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GitHub - kianenigma/meltdown-spectre: Proof of Concept implementation + Brief Tutorial of the Meltdown and Spectre attacks [+ Flush/Realod]
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6.2525 5.55125C6.2525 5.55125 7.17375 5.2625 9.2775 6.67875C10.1575 6.43125 11.0925 6.3075 12.0275 6.3075C12.9625 6.3075 13.8975 6.43125 14.7775 6.67875C16.8813 5.24875 17.8025 5.55125 17.8025 5.55125C18.4075 7.06375 18.0225 8.19125 17.9125 8.46625C18.6138 9.23625 19.04 10.2125 19.04 11.4225C19.04 15.6437 16.4688 16.5787 14.0213 16.8537C14.42 17.1975 14.7638 17.8575 14.7638 18.8887C14.7638 20.36 14.75 21.5425 14.75 21.9137C14.75 22.2025 14.9563 22.5462 15.5063 22.4362C19.8513 20.9787 23 16.8537 23 12C23 5.9225 18.0775 1 12 1Z"></path> </svg> </a> <div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <a href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkianenigma%2Fmeltdown-spectre" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-button d-inline-flex d-lg-none flex-order-1 f5 no-underline border color-border-default rounded-2 px-2 py-1 color-fg-inherit js-prevent-focus-on-mobile-nav" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header 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data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_copilot","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"github_copilot_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/copilot"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M23.922 16.992c-.861 1.495-5.859 5.023-11.922 5.023-6.063 0-11.061-3.528-11.922-5.023A.641.641 0 0 1 0 16.736v-2.869a.841.841 0 0 1 .053-.22c.372-.935 1.347-2.292 2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"security","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"security_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/security"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"actions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"actions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/actions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"codespaces","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"codespaces_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/codespaces"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 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0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Review</div> Manage code changes </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"discussions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"discussions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/discussions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" 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id="validation-56cea43b-cd40-445d-8d34-19489bff2651" hidden="hidden"> <span class="FormControl-inlineValidation--visual"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="12" viewBox="0 0 12 12" version="1.1" width="12" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert-fill"> <path d="M4.855.708c.5-.896 1.79-.896 2.29 0l4.675 8.351a1.312 1.312 0 0 1-1.146 1.954H1.33A1.313 1.313 0 0 1 .183 9.058ZM7 7V3H5v4Zm-1 3a1 1 0 1 0 0-2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2Z"></path> </svg> </span> <span></span> </div> </div> <div data-target="query-builder.screenReaderFeedback" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="sr-only"></div> </query-builder></form> <div class="d-flex flex-row color-fg-muted px-3 text-small color-bg-default search-feedback-prompt"> <a target="_blank" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax" data-view-component="true" class="Link color-fg-accent text-normal ml-2">Search syntax tips</a> <div class="d-flex flex-1"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </modal-dialog></div> </div> <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div> <div class="color-fg-default"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="feedback-dialog-title"> Provide feedback </h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button 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seriously.</p> <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea> <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> <label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Submit feedback </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="custom-scopes-dialog-title" aria-describedby="custom-scopes-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> Saved searches </h1> <h2 id="custom-scopes-dialog-description" class="Overlay-description">Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly</h2> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg></button> </div> </div> </div> <scrollable-region data-labelled-by="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-body"> <div data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialogFlash"></div> <div hidden class="create-custom-scope-form" data-target="custom-scopes.createCustomScopeForm"> <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/custom_scopes" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" 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dir=\"auto\"\u003eMeltdown and Spectre attacks\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-meltdown-and-spectre-attacks\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Meltdown and Spectre attacks\" href=\"#meltdown-and-spectre-attacks\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis repository provides a proof of concept implementation of the famous \u003ca href=\"https://meltdownattack.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMeltdown/Spectre\u003c/a\u003e attacks, first found in January 2018. This repository is created based on the knowledge I gained during the great \u003cem\u003eHardware Security\u003c/em\u003e course at the VU Amsterdam, coordinated by the renowned \u003ca href=\"https://www.vusec.net/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eVUSec team\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities share some, but not all characteristics and were both disclosed to public almost at the same time in the beginning of 2018. By far, these vulnerabilities \u003ca href=\"https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/3061135/intels-chips-are-riddled-with-more-speculative-execution-vulnerabilities\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehave\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4073757/protect-your-windows-devices-against-spectre-meltdown\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003egained\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/11/spectre-meltdown-researchers-unveil-7-more-speculative-execution-attacks/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003emuch\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http://blog.cyberus-technology.de/posts/2018-01-03-meltdown.