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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Course of war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Course of war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Outbreak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_mobilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_mobilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Government mobilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_mobilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–May_Métis_victories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–May_Métis_victories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 April–May Métis victories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–May_Métis_victories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ending_the_Métis_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_the_Métis_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ending the Métis uprising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_the_Métis_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ending_the_Cree_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_the_Cree_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Ending the Cree uprising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_the_Cree_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 International reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1885 resistance by the Métis and Cree peoples against Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">North-West Rebellion Rébellion du Nord-Ouest (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/275px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/413px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/550px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Cut_Knife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Battle_of_Cut_Knife.jpg/275px-Battle_of_Cut_Knife.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Battle_of_Cut_Knife.jpg/413px-Battle_of_Cut_Knife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Battle_of_Cut_Knife.jpg/550px-Battle_of_Cut_Knife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="363" /></a> Top: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche" title="Battle of Batoche">Battle of Batoche</a> Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cut_Knife" title="Battle of Cut Knife">Battle of Cut Knife</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>March 26 – June 3, 1885 (2 months, 1 week and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Present-day <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Federal government victory<div><ul><li>Collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Saskatchewan" title="Provisional Government of Saskatchewan">Provisional Government of Saskatchewan</a></li><li>Completion of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_Riel" title="Trial of Louis Riel">Trial and execution of Louis Riel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flagoftheprovisionalgovernmentofsask.png/23px-Flagoftheprovisionalgovernmentofsask.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flagoftheprovisionalgovernmentofsask.png/35px-Flagoftheprovisionalgovernmentofsask.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flagoftheprovisionalgovernmentofsask.png/45px-Flagoftheprovisionalgovernmentofsask.png 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1402" /> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Saskatchewan" title="Provisional Government of Saskatchewan">Provisional Government of Saskatchewan</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>–<a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Crozier" class="mw-redirect" title="Leif Crozier">Leif Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Middleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Middleton">Frederick Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wimburn_Laurie" title="John Wimburn Laurie">John Wimburn Laurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dillon_Otter" title="William Dillon Otter">William Dillon Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bland_Strange" title="Thomas Bland Strange">Thomas Bland Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Steele" title="Sam Steele">Sam Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jeffrey_Dickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Jeffrey Dickens">Francis Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Bremner" title="James J. Bremner">James J. Bremner</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_(M%C3%A9tis_leader)" title="Gabriel Dumont (Métis leader)">Gabriel Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Jackson" title="Honoré Jackson">Honoré Jackson</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bear" title="Big Bear">Big Bear</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-Day" title="Fine-Day">Fine Day</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_Spirit_(Cree_leader)" title="Wandering Spirit (Cree leader)">Wandering Spirit</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundmaker" title="Poundmaker">Poundmaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">White Cap</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>5,000 volunteers and militia<a href="#cite_note-rebellion_statistics-1">[1]</a></li> <li>500 NWMP<a href="#cite_note-rebellion_statistics-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>280 Métis<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>250 Cree–Assiniboine</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>38 dead<a href="#cite_note-casualties-4">[4]</a></li> <li>141 wounded<a href="#cite_note-casualties-4">[4]</a></li> <li>11 civilians killed<a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_FrogLake_2006-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>33 Métis dead<a href="#cite_note-casualties-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-deaths-6">[6]</a></li> <li>48 Métis wounded<a href="#cite_note-casualties-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-deaths-6">[6]</a></li> <li>10–17 Cree dead</li> <li>78–103 Cree wounded</li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce</a> death (at Cut Knife Hill)</li></ul> </div> Total (military):<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>43–50 dead</li> <li>126–151 wounded</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North-West_Rebellion" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North-West_Rebellion" title="Template:Campaignbox North-West Rebellion"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_North-West_Rebellion" title="Template talk:Campaignbox North-West Rebellion"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_North-West_Rebellion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox North-West Rebellion"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North-West_Rebellion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North-West Rebellion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duck_Lake" title="Battle of Duck Lake">Duck Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_Battleford" title="Looting of Battleford">Battleford (Looting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Battleford" title="Siege of Battleford">Battleford (Siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_Massacre" title="Frog Lake Massacre">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pitt" title="Battle of Fort Pitt">Fort Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek" title="Battle of Fish Creek">Fish Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cut_Knife" title="Battle of Cut Knife">Cut Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche" title="Battle of Batoche">Batoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Butte" title="Battle of Frenchman's Butte">Frenchman's Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loon_Lake" title="Battle of Loon Lake">Loon Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The North-West Rebellion (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Rébellion du Nord-Ouest), also known as the North-West Resistance, was an armed <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> by the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> under <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a> and an associated uprising by Cree and Assiniboine of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Saskatchewan" title="District of Saskatchewan">District of Saskatchewan</a>, North-West Territories, against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian government</a>. Many Métis felt that <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> was not protecting their rights, their land, and their survival as a distinct people. Fighting broke out in late March, and the conflict ended in June. About 91 people were killed in the fighting that occurred that spring before the conflict ended with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche" title="Battle of Batoche">capture of Batoche</a> in May 1885. Louis Riel, the hero of a <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">1870 uprising</a> at Winnipeg, had been invited to lead the movement of protest; he turned it into a military action with a heavily religious tone. That alienated <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> clergy, Euro-Canadian settlers who had previously supported the protest against government policies, many Indigenous persons in the western Prairies, and even some Métis. Riel had the allegiance of about 250 armed Métis, 250 Indigenous fighters and at least one white man (<a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Jackson" title="Honoré Jackson">Honoré Jackson</a>). But his small force was up against 900 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a> (the nascent Canadian army), armed NWMP officers and armed local residents - 5500 government troops in all.<a href="#cite_note-James_Rodger_Miller_2004_44-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flanagan_1985_2000-8">[8]</a>: 3–4 <a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Despite some notable early victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duck_Lake" title="Battle of Duck Lake">Duck Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek" title="Battle of Fish Creek">Fish Creek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cut_Knife" title="Battle of Cut Knife">Cut Knife</a>, the conflict was quashed when overwhelming government forces and a critical shortage of supplies brought about the Métis' defeat in the four-day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche" title="Battle of Batoche">Battle of Batoche</a>. The remaining Aboriginal allies scattered. Several chiefs were captured, and some served prison time. <a href="/wiki/1885_hangings_at_Battleford" title="1885 hangings at Battleford">Eight men were hanged</a> in Canada's largest mass hanging, for murders performed outside the military conflict. Riel was captured, put on trial, and convicted of treason. Despite many pleas across Canada for clemency, he was hanged. Riel became a heroic martyr to Francophone Canada. That was one cause for the rise of ethnic tensions into a deep division, whose repercussions continue to be felt. The suppression of the conflict contributed to the present reality of the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie Provinces">Prairie Provinces</a> being controlled by English speakers, who allowed only a very limited francophone presence, and helped cause the alienation of French Canadians, who were embittered by the repression of their countrymen.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_NWR_2006-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Rebellion_of_1885-12">[12]</a> The key role that the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> played in transporting troops caused support by the Conservative government to increase, and Parliament authorized funds to complete the country's first transcontinental railway. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> The conflict is referred to by several names, including the North-West Rebellion,<a href="#cite_note-EncyBrit_2016-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mulvany_1886-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_1936_1992-15">[15]</a> the North-West Resistance,<a href="#cite_note-Barkwell_2011-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-SaskArchives_2011-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thistle_2014-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teillet_2019-19">[19]</a> the 1885 Resistance,<a href="#cite_note-Barkwell_2011-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ouellette_2014-20">[20]</a>: 55 <a href="#cite_note-CAEncy_NWR_20210708-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thistle_2014-18">[18]</a> the Northwest Uprising, the Saskatchewan Rebellion, and the Second Riel Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-CAEncy_NWR_20210708-21">[21]</a> The conflict, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a>, was collectively referred to as the Riel Rebellions.<a href="#cite_note-CAEncy_NWR_20210708-21">[21]</a> Although the terms rebellion and resistance can be used synonymously, its use in relation to this conflict has been a subject of debate, with some academics arguing the usage of one term changes the perspective of how the conflict is understood.