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title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img 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class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Vulkaan" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Vulkaan" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Vulkaan" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Vulkaan" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaattektoniek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaattektoniek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Plaattektoniek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plaattektoniek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Plaattektoniek subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plaattektoniek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grense_tussen_divergente_plate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grense_tussen_divergente_plate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grense tussen divergente plate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grense_tussen_divergente_plate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grense_tussen_konvergente_plate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grense_tussen_konvergente_plate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Grense tussen konvergente plate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grense_tussen_konvergente_plate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warm_kolle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warm_kolle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Warm kolle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warm_kolle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontinentale_skeure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontinentale_skeure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kontinentale skeure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontinentale_skeure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soorte_vulkane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soorte_vulkane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Soorte vulkane</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soorte_vulkane-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Soorte vulkane subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soorte_vulkane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skeuropeninge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeuropeninge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Skeuropeninge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeuropeninge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skildvulkane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skildvulkane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Skildvulkane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skildvulkane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawakoepels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawakoepels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lawakoepels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawakoepels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kriptokoepels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kriptokoepels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kriptokoepels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kriptokoepels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintelkeëls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintelkeëls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sintelkeëls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintelkeëls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratovulkane_(saamgestelde_vulkane)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratovulkane_(saamgestelde_vulkane)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Stratovulkane (saamgestelde vulkane)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratovulkane_(saamgestelde_vulkane)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supervulkane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supervulkane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Supervulkane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supervulkane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ondersese_vulkane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ondersese_vulkane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Ondersese vulkane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ondersese_vulkane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subglasiale_vulkane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subglasiale_vulkane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Subglasiale vulkane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subglasiale_vulkane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moddervulkane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moddervulkane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Moddervulkane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moddervulkane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uitgeworpe_materiaal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uitgeworpe_materiaal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uitgeworpe materiaal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uitgeworpe_materiaal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Uitgeworpe materiaal subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uitgeworpe_materiaal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vulkaangasse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulkaangasse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vulkaangasse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulkaangasse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawastrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawastrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lawastrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawastrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tefra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tefra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tefra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tefra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soorte_vulkaanuitbarstings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soorte_vulkaanuitbarstings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Soorte vulkaanuitbarstings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soorte_vulkaanuitbarstings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Soorte vulkaanuitbarstings subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soorte_vulkaanuitbarstings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magmatiese_uitbarstings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magmatiese_uitbarstings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Magmatiese uitbarstings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magmatiese_uitbarstings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freatomagmatiese_uitbarstings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freatomagmatiese_uitbarstings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Freatomagmatiese uitbarstings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freatomagmatiese_uitbarstings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freatiese_uitbarstings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freatiese_uitbarstings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Freatiese uitbarstings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freatiese_uitbarstings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulkaanaktiwiteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulkaanaktiwiteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vulkaanaktiwiteit</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vulkaanaktiwiteit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Vulkaanaktiwiteit subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vulkaanaktiwiteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aktief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aktief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Aktief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aktief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rustend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rustend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Rustend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rustend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uitgedoof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uitgedoof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Uitgedoof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uitgedoof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulkaanwaarskuwingsvlak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulkaanwaarskuwingsvlak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Vulkaanwaarskuwingsvlak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulkaanwaarskuwingsvlak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dekadevulkane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dekadevulkane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dekadevulkane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dekadevulkane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulkane_en_die_mens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulkane_en_die_mens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vulkane en die mens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vulkane_en_die_mens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Vulkane en die mens subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vulkane_en_die_mens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gevare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gevare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Gevare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gevare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voordele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voordele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Voordele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voordele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulkane_op_ander_hemelliggame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulkane_op_ander_hemelliggame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vulkane op ander hemelliggame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulkane_op_ander_hemelliggame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nog_leesstof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nog_leesstof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Nog leesstof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nog_leesstof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vulkaan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 196 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-196" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">196 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B3%E1%89%B0_%E1%8C%88%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AB" title="እሳተ ገሞራ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እሳተ ገሞራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C8%B3rbeorg" title="Fȳrbeorg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fȳrbeorg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Dlikano" title="Vọlikano – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Vọlikano" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بركان – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بركان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="بركان (جيولوجيا) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بركان (جيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بركان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بركان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="আগ্নেয়গিৰি – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আগ্নেয়গিৰি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="یانارداغ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یانارداغ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuikan" title="Vuikan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vuikan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogn%C4%97kalnis" title="Ognėkalnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ognėkalnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулькан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вулькан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkeno" title="Volkeno – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Volkeno" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="আগ্নেয়গিরি – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগ্নেয়গিরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མེ་རི། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེ་རི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menez-tan" title="Menez-tan – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menez-tan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Галта уула – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Галта уула" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A0" title="Volcà – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volcà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="ТӀаплам – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ТӀаплам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گڕکان – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گڕکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanu" title="Volcanu – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Volcanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopka" title="Sopka – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sopka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B9lkan" title="Wùlkan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wùlkan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Вулкан (геологи) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вулкан (геологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llosgfynydd" title="Llosgfynydd – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llosgfynydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyo_volkanik" title="Koyo volkanik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Koyo volkanik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηφαίστειο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηφαίστειο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Volcano" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkano" title="Vulkano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vulkano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumendi" title="Sumendi – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumendi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آتشفشان – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتشفشان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulivuori" title="Tulivuori – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulivuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul%C3%B5m%C3%A4gi" title="Tulõmägi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tulõmägi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosfj%C3%B8ll" title="Gosfjøll – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gosfjøll" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkaan" title="Wulkaan – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulkaan" title="Fulkaan – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fulkaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolc%C3%A1n" title="Bolcán – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bolcán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn-theine" title="Beinn-theine – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beinn-theine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyrata" title="Yvyrata – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyrata" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%80" title="જ્વાળામુખી – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્વાળામુખી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcaan" title="Volcaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Volcaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutsen_Volcano" title="Dutsen Volcano – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dutsen Volcano" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3-s%C3%A2n" title="Fó-sân – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fó-sân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A9" title="הר געש – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הר געש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwala_mukhi" title="Jwala mukhi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jwala mukhi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2lkan" title="Vòlkan – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vòlkan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B1zh%C3%A1ny%C3%B3" title="Tűzhányó – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tűzhányó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Հրաբուխ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրաբուխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Հրաբուխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հրաբուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vulcano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung berapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%A1%C4%A1isuaq" title="Iġġisuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iġġisuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkano" title="Volkano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Volkano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldst%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Eldstöð – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldstöð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vulcano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkieno" title="Volkieno – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Volkieno" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_geni" title="Gunung geni – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gunung geni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვულკანი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვულკანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Къэбэкъауэ – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэбэкъауэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bt%C9%9B%C9%9B_mi%C5%8B" title="Tɛtɛɛ miŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛtɛɛ miŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndumb%C4%A9r%C4%A9" title="Ndumbĩrĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ndumbĩrĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Жанартау – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жанартау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqqaq_innermik_anitsisartut" title="Qaqqaq innermik anitsisartut – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Qaqqaq innermik anitsisartut" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%84" title="ភ្នំភ្លើង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភ្នំភ្លើង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜ್ವಾಲಾಮುಖಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜ್ವಾಲಾಮುಖಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0" title="화산 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkahn" title="Vulkahn – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Vulkahn" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Жанар тоо – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жанар тоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_ignifer" title="Mons ignifer – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons ignifer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вулкан (геология) – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вулкан (геология)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekipuluko" title="Ekipuluko – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekipuluko" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulc%C3%A0n" title="Vulcàn – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vulcàn" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3mb%C3%A1-m%C9%94%CC%8Ct%C9%94" title="Ngómbá-mɔ̌tɔ – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngómbá-mɔ̌tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ພູເຂົາໄຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພູເຂົາໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnikalnis" title="Ugnikalnis – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ugnikalnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulk%C4%81ns" title="Vulkāns – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vulkāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Gunung berapi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вулканць – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вулканць" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkano" title="Volkano – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volkano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunuang_api" title="Gunuang api – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gunuang api" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അഗ്നിപർവ്വതം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഗ്നിപർവ്വതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Галт уул – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галт уул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunung berapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulcon" title="Bulcon – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bulcon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မီးတောင် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီးတောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="تش فشون – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تش فشون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tletepetl" title="Tletepetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tletepetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurcano" title="Vurcano – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vurcano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गुँजला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुँजला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montangne_d%C3%A9_feu" title="Montangne dé feu – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Montangne dé feu" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulim%C3%A4gi" title="Tulimägi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tulimägi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkaana" title="Burkaana – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burkaana" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80" title="ਜੁਆਲਾਮੁਖੀ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੁਆਲਾਮੁਖੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkan" title="Wulkan – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wulkan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتش فشاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آتش فشاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اورشيندی – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورشيندی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulc%C3%A3o" title="Vulcão – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vulcão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariq" title="Ariq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ariq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanu" title="Vulcanu – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vulcanu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibirunga_byu_Rwanda" title="Ibirunga byu Rwanda – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibirunga byu Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83" title="अग्निपर्वतः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अग्निपर्वतः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Булкаан – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Булкаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanu" title="Vulcanu – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vulcanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurcanu_(giolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Vurcanu (gioluggìa) – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vurcanu (gioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanae" title="Volcanae – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Volcanae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آتش فشان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آتش فشان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollav%C3%A1rri" title="Dollavárri – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Dollavárri" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94" title="ගිනි කඳු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගිනි කඳු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Volcano" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopka" title="Sopka – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sopka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتش فشاں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آتش فشاں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ognjenik" title="Ognjenik – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ognjenik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikwatamabwe" title="Chikwatamabwe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chikwatamabwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkaano" title="Folkaano – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Folkaano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vullkani" title="Vullkani – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vullkani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkeno" title="Volkeno – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Volkeno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="எரிமலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிமலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="అగ్నిపర్వతం – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అగ్నిపర్వతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оташфишон – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оташфишон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ภูเขาไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูเขาไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkan" title="Wulkan – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wulkan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanarda%C4%9F" title="Yanardağ – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yanardağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Оттуг даг – Tuvinees" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Оттуг даг" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="يانار تاغ – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يانار تاغ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتش فشاں – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آتش فشاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulqon" title="Vulqon – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vulqon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4moim%C3%A4gi" title="Lämoimägi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lämoimägi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_l%E1%BB%ADa" title="Núi lửa – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi lửa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkoan" title="Vulkoan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vulkoan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaba-mlilo" title="Intaba-mlilo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Intaba-mlilo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვულკანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვულკანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9F" title="וואולקאן – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואולקאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A9-soa%E2%81%BF" title="Hoé-soaⁿ – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoé-soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8072#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Vulkaan" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vulkaan"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vulkaan"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Vulkaan" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Vulkaan" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&oldid=2671530" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Vulkaan&id=2671530&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVulkaan"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVulkaan"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Vulkaan"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vulkaan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volcano" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8072" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MtCleveland_ISS013-E-24184.jpg/220px-MtCleveland_ISS013-E-24184.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MtCleveland_ISS013-E-24184.jpg/330px-MtCleveland_ISS013-E-24184.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MtCleveland_ISS013-E-24184.jpg/440px-MtCleveland_ISS013-E-24184.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Die Cleveland-vulkaan op die <a href="/wiki/Aleoetiese_Eilande" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleoetiese Eilande">Aleoetiese Eilande</a> van <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, afgeneem uit die <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Ruimtestasie" title="Internasionale Ruimtestasie">Internasionale Ruimtestasie</a> (Mei 2006).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pinatubo_ash_plume_910612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pinatubo_ash_plume_910612.jpg/220px-Pinatubo_ash_plume_910612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pinatubo_ash_plume_910612.jpg/330px-Pinatubo_ash_plume_910612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pinatubo_ash_plume_910612.jpg/440px-Pinatubo_ash_plume_910612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Aspluime tot 19 km hoog tydens die uitbarsting van die berg Pinatubo in die <a href="/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne">Filippyne</a> (1991).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right cx-highlight" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:04Sep2007_Etna_from_SE_Crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/04Sep2007_Etna_from_SE_Crater.jpg/220px-04Sep2007_Etna_from_SE_Crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/04Sep2007_Etna_from_SE_Crater.jpg/330px-04Sep2007_Etna_from_SE_Crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/04Sep2007_Etna_from_SE_Crater.jpg/440px-04Sep2007_Etna_from_SE_Crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Die uitbarsting in 2007 van die <a href="/wiki/Berg_Etna" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg Etna">berg Etna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Shasta_from_the_plane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shasta_from_the_plane.jpg/220px-Shasta_from_the_plane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shasta_from_the_plane.jpg/330px-Shasta_from_the_plane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shasta_from_the_plane.jpg/440px-Shasta_from_the_plane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">berg Shasta</a>, 'n potensieel aktiewe <a href="/wiki/Stratovulkaan" title="Stratovulkaan">stratovulkaan</a> in Noord-<a href="/wiki/Kaliforni%C3%AB" title="Kalifornië">Kalifornië</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/220px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/330px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/440px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="2510" /></a><figcaption>'n Kaart wat die grense van divergente plate (oseaniese skeure) toon, asook onlangse vulkane op die aardoppervlak (meestal by konvergente grense).</figcaption></figure> <p>'n <b>Vulkaan</b> is 'n skeuring in die <a href="/wiki/Kors_(geologie)" title="Kors (geologie)">kors</a> van 'n <a href="/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet">planeet</a> soos die <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">Aarde</a> wat toelaat dat warm <a href="/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa">lawa</a>, vulkaniese as en gasse uit 'n magmakamer onder die oppervlak ontsnap. </p><p>Vulkane op die Aarde bars uit omdat die <a href="/wiki/Aardkors" title="Aardkors">kors</a> in 'n paar groot, rigiede en verskeie kleiner <a href="/wiki/Plaattektoniek" title="Plaattektoniek">tektoniese plate</a> verdeel is wat op 'n warmer, sagter laag (die <a href="/wiki/Aardmantel" title="Aardmantel">aardmantel</a>) dryf.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die aarde se vulkane vorm oor die algemeen waar tektoniese plate na mekaar beweeg (konvergent) of weg van mekaar beweeg (divergent). Die meeste is onderwater. 'n Rif in die middel van 'n oseaan, soos die <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantiese_Rug" title="Mid-Atlantiese Rug">Mid-Atlantiese Rug</a>, vorm byvoorbeeld as gevolg van divergente plate, terwyl die <a href="/wiki/Ring_van_Vuur" title="Ring van Vuur">Ring van Vuur</a> se vulkane gevorm word deur konvergente plate. </p><p>Vulkane kan ook vorm waar die aardkors se plate gerek en dus verdun word, soos met die <a href="/wiki/Oos-Afrikaanse_Skeur" title="Oos-Afrikaanse Skeur">Oos-Afrikaanse Skeur</a>. Vulkanisme op ander plekke as by plaatgrense word vermoedelik veroorsaak deur opstotende magma vanaf die grens tussen die Aarde se mantel en <a href="/wiki/Aardkern" title="Aardkern">kern</a>, 3 000 km onder die oppervlak. Dit veroorsaak warmkolvulkanisme, waarvan die <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaise</a> <a href="/wiki/Warm_kol_(geologie)" title="Warm kol (geologie)">warm kol</a> 'n voorbeeld is. Vulkane vorm gewoonlik nie waar twee tektoniese plate verby mekaar skuif nie. </p><p>Groot vulkaanuitbarstings kan die <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeer" title="Atmosfeer">atmosferiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> beïnvloed wanneer as en druppels <a href="/wiki/Swawelsuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Swawelsuur">swaelsuur</a> die <a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a> verduister en die Aarde se <a href="/wiki/Troposfeer" title="Troposfeer">troposfeer</a> afkoel. Dit absorbeer ook die hitte wat van die Aarde af uitgestraal word en verhit die <a href="/wiki/Stratosfeer" title="Stratosfeer">stratosfeer</a>. Groot uitbarstings word soms gevolg deur <a href="/wiki/Vulkaanwinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkaanwinter">vulkaanwinters</a>, wat al rampspoedige <a href="/wiki/Hongersnood" title="Hongersnood">hongersnood</a> veroorsaak het. </p><p>Ander gevolge is vir onder meer <a href="/wiki/Lugvaart" title="Lugvaart">lugvaart</a>, wanneer die as dit moeilik of onmoontlik vir vliegtuie maak om te vlieg. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die woord "vulkaan" is afgelei van die naam Vulcano, 'n vulkaniese eiland in die Eoliese Eilande van <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>, wat die naam gekry het van <a href="/wiki/Vulcanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanus">Vulcanus</a>, die god van vuur uit die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_mitologie" title="Romeinse mitologie">Romeinse mitologie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die studie van vulkane word vulkanologie genoem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plaattektoniek">Plaattektoniek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Plaattektoniek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Plaattektoniek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volgens die teorie van <a href="/wiki/Plaattektoniek" title="Plaattektoniek">plaattektoniek</a> is die Aarde se harde buitenste <a href="/wiki/Aardkors" title="Aardkors">kors</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Litosfeer" title="Litosfeer">litosfeer</a>, opgedeel in 'n paar groot en verskeie kleiner plate. Hulle beweeg geleidelik vanweë die <a href="/wiki/Konveksie" title="Konveksie">konveksie</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Aardmantel" title="Aardmantel">aardmantel</a> onder die kors. Die meeste vulkaniese aktiwiteit op Aarde vind plaas al met dié plaatgrense langs waar plate van mekaar wegbeweeg of divergeer (en nuwe litosfeer geskep word), of na mekaar toe beweeg of konvergeer (en litosfeer vernietig word).