EGUsphere - Investigating Carbon and Nitrogen Conservation in Reported CMIP6 Earth System Model Data

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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/photoswipe/4.1/dark-icon-skin/dark-icon-skin.css"> <base href="/"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/unsemantic/unsemantic.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/jquery/1.11.1/ui/jquery-ui.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/jquery/1.11.1/ui/jquery-ui-slider-pips.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/photoswipe/4.1/photoswipe.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.copernicus.org/apps/htmlgenerator/css/htmlgenerator.css?v=1"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Copernicus GmbH"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Investigating Carbon and Nitrogen Conservation in Reported CMIP6 Earth System Model Data"/> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="<p><strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Reliable, robust, and consistent data are essential foundations for analysis of carbon cycle feedbacks. Here, we consider the data from multiple Earth System Models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We identify a mass conservation issue in the reported carbon and nitrogen data, with a few exceptions for specific models and reporting levels. The accumulated mass imbalance in the reported data can amount to hundreds of gigatons of carbon or nitrogen by the end of the simulated period, largely exceeding the total carbon/nitrogen pool size changes over the same period. Nitrogen mass imbalance is evident across all reported organic and inorganic pools, with mineral nitrogen exhibiting the most significant cumulative mass imbalance. Due to a lack of details in the reported data, we cannot uniquely identify the cause of this imbalance. However, we postulate that the carbon cycle imbalance in the reported data primarily stems from missing fluxes in the reported data and the inconsistency between the reported data and the definitions provided by the C4MIP protocol (e.g., land use and fire emissions), rather than from an underlying mass conservation issue in the models themselves. Our findings suggest that future CMIP reporting protocols should consider incorporating mass conservation into their data validation processes so that such issues are caught before users have to deal with them, rather than forcing all users to handle this issue in their own way. In addition, attention from model groups to the detailed diagnostic request and definitions, along with their own quality control will also help to avoid such issues in future. Given that CMIP6 data is no longer being reported, we recommend that data users that rely on a closed carbon/nitrogen cycle address potential flux imbalances by using the workarounds provided in this study.</p>"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/11/22"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/22"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="EGUsphere"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3522"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="40"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tang, Gang"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany"/> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0003-1075-3826"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nicholls, Zebedee"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Climate Resource, Fitzroy North, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0002-4767-2723"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jones, Chris"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0002-7141-9285"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gasser, Thomas"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria"/> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0003-4882-2647"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Norton, Alexander"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0001-7708-3914"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ziehn, Tilo"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0001-9873-9775"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Romero-Prieto, Alejandro"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"/> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0009-0005-8522-7697"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Meinshausen, Malte"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Climate Resource, Fitzroy North, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0003-4048-3521"> <meta name="citation_funding_source" content="citation_funder=Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water;citation_funder_id=501100024290;citation_grant_number=National Environmental Science Program, Climate Systems Hub"> <meta name="citation_funding_source" content="citation_funder=Horizon 2020;citation_funder_id=501100007601;citation_grant_number=101003536"> <meta name="citation_funding_source" content="citation_funder=Department for Science, Innovation and Technology;citation_funder_id=100031278;citation_grant_number=Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme"> <meta name="citation_funding_source" content="citation_funder=Natural Environment Research Council;citation_funder_id=501100000270;citation_grant_number=NE/S007458/1"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3522/egusphere-2024-3522.