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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Duties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Request_for_military_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Request_for_military_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Request for military status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Request_for_military_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_WASP_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_WASP_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 End of the WASP program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_WASP_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> 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depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries_and_fictional_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_National_WASP_World_War_II_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_National_WASP_World_War_II_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 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id="toc-Smithsonian_Institution:_Online_Virtual_Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Airforce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Airforce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 National Museum of the United States Airforce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Airforce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Museum_of_Flight_Digital_Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Museum_of_Flight_Digital_Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 The Museum of Flight Digital Collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Museum_of_Flight_Digital_Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Women Airforce Service Pilots</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Women Airforce Service Pilots" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Women Airforce Service Pilots" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP" title="WASP – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="WASP" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Women Airforce Service Pilots" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زنان خلبان خدمات نیروی هوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنان خلبان خدمات نیروی هوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Women Airforce Service Pilots" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Women Airforce Service Pilots" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="טייסות שירות חיל האוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טייסות שירות חיל האוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_harbiy-havo_kuchlari_ayol_uchuvchilar_bo%CA%BBlimi" title="AQSh harbiy-havo kuchlari ayol uchuvchilar boʻlimi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="AQSh harbiy-havo kuchlari ayol uchuvchilar boʻlimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Women Airforce Service Pilots" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Women Airforce Service Pilots" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Женская служба пилотов Военно-воздушных сил США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Женская служба пилотов Военно-воздушных сил США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Women Airforce Service Pilots" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Women Airforce Service Pilots" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Жіноча служба пілотів Військово-повітряних сил США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жіноча служба пілотів Військово-повітряних сил США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. Army Air Corps female auxiliary pilots</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Women Air Service Pilots (WASP)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:WASPbadge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/WASPbadge.jpg/250px-WASPbadge.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/WASPbadge.jpg/375px-WASPbadge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/WASPbadge.jpg/500px-WASPbadge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="206" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The WASP badge</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_L._Remba_Gardner,_Women%27s_Airforce_Service_Pilots,_NARA-542191.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Elizabeth_L._Remba_Gardner%2C_Women%27s_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_NARA-542191.jpg/300px-Elizabeth_L._Remba_Gardner%2C_Women%27s_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_NARA-542191.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Elizabeth_L._Remba_Gardner%2C_Women%27s_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_NARA-542191.jpg/450px-Elizabeth_L._Remba_Gardner%2C_Women%27s_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_NARA-542191.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Elizabeth_L._Remba_Gardner%2C_Women%27s_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_NARA-542191.jpg/600px-Elizabeth_L._Remba_Gardner%2C_Women%27s_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_NARA-542191.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="2887" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Gardner" title="Elizabeth L. Gardner">Elizabeth L. Gardner</a>, WASP member, at the controls of a <a href="/wiki/B-26_Marauder" class="mw-redirect" title="B-26 Marauder">B-26 Marauder</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">August 5, 1943 (1943-08-05)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD), formed September 1942</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS), formed September 1942</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">December 20, 1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">about 2,500 accepted for training 1,074 completed training</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) (also Women's Army Service Pilots<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> or Women's Auxiliary Service Pilots<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> women pilots' organization, whose members were <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">United States federal civil service</a> employees. Members of WASP became trained pilots who tested aircraft, ferried aircraft and trained other pilots. Their purpose was to free male pilots for combat roles during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Despite various members of the armed forces being involved in the creation of the program, the WASP and its members had no military standing. WASP was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Flying_Training_Detachment" title="Women's Flying Training Detachment">Women's Flying Training Detachment</a> (WFTD) and the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS). Both were organized separately in September 1942. They were pioneering organizations of civilian women pilots, who were attached to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> to fly military aircraft during World War II. On August 5, 1943, the WFTD and WAFS merged to create the WASP organization.<a href="#cite_note-kl-4">[4]</a>: 45, 49–50, 173  The WASP arrangement with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">US Army Air Forces</a> ended on December 20, 1944. During its period of operation, each member's service had freed a male pilot for military combat or other duties. They flew over 60 million miles; transported every type of military aircraft; towed targets for live <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft gun</a> practice; simulated <a href="/wiki/Strafing" title="Strafing">strafing</a> missions and transported cargo. Thirty-eight WASP members died during these duties and one, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Tompkins_Silver" title="Gertrude Tompkins Silver">Gertrude Tompkins</a>, disappeared while on a ferry mission, her fate still unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Ulre-5">[5]</a> In 1977, for their World War II service, the members were granted <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veteran</a> status,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and in 2009 awarded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gpo-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-thune.senate.gov-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_of_the_WASP">Creation of the WASP</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation of the WASP">edit</a>]</div> WASP started out as two separate organizations. Pilot <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline "Jackie" Cochran</a> wrote to the First Lady, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, in 1939 to suggest the idea of using women pilots in non-combat missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005111-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESage201710-11-10">[10]</a> Cochran was introduced by Roosevelt to General <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a>, and to General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Olds" title="Robert Olds">Robert Olds</a>, who became the head of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Command" title="Air Transport Command">Air Transport Command</a> (ATC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESage201711-11">[11]</a> Arnold asked her to ferry a <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a> to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in order to generate publicity for the idea of women piloting military aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005111-9">[9]</a> Cochran did go to England, where she volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Auxiliary" title="Air Transport Auxiliary">Air Transport Auxiliary</a> (ATA) and recruited American women pilots to help fly planes in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-archives-12">[12]</a> Twenty-five women volunteered for the ATA with Cochran.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The American women who flew in the ATA were the first American women to fly military aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-archives-12">[12]</a> While in England, Cochran studied the organization of both the ATA and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010126-14">[14]</a> In the summer of 1941, Cochran and test-pilot <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Harkness_Love" title="Nancy Harkness Love">Nancy Harkness Love</a> independently submitted proposals to the U.S. Army Air Forces to allow women pilots in <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combat</a> missions after the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The plan was to free male pilots for combat roles by using qualified female pilots to ferry aircraft from the factories to military bases, and also to tow <a href="/wiki/Operation_Aphrodite" title="Operation Aphrodite">drones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Target_drone" title="Target drone">aerial targets</a>. The U.S. was building its air power and military presence in anticipation of direct involvement in the conflict, and had belatedly begun to <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">drastically expand its men in uniform</a>. This period led to the dramatic increase in activity for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a>, because of obvious gaps in "manpower" that could be filled by women. To compensate for the manpower demands of the military after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, the government encouraged women to enter the workforce to fill both <a href="/wiki/American_women_in_World_War_II" title="American women in World War II">industrial and service jobs supporting the war effort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010123-124-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WAFS">WAFS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: WAFS">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_Auxiliary_Ferrying_Squadron_pilots,_March_7,_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Ferrying_Squadron_pilots%2C_March_7%2C_1943.jpg/220px-Women%27s_Auxiliary_Ferrying_Squadron_pilots%2C_March_7%2C_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Ferrying_Squadron_pilots%2C_March_7%2C_1943.jpg/330px-Women%27s_Auxiliary_Ferrying_Squadron_pilots%2C_March_7%2C_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Ferrying_Squadron_pilots%2C_March_7%2C_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) pilots, March 7, 1943</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Harkness_Love" title="Nancy Harkness Love">Nancy Harkness Love</a>'s husband, Robert Love, was part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Army Air Corps Reserve</a> and worked for Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_H._Tunner" title="William H. Tunner">William H. Tunner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010123-124-17">[17]</a> When Robert Love mentioned that his wife was a pilot, Tunner became interested in whether she knew other women who were pilots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010124-18">[18]</a> Tunner and Nancy Love met and began to plan an aviation ferrying program involving women pilots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010124-18">[18]</a> More formally, on June 11, 1942, Colonel Tunner suggested putting women pilots into the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Auxiliary Corps</a> (WAAC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200873-19">[19]</a> However, there were technical problems with this suggestion, so it was decided to pursue hiring civilian pilots for the ATC instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200873-19">[19]</a> By June 18, Love had drafted a plan to send to General <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._George" title="Harold L. George">Harold L. George</a> who sent the proposal onto General <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200873-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> wrote about women working as pilots during the war in her September 1 "My Day" newspaper column, supporting the idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200875-20">[20]</a> General George again broached the idea with General Arnold, who finally, on September 5, directed that "immediate action be taken and the recruiting of women pilots begin within twenty-four hours."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200876-21">[21]</a> Nancy Harkness Love was to be the director of the group and she sent out 83 <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegrams</a> to prospective women pilots that same day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200876-21">[21]</a> The Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) went into operation publicly on September 10, 1942.<a href="#cite_note-:4-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200877-23">[23]</a> Soon, the Air Transport Command began using women to ferry planes from factory to <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">airfields</a>. Love started with 28 women pilots, but they grew in number during the war until there were several squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman20082-24">[24]</a> Requirements for recruits were that they had to be between ages 21 and 35, have a high school diploma, a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_licensing_and_certification" title="Pilot licensing and certification">commercial flying license</a>, 200 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a> engine rating, 500 hours of <a href="/wiki/Flight_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight hours">flight time</a> and experience in flying across the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010124-125-25">[25]</a> Uniforms for the WAFS were designed by Love and consisted of a gray <a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">gabardine</a> jacket with brass buttons and square shoulders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201644-26">[26]</a> The uniform could be worn with <a href="/wiki/Gore_(segment)" title="Gore (segment)">gored</a> skirts or slacks also made of gabardine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201644-26">[26]</a> Because they had to pay for their own uniforms, only 40 women ever wore the WAFS uniform.<a href="#cite_note-:4-22">[22]</a> All WAFS were issued a flight uniform of <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> <a href="/wiki/Boilersuit" title="Boilersuit">flight coveralls</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">goggles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">flying scarf</a> and leather <a href="/wiki/Flight_jacket" title="Flight jacket">flying jacket</a> sporting the ATC patch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200896-27">[27]</a> Headquarters for WAFS was established at the new (May 1943) <a href="/wiki/New_Castle_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="New Castle Air National Guard Base">New Castle Army Air Base</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a> Airport).<a href="#cite_note-:4-22">[22]</a> Tunner ensured that there were quarters for the women to live in at the base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200874-28">[28]</a> WAFS worked under a 90 day, renewable contract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201643-29">[29]</a> WAFS earned $250 a month and had to provide and pay for their own <a href="/wiki/Room_and_board" title="Room and board">room and board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-30">[30]</a> The first group of WAFS recruits were known as the Originals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200891-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Betty_Gillies" title="Betty Gillies">Betty Gillies</a> was the first woman to show up for training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200891-31">[31]</a> On October 6, Gillies was made an <a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">executive officer</a> and second-in-command of the WAFS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200895-32">[32]</a> Gillies was familiar with <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">drill</a> and command techniques which she had learned at finishing school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010126-14">[14]</a> The first WAFS assignment was run by Gillies on October 22, 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200897-33">[33]</a> Six WAFS would ferry six <a href="/wiki/Liaison_aircraft" title="Liaison aircraft">L-4B Cubs</a> from the factory to <a href="/wiki/Mitchel_Air_Force_Base" title="Mitchel Air Force Base">Mitchel Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200897-33">[33]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadron</a> of 28 was reduced to 27 when <a href="/wiki/Aline_Rhonie_Hofheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aline Rhonie Hofheimer">Pat Rhonie</a> left on December 31 after disagreeing with Colonel Baker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200897-98-34">[34]</a> The WAFS had an average of about 1,400 flying hours and a commercial pilot rating. They received 30 days of orientation to learn Army paperwork and to fly by military <a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">regulations</a>. Afterward, they were assigned to various ferrying <a href="/wiki/Command_(military_formation)" title="Command (military formation)">commands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> At the beginning of 1943, three new squadrons were formed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201637-38-36">[36]</a> The 4th Ferrying Group was in <a href="/wiki/Romulus,_Michigan" title="Romulus, Michigan">Romulus</a> and commanded by <a href="/wiki/Adela_Riek_Schaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Adela Riek Schaar">Del Scharr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201637-38-36">[36]</a> The 5th Ferrying Group was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Love_Field,_Dallas" title="Love Field, Dallas">Love Field</a> and was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Florene_Miller_Watson" title="Florene Miller Watson">Florene Miller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201637-38-36">[36]</a> The 6th Ferrying Group was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a> and commanded by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Erickson_London" title="Barbara Erickson London">Barbara Jane Erickson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201637-38-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WFTD">WFTD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: WFTD">edit</a>]</div> Cochran returned from England and arrived in the US the day before the announcement of the WAFS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201624-25-37">[37]</a> Cochran was angry that Love's proposal had been accepted, while her own had seemingly been ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010126-14">[14]</a> The next day, Cochran flew to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and confronted <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">General Arnold</a> about her earlier proposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201625-38">[38]</a> The WAFS had been formed while General Arnold was out on prolonged medical leave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010126-14">[14]</a> On September 13, Arnold sent a memo to General <a href="/wiki/George_E._Stratemeyer" title="George E. Stratemeyer">George E. Stratemeyer</a> that designated Cochran as the director of "Women's Flying Training."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201628-39">[39]</a> On September 15, 1942, Cochran's training proposal was also adopted, forming the 319th <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Flying_Training_Detachment" title="Women's Flying Training Detachment">Women's Flying Training Detachment</a> (WFTD).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman199817-40">[40]</a> WFTD would be working with the Flight Training Command (FTC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200882-41">[41]</a> WFTD was conceived of a program to train more women to ferry aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman20166-42">[42]</a> On October 7, General Arnold proposed the goal of training 500 women pilots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201650-43">[43]</a> By November 3, General Arnold was proposing a "maximum effort to train women pilots."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201650-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fifinella_color_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fc/Fifinella_color_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Fifinella, the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) mascot, created by The Walt Disney Company.</figcaption></figure> The Aviation Enterprises at <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Airport" title="William P. Hobby Airport">Howard R. Hughes Field</a> became the base of the WFTD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201651-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-kl-4">[4]</a> The first trainees recruited for WFTD, class 43-1, started on November 16, 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201648-45">[45]</a> Cochran made <a href="/wiki/Dedie_Deaton" title="Dedie Deaton">Dedie Deaton</a> her staff executive and in charge of finding housing for class 43-1- also known as the "Guinea Pigs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201651-52-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201659-47">[47]</a> Women trained on old planes, many of which bore "visible and invisible scars".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010129-130-48">[48]</a> WFTD pilots were issued large khaki coveralls (which the trainees called "<a href="/wiki/Zoot_suit" title="Zoot suit">zoot suits</a>"), were ordered to wear any shoes they had, and a <a href="/wiki/Hairnet" title="Hairnet">hairnet</a> on the flight line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201656-49">[49]</a> The WFTD women were housed in various locations and had to find their own transportation to training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201662-63-50">[50]</a> The first deaths occurred when Margaret Oldenburg and her instructor were practicing <a href="/wiki/Spin_(aerodynamics)" title="Spin (aerodynamics)">spins</a> on March 7, 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010130-51">[51]</a> Oldenburg had put her plane, a <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_PT-19" title="Fairchild PT-19">PT-19</a> open cockpit, into a spin that she could not recover from and the crash killed her and her instructor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010130-51">[51]</a> Because the WFTD were civilians, there was no money to cover the funeral costs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010130-51">[51]</a> Cochran paid for the expense out of her own pocket and Deaton escorted Oldenburg's body home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010130-51">[51]</a> Another crash took place on March 21, 1943, when <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Fort" title="Cornelia Fort">Cornelia Fort</a>, a former flight instructor who had been the first to encounter Japanese aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, was ferrying a <a href="/wiki/Vultee_BT-13_Valiant" title="Vultee BT-13 Valiant">BT-13</a> with a group of male pilots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010131-52">[52]</a> One of the pilots, while showing off, flew too close to Fort's plane and his <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a> collided with the wing of her plane, breaking part of it off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010131-132-53">[53]</a> The plane went into a <a href="/wiki/Descent_(aeronautics)" title="Descent (aeronautics)">nose-dive</a>, killing her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010132-54">[54]</a> Cochran pushed aggressively for a single entity to control the activity of all women pilots. Tunner, in particular, objected on the basis of differing qualification standards, and the absolute necessity of the ATC being able to control its own pilots. But Cochran's preeminence with Arnold prevailed, and in July 1943 he ordered the programs merged, with Cochran as director.<a href="#cite_note-archives-12">[12]</a> The WAFS and the WFTD were combined to form the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Love continued with the program as executive in charge of WASP ferrying operations. The formal announcement combining WAFS and WFTD took place on August 20, 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman2016167-56">[56]</a> WASP adopted a patch in 1943 that featured the female gremlin <a href="/wiki/Fifinella" title="Fifinella">Fifinella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a> Fifinella was conceived by <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a> and drawn by <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, and became the official WASP mascot.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_and_demographics">Requirements and demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Requirements and demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Hazel_Ying_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Image-Hazel_Ying_Lee.jpg/220px-Image-Hazel_Ying_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Image-Hazel_Ying_Lee.jpg/330px-Image-Hazel_Ying_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Image-Hazel_Ying_Lee.jpg/440px-Image-Hazel_Ying_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Ying_Lee" title="Hazel Ying Lee">Hazel Ying Lee</a> in a Link trainer, 1944</figcaption></figure> WASP adopted many of WAFS requirements, but added one other. Recruits still had to be between 21 and 35 years old, in good health, in possession of a pilot's license and 35 hours of flight time.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Additionally, women were also required to be at least five feet and two inches tall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole199214,_16-59">[59]</a> Over 25,000 women made application to join the WASP; 1,830 were accepted but only 1,074 completed the training.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-60">[60]</a> The applicants all had prior experience and <a href="/wiki/Pilot_certification_in_the_United_States" title="Pilot certification in the United States">airman certificates</a>. Several WASPs had been trained previously in the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Pilot_Training_Program" title="Civilian Pilot Training Program">Civilian Pilot Training Program</a> (CPTP).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-63">[63]</a> Many of the women came from wealthy backgrounds that had afforded pilot training earlier in life, or had husbands who helped pay for their expensive training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010133-64">[64]</a> All WASP recruits were interested in serving their country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010133-64">[64]</a> Although the majority of WASP pilots were white, they were not exclusively so. Two <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazel_Ying_Lee" title="Hazel Ying Lee">Hazel Ying Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Gee_(pilot)" title="Maggie Gee (pilot)">Maggie Gee</a>, two women of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent, <a href="/wiki/Verneda_Rodriguez" title="Verneda Rodriguez">Verneda Rodriguez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Dias" title="Frances Dias">Frances Dias</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-asian-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and one known <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> woman, <a href="/wiki/Ola_Mildred_Rexroat" title="Ola Mildred Rexroat">Ola Mildred Rexroat</a> completed the training. Rexroat was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Sioux" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Sioux">Oglala Sioux</a> tribe from the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Defense.gov-69">[69]</a> While the total number of black women applicants for WASP training is unknown, several <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> pilots made it to the final interview stage, where they were all rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman199816-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Hemmons_Carter" title="Mildred Hemmons Carter">Mildred Hemmans Carter</a>, another African American applicant, was asked to withdraw her application because of her race. In 1940, at age 19, Carter had earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee Institute</a>. The following year, she received her aviation certification. However, because of her sex, Carter was also rejected from flying with the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>. Seventy years later, she was recognized retroactively as a WASP, and Carter took her final flight at age 90.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuboisDumenil2012549-71">[71]</a> Another African American applicant, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Bragg" title="Janet Bragg">Janet Harmon Bragg</a>, was told by Cochran in her interview that "it was difficult enough fighting prejudice aimed at females without additionally battling race discrimination."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005115-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="WASP_training">WASP training</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: WASP training">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:43-3_Jan-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/43-3_Jan-1943.jpg/220px-43-3_Jan-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/43-3_Jan-1943.jpg/330px-43-3_Jan-1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/43-3_Jan-1943.jpg/440px-43-3_Jan-1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Start of WASP training – class of 43-3 in January 1943. Photo by Lois Hailey.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv/220px-seek%3D136-WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="386" data-mwtitle="WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv/WASPS-Women-Airforce-Service-Pilots-Training-1943-Army-Navy-Screen-Magazine-No.-16.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Short film about the Women Airforce Service Pilots, part of the <a href="/wiki/Army%E2%80%93Navy_Screen_Magazine" title="Army–Navy Screen Magazine">Army–Navy Screen Magazine</a> film series in 1943</figcaption></figure> The WASP training spanned 18 groups of women. The first group was the Originals, who were the first group of the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS), led by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Harkness_Love" title="Nancy Harkness Love">Nancy Love</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman200891-31">[31]</a> The second group was The Guinea Pigs which were <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran's</a> first class of women pilots for the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Flying_Training_Detachment" title="Women's Flying Training Detachment">Women's Flying Training Detachment</a> (WFTD).