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grense_tussen_divergente_plate">Grense tussen divergente plate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Grense tussen divergente plate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Grense tussen divergente plate"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By die <a href="/wiki/Mid-oseaanriwwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-oseaanriwwe">mid-oseaanriwwe</a> divergeer twee tektoniese plate van mekaar terwyl warm mantelrots opwaarts kruip tussen die verdunde oseaankors in. Die afname van <a href="/wiki/Druk" title="Druk">druk</a> in die stygende mantelrots lei tot <a href="/wiki/Adiabaties" title="Adiabaties">adiabatiese</a> uitsetting en die gedeeltelike smelting van die rots, en dit veroorsaak vulkanisme en skep nuwe oseaankors. </p><p>Die meeste grense tussen divergente plate lê op die bodem van die oseane, en daarom vind die grootste vulkaniese aktiwiteit op Aarde onder die water plaas. <a href="/wiki/Rookgat" title="Rookgat">Swart rookgate</a> is bewys van dié soort vulkaniese aktiwiteit. Wanneer die mid-oseaanrif bo die seevlak is, word vulkaaneilande gevorm, soos <a href="/wiki/Ysland" title="Ysland">Ysland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke200317-18,_276_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200317-18,_276-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grense_tussen_konvergente_plate">Grense tussen konvergente plate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Grense tussen konvergente plate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Grense tussen konvergente plate"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plaattektoniek" title="Plaattektoniek">Subduksiesones</a> is plekke waar twee plate, gewoonlik 'n oseaniese en 'n kontinentale plaat, bots. Die swaarder oseaniese plaat trek af onder die kontinentale plaat in, en vorm naby die kus 'n diep oseaantrog. Water wat vrygestel word van die aftrekkende plaat, verlaag die smelttemperatuur van die mantelwig bo hom en skep dus <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>. </p><p>Dié magma is geneig om uiters <a href="/wiki/Viskositeit" title="Viskositeit">vloeitraag</a>, of taai, te wees vanweë die groot <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silika</a>-inhoud – dit bereik dus nie die oppervlak nie, maar koel af en stol. Wanneer dit wel die oppervlak bereik, word 'n vulkaan gevorm. Subduksiesones word dus begrens deur kettings vulkane, wat <a href="/wiki/Vulkaanboog" title="Vulkaanboog">vulkaanboë</a> genoem word. Tipiese voorbeelde is die vulkane van die <a href="/wiki/Stille_Oseaan" title="Stille Oseaan">Pasifiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Ring_van_Vuur" title="Ring van Vuur">Ring van Vuur</a>, soos die <a href="/wiki/Japannese_Argipel" title="Japannese Argipel">Japannese Argipel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,113-126_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,113-126-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hotspot(geology)-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hotspot%28geology%29-1.svg/150px-Hotspot%28geology%29-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hotspot%28geology%29-1.svg/225px-Hotspot%28geology%29-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hotspot%28geology%29-1.svg/300px-Hotspot%28geology%29-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Deursnee van die aardkors (geel), met magma wat van die mantel af opstyg (rooi). Die kors kan relatief tot die pluim beweeg en 'n vulkaanopening skep.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warm_kolle">Warm kolle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Warm kolle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Warm kolle"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Warm_kol_(geologie)" title="Warm kol (geologie)">Warm kolle</a> is vulkaangebiede wat vermoedelik geskep word deur mantelpluime, wat hipotetiese kolomme warm materiaal is wat van die grens tussen die aarde se mantel en kern af opstyg. Nes by middeloseaniese skeure, ondergaan die stygende mantelrots dekompressiesmelting, wat groot hoeveelhede magma voortbring. </p><p>Omdat tektoniese plate oor mantelpluime beweeg, word elke vulkaan onaktief wanneer dit van die pluim af dryf, en nuwe vulkane word geskep waar die plaat oor die pluim beweeg. Die <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaise Eilande</a> het vermoedelik op so 'n manier gevorm. Die <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Nasionale_Park" title="Yellowstone Nasionale Park">Yellowstone-kaldera</a> is vermoedelik deel van die <a href="/wiki/Noord-Amerika" title="Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerikaanse</a> Plaat wat op die oomblik bo die Yellowstone- warm kol lê.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,106-107_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,106-107-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die mantelpluimhipotese word egter betwis.<sup id="cite_ref-Foulger_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foulger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontinentale_skeure">Kontinentale skeure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Kontinentale skeure" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kontinentale skeure"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die volgehoue opwelling van warm mantelrots kan onder die middel van 'n kontinent ontwikkel en tot skeure in die aardkors lei. Vroeë fases van skeurvorming word gekenmerk deur <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">vloedbasalt</a>, en baie vorder tot op die punt waar 'n tektoniese plaat heeltemal gesplits word.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003108-110_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003108-110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Divergente plaatgrens ontwikkel dan tussen die twee helftes van die gesplete plaat. Skeure splits egter dikwels nie die aardkors heeltemal nie, en mislukte skeure word gekenmerk deur vulkane wat ongewone alkali- of karbonaatgesteentes uitwerp. Voorbeelde sluit in die vulkane van die <a href="/wiki/Oos-Afrikaanse_Skeur" title="Oos-Afrikaanse Skeur">Oos-Afrikaanse Skeur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009390-394,396-397_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009390-394,396-397-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soorte_vulkane">Soorte vulkane</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Soorte vulkane" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Soorte vulkane"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg/220px-Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg/330px-Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg/440px-Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Die Lakagigar-skeuropening in Ysland, die bron van die groot klimaatsverandering van 1783-'84, het 'n ketting <a href="/wiki/Vulkaanke%C3%ABl" title="Vulkaankeël">vulkaankeëls</a> in sy lengte af.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Volcano_q.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/220px-Volcano_q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/330px-Volcano_q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/440px-Volcano_q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>'n <a href="/wiki/Vulkaanskeur" title="Vulkaanskeur">Vulkaanskeur</a> en lawakanaal.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg/220px-Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg/330px-Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg/440px-Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Skjaldbreiður, 'n <a href="/wiki/Skildvulkaan" title="Skildvulkaan">skildvulkaan</a> waarvan die naam "beë skild" beteken.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die algemeenste opvatting van 'n vulkaan is dié van 'n <a href="/wiki/Vulkaanke%C3%ABl" title="Vulkaankeël">keëlvormige berg</a> wat <a href="/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa">lawa</a> en giftige gasse uit 'n krater se kruin spoeg. Dit is egter maar net een van talle soorte vulkane. Die eienskappe van vulkane is baie komplekser as dit en die strukture en aktiwiteite daarvan hang van verskeie faktore af. Sommige vulkane het rowwe pieke wat deur lawakoepels gevorm is, eerder as 'n kruinkrater, terwyl ander weer soos enorme plato's lyk. </p><p>Openinge wat vulkaniese stowwe (insluitende lawa en as) en gasse (hoofsaaklik stoom en magmagasse) uitlaat, kan op enige plek op die grondoppervlak ontwikkel en aanleiding gee tot kleiner koepels, soos Puʻu ʻŌʻō teen 'n hang van Hawaii se <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a>. </p><p>Ander soorte vulkane sluit in kriovulkane (of ysvulkane), veral op sommige mane van <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus">Saturnus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus">Neptunus</a>; en <a href="/wiki/Moddervulkaan" title="Moddervulkaan">moddervulkane</a>, formasies wat dikwels nie met bekende magmatiese aktiwiteit verbind word nie. Aktiewe moddervulkane neig om by temperature baie laer as dié van <a href="/wiki/Stollingsgesteente" title="Stollingsgesteente">stollingsgesteentevulkane</a> voor te kom, behalwe wanneer die moddervulkaan inderdaad 'n uitlaatklep is van 'n stollingsgesteentevulkaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeuropeninge">Skeuropeninge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Skeuropeninge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Skeuropeninge"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Volcan_de_Izalco_atardecer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Volcan_de_Izalco_atardecer.jpg/220px-Volcan_de_Izalco_atardecer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Volcan_de_Izalco_atardecer.jpg/330px-Volcan_de_Izalco_atardecer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Volcan_de_Izalco_atardecer.jpg/440px-Volcan_de_Izalco_atardecer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Die Izalco-vulkaan, die jongste vulkaan in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>. Izalco het van 1770 (toe dit gevorm het) tot 1958 feitlik onophoudelik uitgebars. Dit het die bynaam "Vuurtoring van die Stille Oseaan" gekry.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vulkaniese skeuropeninge, of net <a href="/wiki/Vulkaanskeur" title="Vulkaanskeur">vulkaanskeure</a>, is plat, liniêre breuke waardeur lawa uitloop, gewoonlik sonder enige ontploffende aktiwiteit. Die opening is gewoonlik 'n paar meter breed en kan 'n paar kilometer lank wees. Groot <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltvloede</a> kan daaruit loop: eers in lawakanale en later in lawatonnels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skildvulkane">Skildvulkane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Skildvulkane" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Skildvulkane"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Skildvulkane" class="mw-redirect" title="Skildvulkane">Skildvulkane</a>, wat so genoem word vanweë hulle breë, skildvormige profiel, word gevorm deur die uitbarsting van nieklewerige lawa wat ver van 'n breuk af kan vloei. Hulle ontplof gewoonlik nie op 'n katastrofiese wyse nie, maar word gekenmerk deur relatief bedaarde uitvloeiings. Aangesien dié soort magma gewoonlik min silika bevat, is skildvulkane algemener in die oseane as op land. Die Hawaise vulkaniese ketting is 'n reeks skildkeëls. Dit kom ook algemeen in <a href="/wiki/Ysland" title="Ysland">Ysland</a> voor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawakoepels">Lawakoepels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Lawakoepels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Lawakoepels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lawakoepel" title="Lawakoepel">Lawakoepels</a> word opgebou deur stadige uitbarstings van dik, taai lawa. Dit vorm soms binne die krater van 'n vorige vulkaanuitbarsting, soos die geval was met <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Helens" title="Mount Saint Helens">Mount Saint Helens</a>, maar kan ook onafhanklik vorm, soos met Lassenpiek. Soos met stratovulkane, kan lawakoepels gewelddadige, ontploffende uitbarstings skep, maar die lawa vloei gewoonlik nie ver van die uitlaat af nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kriptokoepels">Kriptokoepels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Kriptokoepels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kriptokoepels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kriptokoepels vorm wanneer taai lawa na bo gedwing word en die oppervlak laat uitbult. Die uitbarsting van 1980 van Mount Saint Helens is 'n goeie voorbeeld hiervan. Lawa onder die oppervlak van die berg het dit laat uitbult, en dit het later aan die noordekant van die berg afgestort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sintelkeëls"><span id="Sintelke.C3.ABls"></span>Sintelkeëls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Sintelkeëls" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Sintelkeëls"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sintelke%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintelkeël">Sintelkeëls</a> ontstaan uit die uitbarsting van klein stukke <a href="/wiki/Vulkaanslak" title="Vulkaanslak">vulkaanslak</a> en <a href="/wiki/Piroklast" class="mw-redirect" title="Piroklast">piroklaste</a> (wat albei soos sintels lyk, vandaar die naam van dié vulkaansoort) wat om die opening opgebou het. Dié uitbarstings kan kort duur en 'n keëlvormige heuwel skep wat miskien 30-400 m hoog kan wees. Die meeste sintelkeëls bars net een keer uit. Hulle kan aan die hange van groter vulkane vorm, of op hulle eie. Parícutin in <a href="/wiki/Mexiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexiko">Mexiko</a> is 'n voorbeeld van 'n sintelkeël. In <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Mexiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieu-Mexiko">Nieu-Mexiko</a> is Caja del Rio 'n vulkaanveld met meer as 60 sintelkeëls. </p><p>Na aanleiding van satellietfoto's is voorgestel dat sintelkeëls ook op ander hemelliggame in die <a href="/wiki/Sonnestelsel" title="Sonnestelsel">Sonnestelsel</a> kan voorkom: op die oppervlak van die <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">Maan</a> en van <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ulysses_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulysses-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mesic_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mesic-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratovulkane_(saamgestelde_vulkane)"><span id="Stratovulkane_.28saamgestelde_vulkane.29"></span>Stratovulkane (saamgestelde vulkane)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Stratovulkane (saamgestelde vulkane)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Stratovulkane (saamgestelde vulkane)"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Volcano_scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/220px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/330px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/440px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption><b>Deursnee van 'n stratovulkaan (vertikale skaal oordryf)</b>: <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"><div><ol><li>Groot magmakamer</li><li>Rotsbodem</li><li>Pyp</li><li>Basis</li><li>Intrusieplaat</li><li>Intrusiegang</li><li>Lae as uit die vulkaan</li><li>Hang</li><li>Lae lawa uit die vulkaan</li><li>Keel</li><li>Parasitiese keël</li><li>Lawavloei</li><li>Opening</li><li>Krater</li><li>Aswolk</li></ol></div></div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stratovulkane" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratovulkane">Stratovulkane</a> is hoë, keëlvormige berge wat saamgestel is uit afwisselende lawastrome en puinlae – dit is die lae wat tot die naam aanleiding gegee het. Stratovulkane is ook as saamgestelde vulkane bekend omdat hulle uit 'n verskeidenheid strukture bestaan wat gedurende verskillende soorte uitbarstings gevorm word. Klassieke voorbeelde is die berge <a href="/wiki/Foedji" title="Foedji">Foedji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>. </p><p>As wat deur die ontploffings van stratovulkane gevorm word, word histories beskou as die grootste gevaar wat vulkane vir beskawings inhou. Die lawa van stratovulkane bevat meer silika en is dus taaier as lawa van skildvulkane. Silikaryk lawa is geneig om ook meer opgeloste gas te bevat. Die kombinasie is dodelik en lei tot ontploffende uitbarstings wat groter hoeveelhede as tot gevolg het, sowel as <a href="/wiki/Piroklastiese_strome" class="mw-redirect" title="Piroklastiese strome">piroklastiese strome</a> soos die een wat die stad Saint-Pierre op <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> in 1902 verwoes het. </p><p>Stratovulkane is ook steiler as skildvulkane, met hange van 30-35° in vergelyking met die 5-10° van skildvulkane. Hulle los puin is ook materiaal vir gevaarlike modderstrome (<a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groot stukke vulkaanpuin is bekend as "vulkaanbomme". Groot bomme kan tot meer as 1,2 m breed wees en verskeie tonne weeg.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supervulkane">Supervulkane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Supervulkane" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Supervulkane"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n <a href="/wiki/Supervulkaan" title="Supervulkaan">Supervulkaan</a> is 'n vulkaan wat een of meer keer meer as 1 000 km<sup>3</sup> vulkaandeposito's in 'n enkele uitbarstings uitgewerp het.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulke uitbarstings kom voor wanneer 'n baie groot magmakamer vol gas- en silikaryk magma in 'n katastrofiese <a href="/wiki/Kaldera" title="Kaldera">kalderavormende</a> uibarsting leeggeskiet word. Vulkaniese as uit sulke uitbarstings is die enigste vulkaniese produk met volumes wat dié van vloedbasalt kan ewenaar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200977_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200977-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Supervulkaan kan op 'n kontinentale skaal verwoesting saai. Hulle kan die <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> wêreldwyd vir baie jare laat daal weens die groot hoeveelhede <a href="/wiki/Swael" title="Swael">swael</a> en as wat in die atmosfeer vrygestel word. Hulle is die gevaarlikste soort vulkane. Voorbeelde sluit in die Yellowstonekaldera in die <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Nasionale_Park" title="Yellowstone Nasionale Park">Yellowstone Nasionale Park</a>, die Valleskaldera in <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Mexiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieu-Mexiko">Nieu-Mexiko</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Tobameer" title="Tobameer">Tobameer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soematra" title="Soematra">Soematra</a> en die Ngorongorokrater in <a href="/wiki/Tanzani%C3%AB" title="Tanzanië">Tanzanië</a>. </p><p>Gelukkig kom supervulkaanuitbarstings selde voor, maar die vulkane kan moeilik wees om in die geologiese rekord te identifiseer vanweë die enrome gebied wat hulle beslaan en die bedekking daarvan deur <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plantegroei</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gletser" title="Gletser">gletsers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ondersese_vulkane">Ondersese vulkane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Ondersese vulkane" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Ondersese vulkane"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ondersese vulkane is 'n algemene verskynsel. Vulkaanaktiwiteit gedurende die huidige <a href="/wiki/Epog_(geologie)" title="Epog (geologie)">geologiese epog</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Holoseen" title="Holoseen">Holoseen</a>, is by net 119 ondersese vulkane aangeteken, maar daar kan meer as 'n miljoen geologies jong ondersese vulkane op die seebodem wees.