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3522/egusphere-2024-3522.xml"/> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3522/egusphere-2024-3522.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="English"/> <meta name="libraryUrl" content="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.egusphere.net/EGUSphere_Graphic_preprints_twitter_avatar_600x335px.png"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Investigating Carbon and Nitrogen Conservation in Reported CMIP6 Earth System Model Data"> <meta property="og:description" content="Abstract. Reliable, robust, and consistent data are essential foundations for analysis of carbon cycle feedbacks. Here, we consider the data from multiple Earth System Models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We identify a mass conservation issue in the reported carbon and nitrogen data, with a few exceptions for specific models and reporting levels. The accumulated mass imbalance in the reported data can amount to hundreds of gigatons of carbon or nitrogen by the end of the simulated period, largely exceeding the total carbon/nitrogen pool size changes over the same period. Nitrogen mass imbalance is evident across all reported organic and inorganic pools, with mineral nitrogen exhibiting the most significant cumulative mass imbalance. Due to a lack of details in the reported data, we cannot uniquely identify the cause of this imbalance. However, we postulate that the carbon cycle imbalance in the reported data primarily stems from missing fluxes in the reported data and the inconsistency between the reported data and the definitions provided by the C4MIP protocol (e.g., land use and fire emissions), rather than from an underlying mass conservation issue in the models themselves. Our findings suggest that future CMIP reporting protocols should consider incorporating mass conservation into their data validation processes so that such issues are caught before users have to deal with them, rather than forcing all users to handle this issue in their own way. In addition, attention from model groups to the detailed diagnostic request and definitions, along with their own quality control will also help to avoid such issues in future. Given that CMIP6 data is no longer being reported, we recommend that data users that rely on a closed carbon/nitrogen cycle address potential flux imbalances by using the workarounds provided in this study."> <meta property="og:url" content="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3522/"> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.egusphere.net/EGUSphere_Graphic_preprints_twitter_avatar_600x335px.png"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Investigating Carbon and Nitrogen Conservation in Reported CMIP6 Earth System Model Data"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Abstract. Reliable, robust, and consistent data are essential foundations for analysis of carbon cycle feedbacks. Here, we consider the data from multiple Earth System Models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We identify a mass conservation issue in the reported carbon and nitrogen data, with a few exceptions for specific models and reporting levels. The accumulated mass imbalance in the reported data can amount to hundreds of gigatons of carbon or nitrogen by the end of the simulated period, largely exceeding the total carbon/nitrogen pool size changes over the same period. Nitrogen mass imbalance is evident across all reported organic and inorganic pools, with mineral nitrogen exhibiting the most significant cumulative mass imbalance. Due to a lack of details in the reported data, we cannot uniquely identify the cause of this imbalance. However, we postulate that the carbon cycle imbalance in the reported data primarily stems from missing fluxes in the reported data and the inconsistency between the reported data and the definitions provided by the C4MIP protocol (e.g., land use and fire emissions), rather than from an underlying mass conservation issue in the models themselves. Our findings suggest that future CMIP reporting protocols should consider incorporating mass conservation into their data validation processes so that such issues are caught before users have to deal with them, rather than forcing all users to handle this issue in their own way. In addition, attention from model groups to the detailed diagnostic request and definitions, along with their own quality control will also help to avoid such issues in future. Given that CMIP6 data is no longer being reported, we recommend that data users that rely on a closed carbon/nitrogen cycle address potential flux imbalances by using the workarounds provided in this study."> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.egusphere.net/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/jquery/1.11.1/ui/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/jquery/1.11.1/ui/jquery-ui-slider-pips.