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickman201659-47">[47]</a> The Guinea Pigs started training at the Houston Municipal Airport (now <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Airport" title="William P. Hobby Airport">William P. Hobby Airport</a>) on November 16, 1942, as part of the 319th <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Flying_Training_Detachment" title="Women's Flying Training Detachment">Army Air Force Women's Flying Training Detachment</a> (AAFWFTD). This was just after the WAFS had started their orientation in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>. Unlike the WAFS, the women that reported to <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> did not have uniforms and had to find their own lodging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole199213,_18-73">[73]</a> The "Woofteddies" (WFTD) also had minimal medical care, no life insurance, crash truck, or fire truck, and the ambulance was loaned from the <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Field_Joint_Reserve_Base" title="Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base">Ellington Army Airfield</a>, along with insufficient administrative staff, and a hodgepodge of aircraft—23 types—for training.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-74">[74]</a> As late as January 1943, when the third class was about to start their training, the three classes were described by Byrd Granger in On Final Approach, as "a raggle-taggle crowd in a rainbow of rumpled clothing", while they gathered for morning and evening colors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranger199190-75">[75]</a> There was also a lack of equipment, such as a <a href="/wiki/Link_Trainer" title="Link Trainer">Link trainer</a>, that was necessary for training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman199817-40">[40]</a> The first Houston class started with 38 women with a minimum of 200 hours. Twenty-three graduated on April 24, 1943, at the only Houston WASP graduation at Ellington Army Air Field. The second Houston class, started in December 1942 with a minimum of 100 hours, but finished their training just in time to move to <a href="/wiki/Sweetwater,_Texas" title="Sweetwater, Texas">Sweetwater, Texas</a> and become the first graduating class from Avenger Field on May 28, 1943. The third class completed their advanced training at Avenger Field and graduated July 3, 1943. Half of the fourth class of 76 women started their primary training in Houston on February 15, 1943, and then transferred to Sweetwater. Later in the summer of 1943, both the WAFS and WFTD were combined into the WASP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranger199170-121-76">[76]</a> The first group to train as WASP started in Sweetwater in September 1943 and were designated as Class 44-W-2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19927-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenger_Field_-_WASP_trainees_with_T-6_Texan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Avenger_Field_-_WASP_trainees_with_T-6_Texan.jpg/220px-Avenger_Field_-_WASP_trainees_with_T-6_Texan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Avenger_Field_-_WASP_trainees_with_T-6_Texan.jpg/330px-Avenger_Field_-_WASP_trainees_with_T-6_Texan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Avenger_Field_-_WASP_trainees_with_T-6_Texan.jpg/440px-Avenger_Field_-_WASP_trainees_with_T-6_Texan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Avenger Field - WASP trainees with T-6 Texan, 1943</figcaption></figure> Each WASP had a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_licensing_and_certification" title="Pilot licensing and certification">pilot's license</a>, but was retrained to fly the Army way by the U.S. Army Air Forces at <a href="/wiki/Avenger_Field_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenger Field Airport">Avenger Field</a> in Sweetwater, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-Training-78">[78]</a> More than 25,000 women applied for the WASP, but only 1,830 were accepted into the program.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> During the course of their training, it was reported that 552 women were released for lack of flying proficiency, 152 resigned, 27 were discharged for medical reasons, and 14 were dismissed for disciplinary reasons.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> After completing four months of military flight training, 1,074 of them earned their wings and became the first women to fly American military aircraft. While the WASP were not trained for combat, their course of instruction was essentially the same as male aviation cadets.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> They received no gunnery training and very little formation and aerobatic flying, but went through the maneuvers necessary to be able to recover from any position.<a href="#cite_note-Life-82">[82]</a> The percentage of those eliminated compared favorably with the elimination rate for male cadets' in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Flying_Training_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Flying Training Command">Central Flying Training Command</a>. WASP recruits were required to complete the same primary, basic, and advanced training courses as male Army Air Corps pilots and many of them went on to specialized flight training.<a href="#cite_note-thune.senate.gov-8">[8]</a> They spent around 12 hours a day at the airfield with half the day spent practicing actual flight and the other half studying.<a href="#cite_note-Training-78">[78]</a> By graduation, WASP recruits had 560 hours of ground school and 210 hours of flight training.<a href="#cite_note-Training-78">[78]</a> They knew Morse code, meteorology, military law, physics, aircraft mechanics, navigation and other subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Training-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties">Duties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Duties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florene_Watson_in_her_P-51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Florene_Watson_in_her_P-51.jpg/220px-Florene_Watson_in_her_P-51.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Florene_Watson_in_her_P-51.jpg/330px-Florene_Watson_in_her_P-51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Florene_Watson_in_her_P-51.jpg/440px-Florene_Watson_in_her_P-51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Florene Watson shown preparing a <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">P-51D-5-NA</a> for a ferry flight from a factory at <a href="/wiki/Inglewood,_California" title="Inglewood, California">Inglewood, California</a></figcaption></figure> After their training, the WASP were stationed at 122 air bases across the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> where they assumed numerous flight-related missions.<a href="#cite_note-test-84">[84]</a> The original WAFS were organized specifically to ferry airplanes and free male pilots, around 900 in all, for combat roles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith-Daugherty2012103-85">[85]</a> A WASP would go to the factory, test fly the airplane and then deliver it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith-Daugherty2012102-86">[86]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, women pilots flew 80 percent of all ferrying missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith-Daugherty2012102-86">[86]</a> Between September 1942 and December 1944, the WASP delivered 12,652 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman199823-87">[87]</a> of 78 different types. In order to set an example, Nancy Love who was in charge of training, made sure she was trained and qualified on as many different types of planes as was possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESage201713-88">[88]</a> They also towed targets for live anti-aircraft artillery practice, simulated strafing missions, and transported cargo. The live-target practice was announced by Jackie Cochran on July 19, 1943, to 25 recent WASP graduates at Avenger Field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010132-54">[54]</a> Cochran told the group that she had a "top secret assignment" and that any WASP could opt out if they wished: none did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010132-54">[54]</a> This group would be sent to <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Outlying_Field_Camp_Davis" title="Marine Corps Outlying Field Camp Davis">Camp Davis</a> to tow flying shooting targets for men on the ground to practice shooting airborne targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010132-54">[54]</a> Many of the planes were shot during this training and several WASP were shot in the feet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010132-133-89">[89]</a> Sometimes the planes were shot on purpose, when service men mistakenly believed they were supposed to shoot the plane, not the target the WASP was towing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith-Daugherty2012104-90">[90]</a> One of the planes used during target towing, an <a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">A-24</a> that, like many had not been adequately maintained by the Army Air Corps (AAC), killed WASP <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Virginia_Rawlinson" title="Mabel Virginia Rawlinson">Mabel Virginia Rawlinson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010135-91">[91]</a> Rawlinson was practicing night flying with a trainer when her A-24 began to experience technical issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010135-91">[91]</a> The instructor asked her to return to the airfield, but on the final approach, Rawlinson's plane connected with the top of a pine tree and the plane nosed down and crashed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010135-91">[91]</a> The instructor was thrown free, but Rawlinson was stuck in the front seat as the plane went up in flames, unable to open the plane's broken canopy lock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010135-91">[91]</a> The investigation into the crash and her death found that the towing planes were not maintained properly and the AAC was using the wrong <a href="/wiki/Octane" title="Octane">octane</a> fuel for the planes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010135-91">[91]</a> The women flew almost every type of aircraft flown by the USAAF during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[92]</a> In addition, a few exceptionally qualified women were allowed to test rocket-propelled planes, to pilot jet-propelled planes, and to work with radar-controlled targets. When men were less willing to fly certain difficult planes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bell_P-59_Airacomet" title="Bell P-59 Airacomet">YP-59</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29 Super Fortress</a>, General Arnold recruited two WASPs to fly these aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010136-137-93">[93]</a> Arnold believed that if men saw women fly these planes successfully, they would be "embarrassed" into taking these missions willingly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010137-94">[94]</a> Two WASPs, Dorthea Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Dora_Dougherty_Strother" title="Dora Dougherty Strother">Dora Dougherty Strother</a>, were chosen to fly the B-29.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010136-137-93">[93]</a> They flew to <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a> in the B-29s where there was a crowd waiting to see them land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010136-137-93">[93]</a> General Arnold's plan worked, "From that day on, there was no more grumbling from male pilots assigned to train on and fly the B-29 Super Fortress."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010136-137-93">[93]</a> Women would also test-fly the planes that had been repaired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith-Daugherty2012102-86">[86]</a> When not flying, the pilots studied <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, radio communications and new flying skills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith-Daugherty2012102-86">[86]</a> Thirty-eight members lost their lives in accidents: eleven during training, and twenty-seven on missions.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-60">[60]</a> Because they were not considered part of the military by the guidelines, a fallen WASP was sent home at family expense.<a href="#cite_note-Dromgoole-95">[95]</a> Traditional military honors or note of heroism, such as allowing the U.S. flag to be placed on the coffin or displaying a <a href="/wiki/Service_flag" title="Service flag">service flag</a> in a window, were not allowed.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erdrich-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dromgoole-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Request_for_military_status">Request for military status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Request for military status">edit</a>]</div> The WASP members were U.S. federal civil service employees, and did not qualify for military benefits.<a href="#cite_note-archives-12">[12]</a> Each member paid for her own transportation costs to training sites, for her dress uniforms and room and board.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-60">[60]</a> Although attached to the U.S. Army Air Forces, the members could resign at any time after completion of their training. On September 30, 1943, the first of the WASP militarization bills was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> by Representative <a href="/wiki/John_M._Costello" title="John M. Costello">John Costello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010133-64">[64]</a> Both Cochran and Arnold desired a separate corps headed by a woman colonel (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">WAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/WAVES" title="WAVES">WAVES</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARS" title="SPARS">SPARS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Women%27s_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve">Marine Corps Women's Reserve</a> heads).<a href="#cite_note-Treadwell-98">[98]</a> The War Department, however, consistently opposed the move, because there was no separate corps for male pilots as distinguished from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">unrated AAF officers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Treadwell-98">[98]</a> In January 1944, Costello introduced a bill, HR 4219, to authorize women's commissions in the Army Air Forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010136-99">[99]</a> General Arnold felt that there was room for women and men to work as pilots in the Army Air Forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010136-99">[99]</a> He testified in front of the House military committee that the WASP were all "good fliers and that he plans to send all the male pilots to fight."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> However, some in the media disagreed with General Arnold and began to write opinion pieces in some of the most important media of the day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010137-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a>, The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> all urged women to step down and give the jobs back to men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010137-94">[94]</a> A journalist, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Drew Pearson</a>, questioned the legality of funding the WASP program, and even accused General Arnold of being manipulated by Jackie Cochran's "feminine wiles" in a <a href="/wiki/Washington_Times-Herald" title="Washington Times-Herald">Washington Times Herald</a> column.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010137-94">[94]</a> The column caused male civilian pilots to increase their efforts to write letters against the program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010137-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_WASP_program">End of the WASP program</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: End of the WASP program">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtiss_A-25_tow_target_plane_flown_by_a_WASP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Curtiss_A-25_tow_target_plane_flown_by_a_WASP.jpg/200px-Curtiss_A-25_tow_target_plane_flown_by_a_WASP.