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strategy</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: low pricing strategy"> <meta name="keywords" content="low pricing strategy"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="low pricing strategy"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4003</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: low pricing strategy</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4003</span> Supersized Pricing and Anticipated Consumption Guilt: The Moderating Role of Product Type and Health Claims</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asim%20Shabir">Asim Shabir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruqia%20Shaikh"> Ruqia Shaikh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Supersized pricing is an effective strategy often used by marketers to make consumers buy more. However, such a strategy also results in more purchases and consumption, especially of hedonic food products. This study brings interesting insights about supersized pricing as it provides value-based justification to consumers; as a result, the guilt associated with the purchase and consumption of hedonic products diminishes, which mediates the impact between supersized pricing and size choice. Interestingly, there is a three-way interaction between pricing, product type, and health goal prime. Health prime diminishes the impact of supersized pricing in the case of more hedonic products (unhealthy) compared to less hedonic (perceived as healthy) products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supersized%20pricing" title="supersized pricing">supersized pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anticipated%20consumption%20guilt" title=" anticipated consumption guilt"> anticipated consumption guilt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20claim" title=" health claim"> health claim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=product%20type" title=" product type"> product type</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169085/supersized-pricing-and-anticipated-consumption-guilt-the-moderating-role-of-product-type-and-health-claims" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4002</span> Pricing Strategy in Marketing: Balancing Value and Profitability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Akhlaghi">Mohsen Akhlaghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahereh%20Ebrahimi"> Tahereh Ebrahimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pricing strategy is a vital component in achieving the balance between customer value and business profitability. The aim of this study is to provide insights into the factors, techniques, and approaches involved in pricing decisions. The study utilizes a descriptive approach to discuss various aspects of pricing strategy in marketing, drawing on concepts from market research, consumer psychology, competitive analysis, and adaptability. This approach presents a comprehensive view of pricing decisions. The result of this exploration is a framework that highlights key factors influencing pricing decisions. The study examines how factors such as market positioning, product differentiation, and brand image shape pricing strategies. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of consumer psychology in understanding price elasticity, perceived value, and price-quality associations that influence consumer behavior. Various pricing techniques, including charm pricing, prestige pricing, and bundle pricing, are mentioned as methods to enhance sales by influencing consumer perceptions. The study also underscores the importance of adaptability in responding to market dynamics through regular price monitoring, dynamic pricing, and promotional strategies. It recognizes the role of digital platforms in enabling personalized pricing and dynamic pricing models. In conclusion, the study emphasizes that effective pricing strategies strike a balance between customer value and business profitability, ultimately driving sales, enhancing brand perception, and fostering lasting customer relationships. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business" title="business">business</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customer%20benefits" title=" customer benefits"> customer benefits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing" title=" marketing"> marketing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pricing" title=" pricing"> pricing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169226/pricing-strategy-in-marketing-balancing-value-and-profitability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169226.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4001</span> Investigating the Effective Parameters in Determining the Type of Traffic Congestion Pricing Schemes in Urban Streets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Sayyad%20Hagh%20Shomar">Saeed Sayyad Hagh Shomar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic congestion pricing – as a strategy in travel demand management in urban areas to reduce traffic congestion, air pollution and noise pollution – has drawn many attentions towards itself. Unlike the satisfying findings in this method, there are still problems in determining the best functional congestion pricing scheme with regard to the situation. The so-called problems in this process will result in further complications and even the scheme failure. That is why having proper knowledge of the significance of congestion pricing schemes and the effective factors in choosing them can lead to the success of this strategy. In this study, first, a variety of traffic congestion pricing schemes and their components are introduced; then, their functional usage is discussed. Next, by analyzing and comparing the barriers, limitations and advantages, the selection criteria of pricing schemes are described. The results, accordingly, show that the selection of the best scheme depends on various parameters. Finally, based on examining the effective parameters, it is concluded that the implementation of area-based schemes (cordon and zonal) has been more successful in non-diversion of traffic. That is considering the topology of the cities and the fact that traffic congestion is often created in the city centers, area-based schemes would be notably functional and appropriate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=congestion%20pricing" title="congestion pricing">congestion pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand%20management" title=" demand management"> demand management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flat%20toll" title=" flat toll"> flat toll</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variable%20toll" title=" variable toll"> variable toll</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94312/investigating-the-effective-parameters-in-determining-the-type-of-traffic-congestion-pricing-schemes-in-urban-streets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94312.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">390</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4000</span> 4G LTE Dynamic Pricing: The Drivers, Benefits, and Challenges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Rashad%20Harb%20Riad%20Ismail">Ahmed Rashad Harb Riad Ismail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research is to study the potential of Dynamic Pricing if deployed by mobile operators and analyse its effects from both operators and consumers side. Furthermore, to conclude, throughout the research study, the recommended conditions for successful Dynamic Pricing deployment, recommended factors identifying the type of markets where Dynamic Pricing can be effective, and proposal for a Dynamic Pricing stakeholders’ framework were presented. Currently, the mobile telecommunications industry is witnessing a dramatic growth rate in the data consumption, being fostered mainly by higher data speed technology as the 4G LTE and by the smart devices penetration rates. However, operators’ revenue from data services lags behind and is decupled from this data consumption growth. Pricing strategy is a key factor affecting this ecosystem. Since the introduction of the 4G LTE technology will increase the pace of data growth in multiples, consequently, if pricing strategies remain constant, then the revenue and usage gap will grow wider, risking the sustainability of the ecosystem. Therefore, this research study is focused on Dynamic Pricing for 4G LTE data services, researching the drivers, benefits and challenges of 4G LTE Dynamic Pricing and the feasibility of its deployment in practice from different perspectives including operators, regulators, consumers, and telecommunications equipment manufacturers point of views. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LTE" title="LTE">LTE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20pricing" title=" dynamic pricing"> dynamic pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EPC" title=" EPC"> EPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research" title=" research"> research</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6817/4g-lte-dynamic-pricing-the-drivers-benefits-and-challenges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6817.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3999</span> Potentials and Influencing Factors of Dynamic Pricing in Business: Empirical Insights of European Experts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Reichstein">Christopher Reichstein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ralf-Christian%20H%C3%A4rting"> Ralf-Christian Härting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martina%20H%C3%A4u%C3%9Fler"> Martina Häußler</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With a continuously increasing speed of information exchange on the World Wide Web, retailers in the E-Commerce sector are faced with immense possibilities regarding different online purchase processes like dynamic price settings. By use of Dynamic Pricing, retailers are able to set short time price changes in order to optimize producer surplus. The empirical research illustrates the basics of Dynamic Pricing and identifies six influencing factors of Dynamic Pricing. The results of a structural equation modeling approach show five main drivers increasing the potential of dynamic price settings in the E-Commerce. Influencing factors are the knowledge of customers’ individual willingness to pay, rising sales, the possibility of customization, the data volume and the information about competitors’ pricing strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-commerce" title="e-commerce">e-commerce</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empirical%20research" title=" empirical research"> empirical research</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experts" title=" experts"> experts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20pricing%20%28DP%29" title=" dynamic pricing (DP)"> dynamic pricing (DP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influencing%20factors" title=" influencing factors"> influencing factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potentials" title=" potentials"> potentials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72524/potentials-and-influencing-factors-of-dynamic-pricing-in-business-empirical-insights-of-european-experts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3998</span> Enhancing the Pricing Expertise of an Online Distribution Channel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20N.%20Pereira">Luis N. Pereira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marco%20P.%20Carrasco"> Marco P. Carrasco</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dynamic pricing is a revenue management strategy in which hotel suppliers define, over time, flexible and different prices for their services for different potential customers, considering the profile of e-consumers and the demand and market supply. This means that the fundamentals of dynamic pricing are based on economic theory (price elasticity of demand) and market segmentation. This study aims to define a dynamic pricing strategy and a contextualized offer to the e-consumers profile in order to improve the number of reservations of an online distribution channel. Segmentation methods (hierarchical and non-hierarchical) were used to identify and validate an optimal number of market segments. A profile of the market segments was studied, considering the characteristics of the e-consumers and the probability of reservation a room. In addition, the price elasticity of demand was estimated for each segment using econometric models. Finally, predictive models were used to define rules for classifying new e-consumers into pre-defined segments. The empirical study illustrates how it is possible to improve the intelligence of an online distribution channel system through an optimal dynamic pricing strategy and a contextualized offer to the profile of each new e-consumer. A database of 11 million e-consumers of an online distribution channel was used in this study. The results suggest that an appropriate policy of market segmentation in using of online reservation systems is benefit for the service suppliers because it brings high probability of reservation and generates more profit than fixed pricing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20pricing" title="dynamic pricing">dynamic pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-consumers%20segmentation" title=" e-consumers segmentation"> e-consumers segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20reservation%20systems" title=" online reservation systems"> online reservation systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predictive%20analytics" title=" predictive analytics"> predictive analytics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93434/enhancing-the-pricing-expertise-of-an-online-distribution-channel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93434.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3997</span> Low Pricing Strategy of Forest Products in Community Forestry Program: Subsidy to the Forest Users or Loss of Economy?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laxuman%20Thakuri">Laxuman Thakuri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Community-based forest management is often glorified as one of the best forest management alternatives in the developing countries like Nepal. It is also believed that the transfer of forest management authorities to local communities is decisive to take efficient decisions, maximize the forest benefits and improve the people’s livelihood. The community forestry of Nepal also aims to maximize the forest benefits; share them among the user households and improve their livelihood. However, how the local communities fix the price of forest products and local pricing made by the forest user groups affects to equitable forest benefits-sharing among the user households and their livelihood improvement objectives, the answer is largely silent among the researchers and policy-makers alike. This study examines local pricing system of forest products in the lowland community forestry and its effects on equitable benefit-sharing and livelihood improvement objectives. The study discovered that forest user groups fixed the price of forest products based on three criteria: i) costs incur in harvesting, ii) office operation costs, and iii) livelihood improvement costs through community development and income generating activities. Since user households have heterogeneous socio-economic conditions, the forest user groups have been applied low pricing strategy even for high-value forest products that the access of socio-economically worse-off households can be increased. However, the results of forest products distribution showed that as a result of low pricing strategy the access of socio-economically better-off households has been increasing at higher rate than worse-off and an inequality situation has been created. Similarly, the low pricing strategy is also found defective to livelihood improvement objectives. The study suggests for revising the forest products pricing system in community forest management and reforming the community forestry policy as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20forestry" title="community forestry">community forestry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20products%20pricing" title=" forest products pricing"> forest products pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equitable%20benefit-sharing" title=" equitable benefit-sharing"> equitable benefit-sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood%20improvement" title=" livelihood improvement"> livelihood improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal "> Nepal </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37379/low-pricing-strategy-of-forest-products-in-community-forestry-program-subsidy-to-the-forest-users-or-loss-of-economy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37379.