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003emore\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.crn.com/spectre-meltdown\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eexposure\u003c/a\u003e and news coverage than any other recent event in the world of hardware security. It is plausibly deemed that these two are just beginning of a new class of vulnerabilities and exploits, which are predicted to be discovered in the upcoming years. This makes the understanding of the basis of these exploits crucial for any computer scientist/engineer. Having a brief look at the recent publications, we can already see that numerous variants and applications of these vulnerabilities are already being exploited, some of which being:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eForeshadow: Attacking Intel's --deemed-- super secure SGX technology with meltdown.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/speculative-store-bypass-spectre-meltdown-vulnerability/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSpeculative Buffer Bypass\u003c/a\u003e (Variant 4 of Spectre and Meltdown)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe rest fo this document is written in the simplest possible form. The intention is for it to be a guide for someone new to the field of security to be able to understand the vulnerabilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTable Of Content.\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-table-of-content\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Table Of Content.\" href=\"#table-of-content\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrerequisites\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOptimization Fetish: Speculative/Out-Of-Order execution: \u003cem\u003eThe basis of both attacks is built on top of this optimization, currently used in almost all major CPUs created by Intel and some AMD processors\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTiming Side channels - Flush/Reload: \u003cem\u003eThis simple approach will be used as the final step of the attack to leak the actual data\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeltdown exploit\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpectre exploit\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReferences+Links\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePrerequisites\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-prerequisites\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Prerequisites\" href=\"#prerequisites\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eOptimization Fetish\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-optimization-fetish\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Optimization Fetish\" href=\"#optimization-fetish\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe major flaw in both attacks, as you might have already guessed, is actually \u003cem\u003enot a flaw itself\u003c/em\u003e. It is chip designer's response to to the user's (us!) ever-increasing demand for higher and higher performance. This is why CPU vendors have been applying and mastering the art of designing chips that execute instructions speculatively, in an optimized manner. This feature basically enables CPUs to not wait for slow instructions to finish and execute some other independent instructions in the meantime. Most of the times, such optimizations can be very effective to compensate for the slow access time of DRAMs; Namely when a read from memory (super-slow) is blocking computation instruction (super-fast).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTwo groups of such optimization are of our interest, namely \u003cstrong\u003eout-of-order\u003c/strong\u003e execution and \u003cstrong\u003especulative\u003c/strong\u003e execution. Let's briefly have a look at what each of them is doing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eOut-Of-Order Execution\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-out-of-order-execution\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Out-Of-Order Execution\" href=\"#out-of-order-execution\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOut of order execution is built around one core principle: CPU Pipelines. Pipelines enable CPUs to execute different stages of instruction in parallel. In the simplest form, this can be \u003cem\u003efetch\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003edecode\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eexecute\u003c/em\u003e. Now, the purpose of out-of-order execution is that when one execution flow in the pipeline is blocked, the other flows (pipes) will not be blocked. In essense, from a programmers perspective, this can be translated to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"char a = slow_read_from_mem();\nint b = fast_computation();\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003echar a = slow_read_from_mem();\nint b = fast_computation();\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen the CPU observes the above code, it has to wait a considerable amount of time for the first instruction to finish. To compensate, what it will do is to execute the second instruction \u003cstrong\u003eout-of-order\u003c/strong\u003e. But, it will \u003cstrong\u003eNOT\u003c/strong\u003e make its effects visible in the architectural level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy architectural level, I mean everything that is directly visible to the programmer. Examples: variables, registers etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBut, here's the trick: If the CPU decides that what it had executed out-of-order was a wrong instruction, it will NOT make the effort to clean the micro-architectural effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy architectural level, I mean everything that is NOT directly visible to the programmer. The most important example is the CPU cache.