<a href="#cite_note-CAEncy_NWR_20210708-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foster_Oosterom_2013-22">[22]</a> As a result, Indigenous studies scholars and many historians refer to Indigenous uprisings in reaction to European colonization as resistances; as many Indigenous nations self-governed the land before the Canadian government exerted their sovereignty over it.<a href="#cite_note-CAEncy_NWR_20210708-21">[21]</a> Use of the term resistance has also spread to other organizations and publications, including <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Geographic" title="Canadian Geographic">Canadian Geographic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CAEncy_NWR_20210708-21">[21]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Archives_of_Saskatchewan" title="Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan">Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SaskArchives_2011-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> of 1869–1870, many of the Métis moved from <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Carlton" title="Fort Carlton">Fort Carlton</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Districts of the Northwest Territories">North-West Territories</a>, where they founded the <a href="/wiki/Southbranch_Settlement" title="Southbranch Settlement">Southbranch settlements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fish_Creek,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish Creek, Saskatchewan">Fish Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batoche,_Saskatchewan" title="Batoche, Saskatchewan">Batoche</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Laurent_de_Grandin,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Laurent de Grandin, Saskatchewan">St. Laurent</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Saskatchewan" title="St. Louis, Saskatchewan">St. Louis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duck_Lake,_Saskatchewan" title="Duck Lake, Saskatchewan">Duck Lake</a> on or near the <a href="/wiki/South_Saskatchewan_River" title="South Saskatchewan River">South Saskatchewan River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_Fr_Metis_1985-25">[25]</a> In 1882, surveyors began dividing the land of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/District_of_Saskatchewan" title="District of Saskatchewan">District of Saskatchewan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Land_Survey" title="Dominion Land Survey">Dominion Land Survey</a>'s square concession system. The Métis lands were laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurial system</a> of strips reaching back from a river which the Métis were familiar with in their <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadian">French-Canadian</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_NWR_2006-11">[11]</a> A year after the survey the 36 families of the parish of St. Louis found that their land and village site that included a church and a school (in Township 45, Range 7 west of the 2nd Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey) had been sold by the Crown to the Prince Albert Colonization Company.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarrisMatthews1987-27">[27]</a> Not having clear title, the Métis feared losing their land which, now that the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_buffalo_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis buffalo hunt">buffalo herds</a> were gone,<a href="#cite_note-FosterHarrison1992-28">[28]</a> was their primary source of sustenance.<a href="#cite_note-The_Resistance_of_1885-29">[29]</a> In 1884, the Métis (including the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Anglo-Métis</a>) asked <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a> to return from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where he had fled after the Red River Rebellion to appeal to the government on their behalf.<a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_NWR_2006-11">[11]</a> The government gave a vague response. In March 1885, Riel, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_(M%C3%A9tis_leader)" title="Gabriel Dumont (Métis leader)">Gabriel Dumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Jackson" title="Honoré Jackson">Honoré Jackson</a> (a.k.a. Will Jackson), and others set up the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Saskatchewan" title="Provisional Government of Saskatchewan">Provisional Government of Saskatchewan</a>, believing that they could influence the federal government in the same way as they had in 1869. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigbear-blanket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bigbear-blanket.jpg/170px-Bigbear-blanket.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bigbear-blanket.jpg/255px-Bigbear-blanket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bigbear-blanket.jpg/340px-Bigbear-blanket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The federal government's violation of its treaties with the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> spurred <a href="/wiki/Big_Bear" title="Big Bear">Big Bear</a>, a Cree chief, to embark on a diplomatic campaign to renegotiate the terms of the treaties.</figcaption></figure> The role of aboriginal peoples prior to—and during—the outbreak of the conflict is often misunderstood. A number of factors have created the misconception that the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a> were acting in unison. By the end of the 1870s, the stage was set for discontent among the aboriginal people of the prairies: the bison population was in serious decline (creating enormous economic difficulties)<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_2000-30">[30]</a>: 171  and, in an attempt to assert control over aboriginal settlement, the federal government often violated the terms of the treaties it had signed during the latter part of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_2000-30">[30]</a>: 174  Thus, widespread dissatisfaction with the treaties and rampant poverty spurred <a href="/wiki/Big_Bear" title="Big Bear">Big Bear</a>, a Cree chief, to embark on a diplomatic campaign to renegotiate the terms of the treaties (the timing of this campaign happened to coincide with an increased sense of frustration among the Métis).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> When the Cree initiated violence in the spring of 1885, it was almost certainly unrelated to the revolt of Riel and the Métis (which was already underway). In both the <a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_Massacre" title="Frog Lake Massacre">Frog Lake Massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Looting_of_Battleford" title="Looting of Battleford">Looting of Battleford</a>, small dissident groups of Cree men revolted against white authorities, ignoring the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Big_Bear" title="Big Bear">Big Bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poundmaker" title="Poundmaker">Poundmaker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_2000-30">[30]</a>: 240–241  Although he quietly signalled to Ottawa that these two incidents were the result of desperate and starving people and were, as such, unrelated to the conflict, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Dewdney" title="Edgar Dewdney">Edgar Dewdney</a>, the lieutenant-governor of the territories, publicly claimed that the Cree and the Métis had joined forces.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_2000-30">[30]</a>: 247  For Riel and the Métis, several factors had changed since the Red River Rebellion. The railway had been completed across the prairies in 1883, though sections were still under construction north of Lake Superior, making it easier for the government to get troops into the area. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> (NWMP) had been created, developing an armed local force. Riel lacked support from English settlers of the area as well as the great majority of tribes. Riel's claim that God had sent him back to Canada as a prophet caused Catholic officials (who saw it as heresy) to try to minimize his support. The Catholic priest, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lacombe" title="Albert Lacombe">Albert Lacombe</a>, worked to obtain assurances from <a href="/wiki/Crowfoot" title="Crowfoot">Crowfoot</a> that his <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> warriors would not participate in a conflict.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px"><div style="position:relative;width:275px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North-West Rebellion is located in Saskatchewan"><img alt="North-West Rebellion is located in Saskatchewan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Canada_Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg/275px-Canada_Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Canada_Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg/413px-Canada_Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Canada_Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg/550px-Canada_Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="2691" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.512%;left:48.544%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Duck Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Duck_Lake,_Saskatchewan" title="Duck Lake, Saskatchewan">Duck Lake</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.19%;left:35.531%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Battleford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Battleford" title="Battleford">Battleford</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.767%;left:22.762%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Frog Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_Massacre" title="Frog Lake Massacre">Frog Lake</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.328%;left:26.556%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Fort Pitt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pitt" title="Battle of Fort Pitt">Fort Pitt</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.379%;left:50.331%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Fish Creek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek" title="Battle of Fish Creek">Fish Creek</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.086%;left:31.146%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cut Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cut_Knife" title="Battle of Cut Knife">Cut Knife</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.043%;left:49.275%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Batoche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche" title="Battle of Batoche">Batoche</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.526%;left:27.656%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Butte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Butte" title="Battle of Frenchman's Butte">Butte</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.966%;left:31.25%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Loon Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loon_Lake" title="Battle of Loon Lake">Loon Lake</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.043%;left:49.275%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-15px;top:-15px"><img alt="North-West Rebellion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cercle_noir_50%25.svg/30px-Cercle_noir_50%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cercle_noir_50%25.svg/45px-Cercle_noir_50%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cercle_noir_50%25.svg/60px-Cercle_noir_50%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.552%;left:12.5%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="North-West Rebellion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png/10px-Diamond_sheer_black_20.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png/15px-Diamond_sheer_black_20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.69%;left:12.5%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="North-West Rebellion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png/10px-Diamond_sheer_black_20.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png/15px-Diamond_sheer_black_20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.552%;left:100%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="North-West Rebellion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png/10px-Diamond_sheer_black_20.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png/15px-Diamond_sheer_black_20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.69%;left:100%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="North-West Rebellion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png/10px-Diamond_sheer_black_20.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png/15px-Diamond_sheer_black_20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Diamond_sheer_black_20.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Saskatchewan_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Canada Saskatchewan relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/District_of_Saskatchewan" title="District of Saskatchewan">District of Saskatchewan</a> in 1885 (within the black diamonds) included the central section of Saskatchewan and extended into present-day Alberta and Manitoba. The area of conflict is circled in black.