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3996</span> Optimal Price Points in Differential Pricing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katerina%20Kormusheva">Katerina Kormusheva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pricing plays a pivotal role in the marketing discipline as it directly influences consumer perceptions, purchase decisions, and overall market positioning of a product or service. This paper seeks to expand current knowledge in the area of discriminatory and differential pricing, a main area of marketing research. The methodology includes developing a framework and a model for determining how many price points to implement in differential pricing. We focus on choosing the levels of differentiation, derive a function form of the model framework proposed, and lastly, test it empirically with data from a large-scale marketing pricing experiment of services in telecommunications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing" title="marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20pricing" title=" differential pricing"> differential pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20points" title=" price points"> price points</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169535/optimal-price-points-in-differential-pricing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169535.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3995</span> Numerical Pricing of Financial Options under Irrational Exercise Times and Regime-Switching Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Saber%20Rohi">Mohammad Saber Rohi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saghar%20Heidari"> Saghar Heidari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we studied the pricing problem of American options under a regime-switching model with the possibility of a non-optimal exercise policy (early or late exercise time) which is called an irrational strategy. For this, we consider a Markovmodulated model for the dynamic of the underlying asset as an alternative model to the classical Balck-Scholes-Merton model (BSM) and an intensity-based model for the irrational strategy, to provide more realistic results for American option prices under the irrational behavior in real financial markets. Applying a partial differential equation (PDE) approach, the pricing problem of American options under regime-switching models can be formulated as coupled PDEs. To solve the resulting systems of PDEs in this model, we apply a finite element method as the numerical solving procedure to the resulting variational inequality. Under some appropriate assumptions, we establish the stability of the method and compare its accuracy to some recent works to illustrate the suitability of the proposed model and the accuracy of the applied numerical method for the pricing problem of American options under the regime-switching model with irrational behaviors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrational%20exercise%20strategy" title="irrational exercise strategy">irrational exercise strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rationality%20parameter" title=" rationality parameter"> rationality parameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regime-switching%20model" title=" regime-switching model"> regime-switching model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=American%20option" title=" American option"> American option</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variational%20inequality" title=" variational inequality"> variational inequality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160801/numerical-pricing-of-financial-options-under-irrational-exercise-times-and-regime-switching-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160801.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3994</span> An Investigation for Information Asymmetry Nexus IPO Under-Pricing: A Case of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saqib%20Mehmood">Saqib Mehmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naveed%20Iqbal%20Chaudhry"> Naveed Iqbal Chaudhry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asif%20Mehmood"> Asif Mehmood</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study intends to investigate the information asymmetry theories of IPO and under-pricing in Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to validate the information asymmetry about firm value which leads to under-pricing. A total of 55 IPOs listed from 2000-2011 were included in this study. OLS multiple regression was applied to achieve the objectives of this study. The findings of the study confirm the significance of information asymmetry on under-pricing in Pakistan. The findings have implications for issuing firms and prospective investors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20asymmetry" title="information asymmetry">information asymmetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=initial%20public%20offerings" title=" initial public offerings"> initial public offerings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=under-pricing" title=" under-pricing"> under-pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firm%20value" title=" firm value"> firm value</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15450/an-investigation-for-information-asymmetry-nexus-ipo-under-pricing-a-case-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15450.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3993</span> Predatory Pricing at Services Markets: Incentives, Mechanisms, Standards of Proving, and Remedies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mykola%20G.%20Boichuk">Mykola G. Boichuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper concerns predatory pricing incentives and mechanisms in the markets of services, as well as its anti-competitive effects. As cost estimation at services markets is more complex in comparison to markets of goods, predatory pricing is more difficult to detect in the provision of services. For instance, this is often the case for professional services, which is analyzed in the paper. The special attention is given to employment markets as de-facto main supply markets for professional services markets. Also, the paper concerns such instances as travel agents' services, where predatory pricing may have implications not only on competition but on a wider range of public interest as well. Thus, the paper develops on effective ways to apply competition law rules on predatory pricing to the provision of services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employment%20markets" title="employment markets">employment markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predatory%20pricing" title=" predatory pricing"> predatory pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=services%20markets" title=" services markets"> services markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair%20competition" title=" unfair competition"> unfair competition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68895/predatory-pricing-at-services-markets-incentives-mechanisms-standards-of-proving-and-remedies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68895.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3992</span> Forest Products Pricing System in Community Forestry Program: An Analysis of Its Impacts on Forest Resources Management and Livelihood Improvement of Local People</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohan%20Bikram%20Thapa">Mohan Bikram Thapa </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the successful implementation of community forestry program, a number of pros and cons have been raised on Terai community forestry in the case of lowland locally called Terai region of Nepal, which climatically belongs to tropical humid and possessed high-quality forests in terms of ecology and economy. The study aims to investigate the local pricing strategy of forest products and its impacts on equitable forest benefits sharing, the collection of community fund and carrying out livelihood improvement activities. The study was carried out on six community forests revealed that local people have substantially benefited from the community forests. However, being the region is heterogeneous by socio-economic conditions and forest resources have higher economic potential, the decision of low pricing strategy made by the local people have created inequality problems while sharing the forest benefits, and poorly contributed to community fund collection and consequently carrying out limited activities of livelihood improvement. The paper argued that the decision of low pricing strategy of forest products is counterproductive to promote the equitable benefit-sharing in the areas of heterogeneous socio-economic conditions with high-value forests. The low pricing strategy has been increasing accessibility of better off households at a higher rate than poor, as such households always have the higher affording capacity. It is also defective to increase the community fund and carry out activities of livelihood improvement effectively. The study concluded that unilateral decentralized forest policy and decision-making autonomy to the local people seems questionable unless their decision-making capacities are enriched sufficiently. Therefore, it is recommended that empowerments of decision-making capacity of local people and their respective institutions together with policy and program formulation are prerequisite for efficient and equitable community forest management and its long-term sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benefit%20sharing" title="benefit sharing">benefit sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20forest" title=" community forest"> community forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood" title=" livelihood"> livelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pricing%20mechanism" title=" pricing mechanism"> pricing mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35286/forest-products-pricing-system-in-community-forestry-program-an-analysis-of-its-impacts-on-forest-resources-management-and-livelihood-improvement-of-local-people" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35286.