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GVP-FAQ_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVP-FAQ-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In vlak water wys aktiewe vulkane hulle teenwoordigheid deur stoom en stukke rots hoog bokant die seeoppervlak uit te blaas. In die diep oseane verhoed die ontsettende gewig van die water die ontploffende uitlaat van stoom en gasse, maar ondersese uitbarstings kan bespeur word met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrofoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrofoon (bladsy bestaan nie)">hidrofone</a> en die verkleuring van die water deur vulkaniese gasse. Kussinglawa is 'n algemene uitbarstingsproduk van ondersese vulkane en word gekenmerk deur dik lae onderbroke, kussingvormige massas wat onder die water vorm. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg/160px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg/240px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg/320px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3510" /></a><figcaption>'n Fresko met <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> agter <a href="/wiki/Dionusos" title="Dionusos">Bacchus</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agatodaimon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agatodaimon (bladsy bestaan nie)">Agatodaimon</a>, soos gesien in <a href="/wiki/Pompeji" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeji">Pompeji</a> se Eeufeeshuis.</figcaption></figure> <p>Selfs groot ondersese uitbarstings sal dalk nie die see-oppervlak versteur nie vanweë die vinnige afkoelingsuitwerking en groot dryfvermoë in water (in teenstelling met lug), wat dikwels veroorsaak dat vulkaanopeninge op die seebodem steil pilare vorm. </p><p>Mettertyd kan die formasies wat deur ondersese vulkane geskep word so groot word dat hulle deur die oppervlak breek as nuwe <a href="/wiki/Eiland" title="Eiland">eilande</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puimsteen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puimsteen (bladsy bestaan nie)">puimsteenvlotte</a>. </p><p>In Mei en Junie 2018 is talle <a href="/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie">seismiese</a> seine wêreldwyd bespeur deur agentskappe wat <a href="/wiki/Aardbewing" title="Aardbewing">aardbewings</a> monitor. Dit was ongewone gonsgeluide, en in Novermber dié jaar is seine van tot 20 minute waargeneem. Oseaniese navorsing in Mei 2019 het getoon die gonsgeluide is veroorsaak deur die vorming van 'n ondersese vulkaan naby die kus van <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subglasiale_vulkane">Subglasiale vulkane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Subglasiale vulkane" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Subglasiale vulkane"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subglasiale vulkane word onder <a href="/wiki/Yskap" title="Yskap">yskappe</a> gevorm. Hulle bestaan uit lawaplato's wat uitgebreide kussinglawas en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palagoniet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palagoniet (bladsy bestaan nie)">palagoniet</a> bedek. Dié vulkane word ook tafelvulkane genoem. Baie goeie voorbeelde daarvan kan in Ysland en <a href="/wiki/Brits-Columbi%C3%AB" title="Brits-Columbië">Brits-Columbië</a> gesien word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moddervulkane">Moddervulkane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Moddervulkane" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Moddervulkane"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moddervulkane (modderkoepels) is formasies wat deur uitgeworpe <a href="/wiki/Vloeistof" title="Vloeistof">vloeistowwe</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gasse</a> geskep word, maar ook deur verskeie ander prosesse.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die grootste strukture is 10 km breed en tot 700 m hoog.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uitgeworpe_materiaal">Uitgeworpe materiaal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Uitgeworpe materiaal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Uitgeworpe materiaal"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lava_channel_overflow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lava_channel_overflow.JPG/220px-Lava_channel_overflow.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lava_channel_overflow.JPG/330px-Lava_channel_overflow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lava_channel_overflow.JPG/440px-Lava_channel_overflow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Pāhoehoe-lawa vloei op <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(eiland)" title="Hawaii (eiland)">Hawaii</a>. Die foto wys ook strome van 'n hooflawakanaal.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_(view_from_the_northeast).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a>-stratovulkaan naby die <a href="/wiki/Sisili%C3%AB" title="Sisilië">Sisiliaanse kus</a> het duisende jare lank aanhoudend uitgebars. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot die bynaam "Vuurtoring van die Middellandse See".</figcaption></figure> <p>Die materiaal wat gedurende 'n vulkaanuitbarsting uitgewerp word, die ejekta of ejektamenta, kan in drie soorte geklassifiseer word: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gasse</a>, 'n mengsel van hoofsaaklik <a href="/wiki/Stoom" title="Stoom">stoom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied">koolstofdioksied</a> en 'n swaelverbinding (óf <a href="/wiki/Swaeldioksied" title="Swaeldioksied">swaeldioksied</a>, SO<sub>2</sub>, óf <a href="/wiki/Waterstofsulfied" title="Waterstofsulfied">waterstofsulfied</a>, H<sub>2</sub>S, na gelang van die temperatuur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa">Lawa</a>, die naam van magma wanneer dit oor die aardoppervlak vloei</li> <li><a href="#Tefra">Tefra</a>, deeltjies soliede materiaal van alle vorms en groottes wat deur die lug trek<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt-1981_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-1981-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulkaangasse">Vulkaangasse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Vulkaangasse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Vulkaangasse"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die konsentrasies van verskillende vulkaangasse wissel geweldig van een vulkaan tot die volgende. <a href="/wiki/Waterdamp" title="Waterdamp">Waterdamp</a> is gewoonlik die volopste vulkaangas, gevolg deur koolstof-<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en <a href="/wiki/Swaweldioksied" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaweldioksied">swaeldioksied</a>. Ander hoofsoorte gas sluit in waterstofsulfied, <a href="/wiki/Waterstofchloried" title="Waterstofchloried">waterstofchloried</a> en <a href="/wiki/Waterstoffluoried" title="Waterstoffluoried">waterstoffluoried</a>. Baie spoor- en klein hoeveelhede gasse word ook aangetref, soos <a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">waterstof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koolstofmonoksied" title="Koolstofmonoksied">koolstofmonoksied</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halokoolstof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halokoolstof (bladsy bestaan nie)">halokoolstowwe</a>, organiese verbindings en vlugtige metaalchloriede. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawastrome">Lawastrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Lawastrome" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Lawastrome"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv/220px--Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009,_oblique_satellite_view.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009,_oblique_satellite_view.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="720" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv/Sarychev_Peak_eruption_on_12_June_2009%2C_oblique_satellite_view.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Piek Saritsjef op <a href="/wiki/Matoea" title="Matoea">Matoea</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Koerile" title="Koerile">Koerile</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die vorm en styl van 'n vulkaan se uitbarsting word grootliks bepaal deur die samestelling van die lawa wat uitgewerp word. Die taaiheid (hoe vloeibaar die lawa is) en die hoeveelheid opgeloste gasse is die belangrikste eienskappe van magma, en albei word in 'n groot mate bepaal deur die hoeveelheid <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silika</a> in die magma. Magma wat ryk aan silika is, is taaier as silika-arm magma en is geneig om ook meer opgeloste gasse te bevat. </p><p>Lawa kan breedweg in vier soorte samestellings geklassifiseer word:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>As die magma wat uitgewerp word 'n hoë persentasie (>63%) silika bevat, word die lawa as "<a href="/wiki/Felsies" title="Felsies">felsies</a>" beskryf. Felsiese lawas (dasiete en rioliete) is baie taai en word uitgewerp as koepels of kort strome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200970-72_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200970-72-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Omdat felsiese magmas so taai is, is hulle geneig om <a href="/wiki/Vlugtigheid_(planetologie)" title="Vlugtigheid (planetologie)">vlugtige gasse</a> wat teenwoordig is, vas te vang. Dit lei tot ontploffende vulkanisme. <a href="/wiki/Piroklastiese_strome" class="mw-redirect" title="Piroklastiese strome">Piroklastiese strome</a> is baie gevaarlike produkte van sulke vulkane, omdat hulle teen die vulkaan se hange afbeweeg en tot ver van die vulkaanopeninge af vloei tydens groot uitbarstings. Temperature tot 850 °C<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kan in piroklastiese strome bereik word, en dit sal dus enigiets vlambaars in hulle pad veras. Deposito's wat deur piroklastiese strome agtergelaat word, kan ook tot verskeie meters hoog wees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973-77_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973-77-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felsiese magmas word in die kors gevorm, gewoonlik deur die smelting van korsrots deur die hitte van onderliggende <a href="/wiki/Mafies" title="Mafies">mafiese</a> magmas. Die ligter felsiese magma dryf op die mafiese magma sonder dat dit veel meng.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200915-16_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200915-16-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></li></ul> <ul><li>As die magma wat uitgewerp word 52-63% silika bevat, is dit van "gemiddelde samestelling", of <a href="/wiki/Andesiet" title="Andesiet">andesities</a>. Sulke magmas is kenmerkend van stratovulkane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003143_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulle word gewoonlik gevorm by konvergente grense tussen tektoniese plate, deur middel van verskeie prosesse. Een is die vermenging van felsiese en mafiese magmas in 'n tussentydse reservoir voordat die lawa begin vloei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009377_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009377-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As die magma <52% en >45% silika bevat, is die magma <a href="/wiki/Mafies" title="Mafies">mafies</a> (omdat dit hoër persentasies <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, Mg, en <a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">yster</a>, Fe, bevat) of basalties. Dié lawas is gewoonlik warmer en baie minder taai as felsiese lawas. Mafiese magmas word gevorm deur die gedeeltelike smelting van droë mantel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200916_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200916-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Mafiese lawas kom voor in 'n wye reeks terreine. Dit sluit in middeloseaniese riwwe, skildvulkane en oseaniese en kontinentale korse.</li></ul> <ul><li>Sommige magmas bevat <=45% silika en het "ultramafiese" lawa tot gevolg. Dit is baie skaars – baie min is op die Aarde uitgewerp sedert die <a href="/wiki/Proteroso%C3%AFkum" title="Proterosoïkum">Proterosoïkum</a>, toe die planeet se hittevloei hoër was. Hulle is (of was) die warmste lawas en waarskynlik vloeibaarder as gewone mafiese lawas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200924_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200924-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tefra">Tefra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Tefra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Tefra"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tefra, ook piroklaste genoem, word geskep wanneer magma in die vulkaan uitmekaargeblaas word deur die vinnige uitsetting van warm vulkaniese gasse. Magma ontplof as die opgeloste gasse daarin ontsnap wanneer die druk verminder terwyl dit na die oppervlak beweeg. Dié gewelddadige ontploffings skep deeltjies materiaal wat dan van die vulkaan weggeskiet word. Soliede deeltjies kleiner as 2 mm breed (so groot soos sandkorrels of kleiner) word vulkaniese as genoem.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt-1981_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-1981-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tefra en ander vergruisde vulkaniese materiaal maak 'n groter deel van die volume van baie vulkane uit as die lawa. Dit kon tot 'n derde van alle sediment in die <a href="/wiki/Geologiese_rekord" title="Geologiese rekord">geologiese rekord</a> gevorm het. Die skepping van groot hoeveelhede tefra is kenmerkend van ontploffende vulkanisme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198489_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198489-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soorte_vulkaanuitbarstings">Soorte vulkaanuitbarstings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Soorte vulkaanuitbarstings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Soorte vulkaanuitbarstings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hawaiian_Eruption-numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hawaiian_Eruption-numbers.svg/220px-Hawaiian_Eruption-numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hawaiian_Eruption-numbers.svg/330px-Hawaiian_Eruption-numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hawaiian_Eruption-numbers.svg/440px-Hawaiian_Eruption-numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>'n <b><a href="/wiki/Hawaise_uitbarsting" title="Hawaise uitbarsting">Hawaise uitbarsting</a></b>: 1. aspluim, 2. lawafontein 3. krater, 4. lawameer, 5. rookgat, 6. lawavloei, 7. lae lawa en as, 8. stratum, 9. intrusieplaat, 10. magmabuis, 11. magmakamer, 12. intrusiegang</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Plinian_Eruption-numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Plinian_Eruption-numbers.svg/220px-Plinian_Eruption-numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Plinian_Eruption-numbers.svg/330px-Plinian_Eruption-numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Plinian_Eruption-numbers.svg/440px-Plinian_Eruption-numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>'n <b><a href="/wiki/Pliniese_uitbarsting" title="Pliniese uitbarsting">Pliniese uitbarsting</a></b>: 1: aspluim, 2: magmabuis, 3: neerstorting van vulkaanas, 4: lae lawa en as, 5: stratum, 6: magmakamer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uitbarstingsmetodes word breedweg ingedeel in magmatiese, freatomagmatiese en freatiese uitbarstings.<sup id="cite_ref-vol_cash_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol_cash-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magmatiese_uitbarstings">Magmatiese uitbarstings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Magmatiese uitbarstings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Magmatiese uitbarstings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magmatiese uitbarstings word hoofsaaklik aangedryf deur gasvrystelling vanweë dekompressie.<sup id="cite_ref-vol_cash_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol_cash-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magma wat nie baie taai is nie en dus min gas bevat, veroorsaak bedaarde uitvloeiings. Taai magma met 'n groot hoeveelheid gas veroorsaak gewelddadige, ontploffende uitbarstings. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaise_uitbarsting" title="Hawaise uitbarsting">Hawaise uitbarstings</a> (genoem na die vulkane van <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>) is tipiese uitbarstings van mafiese lawa met relatief min gas. Dit is meestal uitvloeiings wat plaaslike vuurfonteine en hoogs vloeibare lawastrome veroorsaak, maar relatief min tefra.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboliese_uitbarsting" title="Stromboliese uitbarsting">Stromboliese uitbarstings</a> (genoem na die <a href="/wiki/Sisili%C3%AB" title="Sisilië">Sisiliaanse</a> vulkaan <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a>) word gekenmerk deur matige taaiheid en gereelde, maar kort uitbarstings wat kolomme van honderde meters hoog kan skep. Hulle hoofproduk is vulkaanslak.