</div></div></div> The 1885 census of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan and Alberta reported a total population of 48,362. Of this, 20,170 people (about 40 percent) were Status Indians. <a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The District of Saskatchewan, part of the North-West Territories in 1885, was divided into three sub-districts and had a population of 10,595. To the east, the Carrot River sub-district with 1,770 people remained quiet. The Prince Albert sub-district in the centre of the district had a population of 5,373 which included the Southbranch settlements with about 1,300. The South branch settlement was the centre of Louis Riel's Provisional Government of Saskatchewan during the conflict. To the west, the Battleford sub-district where the Cree uprising of people in bands led by Poundmaker and Big Bear occurred, had 3,603 people.<a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_NWR_2006-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The largest settlement and the capital of the district was <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Saskatchewan" title="Prince Albert, Saskatchewan">Prince Albert</a> with about 800 people<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> followed by Battleford with about 500 people who were "divided about equally between French, Métis and English".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Métis population in Saskatchewan in 1885 was about 5,400. A majority tried to stay neutral in the dispute with the national government, as the priests recommended. About 350 armed men supported Riel.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A smaller number opposed him, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nolin" title="Charles Nolin">Charles Nolin</a>. In addition, he had the support of a small number of members of First Nations. Riel's supporters included the older, less assimilated Métis, often with close associations with the First Nations population. Many moved back and forth into First Nations communities and preferred to speak Indigenous languages more than French. Riel's opponents were younger, better educated Métis; they wanted to be more integrated into Canadian society, not to set up a separate domain as Riel promised.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_war">Course of war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Course of war">edit</a>]</div> Riel had been invited in to lead the movement but he turned it into a military action with a heavily religious tone, thereby alienating the Catholic clergy, the whites, nearly all of the First Nations, and most of the Métis. He had a force of a couple hundred Métis and a smaller number of First Nations at Batoche in May 1885, confronting 900 government troops.<a href="#cite_note-James_Rodger_Miller_2004_44-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak">Outbreak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outbreak">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Duck_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Duck_Lake.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Duck_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Duck_Lake.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Duck_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Duck_Lake.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Duck_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>In March 1885, a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duck_Lake" title="Battle of Duck Lake">skirmish</a> broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> (NWMP), and Métis and aboriginal warriors.</figcaption></figure> On March 26, 1885, the 150 to 200 Métis and Aboriginal warriors under the command of Gabriel Dumont defeated a combined group of 90 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Volunteers" title="Prince Albert Volunteers">Prince Albert Volunteers</a> and North-West Mounted Police led by their superintendent <a href="/wiki/Leif_Newry_Fitzroy_Crozier" title="Leif Newry Fitzroy Crozier">Leif Newry Fitzroy Crozier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duck_Lake" title="Battle of Duck Lake">Battle of Duck Lake</a>, outside Batoche.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The federal government had, shortly before the battle at Duck Lake, sent Major General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Middleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Middleton">Frederick Middleton</a> to the West. Eventually, over a period of many weeks, Middleton brought 3,000 troops to the West, and incorporated another 2,000, mostly English-Canadian volunteers, and 500 North-West Mounted Police into his force.<a href="#cite_note-rebellion_statistics-1">[1]</a> On March 30, a raiding party of Cree people, short of food due to declining <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> populations, approached Battleford. The inhabitants fled to the nearby North-West Mounted Police post, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Battleford" title="Fort Battleford">Fort Battleford</a>. The Cree then took food and supplies from the empty stores and houses.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As well, Cree insurgents looted Hudson's Bay Company posts at <a href="/wiki/Lac_La_Biche,_Alberta" title="Lac La Biche, Alberta">Lac la Biche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Lake,_Saskatchewan" title="Green Lake, Saskatchewan">Green Lake</a> on April 26.<a href="#cite_note-Beal_Macleod_1984-42">[42]</a>: 234–235  On April 2, at <a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake,_Alberta" title="Frog Lake, Alberta">Frog Lake, District of Saskatchewan</a> (now in Alberta) a Cree raiding party led by Cree war chief, <a href="/wiki/Wandering_Spirit_(Cree_leader)" title="Wandering Spirit (Cree leader)">Wandering Spirit</a>, attacked the small town. Angered by what seemed to be unfair treaties and the withholding of vital provisions by the Canadian government, and also by the dwindling buffalo population, their main source of food, Big Bear and his Cree decided to rebel after the successful Métis victory at Duck Lake. They gathered all the white settlers in the area into the local church. They killed Thomas Quinn, the town's <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agent</a>, after a disagreement broke out. The Cree then attacked the settlers, killing eight more and taking three captive.<a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_NWR_2006-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The massacre prompted the Canadian government to take notice of the growing unrest in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Territories">North-West Territories</a>. When the conflict was over, the government hanged Wandering Spirit, the war chief responsible for the Frog Lake Massacre. On April 15, 200 Cree warriors <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pitt" title="Battle of Fort Pitt">descended on Fort Pitt</a>. They intercepted a police scouting party, killing a constable, wounding another, and captured a third. Surrounded and outnumbered, garrison commander <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jeffrey_Dickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Jeffrey Dickens">Francis Dickens</a> capitulated and agreed to negotiate with the attackers. Big Bear released the remaining police officers but kept the townspeople as hostages and destroyed the fort. Six days later, Inspector Dickens and his men reached safety at <a href="/wiki/Battleford,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battleford, Saskatchewan">Battleford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_mobilization">Government mobilization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government mobilization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qu_Appalle_Valley_1885_Rebellion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Qu_Appalle_Valley_1885_Rebellion.jpg/220px-Qu_Appalle_Valley_1885_Rebellion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Qu_Appalle_Valley_1885_Rebellion.jpg/330px-Qu_Appalle_Valley_1885_Rebellion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Qu_Appalle_Valley_1885_Rebellion.jpg/440px-Qu_Appalle_Valley_1885_Rebellion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>The Canadian Militia on the march towards the conflict, near the <a href="/wiki/Qu%27Appelle_River" title="Qu'Appelle River">Qu'Appelle Valley</a>.</figcaption></figure> Recognizing that an uprising might be imminent, the federal government had, three days before Duck Lake, sent Major General Frederick Middleton, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a>, to Winnipeg, where a unit of militia, the <a href="/wiki/90th_Winnipeg_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="90th Winnipeg Rifles">90th Winnipeg Rifles</a>, and of militia artillery, the Winnipeg Field Battery, already existed. After Duck Lake, the government immediately commenced the mobilization of some of Canada's ill-equipped part-time militia units (the <a href="/wiki/Non-Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Non-Permanent Active Militia">Non-Permanent Active Militia</a>), as well as the units of cavalry, artillery and infantry regulars that made up the tiny <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Permanent Active Militia">Permanent Active Militia</a>, Canada's almost-nonexistent regular army. By March 30, after hasty mobilization in Toronto, two trains containing the <a href="/wiki/10th_Royal_Grenadiers" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Royal Grenadiers">10th Royal Grenadiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Own Rifles">Queen's Own Rifles</a> militia battalions were ready to leave Toronto. Other militia units, the <a href="/wiki/9th_Voltigeurs" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Voltigeurs">9th Voltigeurs</a> from Quebec City, and the <a href="/wiki/65th_Mount_Royal_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Mount Royal Rifles">65th Mount Royal Rifles</a> from Montreal, were also quickly mobilized. Soon every major city in the East was the scene of embarkation for inexperienced young militiamen cheered by immense crowds.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first militia to struggle westward had to contend with the many lengthy breaks in the CPR line in northern Ontario. They marched through snow, or were carried in exposed sleighs. Where there were short stretches of track, the militia rode on hastily-constructed railroad flatcars which did nothing to shelter them from the extreme cold. Many of the soldiers suffered greatly from the winter weather. However, the first troops sent west were, in succeeding weeks, followed by thousands more.<a href="#cite_note-Beal_Macleod_1984-42">[42]</a>: 168–177  Major General Frederick Middleton assembled a force that detrained from CPR trains at <a href="/wiki/Qu%27Appelle,_Saskatchewan" title="Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan">Qu'Appelle</a> and then moved north toward Batoche. His column left from Qu'Appelle on April 6 and arrived at Batoche a month later, fighting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek" title="Battle of Fish Creek">Battle of Fish Creek</a> on the way.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Wiliam Otter's force detrained at <a href="/wiki/Swift_Current" title="Swift Current">Swift Current</a> and then proceeded north to restore order at the Battlefords, fighting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cut_Knife" title="Battle of Cut Knife">Battle of Cut Knife</a> on the way<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Fish_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Battle_of_Fish_Creek.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Fish_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Battle_of_Fish_Creek.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Fish_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Battle_of_Fish_Creek.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Fish_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek" title="Battle of Fish Creek">Battle of Fish Creek</a> was a major <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> victory, persuading Major General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Dobson_Middleton" title="Frederick Dobson Middleton">Frederick Middleton</a> to temporarily halt his advance.</figcaption></figure> Other forces such as the Alberta Field Force led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bland_Strange" title="Thomas Bland Strange">Thomas Bland Strange</a> were formed in the West. Strange's force, assembled at Calgary, moved north on the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_and_Edmonton_Trail" title="Calgary and Edmonton Trail">Calgary and Edmonton Trail</a> to secure Edmonton from attack, then went down the North Saskatchewan River to Fort Pitt, then moving overland in pursuit of Big Bear's band.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–May_Métis_victories">April–May Métis victories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: April–May Métis victories">edit</a>]</div> On April 24, at Fish Creek, 200 Métis achieved a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek" title="Battle of Fish Creek">remarkable victory</a> over units in Middleton's column numbering 900 soldiers. The reversal, though not decisive enough to alter the outcome of the war, temporarily halted the advance of Middleton's column toward Batoche. That was where the Métis made their final stand two weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> On May 2, the Cree war chief <a href="/wiki/Fine-Day" title="Fine-Day">Fine-Day</a> successfully held off Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Dillon_Otter" title="William Dillon Otter">William Otter</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cut_Knife" title="Battle of Cut Knife">Battle of Cut Knife</a> near <a href="/wiki/Battleford" title="Battleford">Battleford</a>. Despite its use of a <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">gatling gun</a>, Otter's <a href="/wiki/Flying_column" title="Flying column">flying column</a> of militia was forced to retreat. Fine-Day was affiliated with the chief Poundmaker, who surrendered to government troops later that same month. Big Bear did not fight in the battle and personally prevailed on the Cree fighters not to harass the retreating Canadian troops.