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3991</span> Investigation on Cost Reflective Network Pricing and Modified Cost Reflective Network Pricing Methods for Transmission Service Charges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Iskandar">K. Iskandar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20H.%20Radzi"> N. H. Radzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Aziz"> R. Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Kamaruddin"> M. S. Kamaruddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20N.%20Abdullah"> M. N. Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Jumaat"> S. A. Jumaat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays many developing countries have been undergoing a restructuring process in the power electricity industry. This process has involved disaggregating former state-owned monopoly utilities both vertically and horizontally and introduced competition. The restructuring process has been implemented by the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) started from 13 December 1998, began operating as a wholesale market for supply of electricity to retailers and end-users in Queensland, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and South Australia. In this deregulated market, one of the important issues is the transmission pricing. Transmission pricing is a service that recovers existing and new cost of the transmission system. The regulation of the transmission pricing is important in determining whether the transmission service system is economically beneficial to both side of the users and utilities. Therefore, an efficient transmission pricing methodology plays an important role in the Australian NEM. In this paper, the transmission pricing methodologies that have been implemented by the Australian NEM which are the Cost Reflective Network Pricing (CRNP) and Modified Cost Reflective Network Pricing (MCRNP) methods are investigated for allocating the transmission service charges to the transmission users. A case study using 6-bus system is used in order to identify the best method that reflects a fair and equitable transmission service charge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost-reflective%20network%20pricing%20method" title="cost-reflective network pricing method">cost-reflective network pricing method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20cost-reflective%20network%20pricing%20method" title=" modified cost-reflective network pricing method"> modified cost-reflective network pricing method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=restructuring%20process" title=" restructuring process"> restructuring process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20pricing" title=" transmission pricing"> transmission pricing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62287/investigation-on-cost-reflective-network-pricing-and-modified-cost-reflective-network-pricing-methods-for-transmission-service-charges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3990</span> Price Setting and the Role of Accounting Information</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chris%20Durden">Chris Durden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Lane"> Peter Lane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cost accounting information potentially plays an important role in price setting. According to prior research fixed and variable cost information often is a key influence on pricing decisions. The literature highlights the benefits of applying systematic costing systems for enhanced price setting processes. This paper explores how costing systems are used for pricing decisions in the tourism and hospitality industry relative to other sources of price setting information. Pricing based on full cost information was found to have relatively greater importance and short-term survival and customer oriented objectives were found to be the more important pricing objectives. This paper contributes to the literature by providing a recent analysis of accounting’s role in price setting within the tourism and hospitality industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20accounting%20systems" title="cost accounting systems">cost accounting systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pricing%20decisions" title=" pricing decisions"> pricing decisions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost-plus%20pricing" title=" cost-plus pricing"> cost-plus pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20pricing" title=" market pricing"> market pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism%20industry" title=" tourism industry"> tourism industry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31372/price-setting-and-the-role-of-accounting-information" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31372.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3989</span> Econophysics: The Use of Entropy Measures in Finance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Sheraz">Muhammad Sheraz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vasile%20Preda"> Vasile Preda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silvia%20Dedu"> Silvia Dedu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Concepts of econophysics are usually used to solve problems related to uncertainty and nonlinear dynamics. In the theory of option pricing the risk neutral probabilities play very important role. The application of entropy in finance can be regarded as the extension of both information entropy and the probability entropy. It can be an important tool in various financial methods such as measure of risk, portfolio selection, option pricing and asset pricing. Gulko applied Entropy Pricing Theory (EPT) for pricing stock options and introduced an alternative framework of Black-Scholes model for pricing European stock option. In this article, we present solutions to maximum entropy problems based on Tsallis, Weighted-Tsallis, Kaniadakis, Weighted-Kaniadakies entropies, to obtain risk-neutral densities. We have also obtained the value of European call and put in this framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=option%20pricing" title="option pricing">option pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Black-Scholes%20model" title=" Black-Scholes model"> Black-Scholes model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsallis%20entropy" title=" Tsallis entropy"> Tsallis entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaniadakis%20entropy" title=" Kaniadakis entropy"> Kaniadakis entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weighted%20entropy" title=" weighted entropy"> weighted entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk-neutral%20density" title=" risk-neutral density"> risk-neutral density</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55546/econophysics-the-use-of-entropy-measures-in-finance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55546.