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe major flaw stems from this observation: We can trick the CPU to execute an illegal instruction in an out-of-order manner and then try and leak information from the CPU cache.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpeculative Execution\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-speculative-execution\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Speculative Execution\" href=\"#speculative-execution\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpeculative execution follows a very similar pattern: Executing an instruction in an optimized manner and then leaking from the micro-architectural state of the system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe main difference is that in this category we will focus on CPU units that will \u003cstrong\u003especulate\u003c/strong\u003e. The best example of such is the \u003cem\u003eBranch-Predictor-Unit\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"if (condition) {\n char a = read_from_mem(address);\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eif (condition) {\n char a = read_from_mem(address);\n}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ein the above snippet, if the \u003ccode\u003econdition\u003c/code\u003e variable is almost always evaluated to \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e, then the BPU will speculate that this condition is \u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e true. Now, if \u003ccode\u003econdition\u003c/code\u003e is suddenly \u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e, it is very likely that the CPU will still speculate that it is \u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e, and execute the instruction, until it finally realizes that it was wrong and revert the architectural state. This becomes crucially important when \u003ccode\u003econdition\u003c/code\u003e is somehow memory related and and slow to evaluate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis flow enables us to reach the same outcome as the previous: Trick the CPU to execute an invalid instruction speculatively and leak information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTiming Side channels - Flush/Reload\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-timing-side-channels---flushreload\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Timing Side channels - Flush/Reload\" href=\"#timing-side-channels---flushreload\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe have always mentioned that leaking information in the micro-architectural state (e.g. cache state) is enough. In this section, we will see how we can leak actual information from the altered cache state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlush+Reload is one of the most famous timing side-channel attacks, in which the access time to the memory is evaluated to infer if it was cached or not. We will go through a full example of this in the next section. Not quite realistic, but this assumption makes understanding of Flush+Reload easier: assume there is a common shared array between the attacker and the vitim process. Furthermore, assume that we know when the victim might have examined an element from this array. Now, the goal is to leak which index of the array was accessed. To do so, we do the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlush the entire array from the cache. A naive way is to use \u003ccode\u003e_clflush()\u003c/code\u003e. A more realistic way is to create an \u003cem\u003eeviction set\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWait for the victim to access an element from the array.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExamine the access time of all array element. Ideally, only one of the will be accessed with a significantly less time, hence, being cached. This leaks which index of the array was accessed by the victim using only micro-architectural information.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn the next section, we will see how this can be adapted to the Meltdown attack.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMeltdown\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-meltdown\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Meltdown\" href=\"#meltdown\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe will begin the explanation by going through \u003cem\u003eMeltdown\u003c/em\u003e, as I find it more intuitively understandable. Consequently, Spectre will follow a very similar pattern.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRecalling from the previous section, we set our attack plan as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTrigger an illegal access, but make sure that the CPU \u003cem\u003ewill execute it out-of-order\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRecover from any fault that might happen.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExamine the cache state and leak information.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTranslating this to a code, we do the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe create an array called \u003cem\u003eprobe buffer\u003c/em\u003e. We use this array to index it via the value of the illegal target address.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"#define PROBE_SIZE (1024 * 4 * 256)\nchar *probe_buffer = malloc(PROBE_SIZE);\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e#define PROBE_SIZE (1024 * 4 * 256)\nchar *probe_buffer = malloc(PROBE_SIZE);\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe use \u003ccode\u003e256\u003c/code\u003e because each value in th target address to leak is at most one byte =\u0026gt; 256 possible values. Furthermore, we use a stride of 4KB. This makes the eviction from the cache easier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe rest of the attack can be summarized in one line:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"char temp = probe_buffer[(*(volatile char *)_target_addr) *4 * KB];\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003echar temp = probe_buffer[(*(volatile char *)_target_addr) *4 * KB];\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLet's walk you step by step through what will happen when this line is executed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe CPU starts by fetching the value at \u003ccode\u003e_target_addr\u003c/code\u003e variable (note the dereference \u003ccode\u003e*\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSince it takes some time for the machine to check if this address is allowed or not, CPU will continue executing the statement in an out of order manner.