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ending_the_Métis_uprising">Ending the Métis uprising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ending the Métis uprising">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metisprisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Metisprisoners.jpg/220px-Metisprisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Metisprisoners.jpg/330px-Metisprisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Metisprisoners.jpg/440px-Metisprisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Métis prisoners of war after the North-West Rebellion, August, 1885</figcaption></figure> On May 12, Middleton's force captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche" title="Battle of Batoche">Batoche</a> itself. The greatly outnumbered but well-entrenched Métis fighters ran out of ammunition after three days of battle and siege. The Métis resorted to firing sharp objects and small rocks from their guns. They were finally killed or dispersed when Canadian soldiers advanced on their own and overran the Métis fighters in their rifle pits.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Riel surrendered on May 15. Gabriel Dumont and other participants in the uprising escaped across the border to the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a> of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The defeat of the Métis and Riel's capture led to the collapse of the Provisional Government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ending_the_Cree_uprising">Ending the Cree uprising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ending the Cree uprising">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche" title="Battle of Batoche">Battle of Batoche</a> was a decisive victory for the Canadian militia, with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a>, and the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Saskatchewan" title="Provisional Government of Saskatchewan">Provisional Government of Saskatchewan</a>.</figcaption></figure> But the downfall of Batoche did not end the separate conflict with the Cree. Poundmaker and several of the chiefs loyal to him marched into Battleford and surrendered on May 26.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> By May 28, Major General Thomas Bland Strange brought his mixed force - militia and a NWMP detachment from <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, District of Alberta - into contact with Big Bear's band fleeing from its pursuers. Fighters in the band carried the day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Butte" title="Battle of Frenchman's Butte">at Frenchman's Butte</a> in a battle at the end of May.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The last armed engagement in the conflict was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loon_Lake" title="Battle of Loon Lake">Battle of Loon Lake</a> on June 3. That day a small detachment of NWMP under the command of Major <a href="/wiki/Sam_Steele" title="Sam Steele">Sam Steele</a> caught up to Big Bear's force, which was fleeing northward after the battle at Frenchman's Butte. Big Bear's fighters were almost out of ammunition and fled after a short exchange of fire and the release of their hostages.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Demoralized, defenceless, and with no hope of relief after Poundmaker's surrender, most of Big Bear's fighters surrendered over the next few weeks. On July 2 Big Bear surrendered to the NWMP on an island in the Saskatchewan River near Fort Carlton. The government addressed the critical food shortage of the Cree and Assiniboine by sending food and other supplies. Poundmaker and Big Bear were sentenced to prison. <a href="/wiki/1885_hangings_at_Battleford" title="1885 hangings at Battleford">Eight others were hanged</a> in the largest mass hanging in Canadian history.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> These men, found guilty of killing outside of the military conflict, were Wandering Spirit, (Kapapamahchakwew) a Plains Cree war chief, Little Bear (Apaschiskoos), Walking the Sky (AKA Round the Sky), Bad Arrow, Miserable Man, Iron Body, Ika (AKA Crooked Leg) and Man Without Blood, for murders committed at Frog Lake and at Battleford (the murders of Farm Instructor Payne and Battleford farmer Barney Tremont). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Riel_addressing_the_jury_during_his_trial_for_treason_(cropped)_MIKAN_3192595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Louis_Riel_addressing_the_jury_during_his_trial_for_treason_%28cropped%29_MIKAN_3192595.jpg/220px-Louis_Riel_addressing_the_jury_during_his_trial_for_treason_%28cropped%29_MIKAN_3192595.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Louis_Riel_addressing_the_jury_during_his_trial_for_treason_%28cropped%29_MIKAN_3192595.jpg/330px-Louis_Riel_addressing_the_jury_during_his_trial_for_treason_%28cropped%29_MIKAN_3192595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Louis_Riel_addressing_the_jury_during_his_trial_for_treason_%28cropped%29_MIKAN_3192595.jpg/440px-Louis_Riel_addressing_the_jury_during_his_trial_for_treason_%28cropped%29_MIKAN_3192595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>The end of the conflict led to the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_Riel" title="Trial of Louis Riel">trial of Louis Riel</a>, a trial that sparked national controversy between <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French Canada</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_Riel" title="Trial of Louis Riel">trial of Louis Riel</a> occurred shortly after the conflict, where he was found guilty of high treason, and hanged. His trial sparked a national controversy between <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Rebellion_of_1885-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> (CPR) played a key role in the government's response to the conflict, as it was able to transport federal troops to the area quickly. While it had taken three months to get troops to the Red River Rebellion, the government was able to move forces in nine days by train in response to events in the North-West Territories. The successful operation increased political support for the floundering and incomplete railway, which had been close to financial collapse. The government authorized enough funds to finish the line. Thus, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> was able to realize his National Dream of linking Canada across the continent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the fighting, new Territorial Council ridings were created, although still only covering specific areas of concentrated settlement. The <a href="/wiki/1885_Northwest_Territories_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1885 Northwest Territories election">North-West Territories election of 1885</a> was held. The Scrip Commission was dispatched to the District of Saskatchewan and to present-day Alberta to address Métis land claims.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:North_West_Canada_Medal,_1885,_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_1885%2C_obverse.png/106px-North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_1885%2C_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_1885%2C_obverse.png/159px-North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_1885%2C_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_1885%2C_obverse.png/212px-North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_1885%2C_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="589" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:North_West_Canada_Medal,_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_reverse.png/106px-North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_reverse.png/159px-North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_reverse.png/212px-North_West_Canada_Medal%2C_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The obverse and reverse for the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Canada_Medal" title="North West Canada Medal">North West Canada Medal</a>, awarded to veterans of the conflict from the Canadian Militia, and the NWMP.</div></div></div></div> The conflict was Canada's first independent military action. It cost about $5 million, and lost the Conservative Party most of their support in Quebec. It guaranteed Anglophone control of the Prairies, and demonstrated the national government was capable of decisive action.<a href="#cite_note-Flanagan_1985_2000-8">[8]</a>: 4–8  Those who served with the Militia and Police during the conflict received the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Canada_Medal" title="North West Canada Medal">North West Canada Medal</a>, established in September 1885.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reaction">International reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International reaction">edit</a>]</div> While the conflict was ongoing, the American and British press took note of the actions of both the Métis and the Canadian Government. Some newspapers, such as the <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a>, wrote approvingly of the actions taken by the Canadian government.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-term_consequences">Long-term consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Long-term consequences">edit</a>]</div> The Saskatchewan Métis requested land grants; the government granted these to all by the end of 1887. The government resurveyed the official surveys to allow pre-existing Métis riverlots in accordance with their wishes. The Métis did not understand the long term value of their new land, however, and sold much of it to speculators who later resold it to farmers. The French language and Catholic religion faced increasing marginalisation in both Saskatchewan and Manitoba, as exemplified by the emerging controversy surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba Schools Question</a>. Many Métis were forced to live on undesirable land, or in temporary locations such as road allowances, or in the shadow of <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a> (The Métis did not have treaty status, like Treaty Indians did, so did not have any official right to land).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Riel's trial and Macdonald's refusal to commute his sentence caused lasting upset in Quebec, and led to a fundamental francophone distrust of Anglophone politicians. French Canada felt it had been unfairly targeted.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory">Memory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Memory">edit</a>]</div> In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake, that "the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Rebellion is an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples' struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> BATOCHE. In 1872, Xavier Letendre dit Batoche founded a village at this site where Métis freighters crossed the South Saskatchewan River. About 50 families had claimed the river lots in the area by 1884. Widespread anxiety regarding land claims and a changing economy provoked a resistance against the Canadian Government. Here, 300 Métis and Indians led by Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont fought a force of 800 men commanded by Major-General Middleton between May 9 and 12, 1885. The resistance failed but the battle did not mean the end of the community of Batoche. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></cite> </div> Batoche, where the Métis Provisional Government had been formed, has been declared a National Historic Site. Batoche marks the site of Gabriel Dumont's grave site, Albert Caron's House, Batoche school, Batoche cemetery, Letendre store, Dumont's river crossing, Gariépy's crossing, Batoche crossing, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">St. Antoine de Padoue</a> Church, Métis rifle pits, and RNWMP battle camp.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Royal Canadian Mounted Police training depot at Regina was established in 1874, and still survives. The RCMP chapel, a frame building built in 1885, is still standing. It was used to jail Indian prisoners. One of three Territorial Government Buildings still stands on Dewdney Avenue in the city of <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>. It was the site of the Trial of Louis Riel, where the drama the Trial of Louis Riel is still performed. Following the May trial, Louis Riel was hanged November 16, 1885. The RCMP Heritage Centre, in Regina, opened in May 2007.