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3988</span> Impacts of Community Forest on Forest Resources Management and Livelihood Improvement of Local People in Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samipraj%20Mishra">Samipraj Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the successful implementation of community forestry program, a number of pros and cons have been raised on Terai community forestry in the case of lowland locally called Terai region of Nepal, which is climatically belongs to tropical humid and possessed high quality forests in terms of ecology and economy. The study aims to investigate the local pricing strategy of forest products and its impacts on equitable forest benefit sharing, collection of community fund and carrying out livelihood improvement activities. The study was carried out on six community forests revealed that local people have substantially benefited from the community forests. However, being the region is heterogeneous by socio-economic conditions and forest resources have higher economical potential, the decision of low pricing strategy made by the local people have created inequality problems while sharing the forest benefits, and poorly contributed to community fund collection and consequently carrying out limited activities of livelihood improvement. The paper argued that the decision of low pricing strategy of forest products is counter-productive to promote the equitable benefit sharing in the areas of heterogeneous socio-economic conditions with high value forests. The low pricing strategy has been increasing accessibility of better off households at higher rate than poor; as such households always have higher affording capacity. It is also defective to increase the community fund and carry out activities of livelihood improvement effectively. The study concluded that unilateral decentralized forest policy and decision-making autonomy to the local people seems questionable unless their decision-making capacities are enriched sufficiently. Therefore, it is recommended that empowerment of decision-making capacity of local people and their respective institutions together with policy and program formulation are prerequisite for efficient and equitable community forest management and its long-term sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20forest" title="community forest">community forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood" title=" livelihood"> livelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economy" title=" socio-economy"> socio-economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pricing%20system" title=" pricing system"> pricing system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48174/impacts-of-community-forest-on-forest-resources-management-and-livelihood-improvement-of-local-people-in-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48174.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3987</span> Discrimination in Insurance Pricing: A Textual-Analysis Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruijuan%20Bi">Ruijuan Bi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Discrimination in insurance pricing is a topic of increasing concern, particularly in the context of the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence. There is a need to explore the various forms of discrimination, such as direct and indirect discrimination, proxy discrimination, algorithmic discrimination, and unfair discrimination, and understand their implications in insurance pricing models. This paper aims to analyze and interpret the definitions of discrimination in insurance pricing and explore measures to reduce discrimination. It utilizes a textual analysis methodology, which involves gathering qualitative data from relevant literature on definitions of discrimination. The research methodology focuses on exploring the various forms of discrimination and their implications in insurance pricing models. Through textual analysis, this paper identifies the specific characteristics and implications of each form of discrimination in the general insurance industry. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of discrimination in insurance pricing. By analyzing and interpreting relevant literature, this paper provides insights into the definitions of discrimination and the laws and regulations surrounding it. This theoretical foundation can inform future empirical research on discrimination in insurance pricing using relevant theories of probability theory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20discrimination" title="algorithmic discrimination">algorithmic discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20and%20indirect%20discrimination" title=" direct and indirect discrimination"> direct and indirect discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proxy%20discrimination" title=" proxy discrimination"> proxy discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair%20discrimination" title=" unfair discrimination"> unfair discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance%20pricing" title=" insurance pricing"> insurance pricing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178477/discrimination-in-insurance-pricing-a-textual-analysis-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3986</span> Option Pricing Theory Applied to the Service Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luke%20Miller">Luke Miller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper develops an options pricing methodology to value strategic pricing strategies in the services sector. More specifically, this study provides a unifying taxonomy of current service sector pricing practices, frames these pricing decisions as strategic real options, demonstrates accepted option valuation techniques to assess service sector pricing decisions, and suggests future research areas where pricing decisions and real options overlap. Enhancing revenue in the service sector requires proactive decision making in a world of uncertainty. In an effort to strategically price service products, revenue enhancement necessitates a careful study of the service costs, customer base, competition, legalities, and shared economies with the market. Pricing decisions involve the quality of inputs, manpower, and best practices to maintain superior service. These decisions further hinge on identifying relevant pricing strategies and understanding how these strategies impact a firm’s value. A relatively new area of research applies option pricing theory to investments in real assets and is commonly known as real options. The real options approach is based on the premise that many corporate decisions to invest or divest in assets are simply an option wherein the firm has the right to make an investment without any obligation to act. The decision maker, therefore, has more flexibility and the value of this operating flexibility should be taken into consideration. The real options framework has already been applied to numerous areas including manufacturing, inventory, natural resources, research and development, strategic decisions, technology, and stock valuation. Additionally, numerous surveys have identified a growing need for the real options decision framework within all areas of corporate decision-making. Despite the wide applicability of real options, no study has been carried out linking service sector pricing decisions and real options. This is surprising given the service sector comprises 80% of the US employment and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Identifying real options as a practical tool to value different service sector pricing strategies is believed to have a significant impact on firm decisions. This paper identifies and discusses four distinct pricing strategies available to the service sector from an options’ perspective: (1) Cost-based profit margin, (2) Increased customer base, (3) Platform pricing, and (4) Buffet pricing. Within each strategy lie several pricing tactics available to the service firm. These tactics can be viewed as options the decision maker has to best manage a strategic position in the market. To demonstrate the effectiveness of including flexibility in the pricing decision, a series of pricing strategies were developed and valued using a real options binomial lattice structure. The options pricing approach discussed in this study allows service firms to directly incorporate market-driven perspectives into the decision process and thus synchronizing service operations with organizational economic goals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=option%20pricing%20theory" title="option pricing theory">option pricing theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20options" title=" real options"> real options</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20sector" title=" service sector"> service sector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valuation" title=" valuation"> valuation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46102/option-pricing-theory-applied-to-the-service-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46102.