<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252" /> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 6.0" /> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document" /> <style type="text/css">a {text-decoration: none}</style> <title></title> </head> <body link="#F2717D" vlink="#C0C0C0" alink="#000000" topmargin="0" bgcolor="#A20F1E"> <div align="center"> <table border="0" width="80%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="55"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" height="54"> <tbody> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="12%" align="center"><b> <font face="Arial" size="2"> <a href="https://www.liberiapastandpresent.org" style="text-decoration: none" name="top">New version </a> <br /> <a href="https://www.liberiapastandpresent.org" style="text-decoration: none"> Liberia Past and Present</a></font></b></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="12%" align="center"><b> <font size="2" face="Arial"> <a href="http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/?page_id=1243" style="text-decoration: none">War crimes</a> </font></b></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="12%" align="center"><b> <font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="TaylorCharles/index.htm"> Charles Taylor</a></font></b></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="12%" align="center"><b> <font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="JohnsonSirleaf/index.htm"> Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a></font></b></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="12%" align="center"><b> <font face="Arial" size="2"> <a href="George%20Weah%2025th%20President.htm" style="text-decoration: none">George Weah</a></font></b></td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="12%" align="center"><b> <a href="Recommended_Reading.htm"><font face="Arial" size="2"> Bibliography and</font><br> <font face="Arial" size="2">Recommended Reading</font></a></b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div align="center"> <div align="center"> <table border="0" width="80%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="25%"><font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#FFFFFF"> 2021-10-01</font></td> <td width="50%"> <FORM method=GET action="http://archives.liberiapastandpresent.org/Search.html"> <p align="center"> <INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE="Search this site"> </form> </td> <td width="25%"> <p align="right"><font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="Author.htm">Author: Dr. Fred P.M. van der Kraaij</a></font></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="3"> <div align="center"> <table border="2" width="750" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#000000"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="750" height="251" background="Logo.jpg"> <div align="center"> <table border="0" width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td><b><font size="5">Liberia:<br /> Past & Present of Africa's<br /> Oldest Republic</font></b><p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="3" height="32"> <hr size="1" noshade="" color="#FFFFFF" /></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div align="center"> <table border="0" width="80%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="75%" height="41"> <p align="center"><b><font size="4" color="#FFFFFF">P A S T</font></b></p></td> <td width="25%"> <p align="center"><b><font size="4" color="#FFFFFF">P R E S E N T</font></b></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%"> <table border="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="25%" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2" face="Arial"> <a href="#The_Colony">The Colony</a></font></td> <td width="25%" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2" face="Arial"> <a href="#The Republic">The Republic</a></font></td> <td width="25%" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2" face="Arial"> <a href="#Political History">Political History</a></font></td> <td width="25%" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2" face="Arial"> <a href="#Economic_History">Economic History</a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="25%" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2" face="Arial"> <a href="#International Relations 1">International Relations</a></font></td> <td width="25%" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2" face="Arial"><a href="#Money">Money</a></font></td> <td width="130" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2" face="Arial"><a href="#Maps">Maps</a></font></td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2" face="Arial"><a href="#Culture">Culture</a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000" colspan="4"> <p align="left"><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> Wikimedia: Author's collection of photos 1975 - 1979   <a target="_blank" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Liberia_1975-1976_(F._van_der_Kraaij_Collection)"> Part 1</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Liberia_1975-1979_(F._van_der_Kraaij_Collection)"> Part 2</a> (free use under <a target="_blank" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Licensing"> Wikimedia Conditions</a>)</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td width="25%"> <p align="center"> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">George Weah Made History!</font></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="225"> <div align="left"> <table border="1" width="171" bgcolor="#A20F1E" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: #FFFFFF"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <p align="center"> <img border="1" src="images/Illustraties/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg" width="171" height="243" /></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000" align="center"> <font color="#FFFFFF">1848<br /> First President of Liberia <br /> J.J. Roberts</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> <td> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <br /> <font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2"> <b> Introduction<br /> The Pepper Coast before 1822</b><br />  <br /> According to the traditions of many African tribes their ancestors were persons of small size. Although no trace of their existence was ever discovered in West Africa they are well-known to the peoples of this subregion. The Sousou in what is now Guinea call them �Doki�, the Ouolofs in Senegal call them �Kondrong� while in Liberia they are called �Jinna�. </font> </p> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2"> It is generally believed that before 1822 there were 16 different tribes living in what was called the �Pepper Coast�, �Grain Coast� or �Malaguetta Coast�. <br /> One of them was (...) <a href="Peppercoastbefore1822.htm">more</a></font><span></span> </p><p> </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td width="25%"> <div align="center"> <table border="1" width="180" bgcolor="#A20F1E" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: #FFFFFF"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <p align="center"> <img border="1" src="images/Illustraties/Weah_change_for_hope.jpg" width="180" height="243" /></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000" align="center"> <font color="#FFFFFF">2018<br /> First democratically elected<br /> indigenous president of Liberia</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <hr size="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%" height="76"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="225"> <div align="center"> <table border="1" width="220" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <img border="1" src="images/Illustraties/ProvidenceIslans.jpg" width="220" height="164" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font face="Arial" size="1" color="#FFFFFF"> Providence Island where the first colonists settled</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <img border="1" src="images/Illustraties/LiberiaColonieSocieties.jpg" width="220" height="228" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font face="Arial" size="1" color="#FFFFFF"> Liberia Colony, showing the American colonization societies, 1839 (Mitchel)</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p> </p></td> <td> <div align="right"> <table border="0" width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2"> <b> <a name="The_Colony">The Colony</a></b></font></p> <br><font size="2" face="Verdana" color="#FFFFFF">The creation of Liberia (1822-47)</font><font size="2" face="Verdana"><font color="#FFFFFF"><br /> <br> In the beginning of the 19th century, groups of free-born blacks, freed slaves and mulattoes from the United States of America emigrated to the west coast of Africa. In 1847, 25 years after the first successful colonization, they proclaimed an independent Republic, which they named Liberia. At that time they numbered about 3,000: men, women and children.</font><b> </b> <a href="OpenDoorPolicy.htm#19th century - conquest and colonisation">more</a><b><br> <br></b><a target="_blank" href="http://www.blackpast.org/aah/american-colonization-society-1816-1964">The American Colonization Society</a><b></br> </b><font color="#FFFFFF">The American Colonization Society (ASC) was created in 1816. Its objective: the settlement of free blacks in West Africa ('Back to Africa'). <br> <br>The Colony based on US newspapers </font><br> <font color="#FFFFFF">(1817-47)</font></font><ul> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Why back to Africa<br> <a href="ColonizationSociety.htm">Niles' Weekly Register - April 12, 1817</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"><font color="#FFFFFF">ACS decision to name the colony Liberia</font><br> <a href="OldNewspapers/NilesWeekly1824March6.htm">Niles' Weekly Register - March 6, 1824</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">The 1824 Constitution<br> </font><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="1824Constitution.htm">The National Advocate - July 9, 1825</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">How voluntary was the 'return' to Africa?<br> </font><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="ColonizationSociety.htm">Niles' Weekly Register - Sept. 5, 1835</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td width="25%" height="76"> <div align="center"> <table border="0" width="229" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a class="twitter-timeline" data-lang="en" data-width="220" data-height="450" data-theme="light" href="https://twitter.com/liberiapp?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">Tweets by liberiapp</a> <script async="" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <hr size="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="227"> <table border="1" width="220" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" height="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a name="The Republic"> <img border="1" src="images/Illustraties/seal.jpg" width="220" height="239" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="Seal.htm">The seal</a></font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center"><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <font color="#FFFFFF">The national anthem: </font> <a href="NationalAnthemOfLiberia.htm">text</a></font></p></td> <td> <div align="right"> <table border="0" width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"><b> <font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2"> The Republic <br /> Liberia after 1847</font></b></p> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <a href="19thcColonist.htm"> <font face="Verdana" size="2">Images of 19th century colonists ('Americo- Liberians') and the stories behind them</font></a></p> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <font size="2"> Liberia in 1856 as seen by <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Newcomb"> Rev. Harvey Newcomb</a>: </font></font></p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><ul><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <li> </font><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"><font style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <a target="_blank" href="Harvey-Newcomb-on-Liberia/Harvey-Newcomb-on-Liberia-0.htm"> Geographical Descriptions, Slave Trade, Origin and History of the Colony and Accounts of the Social, Moral and Religious Conditions of the People</a></font><span></span><br />  </p></li> </ul> <p> </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td width="25%"> <div align="center"> <table border="1" width="220" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" height="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <img border="1" src="images/Illustraties/liberia-flag.jpg" width="219" height="239" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#FFFFFF"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.1uptravel.com/flag/flags/lr.html"> The flag</a></font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><font color="#FFFFFF">The national anthem:</font> <a target="_blank" href="Music/LiberiaAnthem.mp3">sound</a></font></p></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <hr size="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="227"> <table border="0" width="225" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div align="center" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <table border="1" width="50%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="http://maps.google.nl/maps?hl=nl&rlz=1R2ADRA_nlNL353&q=liberia+map&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=Liberia&gl=nl&ei=uGoSS7SqAYOy4Qb3nIGJBA&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1&ved=0CA4Q8gEwAA" name="Political History"> <img border="0" src="images/Maps/LiberiaInAfrica.jpg" width="195" height="216" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <p align="center"> <font color="#FFFFFF" size="1" face="Verdana">Click on map to zoom in on<br /> Google map of Liberia</font><font color="#FFFFFF"> </font> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>  </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <table border="1" width="95%" bgcolor="#A20F1E" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: #FFFFFF"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <img border="1" src="images/Hanging/RitualKillingSmall.gif" width="44" height="50" align="left" /><p> <font color="#FFFFFF">Religion and superstition:</font><b> <br /> <br /> </b><a href="RitualKillingsIndex.htm">History</a> <b> </b> <font color="#FFFFFF">of ritutal killings in Liberia </font></p> <p><font color="#FFFFFF">Ritual killings</font> <a href="RitualKillingsIVbis.htm">continue to be a plague</a>. <font color="#F2717D" face="Verdana" size="2">  </font></p> <p><a href="NotOnlyInLiberia.htm">Not only</a>  <font color="#FFFFFF">in Liberia.