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The Métis brought his body to <a href="/wiki/St._Vital,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vital, Manitoba">Saint-Vital</a>, his mother's home, now the Riel House National Historic Site, and then interred it at the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Boniface_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Boniface Cathedral">Saint-Boniface Basilica</a> in Manitoba, his birthplace, for burial.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_11" title="Saskatchewan Highway 11">Highway 11</a>, stretching from Regina to just south of Prince Albert, has been named Louis Riel Trail by the province; the roadway passes near locations of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Fort Carlton Provincial Historic Site has been rebuilt as it had been ravaged by three separate fires. Big Bear (Mistahimaskwa) used the site in his initial negotiations for <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty Six">Treaty Six</a> in about 1884, and finally, the following year he surrendered here after his engagement at <a href="/wiki/Steele_Narrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Steele Narrows">Steele Narrows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Prince Albert blockhouse was employed by the North-West Mounted Police on evacuating from Fort Carlton after the first fire.<a href="#cite_note-AmericanForts-76">[76]</a> Duck Lake is home to the Duck Lake Historical Museum and the Duck Lake Regional Interpretive Centre, and murals that present the history of the conflict in the area. The Battle of Duck Lake, the Duck Lake Massacre, and a buffalo jump are all located here. The "First Shots Cairn" was erected on <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_212" title="Saskatchewan Highway 212">Saskatchewan Highway 212</a> as a landmark commemorating the scene of the first shots in the Battle of Duck Lake. Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine at St. Laurent north of Duck Lake is a local pilgrimage site.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_DuckLake_2006-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The Battle of Fish Creek National Historic Site, the name has been changed to Tourond's Coulee / Fish Creek National Historic Site to preserve the battlefield of April 24, 1885, at la coulée des Tourond, Madame Tourond's home, early Red River cart Fish Creek Trail and the site of Middleton's camp and graveyard.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frog_Lake_National_Historic_Site.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Frog_Lake_National_Historic_Site.JPG/220px-Frog_Lake_National_Historic_Site.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Frog_Lake_National_Historic_Site.JPG/330px-Frog_Lake_National_Historic_Site.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Frog_Lake_National_Historic_Site.JPG/440px-Frog_Lake_National_Historic_Site.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A cairn commemoriating the <a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog Lake massacre">Frog Lake massacre</a> is in the cemetery with the graves of those killed.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Marr_Residence" title="Marr Residence">Marr Residence</a> is a municipal heritage property of <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a> which served as a field hospital for wounded soldiers during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Fort Otter was constructed at Battleford's government house at the capital of the North-West Territories. Poundmaker was arrested at Fort Battleford and sentenced to a prison term. Eight First Nations men were hanged, five for murders in the Frog Lake Massacre, two for murders in the Battleford area, and one for the killing of a Mountie at Fort Pitt on April 15.<a href="#cite_note-Beal_Macleod_1984-42">[42]</a>: 332  Fort Battleford has been declared a national historic site of Canada to commemorate its role as military base of operations for Cut Knife Hill and Fort Pitt, as a refuge for 500 settlers, and as battlefield itself (the Siege of Battleford).<a href="#cite_note-AmericanForts-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(Saskatchewan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Pitt (Saskatchewan)">Fort Pitt</a>, the scene of the Battle of Fort Pitt, is a provincial park and national historic site where a National Historic Sites and Monuments plaque designates where Treaty Six was signed.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Frog Lake Massacre National Historic Site of Canada, at Frog Lake, Alberta, is the location of a Cree uprising that occurred in the District of Saskatchewan, North-West Territories.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Frenchman Butte, a national historic site of Canada, is the location of the 1885 battle between Cree and Canadian troops of Strange's Alberta Field Force.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Cut Knife Battlefield. Named after Chief Cut Knife of the Sarcee in an historic battle with the Cree. On 2nd May 1885, Lt. Col. W. D. Otter led 325 troops composed of North-West Mounted Police, "B" Battery, "C" Company, Foot Guards, Queen's Own and Battleford Rifles, against Cree and Assiniboine under Poundmaker and Fine Day. After an engagement of six hours, the troops retreated to Battleford." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">National Historic Sites and Monuments Board<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></cite> </div> At <a href="/wiki/Cutknife,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutknife, Saskatchewan">Cutknife</a> is the world's largest tomahawk, the Poundmaker Historical Centre and Big Bear monument/cairn erected by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. There is also now, correctly located, a cairn erected upon Cut Knife Hill, which is the viewing site of the Poundmaker Battle site and <a href="/wiki/Battle_River" title="Battle River">Battle River</a> valley.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The Narrows between Makwa Lake and Sanderson Bay, in the Makwa Lake Provincial Park, was the site of the last engagement of the conflict. Steele Narrows Provincial Historic Park conserves the lookout point of a Cree burial ground.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Fort Ethier, a two-story log blockhouse built by Strange's Alberta Field Force in its march north to Edmonton, still stands near Wetaskiwin.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=5180">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North-West_Rebellion_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North-West_Rebellion_Monument.jpg/170px-North-West_Rebellion_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North-West_Rebellion_Monument.jpg/255px-North-West_Rebellion_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North-West_Rebellion_Monument.jpg/340px-North-West_Rebellion_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The North-West Rebellion Memorial at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. The monument commemorates militiamen that served in the conflict.</figcaption></figure> The members of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Militia</a> are commemorated through a number of memorials in Canada, including the North-West Rebellion Monument in <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, and The Volunteer Monument in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, Manitoba. A statue for Wm. B. Osgoode and John Rogers, who fell in action at Cutknife Hill, also stands at the <a href="/wiki/Cartier_Square_Drill_Hall" title="Cartier Square Drill Hall">Cartier Square Drill Hall</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Silver_Morton" title="Arthur Silver Morton">Arthur Silver Morton</a>, who was the University of Saskatchewan's first librarian, compiled many of the original manuscripts, transcripts, and photographs related to the 1885 conflict that were made available in 1995 as part of project funded by Industry Canada in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_NWResistance_1995-101">[101]</a> Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/George_Stanley" title="George Stanley">George Stanley</a> conducted research on the 1885 conflict and Louis Riel in the 1930s while completing his postgraduate degrees at Oxford University, where he published his 1936 book The Birth of Western Canada: A History of The Riel Rebellion. For more than five decades Stanley's 1936 The Birth of Western Canada was reprinted and used as a textbook.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_1936_1992-15">[15]</a> Stanley's 1936 book and the 1972 book published by his student <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morton_(historian)" title="Desmond Morton (historian)">Desmond Morton</a>—The last war drum: the North West campaign of 1885<a href="#cite_note-Morton_1972-102">[102]</a> informed North-West Rebellion encyclopedia entries in the Canadian Encyclopedia and Encyclopedia Britannica.<a href="#cite_note-CAEncy_NWR_20210708-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-EncyBrit_2016-13">[13]</a> Stanley focused on the racial aspects of the rebellion. He demonstrated empathy with the plight of the Métis and First Nations, although in hindsight his work would now be described by many as both "racist and close-minded". Until the early 2000s, Stanley's served as the foundational textbook providing the accepted narrative on the events. The next major academic work to treat the "rebellion as a whole" since Stanley's, was the 1984 publication Prairie Fire: The 1885 North-West Rebellion by historian Bob Beal and journalist Rod Macleod.<a href="#cite_note-Beal_Macleod_1984-42">[42]</a> They downplayed the event as local with "no real legacy of bitterness in the West".<a href="#cite_note-Beal_Macleod_1984-42">[42]</a>: 11  They describe it as an incident during the white settlers' occupation of the North-West Territories and government's imposition of their laws on the indigenous population. On the centenary of the conflict, a conference entitled "1885 and After: Native Society in Transition" was held in May at the University of Saskatchewan. During the centenary, a number of articles and books were published on the topic including the five-volume The Collected Writings of Louis Riel by Stanley, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Huel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Huel (page does not exist)">Raymond Huel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Martel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilles Martel (page does not exist)">Gilles Martel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a>-based political scientist, Thomas Flanagan, and Flanagan's Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered.<a href="#cite_note-Flanagan_1985_2000-8">[8]</a> Flanagan spent much of his academic career focusing on issues related to the Métis and Louis Riel. Since the 1970s Tom Flanagan published numerous scholarly studies "debunking the heroism of Métis icon Louis Riel, arguing against native land claims, and calling for an end to aboriginal rights."<a href="#cite_note-FlanaganHarperWalrus-103">[103]</a> In his 1987 publication Footprints in the Dust, Douglas Light focused on the local history of the region incorporating Métis and First Nation perspectives on events including accounts of everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-Light_1989-104">[104]</a> This was described as a "valuable and distinctive contribution to rebellion historiography". At the University of Saskatchewan, Alan Anderson prepared a report on French Settlements in Saskatchewan that informed relevant content in the online Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan, published in 2006 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">University of Regina</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Plains_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Plains Research Center (page does not exist)">Canadian Plains Research Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc_sask_Fr_Metis_1985-25">[25]</a> J.R.Miller's 1989 Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens was described in a 2021 British Journal of Canadian Studies article as the "first overall survey of Aboriginal–newcomer history in Canada". Miller "consistently highlighted the Aboriginal perspective".<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_2000-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-BJCS_Battarbee_2021-106">[106]</a> By 2018, when the book was reprinted for the fourth time, the relationships between Indigenous peoples and settlers had evolved further driven by priorities, economic opportunities, collective action on the part of Indigenous communities, and changes in governments at the federal, provincial and territorial levels.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_2000-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-BJCS_Battarbee_2021-106">[106]</a> Miller says that early relations between Indigenous people and Euro-Canadian were characterized by a mutuality and collaboration, with each remaining autonomous, especially in trading relationships and as military allies. Miller says that this mutuality "held good for far longer than white historiography has tended to see.