianqi-2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qian_Sheng-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qian Sheng-1 (page does not exist)">Qian Sheng-1</a> 01 / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xingshidai-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xingshidai-5 (page does not exist)">Xingshidai-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinasat_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinasat 18 (page does not exist)">Chinasat 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">"Look Ma, No Hands"</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BlackSky_Global_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BlackSky Global 4 (page does not exist)">BlackSky Global 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BRO_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BRO 1 (page does not exist)">BRO 1</a></li> <li>Pearl White × 2</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-14" title="Soyuz MS-14">Soyuz MS-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_IIIA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS IIIA">GPS IIIA</a>-02</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-IK-2_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-IK-2 No.3 (page does not exist)">Geo-IK-2 No.3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiji-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiji-1 (page does not exist)">Taiji-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiaoxiang_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiaoxiang 1 (page does not exist)">Xiaoxiang 1</a>-07</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan</a> I-02D, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_Pathfinder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ice Pathfinder (page does not exist)">Ice Pathfinder</a>, Taurus 1</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuhai-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuhai-1 (page does not exist)">Zhuhai-1</a> x2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a>-3 M23, M24</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_8" title="Kounotori 8">HTV-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunhai-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunhai-1 (page does not exist)">Yunhai-1</a> 02</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-15" title="Soyuz MS-15">Soyuz MS-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EKS_(satellite_system)" title="EKS (satellite system)">EKS</a>-3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 10R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_5_West_B" title="Eutelsat 5 West B">Eutelsat 5 West B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Extension_Vehicle" title="Mission Extension Vehicle">MEV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionospheric_Connection_Explorer" title="Ionospheric Connection Explorer">ICON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">"As The Crow Flies"</a> <ul><li>Palisade</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongxin_Jishu_Shiyan" title="Tongxin Jishu Shiyan">TJS-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-12" title="Cygnus NG-12">Cygnus NG-12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Space_Test_Program" title="Space Test Program">STPSat 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/HyperAngular_Rainbow_Polarimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperAngular Rainbow Polarimeter">HARP</a>, <a href="/wiki/HuskySat-1" title="HuskySat-1">HuskySat-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">I3Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L1</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-02A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M21</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2542</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat-5 F5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-3" title="Cartosat-3">Cartosat-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-4p</a> × 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-19" title="SpaceX CRS-19">SpaceX CRS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Orbital#Launches" title="Alba Orbital">Unicorn-2B</a> / NOOR-1A, <a href="/wiki/Alba_Orbital#Launches" title="Alba Orbital">Unicorn-2C</a> / NOOR-1B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-13" title="Progress MS-13">Progress MS-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2544</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2BR1" title="RISAT-2BR1">RISAT-2BR1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M19</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M20</a></li> <li>JCSAT-18 / <a href="/wiki/Kacific_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kacific 1">Kacific 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/COSMO-SkyMed" title="COSMO-SkyMed">CSG-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBERS#CBERS-4A" class="mw-redirect" title="CBERS">CBERS-4A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan I-04A</a>, <a href="/wiki/ETRSS-1" title="ETRSS-1">ETRSS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TianQin" title="TianQin">Tianqin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CST-100_Starliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing CST-100 Starliner">Starliner</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Orbital_Flight_Test" title="Boeing Orbital Flight Test">Boe-OFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro-L" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektro-L">Elektro-L No.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonets-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonets-M">Gonets-M</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/BLITS-M" class="mw-redirect" title="BLITS-M">BLITS-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2019_in_space1076" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_in_space" title="Template:2019 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2019_in_space" title="Template talk:2019 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2019_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2019 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2019_in_space1076" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2019 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <a href="/wiki/Template:2018_in_space" title="Template:2018 in space">2018</a></div> <div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_in_space" title="Template:2020 in space">2020</a> »</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2019_in_spaceflight" title="2019 in spaceflight">Space probe launches</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2019" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2019"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a> (lunar lander; Feb 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightSail#LightSail_2" title="LightSail">LightSail 2</a> (solar sail demonstration; Jun 2019)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vikram_lander">Vikram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a> (lunar obiter, lander and rover; Jul 