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/jquery/1.11.1/ui/template_jquery-ui-touch.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.copernicus.org/js/respond.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/highstock/2.0.4/highstock.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.copernicus.org/apps/htmlgenerator/js/CoPublisher.js"></script> <script 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Please try again later.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="modal " id="templateSearchLoadingModal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Search results" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-sm modal-dialog-centered"> <div class="modal-content p-3 co_LoadingDotsContainer"> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="text">Searching</div> <div class="dots d-flex justify-content-center"><div class="dot"></div><div class="dot"></div><div class="dot"></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style> /*.modal {*/ /* background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);*/ /*}*/ .modal-header--sticky { position: sticky; top: 0; background-color: inherit; z-index: 1055; } .grid-container { margin-bottom: 1em; /*padding-left: 0;*/ /*padding-right: 0;*/ } #templateSearchInfo{ display: none; background-color: var(--background-color-primary); margin-top: 1px; z-index: 5; border: 1px solid var(--color-primary); opacity: .8; font-size: .7rem; border-radius: .25rem; } #templateSearchLoadingModal .co_LoadingDotsContainer { z-index: 1000; 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} #templateSearchResultTerm { font-weight: bold; } #resultsSearchHeader { display: block !important; } #scrolltopmodal { font-size: 3.0em; margin-top: 0 !important; margin-right: 15px; } @-webkit-keyframes animation_dots_breath { 50% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 100% { opacity: 0; } } @keyframes animation_dots_breath { 50% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 100% { opacity: 0; } } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) { #templateSearchResultModal .modal-dialog { max-width: 90%; } } </style> <script> if(document.querySelector('meta[name="global_moBaseURL"]').content == "https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/") FINDER_URL = document.querySelector('meta[name="global_moBaseURL"]').content.replace('meetingorganizer', 'finder-app')+"search/library.php"; else FINDER_URL = document.querySelector('meta[name="global_moBaseURL"]').content.replace('meetingorganizer', 'finder')+"search/library.php"; SEARCH_INPUT = document.getElementById('search_query_solr'); SEARCH_INPUT_MODAL = document.getElementById('search_query_modal'); searchRunning = false; offset = 20; INITIAL_OFFSET = 20; var MutationObserver = window.MutationObserver || window.WebKitMutationObserver || window.MozMutationObserver; const targetNodeSearchModal = document.getElementById("templateSearchResultModal"); const configSearchModal = { attributes: true, childList: true, subtree: true }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callbackSearchModal = (mutationList, observer) => { for (const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === "childList") { // console.log("A child node has been added or removed."); picturesGallery(); } else if (mutation.type === "attributes") { // console.log(`The ${mutation.attributeName} attribute was modified.`); } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callbackSearchModal); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations observer.observe(targetNodeSearchModal, configSearchModal); function _addEventListener() { document.getElementById('search_query_solr').addEventListener('keypress', (e) => { if (e.key === 'Enter') _runSearch(); }); document.getElementById('start_site_search_solr').addEventListener('click', (e) => { _runSearch(); e.stopPropagation(); e.stopImmediatePropagation(); return false; }); $('#templateSearchResultModal').scroll(function() { if ($(this).scrollTop()) { $('#scrolltopmodal:hidden').stop(true, true).fadeIn().css("display","inline-block"); } else { $('#scrolltopmodal').stop(true, true).fadeOut(); } }); } function scrollModalTop() { $('#templateSearchResultModal').animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 'slow'); // $('#templateSearchResultModal').scrollTop(0); } function picturesGallery() { $('body').off('click', '.paperlist-avatar img'); $('body').off('click', '#templateSearchResultContainer .paperlist-avatar img'); searchPaperListAvatar = []; searchPaperListAvatarThumb = []; search_pswpElement = document.querySelectorAll('.pswp')[0]; if (typeof search_gallery != "undefined") { search_gallery = null; } $('body').on('click', '#templateSearchResultContainer .paperlist-avatar img', function (e) { if(searchPaperListAvatarThumb.length === 0 && searchPaperListAvatar.length === 0) { $('#templateSearchResultContainer .paperlist-avatar img').each(function () { var webversion = $(this).attr('data-web'); var width = $(this).attr('data-width'); var height = $(this).attr('data-height'); var caption = $(this).attr('data-caption'); var figure = { src: webversion, w: width, h: height, title: caption }; searchPaperListAvatarThumb.push($(this)[0]); searchPaperListAvatar.push(figure); }); } var target = $(this); var index = $('#templateSearchResultContainer .paperlist-avatar img').index(target); var options = { showHideOpacity:false, bgOpacity:0.8, index:index, spacing:0.15, history: false, focus:false, getThumbBoundsFn: function(index) { var thumbnail = searchPaperListAvatarThumb[index]; var pageYScroll = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop; var rect = thumbnail.getBoundingClientRect(); return {x:rect.left, y:rect.top + pageYScroll, w:rect.width}; } }; search_gallery = new PhotoSwipe( search_pswpElement, PhotoSwipeUI_Default,[searchPaperListAvatar[index]],options); search_gallery.init(); }); } function showError(code, msg) { console.error(code, msg); $("#templateSearchLoadingModal").modal("hide"); switch(code) { case -3: // http request fail case -2: // invalid MO response case 4: // CORS case 1: // project $("#templateSearchErrorModal1").modal({}); break; case -1: // timeout $("#templateSearchErrorModal2").modal({}); break; case 2: // empty term $("#templateSearchErrorModal3").modal({}); break; case 3: // DOS $("#templateSearchErrorModal4").modal({}); break; default: $("#templateSearchErrorModal1").modal({}); break; } } function clearForm() { var myFormElement = document.getElementById("library-filters") var elements = myFormElement.elements; $(".form-check-input").prop('checked', false).change().parent().removeClass('active'); for(i=0; i<elements.length; i++) { field_type = elements[i].type.toLowerCase(); switch(field_type) { case "text": case "password": case "textarea": case "hidden": elements[i].value = ""; break; case "radio": case "checkbox": if (elements[i].checked) { elements[i].checked = false; } break; case "select-one": case "select-multi": elements[i].selectedIndex = -1; break; default: break; } } } function generateShowMoreButton(offset, term) { var code = '<button aria-label="ShowMore" id="showMore" class="btn btn-success float-right mr-2" data-offset="' + offset + '">Show more</button>'; return code; } function hideModal(id) { $("#"+id).modal('hide'); } function showModal(id) { $("#"+id).modal({}); } function prepareForPhotoSwipe() { searchPaperListAvatar = []; searchPaperListAvatarThumb = []; search_pswpElement = document.querySelectorAll('.pswp')[0]; } function _sendAjax(projectID, term) { let httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest(); if(searchRunning) { console.log("Search running"); return; } if (!httpRequest) { console.error("Giving up :( Cannot create an XMLHTTP instance"); showError(-1); return false; } // httpRequest.timeout = 20000; // time in milliseconds httpRequest.withCredentials = false; httpRequest.ontimeout = (e) => { showError(-1, "result timeout"); searchRunning = false; }; httpRequest.onreadystatechange = function() { if (httpRequest.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE) { searchRunning = false; if (httpRequest.status === 200) { let rs = JSON.parse(httpRequest.responseText); if(rs) { if(rs.isError) { showError(rs.errorCode, rs.errorMessage); } else { let html = rs.resultHTMLs; $("#modal_search_query").val(rs.term); $("#templateSearchResultTerm").html(rs.term); $("#templateSearchResultNr").html(rs.resultsNr); $("#templateRefineSearch").html(rs.filter); if(rs.filter == false) { console.log('filter empty'); $("#refineSearchModal").removeClass('d-block').addClass('d-none'); } if(rs.resultsNr==1) $("#templateSearchResultNrPlural").hide(); else $("#templateSearchResultNrPlural").show(); if(rs.resultsNr==0) { hideModal('templateSearchLoadingModal'); $("#templateSearchResultContainer").html(""); $("#templateSearchResultContainerEmpty").removeClass("d-none"); showModal('templateSearchResultModal'); } else { if((rs.resultsNr - offset)>0) { html = html + generateShowMoreButton(offset, term); } $("#templateSearchResultContainerEmpty").addClass("d-none"); if( offset == INITIAL_OFFSET) { hideModal('templateSearchLoadingModal'); $("#templateSearchResultContainer").html(html); showModal('templateSearchResultModal'); } else { $('#showMore').remove(); startHtml = $("#templateSearchResultContainer").html(); $("#templateSearchResultContainer").html(startHtml + html); } // prepareForPhotoSwipe(); } } } else { showError(-2, "invalid result"); } } else { showError(-3, "There was a problem with the request."); } } }; if(offset == INITIAL_OFFSET) { hideModal('templateSearchResultModal'); showModal('templateSearchLoadingModal'); } httpRequest.open("GET", FINDER_URL+"?project="+projectID+"&term="+encodeURI(term)+((offset>INITIAL_OFFSET)?