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHence, one of the elements of the \u003ccode\u003eprobe_array\u003c/code\u003e, indexed but \u003ccode\u003e*_target_addr\u003c/code\u003e, strided by \u003ccode\u003e4KB\u003c/code\u003e, is eventually fetched from memory and placed in some arbitrary register, and placed in cache.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAs soon as the CPU realizes that the access was NOT legal, all register values associated with this read are reverted, and a \u003ccode\u003esegfault\u003c/code\u003e signal is triggered.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNote that at this point we must recover from the \u003ccode\u003esegfault\u003c/code\u003e. We omit this part as it is not related to the attack. see the \u003ccode\u003esetjmp()\u003c/code\u003e call.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFinally, we trigger a Flush+Reload as the state of the cache is not altered and can easily see which 4KB offset of the \u003ccode\u003eprobe_buffer\u003c/code\u003e was just accessed. This index is the value stored at \u003ccode\u003etarget_addr\u003c/code\u003e pointer. Finally, 1 byte of information leaked via Meltdown!\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome notes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUsually, to cancel noise, we leak each byte numerous times and then examine the values.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Flush+Reload explained in section 6 above is slightly different from what was mentioned earlier. Essentially, they are the same concept applied via two different ways.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpectre\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-spectre\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Spectre\" href=\"#spectre\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpectre follows almost the exact same pattern as meltdown with just one exception: we do not have to recover from segfault. In fact, Spectre is actually magnificently ironic in the sense that we leak information from any address in virtual memory without ever reading it directly! We already mentioned that Spectre is based on speculative execution. Now, assume the following code:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"static void victim_function (size_t target_address)\n{\n\tif (*condition) {\n\t\t*(probe_buffer + (*(volatile char *)target_address) * KB4);\n\t}\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003estatic void victim_function (size_t target_address)\n{\n\tif (*condition) {\n\t\t*(probe_buffer + (*(volatile char *)target_address) * KB4);\n\t}\n}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAssume we first call \u003ccode\u003evictim_function\u003c/code\u003e a few tens of times with \u003ccode\u003e*condition = true\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003etarget_address\u003c/code\u003e being an arbitrary, but \u003cstrong\u003elegal\u003c/strong\u003e address (some local pointer in the code). Then, we call \u003ccode\u003evictim_function\u003c/code\u003e with \u003ccode\u003e*condition = false\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003etarget_address\u003c/code\u003e being the illegal that we seek to leak. Let's see what happens:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn the first few executions of the \u003ccode\u003evictim_function\u003c/code\u003e, the internal condition is always true. Hence, the \u003cem\u003eBPU (branch predictor unit)\u003c/em\u003e will learn/guess that it is \u003cem\u003ealways true\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAll reads so far are legal and arbitrary.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuddenly, we set the \u003ccode\u003e*condition\u003c/code\u003e to false and the target address to an illegal address.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNow, our program will not run into any issues, since due to the \u003ccode\u003eif (*condition)\u003c/code\u003e the read will never happen.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBut! the CPU will speculate that since the condition has always been true, it will be true again and will not for \u003ccode\u003e*condition\u003c/code\u003e to be evaluated and will execute the next line anyhow.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNow, we end up at the exact same configuration as if in Meltdown. We do NOT yet know what the leaked data is, but we know it is in cache, because the CPU was fooled to actually fetch it.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReferences+Links\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-referenceslinks\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: References+Links\" href=\"#referenceslinks\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn earlier draft of this small documentation is available in the \u003ca href=\"/kianenigma/meltdown-spectre/blob/master/meltdown-spectre\"\u003emeltdown-spectre.md\u003c/a\u003e file. Other resources:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTODO\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"Meltdown and Spectre attacks","anchor":"meltdown-and-spectre-attacks","htmlText":"Meltdown and Spectre attacks"},{"level":3,"text":"Table Of Content.","anchor":"table-of-content","htmlText":"Table Of Content."