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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Vatican murders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">4 May 1998<span class="noprint">; 26 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998-05-04</span>)</span> <br />9 p.m. (UTC+2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Shooting, <a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">murder–suicide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P220" title="SIG Sauer P220">SIG Sauer P220</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">3 (including the perpetrator)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a> and Gladys Meza Romero</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrator</th><td class="infobox-data">Cédric Tornay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Personal grievance</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Vatican murders</b> occurred on 4 May 1998, when <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/Lance_corporal" title="Lance corporal">lance corporal</a> Cédric Tornay, using his <a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">service pistol</a>, shot and killed the <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Swiss Guard">commander of the Swiss Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a>, and Estermann's wife, Gladys Meza Romero, in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, before killing himself. The murder happened the same day that Estermann was confirmed in his position as commander, after a period of being acting commander. </p><p>Estermann had previously disciplined Tornay for infractions; as a result, he rejected Tornay for the <a href="/wiki/Benemerenti_medal" title="Benemerenti medal">Benemerenti medal</a>, which Swiss Guards usually receive. Tornay wrote a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">suicide note</a> to his family complaining about Estermann and the supposed injustices he had inflicted against him. The case shocked the Vatican and initiated a <a href="/wiki/Media_frenzy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media frenzy">media frenzy</a>. The murders spawned various conspiracy theories that questioned the official narrative, though none has ever been substantiated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_murders&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_swiss_guards_inside_saint_peter_dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Group_of_swiss_guards_inside_saint_peter_dome.jpg/220px-Group_of_swiss_guards_inside_saint_peter_dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Group_of_swiss_guards_inside_saint_peter_dome.jpg/330px-Group_of_swiss_guards_inside_saint_peter_dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Group_of_swiss_guards_inside_saint_peter_dome.jpg/440px-Group_of_swiss_guards_inside_saint_peter_dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Group of Swiss Guards, pictured 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a> are the Pope's bodyguards, and the smallest army in the world, numbering about 100 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1998, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Buchs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Buchs (page does not exist)">Roland Buchs</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Buchs" class="extiw" title="de:Roland Buchs">de</a>]</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Swiss Guard">commander of the Swiss Guard</a>, retired. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> took five months to replace him, with the eventual selection of 43-year-old Swiss <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a>, initially as acting commandant.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006186_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006186-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, Estermann had been one of the bodyguards guarding the <a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">popemobile</a> when <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> was <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II">shot in an assassination attempt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006186–187_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006186–187-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estermann was married to Gladys Meza Romero, a Venezuelan former model and former policewoman. After marrying Estermann, she worked for the Venezuelan Embassy in Rome as an archivist. Romero and Estermann were a popular pair in diplomatic circles there, often seen at diplomatic receptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were pious and regularly attended <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cédric Tornay, a 23-year-old <a href="/wiki/Lance_corporal" title="Lance corporal">lance corporal</a>, came from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice,_Switzerland" title="Saint-Maurice, Switzerland">Saint-Maurice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2016238–239_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2016238–239-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a non-commissioned officer of the guard.<sup id="cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roland Buchs, who knew Tornay personally, described him as an idealist and as someone who was "sensitive to the way other people treated him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final report described him as dually "uninhibited and disrespectful" but also "polite and kind". According to the report he regularly used <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, and an autopsy found a cyst in his brain "the size of a pigeon egg".<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355–356_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355–356-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1998, Estermann disciplined Tornay for a regulatory infraction after Tornay spent the night outside Vatican City without permission. Citing this as his rationale, he rejected Tornay for the <a href="/wiki/Benemerenti_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benemerenti Medal">Benemerenti Medal</a>, which is usually automatically given to Swiss Guards after three years of service.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This denial occurred two days before Tornay would have received the medal, and Tornay may have only stayed in the Guards for as long as he did in order to receive it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 May 1998, Estermann was officially made commander of the Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367–368_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367–368-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murders">Murders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_murders&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Murders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIG_P220_IMG_3089.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SIG_P220_IMG_3089.jpg/220px-SIG_P220_IMG_3089.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SIG_P220_IMG_3089.jpg/330px-SIG_P220_IMG_3089.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SIG_P220_IMG_3089.jpg/440px-SIG_P220_IMG_3089.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P220" title="SIG Sauer P220">SIG Sauer P220</a>, the service pistol of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a>, was the weapon used in the murders.</figcaption></figure> <p>At 9 p.m. on 4 May 1998, only a few hours after Estermann was confirmed in his position as commander of the Guard, Tornay went to Estermann's apartment in the barracks in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367–368_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367–368-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apartment was located close to the Porta Sant'Anna, with the entrance to the Vatican behind it.