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano-uitbarsting" title="Vulcano-uitbarsting">Vulcano-uitbarstings</a> (genoem na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulcano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulcano (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vulcano</a>) word gekenmerk deur 'n nog groter taaiheid en gedeeltelike kristalvorming van magma, wat dikwels 'n gematigde samestelling het. Uitbarstings is kort en duur gewoonlik 'n paar uur; dit vernietig 'n sentrale koepel en skiet groot lawablokke en <span style="white-space:nowrap">-bomme</span> uit. Dit word gevolg deur 'n uitvloeiingsfase, wat die sentrale koepel weer opbou.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9aanse_uitbarsting" title="Peléaanse uitbarsting">Peléaanse uitbarstings</a> (genoem na die berg <a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9e" title="Pelée">Pelée</a>) is nog gewelddadiger en word gekenmerk deur koepelopbouing en <span style="white-space:nowrap">-instorting</span> wat verskeie soorte piroklastiese strome veroorsaak.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliniese_uitbarsting" title="Pliniese uitbarsting">Pliniese uitbarstings</a> (genoem na <a href="/wiki/Plinius_die_jongere" title="Plinius die jongere">Plinius die jongere</a>) is die heel gewelddadigste van alle uitbarstings. Hulle word gekenmerk deur volgehoue hoë uitbarstingskolomme, waarvan die instorting katastrofiese piroklastiese strome teweegbring. Plinius die jongere het die Pliniese uitbarsting van die berg <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> in 79 n.C. beskryf.</li></ul> <p>Die intensiteit van ontploffende vulkanisme word uitgedruk met die <a href="/wiki/Vulkaaneksplosiwiteitsindeks" title="Vulkaaneksplosiwiteitsindeks">Vulkaaneksplosiwiteitsindeks</a> (VEI), wat wissel van 0 vir 'n Hawaise uitbarsting tot 8 vir supervulkaniese uitbarstings.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freatomagmatiese_uitbarstings">Freatomagmatiese uitbarstings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Freatomagmatiese uitbarstings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Freatomagmatiese uitbarstings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n <a href="/wiki/Freatomagmatiese_uitbarsting" class="mw-redirect" title="Freatomagmatiese uitbarsting">Freatomagmatiese uitbarsting</a> word gekenmerk deur 'n wisselwerking tussen stygende magma en <a href="/wiki/Grondwater" title="Grondwater">grondwater</a>. Hulle word aangedryf deur die vinnige opbou van druk in die superverhitte grondwater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freatiese_uitbarstings">Freatiese uitbarstings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: Freatiese uitbarstings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Freatiese uitbarstings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n <a href="/wiki/Freatiese_uitbarsting" title="Freatiese uitbarsting">Freatiese uitbarsting</a> word gekenmerk deur die superverhitting van grondwater wat in verbinding kom met warm rots of magma. Hulle word onderskei van freatomagmatiese uitbarstings deurdat die uitgeworpe materiaal net rots van die omgewing is; geen magma word uitgewerp nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vulkaanaktiwiteit">Vulkaanaktiwiteit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Vulkaanaktiwiteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Vulkaanaktiwiteit"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vulkane se aktiwiteitsvlak wissel in 'n groot mate. Sommige bars 'n paar keer per jaar uit en ander een keer elke paar duisend jaar.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vulkane word informeel beskryf as <b>aktief</b>, <b>rustend</b> of <b>uitgedoof</b>, maar dié terme is nie goed gedefinieer nie.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aktief">Aktief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Aktief" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Aktief"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar is geen konsensus onder vulkanoloë oor hoe om 'n "aktiewe" vulkaan te definieer nie. Die lewensduur van 'n vulkaan kan wissel van maande tot miljoene jare en dit maak so 'n onderskeid waardeloos wanneer dit vergelyk word met die lewensduur van mense of selfs beskawings. Baie van die Aarde se vulkane het byvoorbeeld in die afgelope paar duisend jaar tientalle kere uitgebars, maar toon nie tans enige tekens van uitbarsting nie. As die lang lewensduur van sulke vulkane in ag geneem word, is hulle beslis aktief. In vergelyking met menselewens is hulle egter nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rustend">Rustend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Wysig afdeling: Rustend" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Rustend"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Narcondam_island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Narcondam_island.jpg/220px-Narcondam_island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Narcondam_island.jpg/330px-Narcondam_island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Narcondam_island.jpg/440px-Narcondam_island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Narcondameiland in <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a> word as 'n rustende vulkaan geklassifiseer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dit is moeilik om 'n uitgedoofde vulkaan van 'n rustende een te onderskei. Rustende vulkane is dié wat in duisende jare nie uitgebars het nie, maar waarskynlik in die toekoms weer sal uitbars.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VolcWorldDormant_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VolcWorldDormant-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vulkane word gewoonlik as uitgedoof beskou as daar geen geskrewe rekords van sy aktiwiteit is nie. Vulkane kan egter baie lank rustend wees. Yellowstone het byvoorbeeld 'n uitbarstingsperiode van sowat 700 000 jaar, en Toba sowat 380 000 jaar.<sup id="cite_ref-chesner1991_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesner1991-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romeinse skrywers het <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> beskryf as bedek met tuine en wingerde voordat hy in 79 n.C. uitgebars en die stede <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> en <a href="/wiki/Pompeji" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeji">Pompeji</a> verwoes het. Voor sy katastrofiese uitbarsting in 1991 was die berg <a href="/wiki/Pinatubo" title="Pinatubo">Pinatubo</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne">Filippyne</a> 'n onopvallende vulkaan wat onder die meeste mense van die omringende gebiede onbekend was. Nog 'n voorbeeld is die Soufrière Hills-vulkaan op die eiland <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, wat glo uitgedoof was voordat dit in 1995 weer uitgebars en die hoofstad, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Montserrat" title="Plymouth, Montserrat">Plymouth</a>, in 'n spookdorp verander het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uitgedoof">Uitgedoof</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Wysig afdeling: Uitgedoof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Uitgedoof"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Fourpeaked-fumaroles-cyrus-read1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fourpeaked-fumaroles-cyrus-read1.JPG/220px-Fourpeaked-fumaroles-cyrus-read1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fourpeaked-fumaroles-cyrus-read1.JPG/330px-Fourpeaked-fumaroles-cyrus-read1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fourpeaked-fumaroles-cyrus-read1.JPG/440px-Fourpeaked-fumaroles-cyrus-read1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Die Fourpeaked-vulkaan in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in September 2006, nadat geglo is dit is al 10 000 jaar lank uitgedoof.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Rinjani_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rinjani_1994.jpg/220px-Rinjani_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rinjani_1994.jpg/330px-Rinjani_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rinjani_1994.jpg/440px-Rinjani_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Die uitbarsting van die berg Rinjani in <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a> in 1994.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uitgedoofde vulkane is dié wat volgens wetenskaplikes onwaarskynlik weer sal uitbars omdat die vulkaan nie meer 'n magmavoorraad het nie. Voorbeelde van uitgedoofde vulkane is baie in Hawaii in die Stille Oseaan, <a href="/wiki/Hohentwiel" title="Hohentwiel">Hohentwiel</a> in Duitsland, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiprock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiprock (bladsy bestaan nie)">Shiprock</a> in Nieu-Meksiko, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuidwalvulkaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuidwalvulkaan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zuidwalvulkaan</a> in Nederland en baie vulkane in Italië. Die <a href="/wiki/Edinburg-kasteel" title="Edinburg-kasteel">Edinburg-kasteel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotland</a> is op 'n uitgedoofde vulkaan, Arthur's Seat, geleë. Of 'n vulkaan werklik uitgedoof is, is dikwels moeilik om te bepaal. Aangesien die kalderas van "supervulkane" uitbarstingsperiodes van miljoene jare kan hê, kan 'n kaldera wat nie in tienduisende jare uitgebars het nie, as rustend beskou word eerder as uitgedoof. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulkaanwaarskuwingsvlak">Vulkaanwaarskuwingsvlak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Wysig afdeling: Vulkaanwaarskuwingsvlak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Vulkaanwaarskuwingsvlak"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die bogenoemde drie gewilde klassifikasies van vulkane kan subjektief wees en sommige vulkane wat as uitgedoof beskou is, kan weer uitbars. Om te voorkom dat mense valslik glo hulle is veilig wanneer hulle op of naby 'n vulkaan woon, het lande nuwe klassifikasies aanvaar om die verskillende vlakke en fases van vulkaniese aktiwiteit te beskryf.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sommige waarskuwingstelsels word syfers of kleure gebruik om tussen die fases te onderskei. In ander stelsels word kleure en woorde gebruik. Sommige stelslels gebruik 'n kombinasie van die twee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dekadevulkane">Dekadevulkane</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Wysig afdeling: Dekadevulkane" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Dekadevulkane"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg/220px-Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg/330px-Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg/440px-Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Korjakski" title="Korjakski">Korjakski</a> toring hoog bo <a href="/wiki/Petropawlofsk-Kamtsjatski" title="Petropawlofsk-Kamtsjatski">Petropawlofsk-Kamtsjatski</a> op die <a href="/wiki/Kamtsjatka-skiereiland" title="Kamtsjatka-skiereiland">Kamtsjatka-skiereiland</a> uit, <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Verre_Ooste" title="Russiese Verre Ooste">Russiese Verre Ooste</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Dekadevulkane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dekadevulkane">Dekadevulkane</a> is 16 vulkane wat deur die International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) geïdentifiseer is as waardevol om te bestudeer vanweë hulle geskiedenis van groot, verwoestende uitbarstings en hulle nabyheid aan dig bevolkte gebiede. Hulle word "Dekadevulkane" genoem omdat die projek in die 1990's begin is as deel van die <a href="/wiki/VN" class="mw-redirect" title="VN">VN</a>-geborgde Internasionale Dekade vir die Verkleining van Natuurrrampe. Die 16 huidige Dekadevulkane is: </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awatsjinski" title="Awatsjinski">Awatsjinski</a>-<a href="/wiki/Korjakski" title="Korjakski">Korjakski</a> (saam gegroepeer), <a href="/wiki/Kamtsjatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamtsjatka">Kamtsjatka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_Colima" title="Volcán de Colima">Volcán de Colima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexiko">Mexiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg_Etna" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg Etna">Berg Etna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisili%C3%AB" title="Sisilië">Sisilië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeras" title="Galeras">Galeras</a>, Nariño, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/VSA" class="mw-redirect" title="VSA">VSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg_Merapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg Merapi">Berg Merapi</a>, Sentraal-<a href="/wiki/Java" class="mw-disambig" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiragongo" title="Nyiragongo">Nyiragongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demokratiese_Republiek_die_Kongo" title="Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo">Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg_Rainier" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg Rainier">Berg Rainier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(deelstaat)" title="Washington (deelstaat)">Washington</a>, VSA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurajima" title="Sakurajima">Sakurajima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima-prefektuur" title="Kagoshima-prefektuur">Kagoshima-prefektuur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(vulkaan)" title="Santa María (vulkaan)">Santa María</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santorinikaldera" class="mw-redirect" title="Santorinikaldera">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taalvulkaan" title="Taalvulkaan">Taalvulkaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne">Filippyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanariese_Eilande" title="Kanariese Eilande">Kanariese Eilande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulawun" title="Ulawun">Ulawun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Brittanje" title="Nieu-Brittanje">Nieu-Brittanje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papoea-Nieu-Guinee" title="Papoea-Nieu-Guinee">Papoea-Nieu-Guinee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg_Unzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg Unzen">Berg Unzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki-prefektuur" title="Nagasaki-prefektuur">Nagasaki-prefektuur</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napels" title="Napels">Napels</a>, Italië</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vulkane_en_die_mens">Vulkane en die mens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Wysig afdeling: Vulkane en die mens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Vulkane en die mens"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Volcanic_injection-af.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Volcanic_injection-af.svg/220px-Volcanic_injection-af.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Volcanic_injection-af.svg/330px-Volcanic_injection-af.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Volcanic_injection-af.svg/440px-Volcanic_injection-af.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>'n Skets van 'n vulkaan se inspuiting van aërosols en gasse.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png/220px-Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png/330px-Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png/440px-Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Grafiek wat wys hoe die sonstraling van 1958–2008 afgeneem het ná groot vulkaanuitbarstings.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg/220px-SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg/330px-SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg/440px-SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>Die konsentrasie van swaeldioksied bo die Sierra Negra-vulkaan <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos-eilande" title="Galápagos-eilande">Galápagos-eilande</a>, tydens 'n uitbarsting in Oktober 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vulkaanuitbarstings hou 'n groot gevaar vir die menslike beskawing in. Vulkaanaktiwiteit het die mens egter ook al van belangrike hulpbronne voorsien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gevare">Gevare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Wysig afdeling: Gevare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Gevare"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar is baie verskillende soorte uitbarstings en verwante aktiwiteit: freatiese uitbarstings (deur stoom aangedryf), ontploffende uitbarstings van lawa met baie silika, uitvloeiende uitbarstings van lawa met min silika, piroklastiese strome, lahars (moderstrome), die vrystelling van koolstofdioksied, en baie meer. Elk van hierdie aktiwiteite kan 'n gevaar vir die mens inhou. Aardbewings, warmbronne, rookgate, modderpoele en geisers gaan dikwels met vulkaniese aktiwiteit gepaard. </p><p>Vulkaniese gasse kan die <a href="/wiki/Stratosfeer" title="Stratosfeer">stratosfeer</a> bereik, waar hulle <a href="/wiki/Swaelsuur" title="Swaelsuur">swaelsuuraërosols</a> vorm wat sonstraling kan weerkaats en oppervlaktemperature aansienlik kan verlaag.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swaeldioksied van die uitbarsting van Huaynaputina in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> kon die <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Russiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Hongersnood" title="Hongersnood">hongersnood</a> van 1601-'03 veroorsaak het.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemiese reaksies van sulfaataërosols in die stratosfeer kan ook die <a href="/wiki/Osoonlaag" title="Osoonlaag">osoonlaag</a> beskadig, en sure soos waterstofchloried (HCl) en waterstoffluoried (HF) kan op die grond val as <a href="/wiki/Suurre%C3%ABn" title="Suurreën">suurreën</a>. </p><p>Ontploffende uitbarstings stel die <a href="/wiki/Kweekhuisgas" title="Kweekhuisgas">kweekhuisgas</a> <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied">koolstofdioksied</a> vry en verskaf dus 'n groot bron van <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstof</a> vir <a href="/wiki/Stofkringloop" title="Stofkringloop">stofkringlope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As wat in 'n uitbarsting die lug ingeskiet word, kan 'n gevaar vir <a href="/wiki/Vliegtuie" class="mw-redirect" title="Vliegtuie">vliegtuie</a> inhou, veral <a href="/wiki/Straalvliegtuie" class="mw-redirect" title="Straalvliegtuie">straalvliegtuie</a>: Die deeltjies kan deur die hoë werkingstemperatuur gesmelt word; die gesmelte deeltjies kan dan aan die <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbineskroewe</a> vasklou, hulle vorm verander en die werking van die turbine beïnvloed. Dit kan groot ontwrigtings vir die <a href="/wiki/Lugvaart" title="Lugvaart">lugvaart</a> inhou. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg/180px-Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg/270px-Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg/360px-Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Voorbeelde van die <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui-volk" title="Rapa Nui-volk">Rapa Nui</a> se <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a>-beelde.</figcaption></figure> <p>'n <a href="/wiki/Vulkaanwinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkaanwinter">Vulkaanwinter</a> het vermoedelik sowat 70 000 jaar gelede voorgekom ná die superuitbarsting van Toba in Indonesië.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit kon 'n bevolkingsbottelnek veroorsaak het wat die <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetiese</a> erfenis van alle mense wat vandag lewe, kon beïnvloed het.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vulkaniese uitbarstings kon tot groot <a href="/wiki/Uitsterwing" title="Uitsterwing">uitsterwings</a> gelei het, soos die <a href="/wiki/Ordovisium-Siluur-uitwissing" title="Ordovisium-Siluur-uitwissing">Ordovisium-Siluur-</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Perm-Trias-uitwissing" title="Perm-Trias-uitwissing">Perm-Trias-</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Laat-Devoon-uitwissing" title="Laat-Devoon-uitwissing">Laat-Devoon-uitwissing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die uitbarsting in 1815 van die berg <a href="/wiki/Tambora" title="Tambora">Tambora</a> in Indonesië het wêreldwye klimaatsafwykings veroorsaak wat bekend geword het as "die jaar sonder 'n somer" vanweë die uitwerking op die Noord-Amerikaanse en Europese weer.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die yskoue winter van 1740-'41, wat tot 'n hongersnood in <a href="/wiki/Noord-Europa" title="Noord-Europa">Noord-Europa</a> gelei het, kon ook deur 'n vulkaniese uitbarsting veroorsaak gewees het.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voordele">Voordele</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Wysig afdeling: Voordele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Voordele"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoewel uitbarstings groot gevare vir die mens inhou, het vulkaniese aktiwiteite al belangrike ekonomiese bronne geskep. </p><p>Vulkaniese as en verweerde basalt vorm van die vrugbaarste grondsoorte in die wêreld wat ryk is aan voedingsbronne soos <a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">yster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kiprop-2019_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiprop-2019-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuf wat van vulkaniese as gevorm het, is 'n relatief sagte klip en word sedert antieke tye vir bouwerk gebruik.<sup id="cite_ref-marcari-etal-2007_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcari-etal-2007-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dolan-etal-2019_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolan-etal-2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeine</a> het dikwels tuf, wat volop in Italië is, vir bouwerk gebruik.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson-etal-2005_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-etal-2005-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui-volk" title="Rapa Nui-volk">Rapa Nui-volk</a> het tuf gebruik vir die meeste van die <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a>-standbeelde op <a href="/wiki/Paaseiland" title="Paaseiland">Paaseiland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-collins-2016-150-151_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-2016-150-151-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vulkaniese aktiwiteit is verantwoordelik vir kosbare <a href="/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal">mineralebronne</a>, soos metaalerts.<sup id="cite_ref-kiprop-2019_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiprop-2019-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vulkane_op_ander_hemelliggame">Vulkane op ander hemelliggame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Wysig afdeling: Vulkane op ander hemelliggame" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Vulkane op ander hemelliggame"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Aarde se <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">Maan</a> het geen groot vulkane en op die oomblik geen bekende vulkaniese aktiwiteit nie.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Maan het egter baie vulkaniese eienskappe, soos <a href="/wiki/Maansee" title="Maansee">maria</a> (die donkerder kolle op die Maan), groewe en koepels. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> het 'n oppervlak van 90% <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, wat daarop dui dat vulkanisme 'n groot rol gespeel het in die vorming van sy oppervlak. Die hele planeet se oppervlak is dalk sowat 500 miljoen jaar gelede heeltemal oorbedek,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> volgens wat wetenskaplikes kan aflei van die digtheid van <a href="/wiki/Krater" class="mw-disambig" title="Krater">impakkraters</a> op die oppervlak. Lawastrome is algemeen en vorme van vulkanisme wat nie op die Aarde aangetref word nie, kom ook voor. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Tvashtarvideo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/220px-Tvashtarvideo.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/330px-Tvashtarvideo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/440px-Tvashtarvideo.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Die Tvashtar-vulkaan skiet 'n pluim 330 km bo die oppervlak van <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> se maan <a href="/wiki/Io_(maan)" title="Io (maan)">Io</a> uit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Veranderinge in die planeet se <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeer" title="Atmosfeer">atmosfeer</a> en waarnemings van <a href="/wiki/Weerlig" title="Weerlig">weerlig</a> is al toegeskryf aan voortdurende vulkaniese uitbarstings, hoewel daar geen bevestiging is van of Venus nog vulkanies aktief is of nie. Radartoetse deur die <a href="/wiki/Magellanruimtetuig" title="Magellanruimtetuig">Magellanruimtetuig</a> het bewyse onthul van onlangse vulkaniese aktiwiteit by Venus se hoogste vulkaan, <a href="/wiki/Maat_Mons" title="Maat Mons">Maat Mons</a>, in die vorm van asstrome naby die kruin en aan die noordelike flank.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die inligting word egter betwis.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Olympus_Mons.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Olympus_Mons.jpeg/140px-Olympus_Mons.jpeg" decoding="async" width="140" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Olympus_Mons.jpeg/210px-Olympus_Mons.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Olympus_Mons.jpeg/280px-Olympus_Mons.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a> op <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> is sover bekend die hoogste berg in die <a href="/wiki/Sonnestelsel" title="Sonnestelsel">Sonnestelsel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Daar is verskeie uitgedoofde vulkane op <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Van hulle is enorme skildvulkane wat baie groter is as enigiets op Aarde. Hulle sluit in Arsia Mons, Ascraeus Mons, Hecates Tholus, <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a> en Pavonis Mons. Hierdie vulkane is al baie miljoene jare uitgedoof,<sup id="cite_ref-ESAmarsvolcanoes_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAmarsvolcanoes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maar die <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a>-ruimtetuig het bewyse ontdek dat vulkaniese aktiwiteit in die onlangse verlede op Mars kon voorgekom het.<sup id="cite_ref-ESAmarsvolcanoes_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAmarsvolcanoes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> se <a href="/wiki/Natuurlike_satelliet" title="Natuurlike satelliet">maan</a> <a href="/wiki/Io_(maan)" title="Io (maan)">Io</a> is die vulkanies aktiefste voorwerp in die <a href="/wiki/Sonnestelsel" title="Sonnestelsel">Sonnestelsel</a> vanweë die invloed van Jupiter se getykragte. Dit is bedek met vulkane wat <a href="/wiki/Swael" title="Swael">swael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaeldioksied" title="Swaeldioksied">swaeldioksied</a> en <a href="/wiki/Silikaat" title="Silikaat">silikaatrots</a> uitskiet. As gevolg hiervan word Io se oppervlak gereeld oorbedek. Sy lawas is sover bekend die warmste in die Sonnestelsel, met temperature van hoër as 1 800 K (1 500 °C). In Februarie 2001 het die grootste aangetekende vulkaniese uitbarsting in die Sonnestelsel op Io voorgekom.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Europa_(maan)" title="Europa (maan)">Europa</a>, die kleinste van Jupiter se <a href="/wiki/Mane_van_Galilei" title="Mane van Galilei">Mane van Galilei</a>, het blykbaar ook 'n aktiewe vulkaanstelsel, hoewel dit heeltemal in die vorm van <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> is wat op die koue oppervlak tot <a href="/wiki/Ys" title="Ys">ys</a> vries. Dié proses is bekend as <a href="/wiki/Kriovulkanisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriovulkanisme">kriovulkanisme</a> en kom blykbaar die algemeenste voor op die mane van die buitenste planete. </p><p>In 1989 het <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> kriovulkane op <a href="/wiki/Triton_(maan)" title="Triton (maan)">Triton</a>, 'n maan van <a href="/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus">Neptunus</a>, waargeneem. In 2005 het <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini-Huygens</a> fonteine van bevrore deeltjies afgeneem wat op <a href="/wiki/Enkelados_(maan)" title="Enkelados (maan)">Enkelados</a>, 'n maan van <a href="/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus">Saturnus</a>, uitgewerp word.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die ejekta kan bestaan uit samestelling van water, vloeibare <a href="/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof">stikstof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">ammoniak</a>, stof of <a href="/wiki/Metaan" title="Metaan">metaan</a>. Cassini-Huygens het ook bewyse gevind van 'n metaanspuwende kriovulkaan op Saturnus se maan <a href="/wiki/Titaan_(maan)" title="Titaan (maan)">Titaan</a>, wat vermoedelik 'n aansienlike bron van die metaan is wat in sy atmosfeer aangetref word.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar is 'n teorie dat kriovulkanisme ook op die <a href="/wiki/Kuipergordel" title="Kuipergordel">Kuipergordelvoorwerp</a> <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a> voorkom. </p><p>'n Studie in 2010 van die <a href="/wiki/Eksoplaneet" title="Eksoplaneet">eksoplaneet</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=COROT-7b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COROT-7b (bladsy bestaan nie)">COROT-7b</a>, wat in 2009 met die <a href="/wiki/Oorgang_(sterrekunde)" title="Oorgang (sterrekunde)">oorgangsmetode</a> ontdek is, dui daarop dat getyverhitting van die moederster baie na aan die planeet en naburige planete intense vulkaniese aktiwiteit kan genereer soos wat op Io aangetref word.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFNSTA_Press_/_Archive.Org2007" class="citation web cs1">NSTA Press / Archive.Org (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205414/http://enviroliteracy.org/nsfmod/NaturesFury.pdf">"Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tsunamis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Resources for Environmental Literacy</i>. 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Young (Januarie 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927124027/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7694.html">"Volcano"</a>. <i>Mind over Magma: The Story of Igneous Petrology</i> (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7694.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 27 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 Januarie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mind+over+Magma%3A+The+Story+of+Igneous+Petrology&rft.atitle=Volcano&rft.date=2016-01&rft.au=Davis+A.+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs7694.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSchmincke2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). <i>Volcanism</i>. Berlyn: Springer. pp. 13–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-540-43650-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-540-43650-8"><bdi>978-3-540-43650-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanism&rft.place=Berlyn&rft.pages=13-20&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-540-43650-8&rft.aulast=Schmincke&rft.aufirst=Hans-Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200317-18,_276-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke200317-18,_276_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmincke2003">Schmincke 2003</a>, pp. 17-18, 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,113-126-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,113-126_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmincke2003">Schmincke 2003</a>, pp. 18,113-126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,106-107-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,106-107_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmincke2003">Schmincke 2003</a>, pp. 18,106-107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foulger-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Foulger_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFoulger2010" class="citation book cs1">Foulger, Gillian R. (2010). <i>Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-6148-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-6148-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-6148-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plates+vs.+Plumes%3A+A+Geological+Controversy&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6148-0&rft.aulast=Foulger&rft.aufirst=Gillian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2de uitg.). 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"Cindercones on Earth, Moon and Mars". <i>Lunar and Planetary Science</i>. <b>X</b>: 1370–1372. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979LPI....10.1370W">1979LPI....10.1370W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=Cindercones+on+Earth%2C+Moon+and+Mars&rft.volume=X&rft.pages=1370-1372&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979LPI....10.1370W&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMeresseCostardMangoldMasson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Meresse, S.; Costard, F.O.; Mangold, N.; Masson, P.; Neukum, G. (2008). "Formation and evolution of the chaotic terrains by subsidence and magmatism: Hydraotes Chaos, Mars". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>194</b> (2): 487. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Icar..194..487M">2008Icar..194..487M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.10.023">10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Formation+and+evolution+of+the+chaotic+terrains+by+subsidence+and+magmatism%3A+Hydraotes+Chaos%2C+Mars&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=487&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.10.023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Icar..194..487M&rft.aulast=Meresse&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Costard%2C+F.O.&rft.au=Mangold%2C+N.&rft.au=Masson%2C+P.&rft.au=Neukum%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulysses-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ulysses_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBrožHauber2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brož, P.; Hauber, E. (2012). "A unique volcanic field in Tharsis, Mars: Pyroclastic cones as evidence for explosive eruptions". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>218</b> (1): 88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Icar..218...88B">2012Icar..218...88B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2011.11.030">10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=A+unique+volcanic+field+in+Tharsis%2C+Mars%3A+Pyroclastic+cones+as+evidence+for+explosive+eruptions&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2011.11.030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Icar..218...88B&rft.aulast=Bro%C5%BE&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Hauber%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mesic-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mesic_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceStoparHawkeGreenhagen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, S.J.; Stopar, J.D.; Hawke, B.R.; Greenhagen, B.T.; Cahill, J.T.S.; Bandfield, J.L.; Jolliff, B.L.; Denevi, B.W.; Robinson, M.S.; Glotch, T.D.; Bussey, D.B.J.; Spudis, P.D.; Giguere, T.A.; Garry, W.B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgre.20060">"LRO observations of morphology and surface roughness of volcanic cones and lobate lava flows in the Marius Hills"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>118</b> (4): 615. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRE..118..615L">2013JGRE..118..615L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgre.20060">10.1002/jgre.20060</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=LRO+observations+of+morphology+and+surface+roughness+of+volcanic+cones+and+lobate+lava+flows+in+the+Marius+Hills&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=615&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjgre.20060&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JGRE..118..615L&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft.au=Stopar%2C+J.D.&rft.au=Hawke%2C+B.R.&rft.au=Greenhagen%2C+B.T.&rft.au=Cahill%2C+J.T.S.&rft.au=Bandfield%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Jolliff%2C+B.L.&rft.au=Denevi%2C+B.W.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+M.S.&rft.au=Glotch%2C+T.D.&rft.au=Bussey%2C+D.B.J.&rft.au=Spudis%2C+P.D.