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Curtiss_A-25_tow_target_plane_flown_by_a_WASP.jpg/300px-Curtiss_A-25_tow_target_plane_flown_by_a_WASP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Curtiss_A-25_tow_target_plane_flown_by_a_WASP.jpg/400px-Curtiss_A-25_tow_target_plane_flown_by_a_WASP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helen_Wyatt_Snapp" title="Helen Wyatt Snapp">Helen W. Snapp</a>, flying for the Low-target Squadron, at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stewart" title="Fort Stewart">Camp Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> June 1944</figcaption></figure> On June 21, 1944, the U.S. House bill to provide the WASP with military status, HR 4219, was narrowly defeated 188 against to 169 for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010138-101">[101]</a> The civilian male pilots lobbied against the bill: reacting to closure of some civilian flight training schools, and the termination of two male pilot training commissioning programs.<a href="#cite_note-Airforce-102">[102]</a> The House Committee on the Civil Service (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Ramspeck" title="Robert Ramspeck">Ramspeck</a> Committee) reported on June 5, 1944, that it considered the WASP unnecessary, unjustifiably expensive, and recommended that the recruiting and training of inexperienced women pilots be halted.<a href="#cite_note-Airforce-102">[102]</a> The committee had found that the program had cost $50 million in government funds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010138-101">[101]</a> Because of the cost, the program needed to request funding through legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010138-101">[101]</a> Cochran had been pushing for a resolution of the question: in effect, delivering an ultimatum to either commission the women or disband the program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010138-101">[101]</a> The AAF had developed an excess of pilots and pilot candidates. As a result, Arnold (who had been a proponent of militarization) ordered that the WASP be disbanded by December 20, 1944.<a href="#cite_note-archives-12">[12]</a> Arnold is quoted from a speech he delivered at Avenger Field in Sweetwater, Texas on December 7, 1944:<a href="#cite_note-Hazel-103">[103]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The WASP has completed its mission. Their job has been successful. But as is usual in war, the cost has been heavy. Thirty-eight WASP have died while helping their country move toward the moment of final victory. The Air Forces will long remember their service and their final sacrifice.</blockquote> On December 7, 1944, the final class of WASP pilots, 71 women in total, graduated from their training regardless of the plan to disband the WASP program within the following two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman1998124-104">[104]</a> Following the announcement approximately 20 WASP members offered to continue ferrying aircraft for the compensation of US$1.00 (equivalent to $17.31 in 2023) a year apiece but this offer was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman1998120-105">[105]</a> Before the WASP were disbanded, General Arnold ordered all commanding officers at bases where WASPs served, that the "women pilots be issued a certificate similar to an <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge" title="Military discharge">honorable discharge</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman1998155-106">[106]</a> Following the group's disbandment some WASP members were allowed to fly on board government aircraft from their former bases to the vicinity of their homes as long as room was available and no additional expenses were incurred. Others had to arrange and pay for their own transportation home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman1998126-107">[107]</a> At the conclusion of the WASP program, 915 women pilots were on duty with the AAF: 620 assigned to the Training Command, 141 to the Air Transport Command, 133 to the numbered air forces in the continental United States, 11 to the Weather Wing, 9 to the technical commands and one to the Troop Carrier Command.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-74">[74]</a> The WASP members ferried fifty percent of the combat aircraft during the war to 126 bases across the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-60">[60]</a> Because of the pioneering and the expertise they demonstrated in successfully flying military aircraft the WASP records showed that women pilots, when given the same training as men pilots, were as capable as men in non-combat flying.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> During November 1944 WASP members at Maxwell Air Field founded the Order of Fifinella organization.<a href="#cite_note-:7-109">[109]</a> The organization's initial goals were to help the former WASP members find employment and maintain contact between themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:7-109">[109]</a> Through the years the Order of Fifinella issued newsletters, helped influence legislation and organized reunions.<a href="#cite_note-:7-109">[109]</a> The group held its final meeting in 2008 and was disbanded in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:7-109">[109]</a> Many WASPs wanted to continue flying after they were disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-:8-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Commercial airlines</a> turned women pilots away, "saying public opinion wouldn't stand for it."<a href="#cite_note-:8-110">[110]</a> WASP <a href="/wiki/Teresa_James" title="Teresa James">Teresa James</a> wrote to Congress requesting veteran's status.<a href="#cite_note-:42-30">[30]</a> In order to keep flying, some women wrote <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Madame Chiang Kai-shek</a> and volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Chinese Air Force</a>, who were still fighting against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-:8-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> offered commissions to former WASP in 1949, though all 121 who accepted the commissions were given support and administrative duties and did not fly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_signs_S.614,_a_bill_to_award_a_Congressional_Gold_Medal_to_the_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots,_P070109PS-0602_(3679248793).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Barack_Obama_signs_S.614%2C_a_bill_to_award_a_Congressional_Gold_Medal_to_the_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_P070109PS-0602_%283679248793%29.jpg/250px-President_Barack_Obama_signs_S.614%2C_a_bill_to_award_a_Congressional_Gold_Medal_to_the_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_P070109PS-0602_%283679248793%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Barack_Obama_signs_S.614%2C_a_bill_to_award_a_Congressional_Gold_Medal_to_the_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_P070109PS-0602_%283679248793%29.jpg/375px-President_Barack_Obama_signs_S.614%2C_a_bill_to_award_a_Congressional_Gold_Medal_to_the_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_P070109PS-0602_%283679248793%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Barack_Obama_signs_S.614%2C_a_bill_to_award_a_Congressional_Gold_Medal_to_the_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_P070109PS-0602_%283679248793%29.jpg/500px-President_Barack_Obama_signs_S.614%2C_a_bill_to_award_a_Congressional_Gold_Medal_to_the_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots%2C_P070109PS-0602_%283679248793%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Barack Obama</a> signing the WASP <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> bill into law</figcaption></figure> The records of the WASP program, like nearly all wartime files, were classified and sealed for 35 years making their contributions to the war effort little known and inaccessible to historians.<a href="#cite_note-Erdrich-97">[97]</a> However, there were unofficial historians, like WASP <a href="/wiki/Marty_Wyall" title="Marty Wyall">Marty Wyall</a>, who collected <a href="/wiki/Scrapbooking" title="Scrapbooking">scrapbooks</a> and newspaper clipping about what the WASP members had done and what they had gone on to do.<a href="#cite_note-:03-112">[112]</a> Wyall also suggested in 1964, at a <a href="/wiki/Ninety-Nines" title="Ninety-Nines">Ninety-Nines</a> convention, that the remaining WASP members should meet up with one another every other year.<a href="#cite_note-:03-112">[112]</a> Early efforts to gain recognition for the WASP continued in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-:42-30">[30]</a> There was support from the office of Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, who had flown with WASP during WWII.<a href="#cite_note-:42-30">[30]</a> Goldwater's efforts to get the WASP veteran's status was met with shocking prejudice in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-:42-30">[30]</a> According to Goldwater's legislative assistant, Terry Emerson, "Women were treated as non-persons."<a href="#cite_note-:42-30">[30]</a> In the House, Representative <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a> introduced a bill on May 17, 1972, to give the WASP veterans status.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Another representative in the House, <a href="/wiki/Lindy_Boggs" title="Lindy Boggs">Lindy Boggs</a>, introduced a bill around 1977 to give the WASP military status.<a href="#cite_note-:10-114">[114]</a> In 1975 under the leadership of Col. Bruce Arnold, the son of General Hap Arnold, along with the surviving WASP members organized as a group again and began what they called the "Battle of Congress". Their goal was to gain public support and have the WASP officially recognized as veterans of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-115">[115]</a> In 1976, there was a bill in the Senate Veteran's Affairs Committee to give the WASPs military status.<a href="#cite_note-:8-110">[110]</a> The bill would allow WASP pilots to use veteran's services.<a href="#cite_note-:8-110">[110]</a> In 1977, WASP records were unsealed after an Air Force press release erroneously stated the Air Force was training the first women to fly military aircraft for the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Erdrich-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collins-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS-115">[115]</a> Documents were compiled that showed during their service WASP members were subject to military discipline, assigned top secret missions and many members were awarded service ribbons after their units were disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-115">[115]</a> It was also shown that WASP member Helen Porter had been issued an <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge#United_States" title="Military discharge">Honorable Discharge certificate</a> by her commanding officer following her service.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman1998155-106">[106]</a> This time, the WASPs lobbied Congress with the important support of Goldwater, who himself had been a World War II ferry pilot in the 27th Ferrying Squadron.<a href="#cite_note-Recognition-117">[117]</a> During hearings on the legislation opposition to the WASP members being given military recognition was voiced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Administration</a> (VA), the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Veterans of Foreign Wars">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a> (VFW).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman1998150-152-118">[118]</a> The VA, led by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Starbuck" title="Dorothy L. Starbuck">Dorothy L. Starbuck</a>, argued that WASP should not be given military recognition because the women were never subject to <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court martial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-114">[114]</a> The VFW felt that giving WASP military recognition would "destroy the special status of veterans and do irreparable damage to veterans benefits."<a href="#cite_note-:10-114">[114]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> signed legislation, P.L.95–202, Section 401, The G.I. Bill Improvement Act of 1977, providing that service as a WASP would be considered "active duty" for the purposes of programs administered by the Veterans Administration.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Honorable Discharge certificates were issued to the former WASP members in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 1984, each WASP was awarded the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II Victory Medal (United States)">World War II Victory Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-60">[60]</a> Those who served for more than one year were also awarded American Theater Ribbon/<a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a> for their service during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-60">[60]</a> Many of the medals were accepted by the recipients' sons and daughters on their behalf.<a href="#cite_note-Dromgoole-95">[95]</a> The 1977 legislation, either despite or because of its language, did not expressly allow WASPs to be buried in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>. That was because Arlington National Cemetery, unlike most other national cemeteries, is administered by the Department of the Army, not the Department of Veterans Affairs, and thus the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary of the Army</a> determines eligibility for Arlington burial.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erdrich-97">[97]</a> The reason for the position taken by the Army on this issue may have been the rapidly diminishing space at Arlington. But in 2002, the Army re-considered and decided that deceased WASPs were able to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In 2015, however, the Army re-interpreted the law and its own regulations against the backdrop of thirteen years of war, which once again threatened to deplete the cemetery of land.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The Army ruled that the 1977 statute did not mandate the burial of deceased WASPs at Arlington. When WASP <a href="/wiki/Elaine_D._Harmon" title="Elaine D. Harmon">Elaine Harmon</a> died on April 21, 2015, her request to have her ashes interred at Arlington was denied.<a href="#cite_note-:2-123">[123]</a> Another WASP, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Shutsy-Reynolds" title="Florence Shutsy-Reynolds">Florence Shutsy-Reynolds</a>, began a social media campaign to advocate for Harmon and other WASP members who wished to be interred at Arlington.<a href="#cite_note-:2-123">[123]</a> Legislation in 2016 seemingly overruled the Army's interpretation and it was widely reported that WASPs could "again" be buried at Arlington.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The 2016 law revived the long-held concern about limited space at the cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Thus, the legislation in the <a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th Congress</a> (S.2437 by Sen. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a> (D-Maryland) and H.R. 4336 by Rep. <a href="/wiki/Martha_McSally" title="Martha McSally">Martha McSally</a> (R-Arizona), a retired Air Force fighter pilot), provides only for interment of cremated remains and not ground burial.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madge_Moore_WASP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Madge_Moore_WASP.JPG/220px-Madge_Moore_WASP.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Madge_Moore_WASP.JPG/330px-Madge_Moore_WASP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Madge_Moore_WASP.JPG/440px-Madge_Moore_WASP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madge_Moore" title="Madge Moore">Madge Moore</a> showing the WASP Congressional Gold Medal<a href="#cite_note-Medal-128">[128]</a> she received in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> In 2002 WASP member <a href="/wiki/Deanie_Bishop_Parrish" class="mw-redirect" title="Deanie Bishop Parrish">Deanie Bishop Parrish</a> with her daughter began plans for a museum dedicated to telling the WASPs story.