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the investigation report, Romero and then Estermann had talked with a friend on the phone at 8:46 p.m. While Estermann was still on the phone, Romero opened the door to Tornay. Tornay proceeded to rush toward Estermann, shooting him twice with his <a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P220" title="SIG Sauer P220">SIG Sauer P220</a> 9mm <a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">service pistol</a>, hitting Estermann's shoulder and left cheek, killing him. Tornay then turned and shot at Romero, initially missing (the bullet went through the door, and lodged in the lift door on the landing) before shooting and killing her with a fourth shot. He then knelt and shot himself through the roof of his mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noise and shouts were heard briefly from the apartment; Anna-Lina Meier, a nun who did some of her work in the Swiss barracks there, went to Estermann's apartment to investigate. Finding the door open, she saw Romero's body, and not wanting to go any further by herself found lance corporal Marcel Riedi, who entered the apartment and found all three bodies. Tornay was found with the pistol underneath him.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, Alois Jehle, the chaplain of the Swiss Guards, informed the pope's private secretary <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Stanisław Dziwisz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the murders, Tornay wrote a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">suicide note</a> to his mother. In this note he complained of numerous grievances, which he called "injustices", perpetrated by Estermann, calling him unfair and harsh. Additionally, he complained of tensions between the German- and French-speaking Swiss guard members. It is unclear to what extent these complaints reflected reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188–189_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188–189-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this note he wrote of the medal rejection, stating that: "After three years, six months and three days of enduring all the injustices here, they denied me the one thing I wanted."<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his bitterness in the note was generalized and directed not only towards Estermann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_murders&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The case shocked the Vatican and initiated a <a href="/wiki/Media_frenzy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media frenzy">media frenzy</a> worldwide, especially in Italy;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the author <a href="/wiki/Robert_Royal_(author)" title="Robert Royal (author)">Robert Royal</a> called it "one of the most shocking events in the entire history of the Swiss Guard".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violent acts like this were unheard of in Vatican City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Vatican City's low population, this singular instance of double homicide and suicide gave the country the highest annual murder rate in the world in 1998, at over 200 per 100,000 people, far above any other country. In 1999 the rate was 0 per 100,000 (there were no murders).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlofsson201490_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlofsson201490-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tornay's status as the perpetrator and his presumed motive were announced a few hours later; <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Navarro-Valls" title="Joaquín Navarro-Valls">Joaquín Navarro-Valls</a> attributed the murders to Tornay's "peculiar" psychology and his resentment towards Estermann. He stated that "the information that has emerged so far suggest vice-corporal Cédric Tornay suffered a sudden fit of madness". Swiss President <a href="/wiki/Flavio_Cotti" title="Flavio Cotti">Flavio Cotti</a> expressed "the sincere sympathy of the government and the entire Swiss population". A mass was held for the Estermanns in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, the first time this had been done for someone who was not a member of the clergy. John Paul II prayed for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tornay's funeral was held in his hometown of Saint-Maurice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state of the Swiss Guard generally was criticized in the aftermath, with service portrayed as "stressful, difficult, and poorly paid". The murders took place only two days before the swearing-in of the new Swiss Guard officers on 6 May.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, Buchs temporarily came out of retirement while the Vatican looked for a replacement. Estermann was eventually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pius_Segm%C3%BCller" title="Pius Segmüller">Pius Segmüller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens2018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sodano" title="Angelo Sodano">Angelo Sodano</a>, said that of the events, "Dear officers of the Holy See, the pope renews his trust and his gratitude. The black cloud of one day cannot obscure more than five hundred years of service."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In investigating, the Vatican refused technical assistance from the Italian police. Two autopsies were conducted by two legal professionals working under strict confidentiality agreements. The investigation was headed by a judge who worked both as a personnel manager for the Italian parliament and for the Vatican; this led to some criticism over a perceived lack of experience in leading criminal inquiries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine months after the murders, the official investigation was closed 5 February 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, on 8 February,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Examining_magistrate" title="Examining magistrate">examining magistrate</a> of the Vatican, Gianluigi Marrone, released a 10-page final report on the deaths. It said that drugs and mental illness were likely related to Tornay's actions, and that he was solely responsible. Traces of cannabis were found in Tornay's body during the autopsy, in addition to the cyst in his brain, which they said may have impaired his reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It found no indication of any other perpetrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report was criticized as "very thin", and the names of all witnesses were censored; this made it difficult for journalists to perform their own investigations to counter the report.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_murders&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The media, along with several "<a href="/wiki/Vatican_watchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican watchers">Vatican watchers</a>", promoted a variety of conspiracy theories and speculations about the events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian press was especially conspiratorial; a correspondent for the Swiss newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i> said of the Italian press response that it was almost comparable to the media response to the death of <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These narratives were popular in the <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabloid press">tabloid press</a> and other media, and several investigative journalists wrote books trying to substantiate them, but no proof of them has ever been put forward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politics professor David Alvarez said of such theories that "such claims either remain unsubstantiated or have been thoroughly discredited".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Yvonnick Denoël was more sympathetic to the theories, saying of the affair that though it could not be completely certain that Tornay had done so, he had the relevant motive and precursors for such an act; however, he stated of the case that the way the investigation had been conducted "ensured the truth would never be discovered."