</font><b><br /> </b> <a href="NotOnlyInLiberiaIndex.htm">Other African countries</a> <font color="#F2717D"> </font><font color="#FFFF00" size="1" face="Verdana"><br /> </font><b> <br />  </b></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p></td> <td> <div align="right"> <table border="0" width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <b> Political History </b> </font><p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <a href="Presidents.htm">The Presidents</a></font></p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <a name="Three assassinated presidents:0" href="AssassinatedPresidents.htm">Three assassinated presidents:</a></font></p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><ul><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <li><a href="EJRoye.htm">E.J.Roye (1871)</a></li> <li><a href="WilliamTolbert.htm">William R. Tolbert Jr. (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="SamuelKDoe.htm">Samuel K. Doe (1990)</a> </li> </font></ul><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <a href="ResignedPresidents.htm">Four presidents who resigned:</a></font></p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><ul><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <li><a href="GardinerAnthonyW.htm">Anthony W. Gardiner (1883)</a></li> <li> <a href="ColemanWilliamDavid.htm">William D. Coleman (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="KingResignation.htm">Charles D.B. King (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="charles_taylor.htm">Charles G. Taylor (2003)</a></li> </font></ul><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"><font color="#FFFFFF">Three presidents who made world history:</font></font></p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><ul><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <li><a href="TaylorCharles/index.htm">Charles Taylor: First African former Head of State convicted by War Crimes Tribunal (SCSL)</a></li> <li><a href="JohnsonSirleaf/index.htm">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: Africa's first democratically elected female President</a></li> <li><a href="George%20Weah%2025th%20President.htm">George M. Weah: First former international soccer star elected President</a><br /> </li> </font></ul><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"><font color="#FFFFFF">Guest: D. Elwood Dunn:</font><br /><a target="_blank" href="GuestAuthorElwoodDunn.htm">On the transfer of presidential powers, from J.J. Roberts to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: A historical overview, 1847 - 2018</a><br />  <br /> <img border="2" src="images/Divers/jjrobertsandsirleaf.jpg" width="385" height="215" /><br /> </font></p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"><font color="#FFFFFF">Special topics:</font></font></p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><ul><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> <li><a href="Perennial-Problems.htm">Liberia's perennial problems</a></li> <li><a href="TribalResistance.htm">Tribal resistance to Americo-Liberian rule</a></li> <li><a href="1927ElectionsMF.htm">The Most Fraudulent Elections (1927)</a> </li> <li><a href="ForcedLabourScandal.htm">The 1930 Forced Labour Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="RitualKillingsIndexB.htm">President Tolbert and Ritual Killings</a> </li> </font></ul><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font><p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"> </font></p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana"></font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td width="25%"> <div align="center"> <table border="1" width="220" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p align="center"><b> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#A40F1E"><br /> Liberia and the <br /> United Nations</font></b></p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="17" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/en/taxonomy/term/86">Security Council Committee  established pursuant to resolution 1521 (2003) </a><br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="17" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/liberia.php?page=all&print=true">Panel of Experts 2001 - 2018</a><br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="17" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12373.doc.htm"> Security Council Terminates Sanctions Regime on Liberia, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2288 (May 25, 2016)</a><br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="17" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc12032.doc.htm"> Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2237 (2015), Security Council Renews Arms Embargo on Non-State Actors in Liberia, Terminates Other Sanctions (September 2, 2015)</a><br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="17" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=d3fe1df4-60af-43bf-bdb3-4f3a0459fa5f"> Liberia: UN and EU repeal financial sanctions (November 3, 2015)</a><br />  </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="18" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000">  </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="18" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000">Embargoes<br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="18" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/liberia"> Arms</a> A UN Security Council arms embargo on Liberia existed in various forms from 1992 to 2016<br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="18" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/59404/liberia-lifting-of-un-timber-ban-gives-hope-for-economic-revival"> Timber</a> <br /> UN timber embargo lifted June 20, 2006<br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="18" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2007-04-27-voa61/337321.html"> Diamonds</a><br /> UN diamond embargo lifted Nov. 1, 2009</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="17" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000">  </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000">  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="17" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmil/">UNMIL (UN