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The hangar building used for the museum, Hangar One, was originally built in 1929 and was part of the Sweetwater Municipal Airport facilities which became Avenger Field.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2005 the <a href="/wiki/National_WASP_WWII_Museum" title="National WASP WWII Museum">National WASP WWII Museum</a>'s grand opening was planned for May 28, 2005, which was the 62 anniversary of the first WASP graduating class.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Along with the displays of uniforms, vehicles and other artifacts are several aircraft. These include a <a href="/wiki/Boeing-Stearman_Model_75" title="Boeing-Stearman Model 75">Boeing-Stearman Model 75</a> biplane, a <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_PT-19" title="Fairchild PT-19">Fairchild PT-19</a> trainer, a <a href="/wiki/Cessna_AT-17_Bobcat" title="Cessna AT-17 Bobcat">UC-78 Bamboo Bomber</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vultee_BT-13_Valiant" title="Vultee BT-13 Valiant">Vultee BT-13 Valiant</a> trainer that was donated in September 2017.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 2009, the WASPs were inducted into the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Air & Space Hall of Fame">International Air & Space Hall of Fame</a> at the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="San Diego Air & Space Museum">San Diego Air & Space Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On July 1, 2009, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> awarded the WASP the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gpo-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medal-128">[128]</a> Three of the roughly 300 surviving WASPs were on hand to witness the event. During the ceremony President Obama said, "The Women Airforce Service Pilots courageously answered their country's call in a time of need while blazing a trail for the brave women who have given and continue to give so much in service to this nation since. Every American should be grateful for their service, and I am honored to sign this bill to finally give them some of the hard-earned recognition they deserve."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> On March 10, 2010, the 300 surviving WASPs came to the US Capitol to accept the Congressional Gold Medal from House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> and other Congressional leaders.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On New Year's Day in 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Parade" title="Rose Parade">Rose Parade</a> featured a float with eight WASP members riding on it.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> It was designed by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Don_Everhart" title="Don Everhart">Don Everhart II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The medal is on display at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_Aviation_Hangar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeing Aviation Hangar (page does not exist)">Boeing Aviation Hangar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> in Chantilly, Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Other aspects of the WASP legacy include the designs and symbols of the WASP organization. Shutsy-Reynolds took over WASP merchandising in 1988 and designed the <a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">scarf</a> that many WASP members wore.<a href="#cite_note-:04-62">[62]</a> She also created unique jewelry based on the WASP wings symbols.<a href="#cite_note-:04-62">[62]</a> The WASP actively inspired successive generations of women, including aviator <a href="/wiki/Jerrie_Cobb" title="Jerrie Cobb">Jerrie Cobb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Desert Storm</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Hamilton" title="Kelly Hamilton">Kelly Hamilton</a>, astronaut <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a>, Navy pilot Rosemary Mariner,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terry_London_Rinehart" title="Terry London Rinehart">Terry London Rinehart</a>, who was one of the first 10 women to be hired as a <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">commercial airline</a> pilot in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005113-141">[141]</a> Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberly_Olsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimberly Olsen (page does not exist)">Kimberly Olsen</a> "credited the WASP for her opportunity to serve her country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005113-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discrimination">edit</a>]</div> WASP members faced <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">discrimination because of their sex</a> during their work numerous times. Some male pilots and commanders were unhappy to have a women's presence in the traditionally male setting of the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005113-114-142">[142]</a> One WASP, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Rodgers" title="Lorraine Rodgers">Lorraine Rodgers</a>, later recalled that some men "refused to acknowledge their ability," or that the men did not trust the smaller women to be able to handle the planes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> Some commanders would give out "undesirable" planes to the WASP to fly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> One commander at Love Field was eventually formally admonished for treating the women unfairly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> WASP <a href="/wiki/Teresa_James" title="Teresa James">Teresa James</a> believed that the women pilots were disliked because they "flew longer than the men (service pilots). We flew our tails off."<a href="#cite_note-:8-110">[110]</a> However, James also reported that she was sometimes "treated like a celebrity" when she stopped at Army bases for refueling.<a href="#cite_note-:11-143">[143]</a> She said, "They had never seen a woman pilot in an Air Force airplane."<a href="#cite_note-:11-143">[143]</a> Camp Davis at North Carolina had the most prejudice and discrimination against the WASP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> The base commander, Major Stephenson, told the women that "both they and the planes were expendable."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> Women at Camp Davis were unfairly evaluated in their flying, according to WASP <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alia_Corbett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alia Corbett (page does not exist)">Alia Corbett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> Women were not given practice time, unlike the men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a> was suspected in some incidents at the camp and Cochran found traces of sugar in the engine at one WASP crash site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> Two WASP women died in the line of duty at Camp Davis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> There were fourteen accidents involving improperly maintained towing planes at Camp Davis and planes at Camp Davis were found to be using the wrong octane fuel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010135-91">[91]</a> While the women were doing the same job as men who were also civilian ferry pilots, the WASP were paid at two-thirds the rate of their male counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005114-111">[111]</a> The initial force of the Women's Army Ferrying Service (WAFS) put the cap on the age of recruits at 35 in order "to avoid the irrationality of women when they enter and go through <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010125-144">[144]</a> At the time, the military had determined that age 40 was the time when menopause began, so if the war lasted more than 5 years, most recruits would just be entering the time of "debilitating irrationality."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010125-144">[144]</a> The WASP were even grounded for a time during their <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycles</a> by male commanders because they believed they were "less efficient during menses."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005115-72">[72]</a> This was stopped when flight records showed that this thinking was false.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelsen2005115-72">[72]</a> Some WASP were allowed to choose not to fly during menstruation and the pilots' periods were seen as a form of medical disability by military doctors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESage201717-18-145">[145]</a> On the military planes, there were no facilities for the women to use the bathroom.<a href="#cite_note-:8-110">[110]</a> When women were ferrying the planes, they had to touch down occasionally, and women were not allowed to eat in some restaurants because they were wearing pants.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_WASP_aviators">Notable WASP aviators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable WASP aviators">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackiewasptrainees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jackiewasptrainees.jpg/220px-Jackiewasptrainees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jackiewasptrainees.jpg/330px-Jackiewasptrainees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jackiewasptrainees.jpg/440px-Jackiewasptrainees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jackie Cochran</a> (center) with WASP trainees</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Lee_Harris_Adams" title="Kate Lee Harris Adams">Kate Lee Harris Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Tackaberry_Blake" title="Betty Tackaberry Blake">Betty Tackaberry Blake</a> (1920–2015), the last surviving member of the first WASP training group (Class 43-W-1 at Sweetwater, Texas, graduated April 24, 1943),<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Landis" title="Jean Landis">Jean Landis</a> (1918–2022), squad commander.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>Doris Bristol<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> (1920–2010), class of 43-W-5</li> <li>Mary S. Reineberg Burchard (1916–2012), class of 44-W-6.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Baumgartner" title="Ann Baumgartner">Ann Baumgartner Carl</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Laska_Chamberlain" title="Pearl Laska Chamberlain">Pearl Laska Chamberlain</a> – First woman to solo a single-engine airplane up the Alaska Highway in 1946.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Chambers_(pilot)" title="Elizabeth Chambers (pilot)">Elizabeth "Betty" Maxine Chambers</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a> – Director of the WASP. In 1938, Cochran became famous nationwide for winning the Bendix Transcontinental Race</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyne_Cowart" title="Gwendolyne Cowart">Gwendolyne Cowart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Cowden" title="Violet Cowden">Violet Cowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Charlyne_Creger" title="Rosa Charlyne Creger">Rosa Charlyne Creger</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Batson_Crews" title="Nancy Batson Crews">Nancy Batson Crews</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_Cronan" title="Selma Cronan">Selma Cronan</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancye_Ruth_Lowe_Crout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancye Ruth Lowe Crout (page does not exist)">Nancye Ruth Lowe Crout</a>, (Class 43-W-4),<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> died January 21, 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Cummings" title="Iris Cummings">Iris Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeanne_P._d%27Ambly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeanne P. d'Ambly (page does not exist)">Jeanne P. d'Ambly</a> – member of the 43-W-5 class<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Inks_Davidson_Dalrymple" title="Mildred Inks Davidson Dalrymple">Mildred Inks Davidson Dalrymple</a> (Class 44-W-4)<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hilliard_Davis" title="Dorothy Hilliard Davis">Dorothy Hilliard Davis</a>, campaigned to get women pilots recognition as military veterans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Fort" title="Cornelia Fort">Cornelia Fort</a> – One of the original WAFS. Fort's experience included evading attacking <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">IJNAS</a> carrier planes at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. She became the first WAFS fatality in a midair collision while flying a BT-13 near <a href="/wiki/Merkel,_Texas" title="Merkel, Texas">Merkel, Texas</a> on March 23, 1943.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Gardner" title="Elizabeth L. Gardner">Elizabeth L. Gardner</a> of Rockford, Illinois<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Gee_(pilot)" title="Maggie Gee (pilot)">Maggie Gee</a> – One of only two Asian-Americans (Chinese) in the WASP, the other being Hazel Ying Lee.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_and_B-17_Flying_Fortress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Group_of_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_and_B-17_Flying_Fortress.jpg/220px-Group_of_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_and_B-17_Flying_Fortress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Group_of_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_and_B-17_Flying_Fortress.jpg/330px-Group_of_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_and_B-17_Flying_Fortress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Group_of_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_and_B-17_Flying_Fortress.jpg/440px-Group_of_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_and_B-17_Flying_Fortress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Frances Green, Margaret (Peg) Kirchner, Ann Waldner and Blanche Osborn leaving their plane, "Pistol Packin' Mama"</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Gillies" title="Betty Gillies">Betty Gillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Warren_Griffith" title="Ann Warren Griffith">Ann Warren Griffith</a>, writer, wrote about her WASP experiences in The New Yorker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Haas_Pfister" title="Betty Haas Pfister">Betty Haas Pfister</a></li> <li>Lois Hailey<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_D._Harmon" title="Elaine D. Harmon">Elaine D. Harmon</a>, first WASP aviator interred at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Payne_Hayden" title="Sara Payne Hayden">Sara Payne Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Falk_Haydu" title="Bernice Falk Haydu">Bernice Falk Haydu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Heath" title="Gloria Heath">Gloria Heath</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hixson" title="Jean Hixson">Jean Hixson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Stegeman_Hodgson" title="Marion Stegeman Hodgson">Marion Stegeman Hodgson</a> wrote a detailed account of her time as a WASP in her autobiography Winning My Wings: A Woman Airforce Service Pilot in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carla_Horowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carla Horowitz (page does not exist)">Carla Horowitz</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Greenblatt_Howren" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Greenblatt Howren">Evelyn Greenblatt Howren</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Celia Hunter">Celia Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marge_Hurlburt" title="Marge Hurlburt">Marge Hurlburt</a> – She was named to the Board of Directors of the Professional Race Pilots Association to represent the interests of female pilots and held the woman's international airspeed record at the time her death in July 1947. Marge died while performing as part of a <a href="/wiki/Barnstorming" title="Barnstorming">flying circus</a> that she joined to raise money to build a new racing airplane.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>Janet Hutchinson – of the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Hutchinsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Hutchinsons">Flying Hutchinsons</a>, joined at age 18.