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024362_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024362-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of these theories was that Tornay and Estermann were gay lovers and that the murder happened after their relationship went bad, with Romero being killed by chance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was that Romero and Tornay had been the ones having the affair leading to the murders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another propounded that, since Estermann had been present at the 1981 assassination attempt of John Paul II, and the perpetrator <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_A%C4%9Fca" title="Mehmet Ali Ağca">Mehmet Ali Ağca</a> had some assistance from communists, Estermann was therefore an agent (codenamed Werder) of the <a href="/wiki/East_German" class="mw-redirect" title="East German">East German</a> <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> and was killed due to intelligence services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187–188_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187–188-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In opposition, some writers argued that Estermann had some kind of affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a>; in these two theories, Tornay is said to have found out about Estermann's allegiance and felt he had to kill him for the church to prevent him from becoming commandant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories involved espionage, exorcists, the <a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Secret_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Secret Service">Bulgarian Secret Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2002 book <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Assassinati in Vaticano</i></span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> Murdered in the Vatican</span>) by Vergès and Luc Brossollet argues that all the victims were assassinated and the scene was staged to look like a murder–suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens2018_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tornay's relatives rejected the theory that he had been angry with Estermann. His mother Muguette Baudat believed her son was innocent and subject to a plot, claiming various inconsistencies in the evidence and investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She hired <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Verg%C3%A8s" title="Jacques Vergès">Jacques Vergès</a> as their family lawyer; Vergès was a notorious high-profile French lawyer, known for defending international terrorists, Nazi leaders, and Serbian president <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had the effect of obscuring whatever possible truth there was to Tornay's claims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 attempt to reopen the case in Switzerland failed, as the crime had not been committed in Switzerland, and the Vatican also rejected it saying there was no evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation and findings were criticized for their secrecy, with an attempt to access related records in 2019 being denied.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the Cardinal Secretary of State intervened in the case, and gave Baudat's lawyer Laura Sgro access to the court file. Sgro published a book the following year using the information from the court file, called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sangue in Vaticano</i></span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> Blood in the Vatican</span>). In her book, she criticized the investigation for being superficial and sloppy, and for immediately settling on Tornay as a perpetrator without properly analyzing the scene. Sgro sent this book to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> and complained to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Royal said that the "much simpler and far less lurid" reality was that Tornay had simply "snapped". Roland Buchs said of him at his funeral that "His act remains mysterious. Who can understand his last gesture? At this tragic time, many 'whys' and 'wherefores' remain in suspense. Only God knows the answers to our questions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Paul II said at his funeral that Tornay was to be judged by God, "to whose mercy I entrust him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_murders&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Papal_gentleman" title="Papal gentleman">papal gentleman</a> had, however, been murdered several months before, probably by a male prostitute. This however happened outside of the Vatican, in his home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_murders&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tribelhorn2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribelhorn2021_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTribelhorn2021" class="citation news cs1">Tribelhorn, Marc (5 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzz.ch/english/vatican-murders-swiss-guard-case-controversial-after-23-years-ld.1623561">"Vatican murders: Swiss Guard case controversial after 23 years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-6829">0376-6829</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250215131954/https://www.nzz.ch/english/vatican-murders-swiss-guard-case-controversial-after-23-years-ld.1623561">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Vatican+murders%3A+Swiss+Guard+case+controversial+after+23+years&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft.issn=0376-6829&rft.aulast=Tribelhorn&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2Fenglish%2Fvatican-murders-swiss-guard-case-controversial-after-23-years-ld.1623561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVatican+murders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlvarez2011">Alvarez 2011</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006186-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006186_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyal2006">Royal 2006</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006186–187-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006186–187_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyal2006">Royal 2006</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024353_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenoël2024">Denoël 2024</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyal2006">Royal 2006</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyal2006">Royal 2006</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2016238–239-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2016238–239_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecomte2016">Lecomte 2016</a>, pp. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winfield2022-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winfield2022_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinfield2022" class="citation news cs1">Winfield, Nicole (29 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-religion-crime-united-nations-83b1892a13b04a51ebc16a1e6694edb3">"Vatican Swiss Guard slayings back in spotlight with new book"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. Rome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250205215225/https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-religion-crime-united-nations-83b1892a13b04a51ebc16a1e6694edb3">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Vatican+Swiss+Guard+slayings+back+in+spotlight+with+new+book&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpope-francis-religion-crime-united-nations-83b1892a13b04a51ebc16a1e6694edb3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVatican+murders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenoël2024">Denoël 2024</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355–356-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024355–356_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenoël2024">Denoël 2024</a>, pp. 355–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011368_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlvarez2011">Alvarez 2011</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006189_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyal2006">Royal 2006</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367–368-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367–368_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez2011367–368_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlvarez2011">Alvarez 2011</a>, pp. 367–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188–189-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006188–189_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyal2006">Royal 2006</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlofsson201490-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlofsson201490_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlofsson2014">Olofsson 2014</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephens2018-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens2018_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens2018_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens2018" class="citation news cs1">Stephens, Thomas (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/20-years-ago_the-murder-of-the-commander-of-the-swiss-guard/44090660">"The murder of the commander of the Swiss Guard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SWI_swissinfo" title="SWI swissinfo">SWI swissinfo</a></i>. Bern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250205214443/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/20-years-ago_the-murder-of-the-commander-of-the-swiss-guard/44090660">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo&rft.atitle=The+murder+of+the+commander+of+the+Swiss+Guard&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fsociety%2F20-years-ago_the-murder-of-the-commander-of-the-swiss-guard%2F44090660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVatican+murders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2016239_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecomte2016">Lecomte 2016</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024362-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenoël2024362_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenoël2024">Denoël 2024</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187–188-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal2006187–188_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyal2006">Royal 2006</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatican_murders&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez2011" class="citation book cs1">Alvarez, David (2011). "Guardian Angels". <i>The Pope's Soldiers: A Military History of the Modern Vatican</i>. Lawrence: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">352–</span>374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1770-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1770-8"><bdi>978-0-7006-1770-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guardian+Angels&rft.btitle=The+Pope%27s+Soldiers%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Modern+Vatican&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1770-8&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVatican+murders" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenoël2024" class="citation book cs1">Denoël, Yvonnick (2024). "Murders in the Vatican". <i>Vatican Spies: From the Second World War to Pope Francis</i>. La Vergne: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> pp. <span class="nowrap">353–</span>362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911723-40-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911723-40-0"><bdi>978-1-911723-40-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Murders+in+the+Vatican&rft.btitle=Vatican+Spies%3A+From+the+Second+World+War+to+Pope+Francis&rft.place=La+Vergne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E362&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-911723-40-0&rft.aulast=Deno%C3%ABl&rft.aufirst=Yvonnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVatican+murders" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLecomte2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lecomte, Bernard (2016). "Garde suisse". <i>Dictionnaire amoureux des Papes</i> (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Plon_(publisher)" title="Plon (publisher)">Plon</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">237–</span>239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-259-24956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-259-24956-0"><bdi>978-2-259-24956-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Garde+suisse&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+amoureux+des+Papes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.pub=Plon&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-2-259-24956-0&rft.aulast=Lecomte&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVatican+murders" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlofsson2014" class="citation book cs1">Olofsson, Peter (2014). "Tiny Probabilities: Why Are They So Hard to Escape?". <i>Probabilities: The Little Numbers That Rule Our Lives</i> (2nd ed.). Hoboken: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89890-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89890-1"><bdi>978-1-118-89890-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tiny+Probabilities%3A+Why+Are+They+So+Hard+to+Escape%3F&rft.btitle=Probabilities%3A+The+Little+Numbers+That+Rule+Our+Lives&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-89890-1&rft.aulast=Olofsson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVatican+murders" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoyal2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Royal_(author)" title="Robert Royal (author)">Royal, Robert</a> (2006). "Modern Times". <i>The Pope's Army: 500 Years of the Papal Swiss Guard</i>. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-2395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-2395-4"><bdi>978-0-8245-2395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Times&rft.btitle=The+Pope%27s+Army%3A+500+Years+of+the+Papal+Swiss+Guard&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Crossroad+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8245-2395-4&rft.aulast=Royal&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVatican+murders" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vatican_murders&oldid=1279832801">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vatican_murders&oldid=1279832801</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1998_murders_in_Europe" title="Category:1998 murders in Europe">1998 murders in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conspiracy_theories_in_Europe" title="Category:Conspiracy theories in Europe">Conspiracy theories in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Category:Crime in Vatican City">Crime in Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_conspiracy_theories" title="Category:Death conspiracy theories">Death conspiracy theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Murder%E2%80%93suicides_in_Europe" title="Category:Murder–suicides in Europe">Murder–suicides in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_Guard" title="Category:Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Violent_deaths_in_Vatican_City" title="Category:Violent deaths in Vatican City">Violent deaths in Vatican City</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2025">Use dmy dates from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 March 2025, at 21:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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