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3985</span> Implied Adjusted Volatility by Leland Option Pricing Models: Evidence from Australian Index Options</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mimi%20Hafizah%20Abdullah">Mimi Hafizah Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanani%20Farhah%20Harun"> Hanani Farhah Harun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nik%20Ruzni%20Nik%20Idris"> Nik Ruzni Nik Idris</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the implied volatility as an important factor in financial decision-making, in particular in option pricing valuation, and also the given fact that the pricing biases of Leland option pricing models and the implied volatility structure for the options are related, this study considers examining the implied adjusted volatility smile patterns and term structures in the S&P/ASX 200 index options using the different Leland option pricing models. The examination of the implied adjusted volatility smiles and term structures in the Australian index options market covers the global financial crisis in the mid-2007. The implied adjusted volatility was found to escalate approximately triple the rate prior the crisis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implied%20adjusted%20volatility" title="implied adjusted volatility">implied adjusted volatility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20crisis" title=" financial crisis"> financial crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leland%20option%20pricing%20models" title=" Leland option pricing models"> Leland option pricing models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australian%20index%20options" title=" Australian index options"> Australian index options</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9747/implied-adjusted-volatility-by-leland-option-pricing-models-evidence-from-australian-index-options" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9747.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3984</span> Analysis and Evaluation of the Public Responses to Traffic Congestion Pricing Schemes in Urban Streets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Sayyad%20Hagh%20Shomar">Saeed Sayyad Hagh Shomar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic congestion pricing in urban streets is one of the most suitable options for solving the traffic problems and environment pollutions in the cities of the country. Unlike its acceptable outcomes, there are problems concerning the necessity to pay by the mass. Regarding the fact that public response in order to succeed in this strategy is so influential, studying their response and behavior to get the feedback and improve the strategies is of great importance. In this study, a questionnaire was used to examine the public reactions to the traffic congestion pricing schemes at the center of Tehran metropolis and the factors involved in people’s decision making in accepting or rejecting the congestion pricing schemes were assessed based on the data obtained from the questionnaire as well as the international experiences. Then, by analyzing and comparing the schemes, guidelines to reduce public objections to them are discussed. The results of reviewing and evaluating the public reactions show that all the pros and cons must be considered to guarantee the success of these projects. Consequently, with targeted public education and consciousness-raising advertisements, prior to initiating a scheme and ensuring the mechanism of the implementation after the start of the project, the initial opposition is reduced and, with the gradual emergence of the real and tangible benefits of its implementation, users’ satisfaction will increase<span dir="RTL">.</span> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand%20management" title="demand management">demand management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20experiences" title=" international experiences"> international experiences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20congestion%20pricing" title=" traffic congestion pricing"> traffic congestion pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20acceptance" title=" public acceptance"> public acceptance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20reactions" title=" public reactions"> public reactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20objection" title=" public objection"> public objection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94559/analysis-and-evaluation-of-the-public-responses-to-traffic-congestion-pricing-schemes-in-urban-streets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">244</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3983</span> Pricing Effects on Equitable Distribution of Forest Products and Livelihood Improvement in Nepalese Community Forestry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laxuman%20Thakuri">Laxuman Thakuri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the large number of in-depth case studies focused on policy analysis, institutional arrangement, and collective action of common property resource management; how the local institutions take the pricing decision of forest products in community forest management and what kinds of effects produce it, the answers of these questions are largely silent among the policy-makers and researchers alike. The study examined how the local institutions take the pricing decision of forest products in the lowland community forestry of Nepal and how the decisions affect to equitable distribution of benefits and livelihood improvement which are also objectives of Nepalese community forestry. The study assumes that forest products pricing decisions have multiple effects on equitable distribution and livelihood improvement in the areas having heterogeneous socio-economic conditions. The dissertation was carried out at four community forests of lowland, Nepal that has characteristics of high value species, matured-experience of community forest management and better record-keeping system of forest products production, pricing and distribution. The questionnaire survey, individual to group discussions and direct field observation were applied for data collection from the field, and Lorenz curve, gini-coefficient, χ²-text, and SWOT (Strong, Weak, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis were performed for data analysis and results interpretation. The dissertation demonstrates that the low pricing strategy of high-value forest products was supposed crucial to increase the access of socio-economically weak households, and to and control over the important forest products such as timber, but found counter productive as the strategy increased the access of socio-economically better-off households at higher rate. In addition, the strategy contradicts to collect a large-scale community fund and carry out livelihood improvement activities as per the community forestry objectives. The crucial part of the study is despite the fact of low pricing strategy; the timber alone contributed large part of community fund collection. The results revealed close relation between pricing decisions and livelihood objectives. The action research result shows that positive price discrimination can slightly reduce the prevailing inequality and increase the fund. However, it lacks to harness the full price of forest products and collects a large-scale community fund. For broader outcomes of common property resource management in terms of resource sustainability, equity, and livelihood opportunity, the study suggests local institutions to harness the full price of resource products with respect to the local market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community" title="community">community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equitable" title=" equitable"> equitable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest" title=" forest"> forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood" title=" livelihood"> livelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socioeconomic" title=" socioeconomic"> socioeconomic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29512/pricing-effects-on-equitable-distribution-of-forest-products-and-livelihood-improvement-in-nepalese-community-forestry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29512.