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_James" title="Teresa James">Teresa James</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_%22Ty%22_Hughes_Killen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marguerite "Ty" Hughes Killen (page does not exist)">Marguerite "Ty" Hughes Killen</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Ying_Lee" title="Hazel Ying Lee">Hazel Ying Lee</a> – One of two Asian-Americans (Chinese) in the WASP, the other being Maggie Gee. Lee was the last WASP member to die while serving in program.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Swain_Lewis" title="Dorothy Swain Lewis">Dorothy Swain Lewis</a> – Worked at <a href="/wiki/Piper_Aircraft" title="Piper Aircraft">Piper Aircraft</a> Lockhaven, Pennsylvania, Graduate of <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Omlie" title="Phoebe Omlie">Phoebe Omlie</a>'s Tennessee Bureau of Aeronautics Women Aviation Instructor Program in Nashville TN (Feb 1943), Instructed Navy pilots V-5 program classes 43F, W3G, W3H, Instructed WASP classes 43-W8,44-W2,44-W4, joined WASP in class 44-W7&5, towed targets in B-26, engineering flights various other aircraft, sculpted WASP trainee statue on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a> Honor Court, Colorado Springs, painted official portrait<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> for US Department of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lockness" title="Doris Lockness">Doris Lockness</a><a href="#cite_note-Lockness_dies-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Erickson_London" title="Barbara Erickson London">Barbara Erickson London</a> – The only WASP member to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a> during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Following the war, medals were awarded to other WASP members.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lotowycz" title="Grace Lotowycz">Grace Elizabeth "Betty" Ashwell Lotowycz</a> 44-W-7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Harkness_Love" title="Nancy Harkness Love">Nancy Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Magid" title="Elizabeth Magid">Elizabeth Magid</a>  – author of the poem Celestial Flight that became a staple of all WASP funerals</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iola_%22Nancy%22_Clay_Magruder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iola "Nancy" Clay Magruder (page does not exist)">Iola "Nancy" Clay Magruder</a> A member of class 44-W-7, her orders sent her to Enid, Oklahoma where she flew BT-13, BT-15, AT-6, PT-17, and B-18.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madge_Moore" title="Madge Moore">Madge Moore</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-172">[172]</a></li> <li>Annabelle Craft Moss – Moss flew the AT-6 Trainer, and was responsible for transporting officers from base to base.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Noggle" title="Anne Noggle">Anne Noggle</a> – Following the war she became a noted photographer and writer. She took the photos for For God, Country and the Thrill of It: Women Airforce Pilots of World War II, with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Dora_Dougherty_Strother" title="Dora Dougherty Strother">Dora Dougherty Strother</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Olsen" title="Dorothy Olsen">Dorothy Olsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrie_Otto" title="Lorrie Otto">Lorrie Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deanie_Bishop_Parrish" class="mw-redirect" title="Deanie Bishop Parrish">Deanie Bishop Parrish</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Parish" title="Suzanne Parish">Suzanne Upjohn DeLano Parish</a>, co-founder of Kalamazoo Air Museum, later called the <a href="/wiki/Air_Zoo" title="Air Zoo">Air Zoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilma_Lazar_Qualls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilma Lazar Qualls (page does not exist)">Vilma Lazar Qualls</a> (May 5, 1917 – November 2, 2003) A member of class 43-W-3, she was assigned to Long Beach Army Airbase after training. She flew BT-13, C-47, B-17 and B-24.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Jane_Raines" title="Hazel Jane Raines">Hazel Jane Raines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Virginia_Rawlinson" title="Mabel Virginia Rawlinson">Mabel Rawlinson</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WASPs_on_flight_line_at_Laredo_AAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WASPs_on_flight_line_at_Laredo_AAF.jpg/220px-WASPs_on_flight_line_at_Laredo_AAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WASPs_on_flight_line_at_Laredo_AAF.jpg/330px-WASPs_on_flight_line_at_Laredo_AAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WASPs_on_flight_line_at_Laredo_AAF.jpg/440px-WASPs_on_flight_line_at_Laredo_AAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>WASP members on the flight line at <a href="/wiki/Laredo_Army_Air_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Laredo Army Air Field">Laredo Army Air Field</a>, Texas, January 22, 1944</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Rawls" title="Katherine Rawls">Katherine Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ola_Mildred_Rexroat" title="Ola Mildred Rexroat">Ola Mildred Rexroat</a>, An <a href="/wiki/Oglala" title="Oglala">Oglala Sioux</a> from Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, was the only Native American woman in the WASP.<a href="#cite_note-Defense.gov-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Richey" title="Mary Anne Richey">Mary Anne Richey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ringenberg" title="Margaret Ringenberg">Margaret Ringenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Rodgers" title="Lorraine Rodgers">Lorraine Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Seymour" title="Dawn Seymour">Dawn Seymour</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Genevieve_Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Genevieve Sharp">Evelyn Sharp</a> – In 1938, Evelyn Sharp was the youngest person in the United States to receive a commercial pilot license.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Shutsy-Reynolds" title="Florence Shutsy-Reynolds">Florence Shutsy-Reynolds</a> (1923-2018) – earned her pilot's license in 1941, just before women were barred from the government-operated training program at local airports due to the expected need of more male pilots. Following the death of her husband around 1988, she took over the WASP organization's "Stores" job, making and selling intricate silver and bronze jewelry, banners, scarves and other WASP-themed items.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Tompkins_Silver" title="Gertrude Tompkins Silver">Gertrude Tompkins Silver</a> – The only WASP member to go missing during World War II. She departed from Mines Field (currently LAX) for Palm Springs, on October 26, 1944, flying a P-51D Mustang destined for New Jersey but never arrived. In January 2010 search efforts to locate the possible crash site in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Bay" title="Santa Monica Bay">Santa Monica Bay</a> were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Slade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirley Slade (page does not exist)">Shirley Slade</a>, born in Chicago 1921. On the cover of <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life (magazine)</a>, July 19, 1943. Trained to fly Bell P-39 Airacobras and Martin B-26 Marauders at three bases: Dodge City AAF, Kansas, Harlingen AAF, Texas, and Love Field, Dallas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Wyatt_Snapp" title="Helen Wyatt Snapp">Helen Wyatt Snapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Straughan" title="Jane Straughan">Jane Straughan</a>, graduate of class 43-W-1.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Strohfus" title="Elizabeth Strohfus">Elizabeth Strohfus</a> – flew <a href="/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder" title="Martin B-26 Marauder">Martin B-26 Marauders</a> and pulled 6 G's in an F-16 at age 72.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> She died at 96 on March 6, 2016, in Faribault, MN.<a href="#cite_note-MST-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-TWP-190">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Dougherty_Strother" title="Dora Dougherty Strother">Dora Dougherty Strother</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_Corbett_Thomas" title="Alta Corbett Thomas">Alta Corbett Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_%22Micky%22_Axton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mildred "Micky" Axton">Mildred Darlene "Micky" Tuttle Axton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Coon_Walters" title="Mary Coon Walters">Mary Coon Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florene_Miller_Watson" title="Florene Miller Watson">Florene Miller Watson</a> – one of the first WAFS volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-:02-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-193">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Jane_Williams" title="Betty Jane Williams">Betty Jane Williams</a> – went on to become a Lt Colonel in her later military career.<a href="#cite_note-:5-194">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Williamson" title="Mary E. Williamson">Mary E. Williamson</a> (1924–2012)<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginny_Wood" title="Ginny Wood">Ginny Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Wyall" title="Marty Wyall">Marty Wyall</a> – was part of the last class of WASP in 1944. She later became the WASP historian.<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[196]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries_and_fictional_depictions">Documentaries and fictional depictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Documentaries and fictional depictions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the 1943 movie <a href="/wiki/A_Guy_Named_Joe" title="A Guy Named Joe">A Guy Named Joe</a>, Pete Sandidge (<a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a>) is the reckless pilot of a North American B-25 Mitchell bomber flying out of England during World War II. He is in love with Women Airforce Service Pilot Dorinda Durston (<a href="/wiki/Irene_Dunne" title="Irene Dunne">Irene Dunne</a>), a civilian pilot ferrying aircraft across the Atlantic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies_Courageous" title="Ladies Courageous">Ladies Courageous</a> is a 1944 film starring <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Young" title="Loretta Young">Loretta Young</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-197">[197]</a></li> <li>Season 1, Episode 22 of <a href="/wiki/Baa_Baa_Black_Sheep_(TV_series)" title="Baa Baa Black Sheep (TV series)">Baa Baa Black Sheep</a> was entitled "W*A*S*P*S".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It first aired on March 1, 1977. The episode has several errors of fact. Two are that there is no "s" at the end of the name, because the name itself is plural, and the WASP never flew overseas.</li> <li>In the modern <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a> continuity, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Trevor" title="Steve Trevor">Steve Trevor</a>'s mother, Diana Trevor, was a WASP who inadvertently crash-landed on <a href="/wiki/Themyscira_(DC_Comics)" title="Themyscira (DC Comics)">Themyscira</a> on a mission in the 1940s and died helping the Amazons fight an attacking menace.</li> <li>A documentary produced by Ken Magid, Women of Courage, was shown on PBS in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[92]</a></li> <li>A 2009 episode of the TV show <a href="/wiki/Cold_Case_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Case (TV series)">Cold Case</a> features the investigators looking for the murderer of a WASP, after her plane is found in modern-day Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>"Flygirl" by Sherri L. Smith, a 2009 YA novel about a young Black woman who passes as white to join the WASPs.</li> <li>In the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (Marvel Comics)">Captain Marvel</a> story from Marvel comics, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Danvers" title="Carol Danvers">Carol Danvers</a> travels through time to 1943 where she fights alongside a squad of Women Airforce Service Pilots on an island off the coast of Peru.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li>Season 3, Episode 15 of <a href="/wiki/Army_Wives" title="Army Wives">Army Wives</a> is a flashback episode that mentions the WASP pilots from WWII.</li> <li>Meredith Dayna Levy wrote a play called Decision Height which tells the story of six WASP trainees.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Nebula Award for Best Novel">Nebula Award</a>-winning 2018 science fiction novel <a href="/wiki/The_Calculating_Stars" title="The Calculating Stars">The Calculating Stars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinette_Kowal" title="Mary Robinette Kowal">Mary Robinette Kowal</a> depicts an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative history">alternative history</a> of the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Space_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Space race">space race</a> where former WASP pilots become the first female <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Flagg" title="Fannie Flagg">Fannie Flagg</a>'s 2013 book,The All-Girl Filling Station's Last Reunion features three sisters who fly with WASP.</li> <li>Flight Officer Maude Garrett, the main character of the 2020 movie <a href="/wiki/Shadow_in_the_Cloud" title="Shadow in the Cloud">Shadow in the Cloud</a>, is a WASP. The end credits of the movie feature pictures of the Women Air Service Pilots.</li> <li>Angel Wings, a French graphic-novel series, is about Angela McCloud, a (fictional) WASP who – unlike the WASP pilots in real life – flies transport missions in <a href="/wiki/China-Burma-India_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Burma-India Theater">Burma</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Theater_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ocean Theater of World War II">Pacific</a> as cover for secret duties as an agent with the wartime intelligence service, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_Air_Corps" title="Betsy Ross Air Corps">Betsy Ross Air Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Witches" title="Night Witches">Night Witches</a> (588th Night Bomber Regiment – Soviet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Auxiliary" title="Air Transport Auxiliary">Air Transport Auxiliary</a> (ATA – British)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_Women%27s_Division" title="Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division">Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division</a> (RCAFWD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_Badge" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots Badge">Women Airforce Service Pilots Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Air_Force_(WAF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the Air Force (WAF)">Women in the Air Force (WAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a> (WAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Accepted_for_Volunteer_Emergency_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service">Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service</a> (WAVES) The US Navy's WWII era program.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Air Force">Women's Auxiliary Air Force</a> (WAAF – British)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Australian_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force">Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force</a> (WAAAF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_aviation" title="Women in aviation">Women in aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_aviation" title="Timeline of women in aviation">Timeline of women in aviation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol 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Retrieved January 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Women%27s+University%2C+Special+Collections&rft.atitle=Mary+Anna+Martin+Wyall%2C+class+of+44-W-10%3A+letters+1944-1945+%3A%3A+Women+Airforce+Service+Pilots&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwudigital.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp214coll2%2Fid%2F5153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-197"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20197214/madge-ragan-leon-and-role-as-a-wasp/">"Daughter of Leon Theater Owner Was in Air Service"</a>. The Amarillo Globe-Times. August 20, 1945. p. 7. Retrieved March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Amarillo+Globe-Times&rft.atitle=Daughter+of+Leon+Theater+Owner+Was+in+Air+Service&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1945-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F20197214%2Fmadge-ragan-leon-and-role-as-a-wasp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/cold-case/s07/e05">"Cold Case: Season 7, Episode 5"</a>. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Cold+Case%3A+Season+7%2C+Episode+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Ftv%2Fcold-case%2Fs07%2Fe05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/10/02/captain-marvel-4-post-game-with-kelly-sue-deconnick">"Captain Marvel #4 Post-Game with Kelly Sue DeConnick"</a>. IGN. (October 2, 2012). Retrieved July 23, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222225654/http://www.kcactf4.org/2014/02/decision-height-demonstrates-that-girl-power-never-gets-old/">"'Decision Height' Demonstrates that Girl Power Never Gets Old"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcactf4.org/2014/02/decision-height-demonstrates-that-girl-power-never-gets-old/">the original</a> on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Decision+Height%27+Demonstrates+that+Girl+Power+Never+Gets+Old&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcactf4.org%2F2014%2F02%2Fdecision-height-demonstrates-that-girl-power-never-gets-old%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Clark, Marie Mountain. Dear Mother and Daddy: World War II Letters Home from a WASP. Livonia Michigan: First Page Publications, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928623-63-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928623-63-2">978-1-928623-63-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1992" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Jean Hascall (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od6hmG43CesC&q=WASP+Troop+Carrier+Command.&pg=PR18">Women Pilots of World War II</a>. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-493-5"><bdi>978-0-87480-493-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Pilots+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-493-5&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jean+Hascall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dod6hmG43CesC%26q%3DWASP%2BTroop%2BCarrier%2BCommand.%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelsen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cornelsen, Kathleen (2005). "Women Airforce Service Pilots of World War II: Exploring Military Aviation, Encountering Discrimination, and Exchanging Traditional Roles in Service to America". Journal of Women's History. 17 (4): 111–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2005.0046">10.1353/jowh.2005.0046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145174776">145174776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+History&rft.atitle=Women+Airforce+Service+Pilots+of+World+War+II%3A+Exploring+Military+Aviation%2C+Encountering+Discrimination%2C+and+Exchanging+Traditional+Roles+in+Service+to+America&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjowh.2005.0046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145174776%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cornelsen&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuboisDumenil2012" class="citation book cs1">Dubois, Ellen Carol; Dumenil, Lynn (2012). "Women in the Military". Through Women's Eyes (3rd ed.). Boston: St. Martin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-67607-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-67607-0"><bdi>978-0-312-67607-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+Military&rft.btitle=Through+Women%27s+Eyes&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-312-67607-0&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Carol&rft.au=Dumenil%2C+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranger1991" class="citation book cs1">Granger, Byrd Howell (1991). On Final Approach: The Women Airforce Service Pilots of W.W.II. New York: Falconer Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9626267-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9626267-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9626267-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Final+Approach%3A+The+Women+Airforce+Service+Pilots+of+W.W.II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Falconer+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-9626267-0-8&rft.aulast=Granger&rft.aufirst=Byrd+Howell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Haynsworth, Leslie and David Toomey. Amelia Earhart's Daughters. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-15233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-15233-8">978-0-688-15233-8</a>.</li> <li>Keil, Sally Van Wagenen, Those Wonderful Women in Their Flying Machines: The Unknown Heroines of World War II. New York: Four Directions Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9627659-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9627659-0-2">978-0-9627659-0-2</a>.</li> <li>Landdeck, Katherine Sharp, "The Women with Silver Wings: The Inspiring True Story of the Women Airforce Service Pilots of World War II".: Crown, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6281-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6281-0">978-1-5247-6281-0</a>.</li> <li>LoPinto, Winnie, I was a Woman Pilot in 1945. Sheffield, UK: Green Leaf Publishing, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4912-8347-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4912-8347-9">978-1-4912-8347-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerryman1998" class="citation book cs1">Merryman, Molly (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T08TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">Clipped Wings: The Rise and Fall of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) of World War II</a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5568-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5568-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-5568-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clipped+Wings%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Women+Airforce+Service+Pilots+%28WASPs%29+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5568-6&rft.aulast=Merryman&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT08TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonahanNeidel-Greenlee2010" class="citation book cs1">Monahan, Evelyn M.; Neidel-Greenlee, Resemary (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZ-asIH-Q_kC&q=%22a+few+good+women%22&pg=PR1">A Few Good Women: America's Military Women From World War I to the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan</a>. New York: Alfred A Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4434-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4434-4"><bdi>978-1-4000-4434-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Few+Good+Women%3A+America%27s+Military+Women+From+World+War+I+to+the+Wars+in+Iraq+and+Afghanistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4434-4&rft.aulast=Monahan&rft.aufirst=Evelyn+M.&rft.au=Neidel-Greenlee%2C+Resemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZ-asIH-Q_kC%26q%3D%2522a%2Bfew%2Bgood%2Bwomen%2522%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Noggle, Anne. For God, Country and the Thrill of It: Women Airforce Service Pilots During WWII. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-401-9">978-0-89096-401-9</a>.</li> <li>Parrish, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flygirls.org/book/index.html">WASP In Their Own Words – An Illustrated History of the Women Airforce Service Pilots.</a> Waco, Texas: Wings Across America Publications, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9703450-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9703450-0-4">978-0-9703450-0-4</a>.</li> <li>Rickman, Sarah Byrn. Nancy Batson Crews: Alabama's First Lady of Flight. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5553-1">978-0-8173-5553-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickman2008" class="citation book cs1">Rickman, Sarah Byrn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwc9PZUjR4IC&pg=PR3">Nancy Love and the WASP Ferry Pilots of World War II</a>. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57441-241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57441-241-3"><bdi>978-1-57441-241-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nancy+Love+and+the+WASP+Ferry+Pilots+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Denton%2C+Texas&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57441-241-3&rft.aulast=Rickman&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Byrn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpwc9PZUjR4IC%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickman2016" class="citation book cs1">Rickman, Sarah Byrn (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnrDCwAAQBAJ&q=%22women%27s+auxiliary+ferrying+squadron%22&pg=PA6">WASP of the Ferry Command: Women Pilots, Uncommon Deeds</a>. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57441-637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57441-637-4"><bdi>978-1-57441-637-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WASP+of+the+Ferry+Command%3A+Women+Pilots%2C+Uncommon+Deeds&rft.place=Denton%2C+Texas&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-57441-637-4&rft.aulast=Rickman&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Byrn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgnrDCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522women%2527s%2Bauxiliary%2Bferrying%2Bsquadron%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSage2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sage, Jenny (2017). "Ladies of Lockbourne: Women Airforce Service Pilots and the Mighty B-17 Flying Fortress". Ohio History. 124 (2): 5–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fohh.2017.0013">10.1353/ohh.2017.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148720217">148720217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History&rft.atitle=Ladies+of+Lockbourne%3A+Women+Airforce+Service+Pilots+and+the+Mighty+B-17+Flying+Fortress&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fohh.2017.0013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148720217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sage&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schrader, Helena. Sisters in Arms: British and American Women Pilots During World War II. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-388-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-388-6">978-1-84415-388-6</a>.</li> <li>Simbeck, Rob. Daughter of the Air: The Brief Soaring Life of Cornelia Fort. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-461-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-461-5">978-1-56000-461-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Daugherty2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith-Daugherty, Rhonda (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuQyBwAAQBAJ&q=%22sadie+hawkins%22+wasp&pg=PA104">Jacqueline Cochran: Biography of a Pioneer Aviator</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6275-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6275-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-6275-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacqueline+Cochran%3A+Biography+of+a+Pioneer+Aviator&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6275-9&rft.aulast=Smith-Daugherty&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuQyBwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522sadie%2Bhawkins%2522%2Bwasp%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+Airforce+Service+Pilots" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Strebe, Amy Goodpaster. Flying for her Country: The American and Soviet Women Military Pilots of World War II. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-266-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-266-6">978-1-59797-266-6</a>.</li> <li>Williams, Vera S. WASPs: Women Airforce Service Pilots of World War II. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87938-856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87938-856-0">978-0-87938-856-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Women Airforce Service Pilots <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Women+Airforce+Service+Pilots">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Women+Airforce+Service+Pilots&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" class="extiw" title="q:Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flygirls.org/book/">WASP in their Own Words, An Illustrated History of the WASP of WWII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gateway.uncg.edu/islandora/search/dc.title%3A%28Betty%5C%20Carter%29">Betty H. Carter Oral History - UNCG Women Veterans Historical Project: Air Force (incl WAF, WASP, Nurse Corps)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwii-women-pilots.org/">Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) Remembered by those who knew them</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wingsacrossamerica.us/wings">Wings Across America</a>; a WASP digital history project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/jacqueline-cochran-and-womens-airforce-service-pilots-wasps">Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library's archives</a> – information and documentation about Jacqueline Cochran and the WASP.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wasp-wwii.org">WASP on the WEB</a> over 2,000 pages of WASP photos, games, videos, records and resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blitzkriegbaby.de/">Blitzkrieg Baby</a> – Information on World War II U.S. women's service organizations, including uniforms.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aircraftwrecks.com/artifacts/b25_wasp.htm">Discovery of the site of a B-25 crash which killed a WASP pilot; effects were found.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SixthFerryingGroupYearbookLongBeach">1944 yearbook of the Sixth Ferrying Group of the USAF, based in Long Beach, California.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://helena-schrader.com/womenpilots.html">Winged Auxiliaries: Women Pilots in the UK and US during World War Two</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208121206/http://helena-schrader.com/womenpilots.html">Archived</a> December 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Draws comparisons between British ATA and American WASP pilots in World War II.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flygirls/">PBS American Experience: Fly Girls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318153000/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flygirls/">Archived</a> March 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> WASP documentary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FViqF__euZ0">Army-Navy Screen Magazine #16 WASP (1943) Government produced newsreel film</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/women">Women in the U.S. Army</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_National_WASP_World_War_II_Museum">The National WASP World War II Museum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The National WASP World War II Museum">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waspmuseum.org">Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waspmuseum.org/wasp-in-the-spotlight/">WASP in the Spotlight</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waspmuseum.org/upcoming-events/">Upcoming Events</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_Woman's_University:_Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_Official_Archive">Texas Woman's University: Women Airforce Service Pilots Official Archive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Texas Woman's University: Women Airforce Service Pilots Official Archive">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p214coll2">TWU WASP Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p214coll2/search">WASP Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p214coll2/search/searchterm/Classbooks/field/genre/mode/exact/conn/and">Classbooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p214coll2/search/searchterm/Oral%20History/field/colleb/mode/exact/conn/and">Oral Histories</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p214coll2/search/searchterm/Photographs/field/genre/mode/exact/conn/and">Photographs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smithsonian_Institution:_Online_Virtual_Archives">Smithsonian Institution: Online Virtual Archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Smithsonian Institution: Online Virtual Archives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sova.si.edu/record/NASM.1987.0077">Women's Air Force Service Pilot (WASP) Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sova.si.edu/details/NASM.1989.0123#ref508">WASP Binder: Pictures of Life and Training of the Women's Air Force Service Pilots, c.1942-1944, Scrapbook # 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sova.si.edu/record/NASM.2019.0050">Janice Christensen Women's Air Force Service Pilots (WASP) Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sova.si.edu/record/NASM.1989.0123">WASP Binder: Pictures of Life and Training of the Women's Air Force Service Pilots, Bernice Falk Haydu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/ww2-disney">Mickey Mouse morale: Disney on the World War II home front (Fifinella)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Airforce">National Museum of the United States Airforce</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: National Museum of the United States Airforce">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/858895/wasp-creation/">WASP Creation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196133/wasp-breaking-ground-for-todays-female-usaf-pilots/">Overview - WASP: Breaking Ground for Today's Female USAF Pilots</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Upcoming/Women-in-Air-Force/">USAF Museum: Women Pilots in World War II History</a> – Air Force Museum virtual exhibit.