site)</a><br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="17" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia"> UNMIL (Wikipedia)</a><br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="17" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/search/top/?q=unmil">UNMIL on Facebook</a><br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="17" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="https://unmil.unmissions.org/unmil-radio">UNMIL Radio - FM 91.5 - Monrovia</a><br />  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="17" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a href="http://gnnliberia.com/2018/03/15/ahead-unmils-departure-uns-deputy-secretary-general-says-un-ready-expand-support-liberia/"> The end of UNMIL (March 2018)</a><br />  </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <table border="1" width="220" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p align="center"> <font color="#A40F1E" face="Verdana" size="2"><b><br /> Truth and <br /> Reconciliation <br /> Commission</b></font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Verdana" size="1"> <a target="_blank" href="TRC/trc-of-liberia-final-report-volume-ii.pdf">Final Report</a> </font></li> <li> <font face="Verdana" size="1"> <a target="_blank" href="http://blog.liberiapastandpresent.org/?p=36"> Controversial Report rocks Liberia</a> July 8, 2009 <br /> (Liberian Perspectives)</font></li> </ul> <p> </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <hr size="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="227"> </td> <td> <div align="right"> <table border="0" width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <b><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <a name="Economic_History"> Economic History</a> </font></b> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">The subsistence economy:</font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="SantenCharlesVan/index.htm">The rural economy in Lofa County in the 1970s: a pictorial story</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="SantenCharlesVan/Monrovia/InformalEconomyMonrovia.htm">The informal economy in Monrovia in the 1970s: a pictorial story</a></font></li> </ul> <span></span> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Foreign investments:</font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="OpenDoorPolicy.htm">The Open Door Policy: An Overview</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="ODP/Lessons/index.htm" name="Lessons Learned">Lessons from foreign investments 1900 - 1980</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="BarclayArthur.htm">President Arthur Barclay (1904-1912) The 'father' of Liberia's Open Door Policy</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="1926FirestoneCA.htm">President Charles King (1920-1930) and Firestone</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="BarclayEdwin.htm">President Edwin Barclay (1930-1944) and the Open Door Policy</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">The iron ore mining sector</font><ul> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="ODP/IronOre/IronOreIndex.htm">Background</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="ODP/IronOre/IronOreB.htm">Libereria's first iron ore mine</a></font></li> </ul> </li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">The gold and diamond mining sector</font><ul> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="ODP/DiamondsGold/index.htm">Background</a></font></li> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="ODP/DiamondsGold/ConcessionsTubmanTolbert.htm"> Concessions granted 1950 - 1980</a></font></li> </ul></li> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> </ul> <p>The Open Door Policy of Liberia. An Economic History of Modern Liberia<br /> </p> <span></span> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="123" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2"> <img border="0" src="images/BookODP/odp2klein.jpg" width="103" height="150" align="left" hspace="10" vspace="5" /></font></td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font size="2" color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana">The original publication of 'The Open Door Policy of Liberia. An Economic History of Modern Liberia' by Fred van der Kraaij (Bremen, 1983) available as pdf-file.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: 400">The study covers the prelude,  introduction, growth and zenith of foreign investments in Liberia. </span></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="123" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <ul> <li> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <font face="Verdana"><font size="2"> <a target="_blank" href="PDF/The_Open_Door_deel1.pdf"> <font color="#FFFFFF"></font></a><font color="#FFFFFF"> <a target="_blank" href="PDF/The_Open_Door_deel1.pdf">Volume 1</a></font><a></a><font color="#FFFFFF"><a target="_blank" href="PDF/The_Open_Door_deel1.pdf"> </a><span style="font-weight: 400">(460 pp.)</span><br /> <span style="font-weight: 400">Chapter 1: The Pepper Coast Before 1847<br />Chapter 2: The origin of the Closed Door and Open Door Policies 1847 - 1947<br />Chapter 3-10: Agriculture, Mining, Forestry (Firestone, Lamco etc.)<br />Chapter 10-13: Analysis of impact (Fiscal contribution, transfer of technology, transport and communication)<br />Chapter 13: The change from a subsistence economy into a developing economy 1900 - 1979<br />Chapter 14: Conclusions and Recommendations</span></font></font></font></p> <font face="Verdana"></font></li><font face="Verdana"> <li></font> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <font style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" face="Verdana"> <font size="2"> <a target="_blank" href="PDF/The_Open_Door_deel2.pdf">Volume 2 </a><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: 400"> (234 pp.)</span><span style="font-weight: 400"><br /> <font color="#FFFFFF">(Annexes, Bibliography, Footnotes, Index)</font></span></font></font><font color="#FFFFFF"></font></p> <font color="#FFFFFF"></font></li><font color="#FFFFFF"> </font> </ul><font color="#FFFFFF"></font> <blockquote><font color="#FFFFFF"></font> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <font style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" color="#FFFFFF"> </font><font size="2" face="Verdana"> <span style="font-weight: 400"><font color="#FFFFFF">Buy the book: </font><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.amazon.com/open-door-policy-Liberia-Veroffentlichungen/dp/3882990406/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259494441&sr=1-3">Amazon.com</a></span></font></p> </blockquote></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">External debt:</font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><a href="1871Loan.htm">The 1871 loan: Prelude to a coup d'�tat</a></font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="BarclayArthur4.htm">The 1906 loan: Foreigners in strategic positions</a></font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="BarclayArthur5.htm">The 1912 loan: More foreigners