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">536</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3982</span> A Theoretical Framework of Multifactor Systematic Risks in Equity Market: Behavioral Finance Paradigm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jasman%20Tuyon">Jasman Tuyon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zamri%20Ahmad"> Zamri Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Behavioral asset pricing research has been gaining momentum since in 1990s. However, it is still incomplete and has been criticized for some philosophical, theoretical and model specification limitations. Due to these drawbacks, investors’ behaviors as a source of risk in behavioral asset pricing modeling still remains disputable. This paper aims to address these issues with an alternative perspective based on behavioral finance paradigm. Specifically, this paper proposes a theoretical linkages of both fundamental and behavioral risks on stock prices formation and an extension of the multifactor stock pricing model by combining multi-factor fundamentals and behavioral risks factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20finance" title="behavioral finance">behavioral finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multifactor%20asset%20pricing" title=" multifactor asset pricing"> multifactor asset pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20risks" title=" behavioral risks"> behavioral risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fundamental%20risks" title=" fundamental risks"> fundamental risks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11989/a-theoretical-framework-of-multifactor-systematic-risks-in-equity-market-behavioral-finance-paradigm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11989.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">499</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3981</span> Managing and Sustaining Strategic Relationships with Distributors by Electronic Agencies in Jordan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdallah%20Q.%20Bataineh">Abdallah Q. Bataineh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The electronics market in Jordan is facing extraordinary expectations from consumers, whose opinions are progressively more essential and have effective power on the overall marketing strategy preparation and execution by electronics agents. This research aimed to explore the effect of price volatile, follow-up, maintenance and warranty policy on distributor’s retention. Focus group, in-depth interviews, and self-administered questionnaire were held with a total sample of 50 electronics distribution stores who have a direct contact and purchase frequently from electronic agencies. By using descriptive statistics and multiple regression tests, the main findings of this research is that there is an impact of price volatile, follow-up, maintenance and warranty policy on distributor’s retention, and the key predictor variable was price volatile. Thus, the researcher recommended flat rate pricing strategy to ensure that all distributors will sell the product on the same pricing base, regardless of the generated margin by each one of them. Moreover, conclusion and future research were also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributors%20retention" title="distributors retention">distributors retention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=follow-up" title=" follow-up"> follow-up</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance" title=" maintenance"> maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20volatile" title=" price volatile"> price volatile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=warranty%20policy" title=" warranty policy"> warranty policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85219/managing-and-sustaining-strategic-relationships-with-distributors-by-electronic-agencies-in-jordan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85219.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3980</span> Derivation of Fractional Black-Scholes Equations Driven by Fractional G-Brownian Motion and Their Application in European Option Pricing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changhong%20Guo">Changhong Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaomei%20Fang"> Shaomei Fang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong%20He"> Yong He</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, fractional Black-Scholes models for the European option pricing were established based on the fractional G-Brownian motion (fGBm), which generalizes the concepts of the classical Brownian motion, fractional Brownian motion and the G-Brownian motion, and that can be used to be a tool for considering the long range dependence and uncertain volatility for the financial markets simultaneously. A generalized fractional Black-Scholes equation (FBSE) was derived by using the Taylor’s series of fractional order and the theory of absence of arbitrage. Finally, some explicit option pricing formulas for the European call option and put option under the FBSE were also solved, which extended the classical option pricing formulas given by F. Black and M. Scholes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=European%20option%20pricing" title="European option pricing">European option pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractional%20Black-Scholes%20equations" title=" fractional Black-Scholes equations"> fractional Black-Scholes equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractional%20g-Brownian%20motion" title=" fractional g-Brownian motion"> fractional g-Brownian motion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taylor%27s%20series%20of%20fractional%20order" title=" Taylor's series of fractional order"> Taylor's series of fractional order</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertain%20volatility" title=" uncertain volatility"> uncertain volatility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127107/derivation-of-fractional-black-scholes-equations-driven-by-fractional-g-brownian-motion-and-their-application-in-european-option-pricing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3979</span> Defining the Term of Strategy within Military Point of View</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Menderes%20Sema">Ismail Menderes Sema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murat%20S%C3%B6zen"> Murat Sözen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F"> M. K. Barış </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The strategy is about winning or preventing your enemy from winning. The origin of the term comes from the military. After utilizing the strategy for limited military purposes in early ages, soldiers and statesmen used the term together to achieve the goals of states. In ancient times, those people who made strategy and implemented it was the same. With the industrial revolution, the strategy changed like everything and the term “grand strategy” came forward. Today, from business to economy, management to philosophy there is a broad using of the term strategy. Economic strategy, business strategy, trade strategy, irrigation strategy, and even recruitment strategy are used by professionals. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of the strategy and clarify actually what is about. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategy" title="strategy">strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military" title=" military"> military</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=art" title=" art"> art</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grand%20strategy" title=" grand strategy"> grand strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategist" title=" strategist"> strategist</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31137/defining-the-term-of-strategy-within-military-point-of-view" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31137.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">454</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3978</span> Dynamic Pricing With Demand Response Managment in Smart Grid: Stackelberg Game Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasibe%20Berfu%20Demi%CC%87r">Hasibe Berfu Demi̇r</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C5%9Eakir%20Esnaf"> Şakir Esnaf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the past decade, extensive improvements have been done in electrical grid infrastructures. It is very important to make plans on supply, demand, transmission, distribution and pricing for the development of the electricity energy sector. Based on this perspective, in this study, Stackelberg game approach is proposed for demand participation management (DRM), which has become an important component in the smart grid to effectively reduce power generation costs and user bills. The purpose of this study is to examine electricity consumption from a dynamic pricing perspective. The results obtained were compared with the current situation and the results were interpreted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lectricity" title="lectricity">lectricity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stackelberg" title=" stackelberg"> stackelberg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20grid" title=" smart