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_2000-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-BJCS_Battarbee_2021-106">[106]</a> The mutuality collapsed through competition for resources particularly as agricultural settlers arrived in increasing numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_2000-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-BJCS_Battarbee_2021-106">[106]</a> In his chapter on the rebellion, Miller says that the way histories about the conflict have been written are based on "a great deal of misunderstanding and myth-making" and that there was no Indian rebellion in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_2000-30">[30]</a>: 170  Lawrence J. Barkwell's 2005 book Batoche 1885: The Militia of the Metis Liberation Movement was his first publication of biographies of participants in the Métis resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Barkwell_2005-107">[107]</a> Barkwell is also the author of the 2011 305-page book Veterans and Families of the 1885 Northwest Resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Barkwell_2011-16">[16]</a> He updated his "1885 Northwest Resistance Movement Biographies" in 2018 which lists the men and women who participated in the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Barwell's research, which is published by the <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_Institute" title="Gabriel Dumont Institute">Gabriel Dumont Institute</a>—an affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">University of Regina</a>—"provides a more human face" to the 1885 Resistance."<a href="#cite_note-Barkwell_2011-16">[16]</a>: 1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stewart_Sterling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stewart Sterling (page does not exist)">Stewart Sterling</a>'s Red Trails (1935) depicted the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp</a> hero Eric Lewis, a Mountie of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">Royal Northwest Mounted Police</a>. He tries to keep "peace and order" during the North-West Rebellion, helped by Sergeant Tim Clone.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Mounted_Police_(film)" title="North West Mounted Police (film)">North West Mounted Police</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1940). The film is about a Texas Ranger who joins forces with the North-West Mounted Police to put down the rebellion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Buckskin Brigadier: The Story of the Alberta Field Force (1955), by <a href="/wiki/Edward_McCourt" title="Edward McCourt">Edward McCourt</a>. A historical novel about the men of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta_Field_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberta Field Force (page does not exist)">Alberta Field Force</a> and their experiances thoughout the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>The Magnificent Failure (1967) by <a href="/wiki/Giles_A._Lutz" title="Giles A. Lutz">Giles Lutz</a> is a historical novel of the North-West Rebellion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riel_(film)" title="Riel (film)">Riel</a>, Canadian made-for-TV film portraying both 1870 and 1885 rebellions, starring Christopher Plummer, William Shatner, Leslie Nielsen</li> <li>Lord of the Plains, by Albert Silver, c 1990, Ballantine Books. Spur Award Finalist. Focuses on Gabriel Dumont and his family.<a href="#cite_note-Silver_1990-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>The novel for young adults called Battle Cry at Batoche (1998), by <a href="/w/index.php?title=B._J._Bayle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. J. Bayle (page does not exist)">B. J. Bayle</a>, portrays the events of the North-West Resistance from a Métis point of view.<a href="#cite_note-Bayle_2008-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Song of Batoche, by Maia Caron (Ronsdale Press: 2017), a historical novel centered on the North-West Rebellion through the perspectives of Métis women, Gabriel Dumont, Louis Riel, and others involved.<a href="#cite_note-Canon_2017-113">[113]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/30px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/45px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Aboriginal_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of articles related to Aboriginal Canadians">Index of articles related to Aboriginal Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rebellion_statistics-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rebellion_statistics_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebellion_statistics_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebellion_statistics_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPanet,_Charles_Eugène1886" class="citation cs2">Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/1.html">Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament.</a>, Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105233027/http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/1.html">archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-05, retrieved 2014-04-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+upon+the+suppression+of+the+rebellion+in+the+North-West+Territories+and+matters+in+connection+therewith%2C+in+1885%3A+Presented+to+Parliament.&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Department+of+Militia+and+Defence&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Panet%2C+Charles+Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeel.library.ualberta.ca%2Fbibliography%2F1519%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvaney,_Charles_Pelham1885" class="citation cs2">Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1508/422.html">The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 (The Troops in the Field)</a>, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, p. 422, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105233026/http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1508/422.html">archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-05, retrieved 2014-04-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+North-West+Rebellion+of+1885+%28The+Troops+in+the+Field%29&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=A.H.+Hovey+%26+Co&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Mulvaney%2C+Charles+Pelham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeel.library.ualberta.ca%2Fbibliography%2F1508%2F422.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanet,_Charles_Eugène1886" class="citation cs2">Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/45.html">Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament</a>, Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, p. 20, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305032053/http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/45.html">archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-05, retrieved 2014-04-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+upon+the+suppression+of+the+rebellion+in+the+North-West+Territories+and+matters+in+connection+therewith%2C+in+1885%3A+Presented+to+Parliament&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Department+of+Militia+and+Defence&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Panet%2C+Charles+Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeel.library.ualberta.ca%2Fbibliography%2F1519%2F45.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanet,_Charles_Eugène1886" class="citation cs2">Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/15.html">Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament.</a>, Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009113854/http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/15.html">archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-09, retrieved 2014-04-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+upon+the+suppression+of+the+rebellion+in+the+North-West+Territories+and+matters+in+connection+therewith%2C+in+1885%3A+Presented+to+Parliament.&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Department+of+Militia+and+Defence&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Panet%2C+Charles+Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeel.library.ualberta.ca%2Fbibliography%2F1519%2F15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc_sask_FrogLake_2006-5"><a href="#cite_ref-encyc_sask_FrogLake_2006_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chaput2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John Chaput (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904160429/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/frog_lake_massacre.html">"Frog Lake Massacre"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. University of Regina and Canadian Plains Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/frog_lake_massacre.html">the original</a> on 4 September 2009. 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Canadian Plains Research Center University of Regina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/frog_lake_massacre.html">the original</a> on 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2009-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frog+Lake+Massacre&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Center+University+of+Regina&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Chaput&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesask.uregina.ca%2Fentry%2Ffrog_lake_massacre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211352/http://scaa.sk.ca/ourlegacy/solr?query=Place:%22Canada!!Saskatchewan!!Cut%20Knife%20Hill%22&mode=results">"Our Legacy"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sicc.sk.ca/saskindian/a02win15.htm">the original</a> on December 10, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saskatchewan+Indian+First+Nations+Periodical+Index+Search+Winter+2002+v.+31+n01+p.+15&rft.atitle=Everyone+Chuckled+%E2%80%93+A+Rebellion+Story+Taking+From+Keith+Davidson%27s+%22Looking+Back+Series%22&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sicc.sk.ca%2Fsaskindian%2Fa02win15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saskparks.net/">"Steele Narrows Provincial Park"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417060839/http://www.saskparks.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2014-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steele+Narrows+Provincial+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saskparks.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saskbiz.ca/communityprofiles/CommunityProfile.Asp?CommunityID=598">"Makwa"</a>. Sasl Biz community profiles. Enterprise Saskatchewan Government of Saskatchewan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423232119/http://www.saskbiz.ca/communityprofiles/CommunityProfile.Asp?CommunityID=598">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2009-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sasl+Biz+community+profiles&rft.atitle=Makwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saskbiz.ca%2Fcommunityprofiles%2FCommunityProfile.Asp%3FCommunityID%3D598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc_sask_NWResistance_1995-101"><a href="#cite_ref-encyc_sask_NWResistance_1995_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.usask.ca/northwest/contents.html">"The Northwest Resistance: A database of materials held by the University of Saskatchewan Libraries and the University Archives"</a>. University of Saskatchewan. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906014948/https://library.usask.ca/northwest/contents.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Saskatchewan&rft.atitle=The+Northwest+Resistance%3A+A+database+of+materials+held+by+the+University+of+Saskatchewan+Libraries+and+the+University+Archives&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.usask.ca%2Fnorthwest%2Fcontents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton_1972-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1972_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1972" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Desmond (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastwardrumnorth0000mort">The last war drum: the North West campaign of 1885</a>. Toronto: Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88866-512-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88866-512-1"><bdi>0-88866-512-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+war+drum%3A+the+North+West+campaign+of+1885&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-88866-512-1&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastwardrumnorth0000mort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlanaganHarperWalrus-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FlanaganHarperWalrus_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarci_McDonald2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marci McDonald (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewalrus.ca/the-man-behind-stephen-harper/?ref=the-man-behind-stephen-harper-tom-flanagan&page=">"The Man Behind Stephen Harper"</a>. Walrus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202134/http://thewalrus.ca/the-man-behind-stephen-harper/?ref=the-man-behind-stephen-harper-tom-flanagan">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2013-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Walrus&rft.atitle=The+Man+Behind+Stephen+Harper&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=Marci+McDonald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthewalrus.ca%2Fthe-man-behind-stephen-harper%2F%3Fref%3Dthe-man-behind-stephen-harper-tom-flanagan%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Light_1989-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Light_1989_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight1989" class="citation book cs1">Light, Douglas W. (1 June 1989). Footprints in the Dust. North Battleford, Canada: Turner Warwick Pubns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919899-16-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919899-16-2"><bdi>978-0-919899-16-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Footprints+in+the+Dust&rft.place=North+Battleford%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Turner+Warwick+Pubns&rft.date=1989-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-919899-16-2&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation report cs1">Anderson, Alan B. French Settlements in Saskatchewan: Historical and Demographic Perspectives. University of Saskatchewan (Report). Research Unit for French-Canadian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=French+Settlements+in+Saskatchewan%3A+Historical+and+Demographic+Perspectives&rft.series=Research+Unit+for+French-Canadian+Studies&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Alan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BJCS_Battarbee_2021-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BJCS_Battarbee_2021_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BJCS_Battarbee_2021_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BJCS_Battarbee_2021_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BJCS_Battarbee_2021_106-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattarbee2021" class="citation journal cs1">Battarbee, Keith (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/785351">"Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A History of Native–Newcomer Relations in Canada by J.R. Miller (review)"</a>. British Journal of Canadian Studies. 