appointed</a> </font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="Howard_King.htm">The 1926 Firestone loan: Sovereignty impaired</a></font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><a href="GEMAP2.and Econ iron ore omic Management Assistance Program</a> </font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="DebtRelief.htm">President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf realizes a historic debt relief for Liberia</a></font></p> <p> </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td width="25%"> <div align="center">  <p><font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#FFFFFF">Under construction <br /> Foreign investments after 2000</font></p> <table border="1" width="220" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font face="Verdana" size="1"> <a title="Liberia basin status" target="_blank" href="http://www.nocal.com.lr/operations/block-status"> <img border="0" src="images/Illustraties/oilandgaz.jpg" width="220" height="142" /></a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Verdana" size="1">Oil & Gaz</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Verdana" size="1"> <a title="ArcelorMittal mines and ships 5 Mt/y of iron ore in 2014" target="_blank" href="https://im-mining.com/2014/12/10/important-arcelormittal-orders-for-zest-weg-in-liberia/"> <img border="0" src="images/Illustraties/mining.jpg" width="220" height="165" /></a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Verdana" size="1">Mining</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Verdana" size="1"> <a target="_blank" title="In Liberia, palrm oil has set of a dangerous scramble for land" href="http://projects.aljazeera.com/2015/10/liberia-palm-oil/"> <img border="0" src="images/Illustraties/agricultureandforestry.jpg" width="220" height="147" /></a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Verdana" size="1">Agriculture & Forestry</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <hr size="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%"> <a name="International Relations 1"></a> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="227"> <div align="center"> <table border="1" width="180" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt" bgcolor="#A20F1E"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a name="International Relations" href="#International Relations"> <img border="1" src="Netherlands/images/TubmanRoyalFamily_small2.gif" xthumbnail-orig-image="Netherlands/images/TubmanRoyalFamily.gif" width="180" height="131" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"><font color="#FFFFFF">President Tubman and Queen Juliana during a State visit to the Netherlands in 1956</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p></div> </td> <td> <div align="right"> <table border="0" width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <font size="2" color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana"> <b> International Relations<br /> </b>Liberia and the Netherlands:</font></p> <ul> <li> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="DutchLiberia/index.htm">A Dutch account of the Pepper Coast in the 17th c.</a></font></li> <li> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="Netherlands/Overview.htm">Relations between Liberia and the Netherlands</a></font></li> <li> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UH3tYl1XFKM"> Visit of His Royal Highness Prince Bernard of the Netherlands to Liberia in 1958 (Dutch language spoken)</a></font> <br> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UH3tYl1XFKM"> <img height="32" alt="vidcamera001.gif (233 bytes)" src="images/Divers/video.gif" width="32" border="0" /></a></ul> <p><font face="Verdana"><font size="2"><font color="#FFFFFF">Timber baron Guus Kouwenhoven, 'The Godfather of Liberia'</font><br /></font> <br /></font></span></font><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><a name="In_2000,">In 2000,</a></font><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"> the United Nations accused a Dutchman, Guus Kouwenhoven, of illegal arms trading and war crimes in Liberia during the country's civil war.<br> <br> </font></span></font> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> After leaving Liberia in 2003, Kouwenhoven went to Congo-Brazzaville (in violation of a UN travel ban). He invested part of the Liberia profits in local enterprises - a clear example of money laundering - and building and maintaining good relations with the country's political elite including President Dennis Sassou Nguesso. </font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Kouwenhoven</font><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-weight: 400"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"> was arrested in the Netherlands in 2005, convicted (2006), acquitted, released from jail (2008), acquittal overturned, but not re-arrested (2010). </font></span></font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Early 2017 his trial re-opened and on </font><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-weight: 400"> <font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"> April 21 (2017), the Appeal Court found him guilty and sentenced him to 19 years in prison. <br> <br> Guus Kouwenhoven, then 75 years old, fled to South Africa where Interpol South Africa arrested him on December 8, 2017. The Dutch authorities asked for his extradition. <br /><br /> The extradition saga dragged on for years. On December 19, 2017 a South African judge granted Kouwenhoven release on bail. Subsequently, his </font></span></font> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">lawyers were successful in obtaining multiple postponements of a final decision on the Dutch extradition request. </font> <font face="Verdana"><span style="font-weight: 400"> <font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"> <br> </font></span></font> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <br> On February 21, 2020, a Cape Town magistrate decided that Kouwenhoven could not be extradited to the Netherlands because, in her view, under the Extradition Act people could only be extradited for offences alleged to have been committed within the territorial jurisdiction of the state requesting extradition. Because Kouwenhoven had committed the crimes in Liberia he could not be extradited to the Netherlands.<br> <br> However, a procedure challenging the decision of the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) to grant a visitor's visa to Kouwenhoven - started by the Southern African Litigation Centre (SALC) in 2019 - proved successful. In an unexpected move, on November 5, 2020 DHA declared Kouwenhoven an 'undesirable person� and cancelled his visitor�s visa. </font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> Then, to the surprise of many, on September 22, 2021 the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa dismissed Kouwenhoven's appeal. </font></p> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> As one newspaper reported: 'The South African Government is now free to extradite Mr. Kouwenhoven to the Netherlands.'