&rft.au=Giguere%2C+T.A.&rft.au=Garry%2C+W.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjgre.20060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLockwoodHazlett2010" class="citation book cs1">Lockwood, John P.; Hazlett, Richard W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJopFDVRgYMC&pg=PA115"><i>Volcanoes: Global Perspectives</i></a>. p. 552. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-6250-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-6250-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-6250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes%3A+Global+Perspectives&rft.pages=552&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6250-0&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft.au=Hazlett%2C+Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJopFDVRgYMC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger, Melvin, Gilda Berger, and Higgins Bond. "Volcanoes-why and how ." Why do volcanoes blow their tops?: Questions and answers about volcanoes and earthquakes. New York: Scholastic, 1999. 7. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/yellowstone_sub_page_49.html">"Questions About Supervolcanoes"</a>. <i>Volcanic Hazards Program</i>. USGS Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. 21 Augustus 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703184836/https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/yellowstone_sub_page_49.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 3 Julie 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Augustus</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcanic+Hazards+Program&rft.atitle=Questions+About+Supervolcanoes&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcanoes.usgs.gov%2Fvolcanoes%2Fyellowstone%2Fyellowstone_sub_page_49.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200977-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200977_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Peter (1983). "Giant Volcanic Calderas". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>248</b> (6): 60–73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983SciAm.248f..60F">1983SciAm.248f..60F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0683-60">10.1038/scientificamerican0683-60</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24968920">24968920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Giant+Volcanic+Calderas&rft.volume=248&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=60-73&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24968920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0683-60&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983SciAm.248f..60F&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVenzke2013" class="citation web cs1">Venzke, E., red. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/list_volcano_holocene.cfm">"Holocene Volcano List"</a>. <i>Global Volcanism Program Volcanoes of the World (version 4.9.1)</i>. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program+Volcanoes+of+the+World+%28version+4.9.1%29&rft.atitle=Holocene+Volcano+List&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Flist_volcano_holocene.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GVP-FAQ-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GVP-FAQ_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVenzke2013" class="citation web cs1">Venzke, E., red. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/faq/index.cfm?question=activevolcanoes">"How many active volcanoes are there?"</a>. <i>Global Volcanism Program Volcanoes of the World (version 4.9.1)</i>. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program+Volcanoes+of+the+World+%28version+4.9.1%29&rft.atitle=How+many+active+volcanoes+are+there%3F&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Ffaq%2Findex.cfm%3Fquestion%3Dactivevolcanoes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAshley_Strickland2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ashley Strickland (10 Januarie 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/origin-of-mystery-humming-noises-heard-around-the-world-uncovered/ar-BBYN2oY?ocid=spartanntp">"Origin of mystery humming noises heard around the world, uncovered"</a>. <i>CNN</i> (in Engels).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Origin+of+mystery+humming+noises+heard+around+the+world%2C+uncovered&rft.date=2020-01-10&rft.au=Ashley+Strickland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Forigin-of-mystery-humming-noises-heard-around-the-world-uncovered%2Far-BBYN2oY%3Focid%3Dspartanntp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMazziniEtiope2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzini, Adriano; Etiope, Giuseppe (Mei 2017). "Mud volcanism: An updated review". <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>168</b>: 81–112. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESRv..168...81M">2017ESRv..168...81M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2017.03.001">10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F61234">10852/61234</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Mud+volcanism%3A+An+updated+review&rft.volume=168&rft.pages=81-112&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F61234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2017.03.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ESRv..168...81M&rft.aulast=Mazzini&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rft.au=Etiope%2C+Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKiokaAshi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kioka, Arata; Ashi, Juichiro (28 Oktober 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015GL065713">"Episodic massive mud eruptions from submarine mud volcanoes examined through topographical signatures"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>42</b> (20): 8406–8414. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoRL..42.8406K">2015GeoRL..42.8406K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015GL065713">10.1002/2015GL065713</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Episodic+massive+mud+eruptions+from+submarine+mud+volcanoes+examined+through+topographical+signatures&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=8406-8414&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2015GL065713&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015GeoRL..42.8406K&rft.aulast=Kioka&rft.aufirst=Arata&rft.au=Ashi%2C+Juichiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2015GL065713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schmidt-1981-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-schmidt-1981_25-0">25,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-schmidt-1981_25-1">25,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1981" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, R. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa%3Fredirect_uri%3Dhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01822152.pdf%26casa_token%3DEeQQK-27EzMAAAAA:NxHAz8w30oOg24-BcWvJPAgMBjRc419lq-7Jz-6VV0-ma9Mv2wxmt4JqRZoPtxQvU501TeyvkUDq1fmmJw&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb-gga&ct=res&cd=0&d=227239637425471251&ei=PBhxX4PbJrXCywTH6bfYBg&scisig=AAGBfm2m9NmvueO9pSpn98cYOcYAhzm0nw">"Descriptive nomenclature and classification of pyroclastic deposits and fragments: recommendations of the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks"</a>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>9</b>: 41–43. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01822152">10.1007/BF01822152</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128375559">128375559</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Descriptive+nomenclature+and+classification+of+pyroclastic+deposits+and+fragments%3A+recommendations+of+the+IUGS+Subcommission+on+the+Systematics+of+Igneous+Rocks&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=41-43&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01822152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128375559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_url%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fidp.springer.com%2Fauthorize%2Fcasa%253Fredirect_uri%253Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2FBF01822152.pdf%2526casa_token%253DEeQQK-27EzMAAAAA%3ANxHAz8w30oOg24-BcWvJPAgMBjRc419lq-7Jz-6VV0-ma9Mv2wxmt4JqRZoPtxQvU501TeyvkUDq1fmmJw%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DT%26oi%3Dgsb-gga%26ct%3Dres%26cd%3D0%26d%3D227239637425471251%26ei%3DPBhxX4PbJrXCywTH6bfYBg%26scisig%3DAAGBfm2m9NmvueO9pSpn98cYOcYAhzm0nw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPedoneAiuppaGiudiceGrassa2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pedone, M.; Aiuppa, A.; Giudice, G.; Grassa, F.; Francofonte, V.; Bergsson, B.; Ilyinskaya, E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fse-5-1209-2014">"Tunable diode laser measurements of hydrothermal/volcanic CO2 and implications for the global CO2 budget"</a>. <i>Solid Earth</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 1209–1221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SolE....5.1209P">2014SolE....5.1209P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fse-5-1209-2014">10.5194/se-5-1209-2014</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+Earth&rft.atitle=Tunable+diode+laser+measurements+of+hydrothermal%2Fvolcanic+CO2+and+implications+for+the+global+CO2+budget&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1209-1221&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fse-5-1209-2014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014SolE....5.1209P&rft.aulast=Pedone&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Aiuppa%2C+A.&rft.au=Giudice%2C+G.&rft.au=Grassa%2C+F.&rft.au=Francofonte%2C+V.&rft.au=Bergsson%2C+B.&rft.au=Ilyinskaya%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fse-5-1209-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCasqWright1987" class="citation book cs1">Casq, R.A.F.; Wright, J.V. (1987). <i>Volcanic Successions</i>. Unwin Hyman Inc. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-04-552022-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-04-552022-0"><bdi>978-0-04-552022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanic+Successions&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman+Inc&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-04-552022-0&rft.aulast=Casq&rft.aufirst=R.A.F.&rft.au=Wright%2C+J.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200970-72-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200970-72_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, p. 70-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFisherSchmincke1984" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984). <i>Pyroclastic rocks</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 210–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-540-12756-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-540-12756-9"><bdi>3-540-12756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyroclastic+rocks&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=210-211&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-540-12756-9&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Richard+V.&rft.au=Schmincke%2C+H.-U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973-77-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973-77_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, p. 73-77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200915-16-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200915-16_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, pp. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003143-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003143_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmincke2003">Schmincke 2003</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009377-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009377_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200916-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200916_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200924-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200924_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198489-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198489_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherSchmincke1984">Fisher & Schmincke 1984</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vol_cash-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-vol_cash_37-0">37,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-vol_cash_37-1">37,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHeiken,_G.Wohletz,_K." class="citation book cs1">Heiken, G.; Wohletz, K. <i>Volcanic Ash</i>. University of California Press. p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanic+Ash&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.au=Heiken%2C+G.&rft.au=Wohletz%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNewhallSelf1982" class="citation journal cs1">Newhall, Christopher G.; Self, Stephen (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213194307/http://www.agu.org/books/hg/v002/HG002p0143/HG002p0143.pdf">"The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An Estimate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>87</b> (C2): 1231–1238. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JGR....87.1231N">1982JGR....87.1231N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJC087iC02p01231">10.1029/JC087iC02p01231</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/books/hg/v002/HG002p0143/HG002p0143.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 13 Desember 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Volcanic+Explosivity+Index+%28VEI%29%3A+An+Estimate+of+Explosive+Magnitude+for+Historical+Volcanism&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=C2&rft.pages=1231-1238&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJC087iC02p01231&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982JGR....87.1231N&rft.aulast=Newhall&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft.au=Self%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fbooks%2Fhg%2Fv002%2FHG002p0143%2FHG002p0143.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMartí_Molist2017" class="citation journal cs1">Martí Molist, Joan (6 September 2017). "Assessing Volcanic Hazard". <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190699420.013.32">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.32</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assessing+Volcanic+Hazard&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190699420.013.32&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%AD+Molist&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPariona" class="citation web cs1">Pariona, Amber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/when-is-a-volcano-considered-active-dormant-or-extinct.html">"Difference Between an Active, Dormant, and Extinct Volcano"</a>. WorldAtlas.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Difference+Between+an+Active%2C+Dormant%2C+and+Extinct+Volcano&rft.pub=WorldAtlas.com&rft.aulast=Pariona&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhen-is-a-volcano-considered-active-dormant-or-extinct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson2016-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2016_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNelson,_Stephen_A.2016" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Stephen A. (4 Oktober 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/volhaz&pred.htm">"Volcanic Hazards & Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions"</a>. Tulane University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volcanic+Hazards+%26+Prediction+of+Volcanic+Eruptions&rft.pub=Tulane+University&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Stephen+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulane.edu%2F~sanelson%2FNatural_Disasters%2Fvolhaz%26pred.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VolcWorldDormant-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VolcWorldDormant_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112014631/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/how-volcano-defined-being-active-dormant-or-extinct">"How is a volcano defined as being active, dormant, or extinct?"</a>. <i>Volcano World</i>. Oregon State University. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/how-volcano-defined-being-active-dormant-or-extinct">die oorspronklike</a> op 12 Januarie 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcano+World&rft.atitle=How+is+a+volcano+defined+as+being+active%2C+dormant%2C+or+extinct%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.oregonstate.edu%2Fhow-volcano-defined-being-active-dormant-or-extinct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chesner1991-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chesner1991_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFChesnerRoseDeinoDrake1991" class="citation journal cs1">Chesner, C.A.; Rose, J.A.; Deino, W.I.; Drake, R.; Westgate, A. (Maart 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers/ChesnerGeology.pdf">"Eruptive History of Earth's Largest Quaternary caldera (Toba, Indonesia) Clarified"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 200–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Geo....19..200C">1991Geo....19..200C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281991%29019%3C0200%3AEHOESL%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0200:EHOESL>2.3.CO;2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 Januarie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Eruptive+History+of+Earth%27s+Largest+Quaternary+caldera+%28Toba%2C+Indonesia%29+Clarified&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=200-203&rft.date=1991-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281991%29019%3C0200%3AEHOESL%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Geo....19..200C&rft.aulast=Chesner&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft.au=Rose%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Deino%2C+W.I.&rft.au=Drake%2C+R.&rft.au=Westgate%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.mtu.edu%2F~raman%2Fpapers%2FChesnerGeology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcanolive.com/alerts.html">"Volcanic Alert Levels of Various Countries"</a>. Volcanolive.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Augustus</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volcanic+Alert+Levels+of+Various+Countries&rft.pub=Volcanolive.