},{"level":1,"text":"Prerequisites","anchor":"prerequisites","htmlText":"Prerequisites"},{"level":2,"text":"Optimization Fetish","anchor":"optimization-fetish","htmlText":"Optimization Fetish"},{"level":4,"text":"Out-Of-Order Execution","anchor":"out-of-order-execution","htmlText":"Out-Of-Order Execution"},{"level":4,"text":"Speculative Execution","anchor":"speculative-execution","htmlText":"Speculative Execution"},{"level":2,"text":"Timing Side channels - Flush/Reload","anchor":"timing-side-channels---flushreload","htmlText":"Timing Side channels - Flush/Reload"},{"level":1,"text":"Meltdown","anchor":"meltdown","htmlText":"Meltdown"},{"level":1,"text":"Spectre","anchor":"spectre","htmlText":"Spectre"},{"level":1,"text":"References+Links","anchor":"referenceslinks","htmlText":"References+Links"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkianenigma%2Fmeltdown-spectre"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"meltdown-spectre","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"Apache-2.0","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkianenigma%2Fmeltdown-spectre"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> 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2Zm1-6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0ZM2 4a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 QkQOb js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Meltdown and Spectre attacks</h1><a id="user-content-meltdown-and-spectre-attacks" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Meltdown and Spectre attacks" href="#meltdown-and-spectre-attacks"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This repository provides a proof of concept implementation of the famous <a href="https://meltdownattack.com/" rel="nofollow">Meltdown/Spectre</a> attacks, first found in January 2018. This repository is created based on the knowledge I gained during the great <em>Hardware Security</em> course at the VU Amsterdam, coordinated by the renowned <a href="https://www.vusec.net/" rel="nofollow">VUSec team</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities share some, but not all characteristics and were both disclosed to public almost at the same time in the beginning of 2018. By far, these vulnerabilities <a href="https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/3061135/intels-chips-are-riddled-with-more-speculative-execution-vulnerabilities" rel="nofollow">have</a> <a href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4073757/protect-your-windows-devices-against-spectre-meltdown" rel="nofollow">gained</a> <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/11/spectre-meltdown-researchers-unveil-7-more-speculative-execution-attacks/" rel="nofollow">much</a> <a href="http://blog.cyberus-technology.de/posts/2018-01-03-meltdown.html" rel="nofollow">more</a> <a href="https://www.crn.com/spectre-meltdown" rel="nofollow">exposure</a> and news coverage than any other recent event in the world of hardware security. It is plausibly deemed that these two are just beginning of a new class of vulnerabilities and exploits, which are predicted to be discovered in the upcoming years. This makes the understanding of the basis of these exploits crucial for any computer scientist/engineer. Having a brief look at the recent publications, we can already see that numerous variants and applications of these vulnerabilities are already being exploited, some of which being:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Foreshadow: Attacking Intel's --deemed-- super secure SGX technology with meltdown.</li> <li><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/speculative-store-bypass-spectre-meltdown-vulnerability/" rel="nofollow">Speculative Buffer Bypass</a> (Variant 4 of Spectre and Meltdown)</li> </ul> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">The rest fo this document is written in the simplest possible form. The intention is for it to be a guide for someone new to the field of security to be able to understand the vulnerabilities.</p> </blockquote> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Table Of Content.</h3><a id="user-content-table-of-content" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Table Of Content." href="#table-of-content"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Prerequisites <ul dir="auto"> <li>Optimization Fetish: Speculative/Out-Of-Order execution: <em>The basis of both attacks is built on top of this optimization, currently used in almost all major CPUs created by Intel and some AMD processors</em>.</li> <li>Timing Side channels - Flush/Reload: <em>This simple approach will be used as the final step of the attack to leak the actual data</em>.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Meltdown exploit</li> <li>Spectre exploit</li> <li>References+Links</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Prerequisites</h1><a id="user-content-prerequisites" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Prerequisites" href="#prerequisites"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Optimization Fetish</h2><a id="user-content-optimization-fetish" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Optimization Fetish" href="#optimization-fetish"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The major flaw in both attacks, as you might have already guessed, is actually <em>not a flaw itself</em>. It is chip designer's response to to the user's (us!) ever-increasing demand for higher and higher performance. This is why CPU vendors have been applying and mastering the art of designing chips that execute instructions speculatively, in an optimized manner. This feature basically enables CPUs to not wait for slow instructions to finish and execute some other independent instructions in the meantime. Most of the times, such optimizations can be very effective to compensate for the slow access time of DRAMs; Namely when a read from memory (super-slow) is blocking computation instruction (super-fast).</p> <p dir="auto">Two groups of such optimization are of our interest, namely <strong>out-of-order</strong> execution and <strong>speculative</strong> execution. Let's briefly have a look at what each of them is doing.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Out-Of-Order Execution</h4><a id="user-content-out-of-order-execution" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Out-Of-Order Execution" href="#out-of-order-execution"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Out of order execution is built around one core principle: CPU Pipelines. Pipelines enable CPUs to execute different stages of instruction in parallel. In the simplest form, this can be <em>fetch</em>, <em>decode</em> and <em>execute</em>. Now, the purpose of out-of-order execution is that when one execution flow in the pipeline is blocked, the other flows (pipes) will not be blocked. In essense, from a programmers perspective, this can be translated to the following:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="char a = slow_read_from_mem(); int b = fast_computation();"><pre class="notranslate"><code>char a = slow_read_from_mem(); int b = fast_computation(); </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">When the CPU observes the above code, it has to wait a considerable amount of time for the first instruction to finish. To compensate, what it will do is to execute the second instruction <strong>out-of-order</strong>. But, it will <strong>NOT</strong> make its effects visible in the architectural level.