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Upcoming/Photos.aspx?igphoto=2001662264">WASP Awarded Congressional Gold Medal</a> July 1, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Education/Resource-Guides/">Flying for Freedom - The Story of WASP - Teacher Resource PDF</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Museum_of_Flight_Digital_Collections">The Museum of Flight Digital Collections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Museum of Flight Digital Collections">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/561">Carol (Nicholson) Lewis Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/1012">Dora Jean (Dougherty) Strother WASP Photographs Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/812">Jean (Taylor) Howard WASP Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/718">Martha L. (Smith) Bullock Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/1120">Mary "Pat" (Hiller) Call WASP Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/618">Nordhoff and Dunnam Families Collection</a> - Series IV: Nancy Nordhoff Dunnam, WASP</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/items/show/49862">[WASP newsletter]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/items/show/49863">The Avenger</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/items/show/50163">2563 AAF Base Unit : 44-W-9</a> class yearbook</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/items/show/50158">318th A.A.F.F.T.D. class of 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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Air_Force" title="Template:United States Air Force"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Air_Force" title="Template talk:United States Air Force"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Air_Force" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Air Force"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Air_Force8231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Under Secretary of the Air Force">Under Secretary of the Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Staff_(United_States)" title="Air Staff (United States)">Air Staff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Vice Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Director of Staff of the United States Air Force">Director of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Master_Sergeant_of_the_Air_Force" title="Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force">Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_four-star_generals" title="List of United States Air Force four-star generals">Four-star generals</a></li> <li>Three-star generals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_generals_in_the_United_States_Air_Force_before_1960" title="List of lieutenant generals in the United States Air Force before 1960">1940–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_lieutenant_generals_from_2000_to_2009" title="List of United States Air Force lieutenant generals from 2000 to 2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_lieutenant_generals_from_2010_to_2019" title="List of United States Air Force lieutenant generals from 2010 to 2019">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_lieutenant_generals_since_2020" title="List of United States Air Force lieutenant generals since 2020">2020–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Tactical_Air_and_Land_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces">House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Strategic_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces">House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Committee on Armed Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Airland" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Airland">Senate Subcommittee on Airland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Strategic_Forces" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces">Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/U.S._Air_Force_service_mark.svg/80px-U.S._Air_Force_service_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/U.S._Air_Force_service_mark.svg/120px-U.S._Air_Force_service_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/U.S._Air_Force_service_mark.svg/160px-U.S._Air_Force_service_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="580" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Structure of the United States Air Force">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Field_Operating_Agencies" title="List of United States Air Force Field Operating Agencies">Field Operating Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_installations" title="List of United States Air Force installations">Installations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Direct Reporting Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_District_of_Washington" title="Air Force District of Washington">District of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Center" title="Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center">Operational Test and Evaluation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">USAF Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_commands_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of major commands of the United States Air Force">Major commands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Combat_Command" title="Air Combat Command">ACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Air Education and Training Command">AETC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Global_Strike_Command" title="Air Force Global Strike Command">AFGSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">AFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">AFRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command" title="Air Force Special Operations Command">AFSOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command" title="Air Mobility Command">AMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces" title="Pacific Air Forces">PACAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_%E2%80%93_Air_Forces_Africa" title="United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa">USAFE–AFAFRICA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Air_Force" title="Numbered Air Force">Numbered Air Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Air_Force" title="First Air Force">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Air_Force" title="Second Air Force">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Air_Force" title="Third Air Force">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force" title="Fourth Air Force">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force" title="Fifth Air Force">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Air_Force" title="Seventh Air Force">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force" title="Ninth Air Force">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Air_Force" title="Tenth Air Force">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Air_Force" title="Eleventh Air Force">Eleventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Air_Force" title="Twelfth Air Force">Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Expeditionary_Air_Force" title="Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force">Thirteenth Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Air_Force" title="Sixteenth Air Force">Sixteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Air_Force" title="Eighteenth Air Force">Eighteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Air_Force" title="Nineteenth Air Force">Nineteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force" title="Twentieth Air Force">Twentieth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Second_Air_Force" title="Twenty-Second Air Force">Twenty-Second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of wings of the United States Air Force">Wings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_groups_and_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_National_Guard" title="List of groups and wings of the United States Air National Guard">ANG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Groups" title="List of United States Air Force Groups">Groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_groups_and_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_National_Guard" title="List of groups and wings of the United States Air National Guard">ANG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_squadrons" title="List of United States Air Force squadrons">Squadrons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_National_Guard_Squadrons" title="List of United States Air National Guard Squadrons">ANG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Security_Forces_squadrons" title="List of United States Air Force Security Forces squadrons">Security Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces#Civilian_auxiliaries_distinguished" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Civilian auxiliary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_personnel" title="List of United States Air Force personnel">Personnel</a></li> <li>Rank <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Insignia" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Insignia">cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">enlisted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Specialty Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_aeronautical_rating" title="U.S. Air Force aeronautical rating">Aeronautical ratings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Engineer_Deployable_Heavy_Operational_Repair_Squadron_Engineers" title="Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers">RED HORSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Security_Forces" title="United States Air Force Security Forces">Security Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Medical_Service" title="United States Air Force Medical Service">Medical Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">Chief of Chaplains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief Scientist of the United States Air Force">Chief Scientist</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Training: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">Officer Training School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">Reserve Officer Training Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">Basic Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman_Leadership_School" title="Airman Leadership School">Airman Leadership School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance_and_Escape" title="Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape">SERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Fitness_Assessment" title="United States Air Force Fitness Assessment">Fitness Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms and equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Badges of the United States Air Force">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of equipment of the United States Air Force">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force#Aircraft_inventory" title="United States Air Force">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">Uniforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Division,_U.S._Signal_Corps" title="Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps">Aeronautical Division</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Section,_U.S._Signal_Corps" title="Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps">Aviation Section</a> / <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Military_Aeronautics" title="Division of Military Aeronautics">Division of Military Aeronautics</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">Army Air Service</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">Army Air Corps</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Air_Force_(song)" title="The U.S. Air Force (song)">The U.S. Air Force</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Band" title="United States Air Force Band">Air Force Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed" title="Airman's Creed">Airman's Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force#Core_missions" title="United States Air Force">Core Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Flag of the United States Air Force">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Symbol" title="United States Air Force Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Memorial" title="United States Air Force Memorial">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> / <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Two" title="Air Force Two">Air Force Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Honor_Guard" title="United States Air Force Honor Guard">Honor Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Thunderbirds" title="United States Air Force Thunderbirds">Thunderbirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Service number (United States Air Force)">Service numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USWWII" title="Template:USWWII"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USWWII" title="Template talk:USWWII"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_in_World_War_II3761" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I._Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. Generation">G.I. Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_at_War" title="Schools at War">Schools at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">Internment of German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Internment of Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">American women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II"> Minorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Ricans in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II"> Military participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Army"> Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_uniforms_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army uniforms in World War II">Uniforms</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Marine Corps"> Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy#World_War_II_(1941–1945)" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_medals_of_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="United States service medals of the World Wars"> Service medals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II">Medal of Honor recipients</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles_involving_the_United_States" title="List of World War II battles involving the United States">List of battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Chinese-American service in World War II">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American service in World War II">Japanese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy#World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931945.29" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Diplomatic participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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