<br> </font><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2"><br /></font> <a href="TaylorCharles/KouwenhovenGus.htm"><font size="2">M</font></a><a target="_blank" href="TaylorCharles/KouwenhovenGus.htm"><font size="2">ore</font></a></span></font></p> <p> </p> <span s="" in="" the="" 17th="" c.</a=""></span> <span s="" in="" the="" 17th="" c.</a=""></span> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td width="25%"> <div align="center"> <table border="1" width="220" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <tbody> <tr> <td><font size="1" face="Verdana">Liberia and the International Donor Community</font><p><font face="Verdana"> <font size="1"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></font><font color="#A40F1E"><font size="1"><b> </b> </font> <a target="_blank" href="http://lr.one.un.org/content/unct/liberia/en/home/who-we-are/un-in-liberia.html"> <font size="1">Liberia and the UN</font></a></font></font></p> <p> <font face="Verdana"><font size="1"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></font><a target="_blank" href="http://www.lr.undp.org/content/liberia/en/home.html"><font size="1">Liberia and UNDP</font></a></font></p> <p> <font face="Verdana"><font size="1"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></font><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e484936.html"><font size="1">Liberia and UNHCR</font></a></font></p> <p> <font face="Verdana"><font size="1"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></font><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=LBR&subject=4"><font size="1">Liberia and the FAO</font></a></font></p> <p> <font face="Verdana"><font size="1"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></font><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/afpro/abuja/countries/liberia.htm"><font size="1">Liberia and the ILO</font></a></font></p> <p> <font face="Verdana"><font size="1"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></font><a target="_blank" href="http://www.who.int/countries/lbr/en"><font size="1">Liberia and the WHO</font></a></font></p> <p> <font face="Verdana"><font size="1"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></font><a target="_blank" href="http://www.imf.org/external/country/lbr"><font size="1">Liberia and the IMF</font></a></font></p> <p> <font face="Verdana"><font size="1"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></font><a target="_blank" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia"><font size="1">Liberia and the World Bank</font></a></font></p> <p> <font size="1" face="Verdana"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/news_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/news+and+events/news/liberia_private_sector_revival">Liberia and the IFC</a></font></p> <p> <font face="Verdana"><font size="1"> <img border="0" src="images/bullet.gif" width="13" height="13" /></font><a target="_blank" href="http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/west-africa/liberia"><font size="1">Liberia and the AfDB Group</font></a></font></p> <p> </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <hr size="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="228"> <div align="center" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <table border="1" width="180" bgcolor="#A20F1E" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: #FFFFFF"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a name="Money"> <img border="1" src="images/Illustraties/Kissimoney.jpg" width="180" height="119" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font color="#FFFFFF">Kissi Money</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="images/Banknotes/1862OneDollar.jpg"> <img border="1" src="images/Banknotes/1862OneDollar_small.jpg" xthumbnail-orig-image="images/Banknotes/1862OneDollar.jpg" width="180" height="91" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font color="#FFFFFF">One dollar banknote Liberia 1862, signed by Vice-President Daniel Bashiel Warner</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <img border="1" src="images/Coins/ACS1833d_small.jpg" xthumbnail-orig-image="images/Coins/ACS1833d.jpg" width="180" height="169" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font color="#FFFFFF">Colony of Liberia coin issued 1833 American Colonization Society</font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p></div> </td> <td> <div align="right"> <table border="0" width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <b><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Money </font></b></font></b> <ul> <li> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> Traditional 'Kissi' money: still in the 20th century, bars of twisted iron were used by the Loma and Kissi as a currency <br> <span style="font-weight: 400"> <a href="kissi.htm">more</a></span></font></li> <li> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> Modern coins: illustrations and the story behind them <br> </font><span> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="Coins.htm">more</a></font></span></li> <li> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> Banknotes: illustrations and the story behind them</font><ul> <li> <font style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <span style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF" style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" face="Verdana"> <a href="LibertyBanknote.htm">$5     Liberty Banknote</a></font></span></font></li> <li> <span style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" face="Verdana" style="font-weight: 400; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="LibertyBanknote.htm#J.J. Roberts">$5     J.J. Roberts</a></font></span></li> <li> <font style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <span style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF" style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" face="Verdana"> <a href="EJRoye.htm">$5     E.J. Roye</a></font></span></font></li> <li> <span style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" face="Verdana" style="font-weight: 400; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="JJRoberts.htm">$10    J.J. Roberts</a></font></span></li> <li> <font style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <span style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF" style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" face="Verdana"> <a href="William%20Tubman.htm">$20    William V.S. Tubman</a></font></span></font></li> <li> <span style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" face="Verdana" style="font-weight: 400; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="SamuelKDoe.htm">$50    Samuel K. Doe</a></font></span></li> <li> <span style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" face="Verdana" style="font-weight: 400; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px" color="#FFFFFF"> <a href="WilliamTolbert.htm">$100  William R. Tolbert</a></font></span></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><b> <font color="#FFFFFF">Monetary development</b></font><p> <font