</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">By architectural level, I mean everything that is directly visible to the programmer. Examples: variables, registers etc.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto">But, here's the trick: If the CPU decides that what it had executed out-of-order was a wrong instruction, it will NOT make the effort to clean the micro-architectural effects.</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">By architectural level, I mean everything that is NOT directly visible to the programmer. The most important example is the CPU cache.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto">The major flaw stems from this observation: We can trick the CPU to execute an illegal instruction in an out-of-order manner and then try and leak information from the CPU cache.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Speculative Execution</h4><a id="user-content-speculative-execution" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Speculative Execution" href="#speculative-execution"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Speculative execution follows a very similar pattern: Executing an instruction in an optimized manner and then leaking from the micro-architectural state of the system.</p> <p dir="auto">The main difference is that in this category we will focus on CPU units that will <strong>speculate</strong>. The best example of such is the <em>Branch-Predictor-Unit</em>.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="if (condition) { char a = read_from_mem(address); }"><pre class="notranslate"><code>if (condition) { char a = read_from_mem(address); } </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">in the above snippet, if the <code>condition</code> variable is almost always evaluated to <code>true</code>, then the BPU will speculate that this condition is <em>always</em> true. Now, if <code>condition</code> is suddenly <code>false</code>, it is very likely that the CPU will still speculate that it is <code>true</code>, and execute the instruction, until it finally realizes that it was wrong and revert the architectural state. This becomes crucially important when <code>condition</code> is somehow memory related and and slow to evaluate.</p> <p dir="auto">This flow enables us to reach the same outcome as the previous: Trick the CPU to execute an invalid instruction speculatively and leak information.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Timing Side channels - Flush/Reload</h2><a id="user-content-timing-side-channels---flushreload" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Timing Side channels - Flush/Reload" href="#timing-side-channels---flushreload"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">We have always mentioned that leaking information in the micro-architectural state (e.g. cache state) is enough. In this section, we will see how we can leak actual information from the altered cache state.</p> <p dir="auto">Flush+Reload is one of the most famous timing side-channel attacks, in which the access time to the memory is evaluated to infer if it was cached or not. We will go through a full example of this in the next section. Not quite realistic, but this assumption makes understanding of Flush+Reload easier: assume there is a common shared array between the attacker and the vitim process. Furthermore, assume that we know when the victim might have examined an element from this array. Now, the goal is to leak which index of the array was accessed. To do so, we do the following:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Flush the entire array from the cache. A naive way is to use <code>_clflush()</code>. A more realistic way is to create an <em>eviction set</em>.</li> <li>Wait for the victim to access an element from the array.</li> <li>Examine the access time of all array element. Ideally, only one of the will be accessed with a significantly less time, hence, being cached. This leaks which index of the array was accessed by the victim using only micro-architectural information.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">In the next section, we will see how this can be adapted to the Meltdown attack.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Meltdown</h1><a id="user-content-meltdown" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Meltdown" href="#meltdown"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">We will begin the explanation by going through <em>Meltdown</em>, as I find it more intuitively understandable. Consequently, Spectre will follow a very similar pattern.</p> <p dir="auto">Recalling from the previous section, we set our attack plan as follows:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Trigger an illegal access, but make sure that the CPU <em>will execute it out-of-order</em>.</li> <li>Recover from any fault that might happen.</li> <li>Examine the cache state and leak information.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Translating this to a code, we do the following:</p> <p dir="auto">We create an array called <em>probe buffer</em>. We use this array to index it via the value of the illegal target address.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="#define PROBE_SIZE (1024 * 4 * 256) char *probe_buffer = malloc(PROBE_SIZE);"><pre class="notranslate"><code>#define PROBE_SIZE (1024 * 4 * 256) char *probe_buffer = malloc(PROBE_SIZE); </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">We use <code>256</code> because each value in th target address to leak is at most one byte => 256 possible values. Furthermore, we use a stride of 4KB. This makes the eviction from the cache easier.