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcanolive.com%2Falerts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMilesGraingerHighwood2004" class="citation journal cs1">Miles, M.G.; Grainger, R.G.; Highwood, E.J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eodg.atm.ox.ac.uk/eodg/papers/2004Miles1.pdf">"The significance of volcanic eruption strength and frequency for climate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society</i>. <b>130</b> (602): 2361–2376. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004QJRMS.130.2361M">2004QJRMS.130.2361M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1256%2Fqj.03.60">10.1256/qj.03.60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=The+significance+of+volcanic+eruption+strength+and+frequency+for+climate&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=602&rft.pages=2361-2376&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1256%2Fqj.03.60&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004QJRMS.130.2361M&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=M.G.&rft.au=Grainger%2C+R.G.&rft.au=Highwood%2C+E.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feodg.atm.ox.ac.uk%2Feodg%2Fpapers%2F2004Miles1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_California_–_Davis2008" class="citation web cs1">University of California – Davis (25 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080423135236.htm">"Volcanic Eruption Of 1600 Caused Global Disruption"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Volcanic+Eruption+Of+1600+Caused+Global+Disruption&rft.date=2008-04-25&rft.au=University+of+California+%E2%80%93+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F04%2F080423135236.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeeDoukasKesslerGerlach1997" class="citation web cs1">McGee, Kenneth A.; Doukas, Michael P.; Kessler, Richard; Gerlach, Terrence M. (Mei 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-262/of97-262.html">"Impacts of Volcanic Gases on Climate, the Environment, and People"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 Augustus</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impacts+of+Volcanic+Gases+on+Climate%2C+the+Environment%2C+and+People&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1997-05&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rft.au=Doukas%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Richard&rft.au=Gerlach%2C+Terrence+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F1997%2Fof97-262%2Fof97-262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091123142739.htm">"Supervolcano eruption – in Sumatra – deforested India 73,000 years ago"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>. 24 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Supervolcano+eruption+%E2%80%93+in+Sumatra+%E2%80%93+deforested+India+73%2C000+years+ago&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F11%2F091123142739.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2975862.stm">"When humans faced extinction"</a>. BBC. 9 Junie 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Januarie</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=When+humans+faced+extinction&rft.date=2003-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F2975862.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hanlon2005" class="citation web cs1">O'Hanlon, Larry (14 Maart 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050314025022/http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/others/others_07.html">"Yellowstone's Super Sister"</a>. <i>Discovery Channel</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/others/others_07.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 14 Maart 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovery+Channel&rft.atitle=Yellowstone%27s+Super+Sister&rft.date=2005-03-14&rft.aulast=O%27Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovery.com%2Fconvergence%2Fsupervolcano%2Fothers%2Fothers_07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipNcKc0Mv5IC&pg=PA155">Volcanoes in human history: the far-reaching effects of major eruptions</a></i>. Jelle Zeilinga de Boer, Donald Theodore Sanders (2002). Princeton University Press. p. 155. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-05081-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-05081-3">ISBN 0-691-05081-3</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Gráda2009" class="citation web cs1">Ó Gráda, Cormac (6 Februarie 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112061115/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html">"Famine: A Short History"</a>. Princeton University Press. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 12 Januarie 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famine%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Gr%C3%A1da&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs8857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiprop-2019-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kiprop-2019_53-0">53,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kiprop-2019_53-1">53,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKiprop2019" class="citation web cs1">Kiprop, Joseph (18 Januarie 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/why-is-volcanic-soil-fertile.html">"Why Is Volcanic Soil Fertile?"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas.com&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Volcanic+Soil+Fertile%3F&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft.aulast=Kiprop&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhy-is-volcanic-soil-fertile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marcari-etal-2007-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-marcari-etal-2007_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcari, G., G. Fabbrocino, en G. Manfredi. "Shear seismic capacity of tuff masonry panels in heritage constructions." Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture X 95 (2007): 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dolan-etal-2019-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dolan-etal-2019_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDolanCatesConradCopeland2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dolan, S.G.; Cates, K.M.; Conrad, C.N.; Copeland, S.R. (14 Maart 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-19-21132">"Home Away from Home: Ancestral Pueblo Fieldhouses in the Northern Rio Grande"</a>. <i>Lanl-Ur</i>. 19–21132: 96<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lanl-Ur&rft.atitle=Home+Away+from+Home%3A+Ancestral+Pueblo+Fieldhouses+in+the+Northern+Rio+Grande&rft.volume=19-21132&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=S.G.&rft.au=Cates%2C+K.M.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+C.N.&rft.au=Copeland%2C+S.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpermalink.lanl.gov%2Fobject%2Ftr%3Fwhat%3Dinfo%3Alanl-repo%2Flareport%2FLA-UR-19-21132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson-etal-2005-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jackson-etal-2005_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonMarraHayCawood2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, M. D.; Marra, F.; Hay, R. L.; Cawood, C.; Winkler, E. M. (2005). "The Judicious Selection and Preservation of Tuff and Travertine Building Stone in Ancient Rome*". <i>Archaeometry</i>. <b>47</b> (3): 485–510. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00215.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=The+Judicious+Selection+and+Preservation+of+Tuff+and+Travertine+Building+Stone+in+Ancient+Rome%2A&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=485-510&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.au=Marra%2C+F.&rft.au=Hay%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Cawood%2C+C.&rft.au=Winkler%2C+E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins-2016-150-151-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-collins-2016-150-151_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, Colin. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FPQhDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA149&dq=moai+construction&ots=j1xHNuEeze&sig=G8ncDnByQt0qat7itwXSXpSPY4M#v=onepage&q=moai%20construction&f=false">"Making Moai: Reconsidering Concepts of Risk in the Construction of Megalithic Architecture in Rapa Nui (Easter Island)"</a>. <i>Rapa Nui–Easter Island: Cultural and Historical Perspectives</i>, pp.150-151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWieczorekJolliffKhan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wieczorek, Mark A.; Jolliff, Bradley L.; Khan, Amir (1 Januarie 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e5f1f724a35bd9c56ff368b6e8d11fa8971148dd">"The constitution and structure of the lunar interior"</a>. <i>Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 221–364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006RvMG...60..221W">2006RvMG...60..221W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.3">10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130734866">130734866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=The+constitution+and+structure+of+the+lunar+interior&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=221-364&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130734866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006RvMG...60..221W&rft.aulast=Wieczorek&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Jolliff%2C+Bradley+L.&rft.au=Khan%2C+Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fe5f1f724a35bd9c56ff368b6e8d11fa8971148dd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBindschadler1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bindschadler, D.L. (1995). "Magellan: A new view of Venus' geology and geophysics". <i>Reviews of Geophysics</i>. <b>33</b> (S1): 459. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995RvGeo..33S.459B">1995RvGeo..33S.459B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F95RG00281">10.1029/95RG00281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Magellan%3A+A+new+view+of+Venus%27+geology+and+geophysics&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=459&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F95RG00281&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995RvGeo..33S.459B&rft.aulast=Bindschadler&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonThornhillParfitt1995" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Cordula A.; Thornhill, Gill D.; Parfitt, Elisabeth A. (1995). "Large-scale volcanic activity at Maat Mons: Can this explain fluctuations in atmospheric chemistry observed by Pioneer Venus?". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>100</b> (E6): 11755. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JGR...10011755R">1995JGR...10011755R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F95JE00147">10.1029/95JE00147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Large-scale+volcanic+activity+at+Maat+Mons%3A+Can+this+explain+fluctuations+in+atmospheric+chemistry+observed+by+Pioneer+Venus%3F&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=E6&rft.pages=11755&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F95JE00147&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JGR...10011755R&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Cordula+A.&rft.au=Thornhill%2C+Gill+D.&rft.au=Parfitt%2C+Elisabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMouginis-Mark2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mouginis-Mark, Peter J. (Oktober 2016). "Geomorphology and volcanology of Maat Mons, Venus". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>277</b>: 433–441. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Icar..277..433M">2016Icar..277..433M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.05.022">10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Geomorphology+and+volcanology+of+Maat+Mons%2C+Venus&rft.volume=277&rft.pages=433-441&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.05.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Icar..277..433M&rft.aulast=Mouginis-Mark&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESAmarsvolcanoes-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ESAmarsvolcanoes_62-0">62,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ESAmarsvolcanoes_62-1">62,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars_Express/SEMLF6D3M5E_0.html">"Glacial, volcanic and fluvial activity on Mars: latest images"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. 25 Februarie 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">17 Augustus</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glacial%2C+volcanic+and+fluvial+activity+on+Mars%3A+latest+images&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2005-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaMI%2FMars_Express%2FSEMLF6D3M5E_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806235121/http://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/exceptionally_bright_eruption_on_io_rivals_largest_in_solar_syatem">"Exceptionally bright eruption on Io rivals largest in solar system"</a>. <i>W.M. Keck Observatory</i>. 13 November 2002. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/exceptionally_bright_eruption_on_io_rivals_largest_in_solar_syatem/">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 Augustus 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 Oktober</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W.M.+Keck+Observatory&rft.atitle=Exceptionally+bright+eruption+on+Io+rivals+largest+in+solar+system&rft.date=2002-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeckobservatory.org%2Frecent%2Fentry%2Fexceptionally_bright_eruption_on_io_rivals_largest_in_solar_syatem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310211512/http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Nw/enceladus.asp">"Cassini Finds an Atmosphere on Saturn's Moon Enceladus"</a>. <i>PPARC</i>. 16 Maart 2005. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Nw/enceladus.asp">die oorspronklike</a> op 10 Maart 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 Julie</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PPARC&rft.atitle=Cassini+Finds+an+Atmosphere+on+Saturn%27s+Moon+Enceladus&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pparc.ac.uk%2FNw%2Fenceladus.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919022956/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7489">"Hydrocarbon volcano discovered on Titan"</a>. Newscientist.com. 8 Junie 2005. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7489">die oorspronklike</a> op 19 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Oktober</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrocarbon+volcano+discovered+on+Titan&rft.pub=Newscientist.com&rft.date=2005-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle.ns%3Fid%3Ddn7489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJaggard2010" class="citation web cs1">Jaggard, Victoria (5 Februarie 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100205-new-type-planet-corot-7b-io/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Super Earth" May Really Be New Planet Type: Super-Io"</a>. <i>National Geographic web site daily news</i>. National Geographic Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 Maart</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+web+site+daily+news&rft.atitle=%22Super+Earth%22+May+Really+Be+New+Planet+Type%3A+Super-Io&rft.date=2010-02-05&rft.aulast=Jaggard&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F02%2F100205-new-type-planet-corot-7b-io%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nog_leesstof">Nog leesstof</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Wysig afdeling: Nog leesstof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Nog leesstof"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonaldAbbott1970" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Gordon; Abbott, Agatin (1970). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Gratis registrasie vereis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volcanoesinseage00macd"><i>Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-87022-495-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-87022-495-9"><bdi>978-0-87022-495-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+in+the+Sea%3A+The+Geology+of+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-87022-495-9&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Agatin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvolcanoesinseage00macd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOllier1969" class="citation book cs1">Ollier, Cliff (1969). <i>Volcanoes</i>. Australian National University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7081-0532-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7081-0532-0"><bdi>978-0-7081-0532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-7081-0532-0&rft.aulast=Ollier&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSigurðsson2015" class="citation book cs1">Sigurðsson, Haraldur, red. (2015). <i>The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes</i> (2 uitg.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-12-385938-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-12-385938-9"><bdi>978-0-12-385938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Volcanoes&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-12-385938-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AVulkaan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skakels">Skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Wysig afdeling: Skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkaan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/">Volcano World</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volcanoes">Vulkaan</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="102" /></a></span> Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik uit die <span class="plainlinks"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" class="extiw" title="en:Volcano">Engelse Wikipedia</a> vertaal.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128339-9">4128339-9</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85144257">sh85144257</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10648582">10648582</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565264">00565264</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116218&CON_LNG=ENG">ph116218</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel" title="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. 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