("&offset="+(offset-INITIAL_OFFSET)) : "")); httpRequest.send(); 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This work is distributed under <br class="hide-on-mobile hide-on-tablet" />the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-55 hide-on-tablet hide-on-mobile"> <div class="text-right articleBackLink"> <a href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/preprints.html">Preprints</a> </div> <div class="tab co-angel-left hide-on-desktop"></div> <div class="tab co-angel-right hide-on-desktop"></div> <div class="mobile-citation"> <ul class="tab-navigation no-styling"> <li class="tab1.articlf active"><nobr><a href="#">Abstract</a></nobr></li><li class="tab2.assett"><nobr><a href="#">Assets</a></nobr></li><li class="tab3.discussioo"><nobr><a href="#">Discussion</a></nobr></li><li class="tab450.metrict"><nobr><a href="#">Metrics</a></nobr></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ms-type row no-gutters d-none d-lg-flex mb-1 mt-0 align-items-center"> <div class="col"> <div class="row no-gutters align-items-center"> <div class="col-auto"> </div> <div class="col"> <a target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license" class="licence-icon-svg"><img src="https://www.egusphere.net/licenceSVG_16.svg"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-auto text-right">22 Nov 2024</div> </div> <div class="ms-type row no-gutters d-lg-none mb-1 align-items-center"> <div class="col-12"> <a target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license" class="licence-icon-svg "><img src="https://www.egusphere.net/licenceSVG_16.svg"></a> | <span>22 Nov 2024</span> </div> </div> <div class="co-notification"> <strong>Status</strong>: this preprint is open for discussion. </div> <h1>Investigating Carbon and Nitrogen Conservation in Reported CMIP6 Earth System Model Data </h1> <div class="tab-content abstract"> <div class="mb-3 authors-with-affiliations"> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911110">Gang Tang<a href="mailto:gang.tang.au@gmail.com"><i class="fal fa-envelope ml-1"></i></a></span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911111">Zebedee Nicholls</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911112">Chris Jones</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911113">Thomas Gasser</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911114">Alexander Norton</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911115">Tilo Ziehn</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911116">Alejandro Romero-Prieto</span>,</nobr> <nobr>and <span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911117">Malte Meinshausen</span></nobr> </div> <div class="abstract"> <p><strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Reliable, robust, and consistent data are essential foundations for analysis of carbon cycle feedbacks. Here, we consider the data from multiple Earth System Models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We identify a mass conservation issue in the reported carbon and nitrogen data, with a few exceptions for specific models and reporting levels. The accumulated mass imbalance in the reported data can amount to hundreds of gigatons of carbon or nitrogen by the end of the simulated period, largely exceeding the total carbon/nitrogen pool size changes over the same period. Nitrogen mass imbalance is evident across all reported organic and inorganic pools, with mineral nitrogen exhibiting the most significant cumulative mass imbalance. Due to a lack of details in the reported data, we cannot uniquely identify the cause of this imbalance. However, we postulate that the carbon cycle imbalance in the reported data primarily stems from missing fluxes in the reported data and the inconsistency between the reported data and the definitions provided by the C4MIP protocol (e.g., land use and fire emissions), rather than from an underlying mass conservation issue in the models themselves. Our findings suggest that future CMIP reporting protocols should consider incorporating mass conservation into their data validation processes so that such issues are caught before users have to deal with them, rather than forcing all users to handle this issue in their own way. In addition, attention from model groups to the detailed diagnostic request and definitions, along with their own quality control will also help to avoid such issues in future. Given that CMIP6 data is no longer being reported, we recommend that data users that rely on a closed carbon/nitrogen cycle address potential flux imbalances by using the workarounds provided in this study.