2019)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png/150px-UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png/225px-UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png/300px-UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1302" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg/150px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg/225px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg/300px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7416" data-file-height="4320" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg/150px-Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg/225px-Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg/300px-Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_meteor" title="Kamchatka meteor">Kamchatka meteor</a> (announced)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_MO" title="2019 MO">2019 MO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2019" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2019">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_XB4" title="2018 XB4">2018 XB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_AS5" title="2019 AS5">2019 AS5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_AZ8" title="2016 AZ8">2016 AZ8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup" title="66391 Moshup">66391 Moshup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_OK" title="2019 OK">2019 OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620_Geographos" title="1620 Geographos">1620 Geographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_QV89" title="2006 QV89">2006 QV89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2100_Ra-Shalom" title="2100 Ra-Shalom">2100 Ra-Shalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_SU3" title="2019 SU3">2019 SU3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_TA7" title="2019 TA7">2019 TA7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_UN13" title="2019 UN13">2019 UN13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2019">Exoplanets</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2019"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_Leonis" title="AD Leonis">AD Leonis</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_c" title="Beta Pictoris c">Beta Pictoris c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_Tucanae" title="DS Tucanae">DS Tucanae</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_251" title="Gliese 251">Gliese 251</a> c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_357_d" title="Gliese 357 d">Gliese 357 d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_588" title="Gliese 588">Gliese 588</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_687" title="Gliese 687">Gliese 687</a> c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_555" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 555">Gliese 555</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_754" title="Gliese 754">Gliese 754</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_784" title="Gliese 784">Gliese 784</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_5183_b" title="HR 5183 b">HR 5183 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-47d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-47d">Kepler-47d</a> confirmed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-288Bb" title="K2-288Bb">K2-288Bb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_1159-16" class="mw-redirect" title="L 1159-16">L 1159-16</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_816-60" title="LP 816-60">LP 816-60</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTT_1445" title="LTT 1445">LTT 1445</a> Ab</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luyten%27s_Star" title="Luyten's Star">Luyten's Star</a> <ul><li>d</li> <li>e</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDS_70" title="PDS 70">PDS 70c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_c" title="Proxima Centauri c">Proxima Centauri c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struve_2398" title="Struve 2398">Struve 2398</a> <ul><li>Bb</li> <li>Bc</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a> i (hypothesized)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teegarden%27s_Star" title="Teegarden's Star">Teegarden's Star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teegarden%27s_Star_b" title="Teegarden's Star b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teegarden%27s_Star_c" title="Teegarden's Star c">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V1298_Tauri" title="V1298 Tauri">V1298 Tauri</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li> <li>e</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_359" title="Wolf 359">Wolf 359</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_AQ3" title="2019 AQ3">2019 AQ3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-19bt" title="ASASSN-19bt">ASASSN-19bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2019qiz" title="AT2019qiz">AT2019qiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRB_190114C" title="GRB 190114C">GRB 190114C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_204376071" title="EPIC 204376071">EPIC 204376071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190412" title="GW190412">GW190412</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190521g" class="mw-redirect" title="GW190521g">GW190521g</a> (first-ever light from bh-bh merger)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190814" title="GW190814">GW190814</a> (first-ever "mass-gap" collision)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J043947.08%2B163415.7" class="mw-redirect" title="J043947.08+163415.7">J043947.08+163415.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-18b" title="K2-18b">K2-18b</a> water vapor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_87#Supermassive_black_hole_M87*" title="Messier 87">M87*</a> imaged</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_J0030%2B0451&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR J0030+0451 (page does not exist)">PSR J0030+0451</a> mapped</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J0740%2B6620" title="PSR J0740+6620">PSR J0740+6620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5-HVS1" title="S5-HVS1">S5-HVS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li>20 <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">moons of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WD_0145%2B234" title="WD 0145+234">WD 0145+234</a> detection of <a href="/wiki/Exoasteroid" title="Exoasteroid">exoasteroid</a> disruption</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WD_J0914%2B1914" title="WD J0914+1914">WD J0914+1914</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2019" title="Category:Comets in 2019"><img alt="Comets in 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/78P/Gehrels" title="78P/Gehrels">78P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/168P/Hergenrother" title="168P/Hergenrother">168P/Hergenrother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/163P/NEAT" title="163P/NEAT">163P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/138P/Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy" title="138P/Shoemaker–Levy">138P/Shoemaker–Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/171P/Spahr" title="171P/Spahr">171P/Spahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> (encounter with <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a>; Dec 2018 / Jan 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a> (landing on the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>; Jan 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a> (end of mission; Aug 2018 / Feb 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> (departure from <a href="/wiki/162173_Ryugu" title="162173 Ryugu">162173 Ryugu</a>; Dec 2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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