33 (1): 124. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-8078">1757-8078</a>. Retrieved 6 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=Skyscrapers+Hide+the+Heavens%3A+A+History+of+Native%E2%80%93Newcomer+Relations+in+Canada+by+J.R.+Miller+%28review%29&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1757-8078&rft.aulast=Battarbee&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F785351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barkwell_2005-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Barkwell_2005_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkwell2005" class="citation cs2">Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2005), Batoche 1885: The Militia of the Metis Liberation Movement, Winnipeg: Manitoba Metis Federation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9683493-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9683493-3-1"><bdi>0-9683493-3-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batoche+1885%3A+The+Militia+of+the+Metis+Liberation+Movement&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=Manitoba+Metis+Federation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9683493-3-1&rft.aulast=Barkwell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027131214/http://www.geocities.com/jjnevins/pulpsl.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20091027131214/http://www.geocities.com/jjnevins/pulpsl.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biblioguides.com/pub/book/buckskin-brigadier-the-story-of-the-alberta-field-force-in-1885-1955">https://www.biblioguides.com/pub/book/buckskin-brigadier-the-story-of-the-alberta-field-force-in-1885-1955</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silver_1990-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Silver_1990_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver1990" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Alfred (17 March 1990). Lord of the Plains (1 ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-35600-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-35600-0"><bdi>978-0-345-35600-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+of+the+Plains&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=406&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1990-03-17&rft.isbn=978-0-345-35600-0&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-35600-0">"review of Lord of the Plains by Alfred Silver"</a>. Publishers Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511134110/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-35600-0">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-11. Retrieved 2021-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=review+of+Lord+of+the+Plains+by+Alfred+Silver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-0-345-35600-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayle_2008-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Bayle_2008_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayle2008" class="citation book cs1">Bayle, B. J. (19 February 2008). Battle Cry at Batoche. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-717-4"><bdi>978-1-55002-717-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+at+Batoche&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2008-02-19&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-717-4&rft.aulast=Bayle&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canon_2017-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Canon_2017_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaron2017" class="citation book cs1">Caron, Maia (September 2017). Song of Batoche. Vancouver, British Columbia: Ronsdale Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55380-499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55380-499-4"><bdi>978-1-55380-499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Song+of+Batoche&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Ronsdale+Press&rft.date=2017-09&rft.isbn=978-1-55380-499-4&rft.aulast=Caron&rft.aufirst=Maia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel#Further_reading" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkwell2011" class="citation book cs1">Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/149693.Veterans%20and%20Families%20of%201885%20Low-Res%20(Oct%202017%20Version).pdf">Veterans and Families of the 1885 Northwest Resistance</a> (PDF). Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926795-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926795-03-4"><bdi>978-1-926795-03-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017045450/https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/149693.Veterans%20and%20Families%20of%201885%20Low-Res%20(Oct%202017%20Version).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2022-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterans+and+Families+of+the+1885+Northwest+Resistance&rft.place=Saskatoon&rft.pub=Gabriel+Dumont+Institute&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-926795-03-4&rft.aulast=Barkwell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metismuseum.ca%2Fmedia%2Fdocument.php%2F149693.Veterans%2520and%2520Families%2520of%25201885%2520Low-Res%2520%28Oct%25202017%2520Version%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkwell2005" class="citation cs2">Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2005), Batoche 1885: The Militia of the Metis Liberation Movement, Winnipeg: Manitoba Metis Federation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9683493-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9683493-3-1"><bdi>0-9683493-3-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batoche+1885%3A+The+Militia+of+the+Metis+Liberation+Movement&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=Manitoba+Metis+Federation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9683493-3-1&rft.aulast=Barkwell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Barrett, Matthew. "'Hero of the Half-Breed Rebellion': Gabriel Dumont and Late Victorian Military Masculinity." Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes 48#3 (2014): 79–107.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealMacleod1984" class="citation cs2">Beal, Bob & Macleod, Rod (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJgMAAAACAAJ">Prairie Fire: The 1885 North-West Rebellion</a>, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1109-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1109-2"><bdi>978-0-7710-1109-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prairie+Fire%3A+The+1885+North-West+Rebellion&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-1109-2&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Macleod%2C+Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJgMAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2000" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, Thomas (2000) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4u4RGj742v0C">Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered</a> (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4708-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4708-4"><bdi>0-8020-4708-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riel+and+the+Rebellion%3A+1885+Reconsidered&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8020-4708-4&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4u4RGj742v0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvany1886" class="citation book cs1">Mulvany, Charles Pelham (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0-Rd0Y1Q8oC">The History of the North-west Rebellion of 1885</a>. Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+North-west+Rebellion+of+1885&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=A.H.+Hovey+%26+Co.&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Mulvany&rft.aufirst=Charles+Pelham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0-Rd0Y1Q8oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1972" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Desmond (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastwardrumnorth0000mort">The last war drum: the North West campaign of 1885</a>. Toronto: Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88866-512-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88866-512-1"><bdi>0-88866-512-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+war+drum%3A+the+North+West+campaign+of+1885&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-88866-512-1&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastwardrumnorth0000mort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988">, military history</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonechildWaiser1997" class="citation book cs1">Stonechild, Blair & Waiser, Bill (1997). Loyal Till Death: Indians and the North-West Rebellion. Calgary: Fifth House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895618-88-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-895618-88-6"><bdi>1-895618-88-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loyal+Till+Death%3A+Indians+and+the+North-West+Rebellion&rft.place=Calgary&rft.pub=Fifth+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-895618-88-6&rft.aulast=Stonechild&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft.au=Waiser%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThistle2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thistle, Jesse (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpsj.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hpsj/article/download/39584/35870">"The 1885 Northwest Resistance: Causes to the Conflict"</a>. HPS History and Political Science Journal. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190653/http://hpsj.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hpsj/article/download/39584/35870">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2015-11-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HPS+History+and+Political+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=The+1885+Northwest+Resistance%3A+Causes+to+the+Conflict&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Thistle&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpsj.journals.yorku.ca%2Findex.php%2Fhpsj%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F39584%2F35870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wade, Mason. The French Canadians; 1760–1967: vol 2: 1911–1967 (1968) pp 393–446 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1220649/the-french-canadians-1760-1945">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117185336/https://www.questia.com/library/1220649/the-french-canadians-1760-1945">Archived</a> 2015-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Waite, Peter B. Canada 1874–1896 (McClelland & Stewart, 1978), pp. 146–174</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dick, Lyle (Autumn 2004). "Nationalism and Visual Media in Canada: The Case of Thomas Scott's Execution". Manitoba History (48): 2–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manitoba+History&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+Visual+Media+in+Canada%3A+The+Case+of+Thomas+Scott%27s+Execution&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=2-18&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101062400/http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=22&sid=4864117c-8199-4f9d-a176-4014f2489306%40sessionmgr114&hid=117&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=15375040&db=ahl">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Douglas_FrancisRichard_JonesDonald_B._Smith2009" class="citation book cs1">R. Douglas Francis; Richard Jones; Donald B. Smith (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&pg=PA306">Journeys: A History of Canada</a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 306–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0176442446" title="Special:BookSources/978-0176442446"><bdi>978-0176442446</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303165058/https://books.google.com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&pg=PA306">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-03. Retrieved 2015-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys%3A+A+History+of+Canada&rft.pages=306-307&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0176442446&rft.au=R.