</p> </div> <div class="citation-footer"> <strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">How to cite. </strong> Tang, G., Nicholls, Z., Jones, C., Gasser, T., Norton, A., Ziehn, T., Romero-Prieto, A., and Meinshausen, M.: Investigating Carbon and Nitrogen Conservation in Reported CMIP6 Earth System Model Data, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3522, 2024. </div> <div id="article-dates" class="sec"> <div class="article-dates dates-content my-3 pb-3"> <nobr>Received: 13 Nov 2024</nobr> – <nobr>Discussion started: 22 Nov 2024</nobr> </div> </div> <div class="co-notification mt-n3"> <strong>Publisher's note</strong>: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. 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alt="Facebook"/> </a> </div> <div class="col-auto pr-0"> <a class="share-one-line last" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fegusphere.copernicus.org%2Fpreprints%2F2024%2Fegusphere-2024-3522%2F&title=Investigating+Carbon+and+Nitrogen+Conservation+in+Reported+CMIP6+Earth+System+Model+Data" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.egusphere.net/linkedin.png" alt="LinkedIn"> </a> </div> <div class="col pr-0 mobile-native-share"> <a href="#" data-title="EGUsphere" data-text="*Investigating Carbon and Nitrogen Conservation in Reported CMIP6 Earth System Model Data* Gang Tang et al." data-url="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3522/" class="mobile-native-share share-one-line last"><i class="co-mobile-share display-none"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-content hide-js discussion"> <div class="mb-3 authors-with-affiliations"> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911110">Gang Tang<a href="mailto:gang.tang.au@gmail.com"><i class="fal fa-envelope ml-1"></i></a></span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911111">Zebedee Nicholls</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911112">Chris Jones</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911113">Thomas Gasser</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911114">Alexander Norton</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911115">Tilo Ziehn</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911116">Alejandro Romero-Prieto</span>,</nobr> <nobr>and <span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911117">Malte Meinshausen</span></nobr> </div> <div class="discussion-section"> <div id="discussionHTML" class="ajax-content" data-src="https://editor.copernicus.org/index.php?_mdl=msover_md&_jrl=778&_ms=124964&_lcm=oc108lcm109w&no_iframe=yes&force_static=yes&ajax=true"><div style="clear: both"></div> <div id="discussion-section"> <div class="grid-container grid-parent pb-0 no-margin"> <p><strong>Status</strong>: open (until 17 Jan 2025)</p> </div> <div class="grid-container grid-parent pb-0 no-margin"> <div class="grid-100 grid-parent"> <div class="co-notification co_edt_discussion-legend"> <strong>Comment types</strong>: <strong>AC</strong> – author | <strong>RC</strong> – referee | <strong>CC</strong> – 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journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911111">Zebedee Nicholls</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911112">Chris Jones</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911113">Thomas Gasser</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911114">Alexander Norton</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911115">Tilo Ziehn</span>,</nobr> <nobr><span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor hover-underline" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".author911116">Alejandro Romero-Prieto</span>,</nobr> <nobr>and <span class="hover-cursor-pointer journal-contentLinkColor 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transform:{scale:[.036003600360036005,.016927109510951093],translate:[-180,-85.609038]}}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/d3/v3/d3.v3.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.copernicus.org/libraries/d3/v3/topojson.v1.min.js"></script> <div><h2>Viewed (geographical distribution)</h2></div> <div class="metrics-border"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-60 grid-parent"> <div class="metrics-viewed-geography complete" style="display: block"> <strong class="metrics-headline">Total article views: 40</strong> (including HTML, PDF, and XML) <strong class="metrics-headline normal">Thereof 40 with geography defined and 0 with unknown origin. </strong> </div> </div> <div class="grid-40 grid-parent"> <div class="map-complete top-countries metrics-viewed-geography complete" style="display: block"> <table> <thead> <tr> <th class="country">Country</th> <th>#</th> <th> <span class="hide-on-mobile ">Views</span><i 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class="row"> <div class="col-12 mb-3"> School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 mb-3"> Climate Resource, Fitzroy North, Australia </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="pswp" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" >  