grid"> smart grid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand%20response%20managment" title=" demand response managment"> demand response managment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20pricing" title=" dynamic pricing"> dynamic pricing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150930/dynamic-pricing-with-demand-response-managment-in-smart-grid-stackelberg-game-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3977</span> Economic Benefits in Community Based Forest Management from Users Perspective in Community Forestry, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sovit%20Pujari">Sovit Pujari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the developing countries like Nepal, the community-based forest management approach has often been glorified as one of the best forest management alternatives to maximize the forest benefits. Though the approach has succeeded to construct a local level institution and conserve the forest biodiversity, how the local communities perceived about the forest benefits, the question always remains silent among the researchers and policy makers. The paper aims to explore the understanding of forest benefits from the perspective of local communities who used the forests in terms of institutional stability, equity and livelihood opportunity, and ecological stability. The paper revealed that the local communities have mixed understanding over the forest benefits. The institutional and ecological activities carried out by the local communities indicated that they have a better understanding over the forest benefits. However, inequality while sharing the forest benefits, low pricing strategy and its negative consequences in the valuation of forest products and limited livelihood opportunities indicating the poor understanding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20based%20forest%20management" title="community based forest management">community based forest management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20pricing%20strategy" title=" low pricing strategy"> low pricing strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20benefits" title=" forest benefits"> forest benefits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood%20opportunities" title=" livelihood opportunities"> livelihood opportunities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43471/economic-benefits-in-community-based-forest-management-from-users-perspective-in-community-forestry-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3976</span> Efficient Corporate Image as a Strategy for Enhancing Profitability in Hotels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucila%20T.%20Magalong">Lucila T. Magalong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The hotel industry has been using their corporate image and reputation to maintain service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty and to leverage themselves against competitors and facilitate their growth strategies. With the increasing pressure to perform, hotels have even created hybrid service strategy to fight in the niche markets across pricing and level-off service parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20image" title="corporate image">corporate image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hotel%20industry" title=" hotel industry"> hotel industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20quality" title=" service quality"> service quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customer%20expectations" title=" customer expectations"> customer expectations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16183/efficient-corporate-image-as-a-strategy-for-enhancing-profitability-in-hotels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16183.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">465</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3975</span> Hybrid Equity Warrants Pricing Formulation under Stochastic Dynamics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teh%20Raihana%20Nazirah%20Roslan">Teh Raihana Nazirah Roslan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Zulaiha%20Ibrahim"> Siti Zulaiha Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharmila%20Karim"> Sharmila Karim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A warrant is a financial contract that confers the right but not the obligation, to buy or sell a security at a certain price before expiration. The standard procedure to value equity warrants using call option pricing models such as the Black–Scholes model had been proven to contain many flaws, such as the assumption of constant interest rate and constant volatility. In fact, existing alternative models were found focusing more on demonstrating techniques for pricing, rather than empirical testing. Therefore, a mathematical model for pricing and analyzing equity warrants which comprises stochastic interest rate and stochastic volatility is essential to incorporate the dynamic relationships between the identified variables and illustrate the real market. Here, the aim is to develop dynamic pricing formulations for hybrid equity warrants by incorporating stochastic interest rates from the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model, along with stochastic volatility from the Heston model. The development of the model involves the derivations of stochastic differential equations that govern the model dynamics. The resulting equations which involve Cauchy problem and heat equations are then solved using partial differential equation approaches. The analytical pricing formulas obtained in this study comply with the form of analytical expressions embedded in the Black-Scholes model and other existing pricing models for equity warrants. This facilitates the practicality of this proposed formula for comparison purposes and further empirical study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cox-Ingersoll-Ross%20model" title="Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model">Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equity%20warrants" title=" equity warrants"> equity warrants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heston%20model" title=" Heston model"> Heston model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20models" title=" hybrid models"> hybrid models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic" title=" stochastic"> stochastic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124157/hybrid-equity-warrants-pricing-formulation-under-stochastic-dynamics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124157.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3974</span> Decomposition of Funds Transfer Pricing Components in Islamic Bank: The Exposure Effect of Shariah Non-Compliant Event Rectification Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azrul%20Azlan%20Iskandar%20Mirza">Azrul Azlan Iskandar Mirza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of Funds Transfer Pricing (FTP) for Islamic Bank is to promote prudent liquidity risk-taking behavior of business units. The acquirer of stable deposits will be rewarded whilst a business unit that generates long-term assets will be charged for added liquidity funding risks. In the end, it promotes risk-adjusted pricing by incorporating profit rate risk and liquidity risk component in the product pricing. However, in the event of Shariah non-compliant (SNCE), FTP components will be examined in the rectification plan especially when Islamic banks need to purify the non-compliance income. The finding shows that the determination between actual and provision cost will defer the decision among Shariah committee in Islamic banks. This paper will review each of FTP components to ensure the classification of actual and provision costs reflect the decision on rectification process on SNCE. This will benefit future decision and its consistency of Islamic banks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fund%20transfer%20pricing" title="fund transfer pricing">fund transfer pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20banking" title=" Islamic banking"> Islamic banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance" title=" Islamic finance"> Islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shariah%20non-compliant%20event" title=" shariah non-compliant event"> shariah non-compliant event</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102296/decomposition-of-funds-transfer-pricing-components-in-islamic-bank-the-exposure-effect-of-shariah-non-compliant-event-rectification-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102296.pdf" target="_blank" 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