color="#FFFFFF">The decision of President Edwin Barclay (1930-1944) to adopt the US dollar as the sole legal tender in Liberia as from December 31, 1943 very clearly symbolizes the political orientation of the first African Republic as well as it's financial and economic dependence</font> <a href="BarclayEdwin.htm">more</a>   </font></span></font><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> </font><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"></font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p></div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td width="25%">  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <hr size="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="228"> <div align="center" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <table border="1" width="180" bgcolor="#A20F1E" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: #FFFFFF"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="images/Maps/Haas02.jpg" name="Maps"> <font color="#FFFFFF"> <img border="1" src="images/Maps/Haas02_small.jpg" xthumbnail-orig-image="images/Maps/Haas02.jpg" width="180" height="160" /></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font color="#FFFFFF">1743 map by Professor Johann Matthias Haas (or Hasias), Heirs of Homann</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font color="#FFFFFF">    <br /> The Colony of Maryland <br /> (1831-41) became <b>Maryland in Liberia</b> (1841-57) which was admitted into the Republic of Liberia on February 28, 1857, ten years after the creation of the first African republic. <br />    </font> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> <p> </p></td> <td> <div align="right"> <table border="0" width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right:10px"><b> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> Maps Liberia</font></b></p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <ul> <li> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right:10px"><span style="font-weight: 400"><font color="#531800" face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/libhtml/libhome.html" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none">1830 - 1870 American Colonization Society (ACS) Collection</a> </font></li> </ul> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font face="Verdana"><span style="font-weight: 700"> <font size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Colony of Liberia</b> </font> </span><span style="font-weight: 400"> <ul> <li><a href="images/Maps/1831.jpg" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2">1831 Ashmun</font></a><font size="2"></font></span></font></li> <span style="font-weight: 400"> <li><a href="images/Maps/1831Text.jpg"><font size="2">1831 Ashmun text</font></a></li> <li><a href="Maps/LiberiaWestCoastWeiland1831.htm" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2">1831 Weiland</font></a></li> <li><a href="Maps/LiberiaMap1845.htm" ><font size="2">1845 ACS</font></a><font color="#FCB103" size="2"> slideshow</font></li> <li> <a href="TannerLiberia.htm" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2">1846 Tanner</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font face="Verdana"><font color="#FFFFFF"> <b><font size="2">Maryland in Liberia</font></b><font size="2"> </font></font> <ul> <li></font><a href="Maps/MarylandMap1845.htm"> <font face="Verdana" size="2">1845 ACS</font></li> <li><font face="Verdana"><a href="Cowperthwait.htm#Maryland"> <font size="2">1850 Cowperthwait </font> </a></li> <li><a href="MarylandInLiberia.htm#Maryland in Liberia"> <font size="2">1854 Newcomb</font></a></li> <li><a href="Maps/Maryland%201856Newcomb/MarylandInLiberia1856.htm"> <font size="2">1856 Newcomb</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"><span style="font-weight: 400"> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <b>Republic of Liberia</b></font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Verdana"><a href="Cowperthwait.htm" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2">1850 Cowperthwait</font></a></li> <li><a href="MarylandInLiberia.htm" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2">1854 Newcomb</font></a></li> <li><a href="images/Maps/Liberia_050.jpg" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2">1855 Colton</font></a></li> <li><a href="images/Maps/Liberia1864_006.jpg" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2">1864 Johnson</font></a></li> <li><a href="images/Maps/1874caLiberia2.jpg" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="2">1872 Cornell</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"><span style="font-weight: 400"> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <b>Monrovia</b></font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Verdana"><a href="Maps/MonroviaMap1825ACS.htm"> <font size="2">1825 Ashmun</font></a></li> <li><a href="Maps/MonroviaMap1825.htm" ><font size="2">1825 Ashmun/Stieler</font></a></li> <li><a href="MonroviaMap1825.htm"><font size="2">1825 Weiland</font></a></li> <li><a href="MonroviaMap1831.htm"><font size="2">1831 Ashmun</font></a></li> <li><a href="MonroviaMap1849.htm"><font size="2">1839 Vidal</font></a></li> <li><a href="MonroviaMap1888.htm"><font size="2">1888</font></a></li> <li><a href="SantenCharlesVan/Monrovia/Monrovia.htm"> <font size="2">Images 1970s</font></a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <span style="font-weight: 400"> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <b>Robertsport</b></font></span><ul> <li><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <a href="Maps/Robertsport1888.htm">1888</a></font></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"><b> Territorial Changes and Urban Growth</b></font></p> <ul> <li> <font face="Verdana"> <a href="GardinerAnthonyW.htm#Scramble for Africa" > <font size="2">Loss of the Gallinas territory (1883)</font></a></li> <li><a href="BarclayArthur3.htm"><font size="2">Liberia 1900</font></a><font size="2"> </font></font> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td width="25%">  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <hr size="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="75%"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="227"> <div align="center" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <table border="1" width="180" bgcolor="#A20F1E" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: #FFFFFF"> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="images/Cultuur/TradMoney/Watergoden.jpg" name="Culture"> <font color="#FFFFFF"> <img border="1" src="images/Cultuur/TradMoney/Watergoden_small.jpg" xthumbnail-orig-image="images/Cultuur/TradMoney/Watergoden.jpg" width="180" height="176"></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <font color="#FFFFFF">8�" solid brass ring known as 'waterspirit' or 'nitien', sometimes called Kru money. Weighs nearly 9 lbs. <br> Collected 1975 near Tchien, Grand Gedeh County</font></td> </tr> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </div> <p> </td> <td> <div align="right"> <table