+Douglas+Francis&rft.au=Richard+Jones&rft.au=Donald+B.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbbZRIOKclsC%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988">, short summary of historians' views</li> <li>Lee, David. "The Metis militant rebels of 1885." Canadian Ethnic Studies/ Etudes Ethniques au Canada (1989) 21#3 pp 1+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/openview/67671940cc0c6393b38f18fb178da9a5/1?pq-origsite=gscholar">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102110120/http://search.proquest.com/openview/67671940cc0c6393b38f18fb178da9a5/1?pq-origsite=gscholar">Archived</a> 2016-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Miller, J. R. "From Riel to the Metis." Canadian Historical Review 69#1 (1988): 1–20</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Rodger_Miller,_"From_Riel_to_the_Métis"2004" class="citation book cs1">James Rodger Miller, "From Riel to the Métis" (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reflectionsonnat0000mill">Reflections on Native-newcomer Relations: Selected Essays</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reflectionsonnat0000mill/page/37">37</a>–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Native-newcomer+Relations%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pages=37-60&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=James+Rodger+Miller%2C+%22From+Riel+to+the+M%C3%A9tis%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freflectionsonnat0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988">, historiography</li> <li>Morton, Desmond. "Image of Louis Riel in 1998," Canadian Speeches (May 1998) 12#2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/article/1G1-30185354/image-of-louis-riel-in-1998">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101062400/https://www.questia.com/article/1G1-30185354/image-of-louis-riel-in-1998">Archived</a> 2016-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidLongCarrasco2008" class="citation cs2">Reid, Jennifer; Long, Charles & Carrasco, David (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgJwXcKKK4oC">Louis Riel and the Creation of Modern Canada: Mythic Discourse and the Postcolonial State</a>, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4415-1"><bdi>978-0-8263-4415-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303165054/https://books.google.com/books?id=hgJwXcKKK4oC">archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-03, retrieved 2015-11-17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Riel+and+the+Creation+of+Modern+Canada%3A+Mythic+Discourse+and+the+Postcolonial+State&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-4415-1&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Long%2C+Charles&rft.au=Carrasco%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgJwXcKKK4oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprague,_D.N.1988" class="citation book cs1">Sprague, D.N. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0BnHT9zHYIC&pg=PA173">Canada and the Métis, 1869–1885</a>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889209589" title="Special:BookSources/9780889209589"><bdi>9780889209589</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303165235/https://books.google.com/books?id=D0BnHT9zHYIC&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-03. Retrieved 2015-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+M%C3%A9tis%2C+1869%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780889209589&rft.au=Sprague%2C+D.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0BnHT9zHYIC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stanley, George F.G. Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel? Canadian Historical Association Booklet No. 2 (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506211632/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/008004/f2/H-2_en.pdf">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North-West_Rebellion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North-West_Rebellion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/11980">(Métis) Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of those Killed.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108001032/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/north-west_resistance.html">"North-west Resistance"</a>. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">University of Regina</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/north-west_resistance.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North-west+Resistance&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Saskatchewan&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Regina&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesask.uregina.ca%2Fentry%2Fnorth-west_resistance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth-West+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadianletters.ca/collections/all/collection/20470">Diary of Walter F. Stewart, a first hand account of a man who was there</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/51C276D2-1560-95DA-430F6CC3E32921701.pdf">Map of Battle Sites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.usask.ca/northwest/background/chronol.htm">Chronology of Events (The Northwest Resistance)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;Metis_Flag_Métis_people_24px&#124;Metis_Flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metis" title="Template:Metis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metis" title="Template talk:Metis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;Metis_Flag_Métis_people_24px&#124;Metis_Flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Blue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metis Flag"><img alt="Metis Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/24px-Metis_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/36px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Metis_Blue.svg/48px-Metis_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> people <a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metis Flag"><img alt="Metis Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/24px-Metis_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/36px-Metis_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Metis_Red.svg/48px-Metis_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_British_Columbia" title="Métis Nation British Columbia">Métis Nation British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_of_Alberta" title="Métis Nation of Alberta">Métis Nation of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation%E2%80%94Saskatchewan" title="Métis Nation—Saskatchewan">Métis Nation—Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Nation_of_Ontario" title="Métis Nation of Ontario">Métis Nation of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_M%C3%A9tis_Federation" title="Manitoba Métis Federation">Manitoba Métis Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory_M%C3%A9tis_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Territory Métis Nation (page does not exist)">Northwest Territory Métis Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians">Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis Settlements General Council</a> (Alberta)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia" title="Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia">Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia</a> (1870) (Red River Colony)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_St._Laurent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of St. Laurent (page does not exist)">Council of St. Laurent</a> (1873–1878) (Southbranch Settlement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exovedate" title="Exovedate">Exovedate</a> (1885) (Southbranch Settlement)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_National_Council" title="Métis National Council">Métis National Council</a> (Canada-wide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Slave_M%C3%A9tis_Alliance" title="North Slave Métis Alliance">North Slave Métis Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a> (Canada-wide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_M%C3%A9tis_Federation" title="Alberta Métis Federation">Alberta Métis Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_M%C3%A9tis_Community_Association" title="Vancouver Métis Community Association">Vancouver Métis Community Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_nationale_m%C3%A9tisse_Saint-Joseph_du_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba (page does not exist)">Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Indian trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Indian_trade" title="Scottish Indian trade">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%27%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage 'à la façon du pays'">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_Proclamation" title="Pemmican Proclamation">Pemmican Proclamation</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks" title="Battle of Seven Oaks">Battle of Seven Oaks</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Committee_of_the_M%C3%A9tis" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Committee of the Métis">The National Committee of the Métis</a> (est. 1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> (1869–1870)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North-West Rebellion</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbranch_Settlement" title="Southbranch Settlement">Southbranch Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breed_Tract" title="Half-Breed Tract">Half-Breed Tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation" title="Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation">Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v._Powley" class="mw-redirect" title="R v. Powley">Powley ruling</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniels_v_Canada_(Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development)" title="Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)">Daniels ruling</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Canadian Métis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">in Alberta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">US Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Anglo-Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9s" title="Bois-Brûlés">Bois-Brûlés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C3%A9tis_people" title="List of Métis people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_Population_Betterment_Act" title="Métis Population Betterment Act">Métis Population Betterment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta#Métis_settlements" title="List of communities in Alberta">List of settlements in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metis_Child_and_Family_Services_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metis Child and Family Services Society (page does not exist)">Metis Child and Family Services Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_Institute" title="Gabriel Dumont Institute">Gabriel Dumont Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivernants" title="Hivernants">Hivernants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_flag" title="Métis flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_buffalo_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis buffalo hunt">Métis buffalo hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Jig" title="Red River Jig">Red River Jig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_military_history" title="Template talk:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Canadian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="History of the Canadian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">Colonial militia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Crown and Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">New France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">Ango-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">French Revolutionary Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North-West Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War#Canada" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_I" title="Canada in World War I">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mobile" title="Operation Mobile">Intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Impact" title="Operation Impact">Intervention against ISIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Canada and the American Civil War">Canada and the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Canada and the Iraq War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_military_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian military history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations" title="List of Canadian military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Internment Camps WWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Internment Camps WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Canada" title="Category:Military history of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1506788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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