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div 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href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3522/egusphere-2024-3522.xml">Metadata XML</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="content"> <ul class="additional_info no-bullets no-styling"> <li><a class="triangle" href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3522/egusphere-2024-3522.bib">BibTeX</a></li> <li><a class="triangle" href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3522/egusphere-2024-3522.ris">EndNote</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="widget dark-border"> <div class="legend journal-contentLinkColor">Short summary</div> <div class="content hide-js shortSummaryFull">We analyzed carbon and nitrogen mass conservation in data from CMIP6 Earth System Models. Our findings reveal significant discrepancies between flux and pool size data, particularly in nitrogen, where cumulative imbalances can reach hundreds of gigatons. These imbalances appear primarily due to missing or inconsistently reported fluxes – especially for land use and fire emissions. To enhance data quality, we recommend that future climate data protocols address this issue at the reporting stage.</div> <div style="display: none" class="content show-js shortSummaryShorten">We analyzed carbon and nitrogen mass conservation in data from CMIP6 Earth System Models. Our...</div> <div class="content"> <a href="#" class="more-less show-js triangle" data-hide=".shortSummaryFull" data-show=".shortSummaryShorten" data-toggleCaption='Hide'>Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="widget dark-border hide-on-mobile hide-on-tablet p-0" id="share"> <div class="legend journal-contentLinkColor">Share</div> <div class="row p-0"> <div class="col-auto pl-0"> <a class="share-one-line" href="https://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fegusphere.copernicus.org%2Fpreprints%2F2024%2Fegusphere-2024-3522%2F" title="Mendeley" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.egusphere.net/mendeley.png" alt="Mendeley"/> </a> </div> <div class="col-auto"> <a class="share-one-line" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fegusphere.copernicus.org%2Fpreprints%2F2024%2Fegusphere-2024-3522%2F" title="Reddit" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.egusphere.net/reddit.png" alt="Reddit"> </a> </div> <div class="col-auto"> <a class="share-one-line last" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Investigating+Carbon+and+Nitrogen+Conservation+in+Reported+CMIP6+Earth+System+Model+Data https%3A%2F%2Fegusphere.copernicus.org%2Fpreprints%2F2024%2Fegusphere-2024-3522%2F" title="Twitter" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.egusphere.net/twitter.png" alt="Twitter"/> </a> </div> <div class="col-auto"> <a class="share-one-line" href="https://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fegusphere.copernicus.org%2Fpreprints%2F2024%2Fegusphere-2024-3522%2F&t=Investigating+Carbon+and+Nitrogen+Conservation+in+Reported+CMIP6+Earth+System+Model+Data" title="Facebook" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.egusphere.net/facebook.png" alt="Facebook"/> </a> </div> <div class="col-auto pr-0"> <a class="share-one-line last" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fegusphere.copernicus.org%2Fpreprints%2F2024%2Fegusphere-2024-3522%2F&title=Investigating+Carbon+and+Nitrogen+Conservation+in+Reported+CMIP6+Earth+System+Model+Data" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.egusphere.net/linkedin.png" alt="LinkedIn"> </a> </div> <div class="col pr-0 mobile-native-share"> <a href="#" data-title="EGUsphere" data-text="*Investigating Carbon and Nitrogen Conservation in Reported CMIP6 Earth System Model Data* Gang Tang et al." data-url="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3522/" class="mobile-native-share share-one-line last"><i class="co-mobile-share display-none"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-content" data-src="https://editor.copernicus.org/similarArticles.php?article=124964&journal=778&isSecondStage=0&ajax=true"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main>  <footer class="d-print-none version-2023"> <div class="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row align-items-center mb-3"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-auto text-center text-md-left title-wrapper"> <div id="j-header-footer" class="text-center text-md-left"> <div class="h1 text-center text-md-left"> EGUsphere </div> <p>The preprint repository of the EGU</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-auto text-center text-md-left pt-lg-2"> <div class="row align-items-center"> <div class="col-12 col-sm col-md-auto text-center text-md-left mb-3 mb-sm-0"> <span class="egu-logo"><a href="http://www.egu.eu/" target="_blank"><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/319373/778/ssl" alt="" style="width: 410px; 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