border="0" width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <span style="font-weight: 400"><b> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> Culture</font><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a name="Culture_"> </a> </font> </b></p> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"><b><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">Ritual object or 'Kru money'? <br> </font> </b><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FFFFFF">The origin of these objects is not known with certainty. They were used among the Kru and the Grebo in southeastern Liberia. They call them 'Dwin', 'tien' or 'nitien', meaning water spirits, or 'Gods of water'. <a href="culture2.htm">More</a></font> </span> <span style="font-weight: 700"> <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> </span> <font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2"> <span style="font-weight: 700">The mystery of the Kru or Grebo rings � Part I</span><span style="font-weight: 400"><br> More than 30 different languages are spoken in Liberia. They are subdivided into three language groups: the West Atlantic or Mel group, the Mande group and the Kru speaking peoples. <a target="_blank" href="http://blog.liberiapastandpresent.org/?p=639"> More�</a><br> <br> </span> <span style="font-weight: 700">The mystery of the Kru or Grebo rings � Part II</span><span style="font-weight: 400"><br> Part I which focuses on the lost history of the Kru or Grebo rings gave rise to valuable comments from Mark Clayton and Scott Shepperd, probably the two most authoritative non-Liberian experts on <i>nitien.</i><font color="#FFFFFF"> </font> <a target="_blank" href="http://blog.liberiapastandpresent.org/?p=681"> More...</a></span></font><span style="font-weight: 700"><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> </span> <font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2"> <span style="font-weight: 700">The mystery of the Kru or Grebo rings � an important discovery</span><span style="font-weight: 400"><br> In 2015, the American expert and collector of <i>nitien</i> Mark Clayton made an important discovery. He discovered a <i>nitien</i> on the ground of a medicine man�s hut as shown on <a target="_blank" href="https://pmem.unix.fas.harvard.edu:8443/peabody/media/view/Objects/523383/229854?t:state:flow=e9ce4ddc-258c-4ec6-a60e-0eb5d7cc4488"> a photo</a> published online by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of Harvard University. The original photo had been published in �<i>Tribes of the Liberian Hinterland</i>�, the report of the Peabody Museum Expedition to Liberia in 1929-1930. <a target="_blank" href="http://blog.liberiapastandpresent.org/?p=860"> More� </a><br> <br> <br> </span> <span style="font-weight: 700">A �Kru ring� found in a thrift shop in the Netherlands</span><span style="font-weight: 400"><br> In 2017, I received a letter from a Dutchman who had found a strange object in a local thrift shop. Attracted by its shape, weight and material (�) <a target="_blank" href="http://blog.liberiapastandpresent.org/?p=985"> More...</a></span></font><br>  <p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 10px"> <b> <font size="2" face="Verdana" color="#FFFFFF"> <a name="Liberian_Caf�_Music">Liberian Music </a> </font></b><br> <span style="font-weight: 400">    </span> <table border="0" width="97%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; color: #FFFFFF"> <tr> <td width="32" align="center" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <p align="center"> <font size="2"> <span style="font-weight: 400"> <a target="_blank" href="http://cdbaby.com/cd/arthuralberts"> <img height="16" src="images/speakericon.gif" width="16" border="0"></a></span></font></td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"><span style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" color="#FFFFFF"> <font face="Verdana">Songs of the African Coast: Liberian Caf� Music</font><br>  </font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="32" align="center" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="209"> <img height="184" alt="ARTHUR ALBERTS: Songs of the African Coast: Cafe Music of Liberia" src="images/Divers/arthuralberts.jpg" width="185" hspace="0" align="left" border="2"></td> <td> <font face="Verdana" color="#FFFFFF" size="2">Arthur Alberts recorded music throughout Africa and in 1950 released the landmark 78 rpm set "Tribal, Folk and Cafe Music of West Africa". The music on this release included a mix of genres as well as detailed notes by leading academics. The recording showed the intricate connections between African and American music. Read more on the website of cdbaby.com and listen to all the tracks.</font></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="32" align="center" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000">  </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="32" align="center" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <span style="font-weight: 400"><font size="2"> <a target="_blank" href="Music/President_Tubman.mp3"> <img height="16" src="images/speakericon.gif" width="16" border="0"></a></font></span></td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="209"><span style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" face="Verdana" color="#FFFFFF"> <a target="_blank" href="Music/President_Tubman.mp3"> <img border="2" src="images/AliGandaSmall.jpg" width="150" height="153" align="left" hspace="0"></a></font></span></td> <td><span style="font-weight: 400"> <font size="2" face="Verdana" color="#FFFFFF"> "President Tubman" by Ali Ganda and the Sierra Leone Crackers Band</font></span></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="32" align="center" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="32" align="center" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"><font size="2"> <span style="font-weight: 400"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.deezer.com/nl/album/1066447"> <img height="16" src="images/speakericon.gif" width="16" border="0"></a></span></font></td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"><font size="2" face="Verdana" color="#FFFFFF"> <span style="font-weight: 400">Tubman Goodtype Songs of Liberia by <br> Congress-Woman Malinda Jackson Parker</span></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="32" align="center" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000">  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="32" align="center" valign="top" style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> </td> <td style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; color: #000"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.thejll.com/yekepa/sounds.shtml"> More sounds from Liberia</a></td> </tr> </table> <p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="25%">  </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <hr size="1" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana"> <a href="#top">Return to top</a></font></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html>

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