</p> <p dir="auto">The rest of the attack can be summarized in one line:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="char temp = probe_buffer[(*(volatile char *)_target_addr) *4 * KB];"><pre class="notranslate"><code>char temp = probe_buffer[(*(volatile char *)_target_addr) *4 * KB]; </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Let's walk you step by step through what will happen when this line is executed:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li>The CPU starts by fetching the value at <code>_target_addr</code> variable (note the dereference <code>*</code>).</li> <li>Since it takes some time for the machine to check if this address is allowed or not, CPU will continue executing the statement in an out of order manner.</li> <li>Hence, one of the elements of the <code>probe_array</code>, indexed but <code>*_target_addr</code>, strided by <code>4KB</code>, is eventually fetched from memory and placed in some arbitrary register, and placed in cache.</li> <li>As soon as the CPU realizes that the access was NOT legal, all register values associated with this read are reverted, and a <code>segfault</code> signal is triggered.</li> <li>Note that at this point we must recover from the <code>segfault</code>. We omit this part as it is not related to the attack. see the <code>setjmp()</code> call.</li> <li>Finally, we trigger a Flush+Reload as the state of the cache is not altered and can easily see which 4KB offset of the <code>probe_buffer</code> was just accessed. This index is the value stored at <code>target_addr</code> pointer. Finally, 1 byte of information leaked via Meltdown!</li> </ol> <p dir="auto">Some notes:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Usually, to cancel noise, we leak each byte numerous times and then examine the values.</li> <li>The Flush+Reload explained in section 6 above is slightly different from what was mentioned earlier. Essentially, they are the same concept applied via two different ways.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Spectre</h1><a id="user-content-spectre" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Spectre" href="#spectre"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Spectre follows almost the exact same pattern as meltdown with just one exception: we do not have to recover from segfault. In fact, Spectre is actually magnificently ironic in the sense that we leak information from any address in virtual memory without ever reading it directly! We already mentioned that Spectre is based on speculative execution. Now, assume the following code:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="static void victim_function (size_t target_address) { if (*condition) { *(probe_buffer + (*(volatile char *)target_address) * KB4); } }"><pre class="notranslate"><code>static void victim_function (size_t target_address) { if (*condition) { *(probe_buffer + (*(volatile char *)target_address) * KB4); } } </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Assume we first call <code>victim_function</code> a few tens of times with <code>*condition = true</code> and <code>target_address</code> being an arbitrary, but <strong>legal</strong> address (some local pointer in the code). Then, we call <code>victim_function</code> with <code>*condition = false</code> and <code>target_address</code> being the illegal that we seek to leak. Let's see what happens:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>In the first few executions of the <code>victim_function</code>, the internal condition is always true. Hence, the <em>BPU (branch predictor unit)</em> will learn/guess that it is <em>always true</em>.</li> <li>All reads so far are legal and arbitrary.</li> <li>Suddenly, we set the <code>*condition</code> to false and the target address to an illegal address.</li> <li>Now, our program will not run into any issues, since due to the <code>if (*condition)</code> the read will never happen.</li> <li>But! the CPU will speculate that since the condition has always been true, it will be true again and will not for <code>*condition</code> to be evaluated and will execute the next line anyhow.</li> <li>Now, we end up at the exact same configuration as if in Meltdown. We do NOT yet know what the leaked data is, but we know it is in cache, because the CPU was fooled to actually fetch it.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">References+Links</h1><a id="user-content-referenceslinks" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: References+Links" href="#referenceslinks"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">An earlier draft of this small documentation is available in the <a href="/kianenigma/meltdown-spectre/blob/master/meltdown-spectre">meltdown-spectre.md</a> file. Other resources:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>TODO</li> </ul> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="qHa23UXTlTa5wabSaeUyqPAmIii8IzaFOzgqLlJiPtVNUCuBnewWwClenFVqwLvMl84vMv3g3wqsNaJMYcI7Ag==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> Proof of Concept implementation + Brief Tutorial of the Meltdown and Spectre attacks [+ Flush/Realod] </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div class="my-3"> <div class="f6"> <a href="/topics/spectre" title="Topic: spectre" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> spectre </a> <a href="/topics/hardware-security" title="Topic: hardware-security" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> hardware-security </a> <a href="/topics/flush-reload" title="Topic: flush-reload" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> flush-reload </a> <a href="/topics/meltdown" title="Topic: meltdown" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> meltdown </a> <a href="/topics/spectre-vulnerability" title="Topic: spectre-vulnerability" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> spectre-vulnerability </a> </div> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Resources</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Repository Overview","action":"click","label":"location:sidebar;file:readme"}" href="#readme-ov-file"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-book mr-2"> <path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 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src="/kianenigma/meltdown-spectre/hovercards/citation/sidebar_partial?tree_name=master"> </include-fragment> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/kianenigma/meltdown-spectre/activity" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-pulse mr-2"> <path d="M6 2c.306 0 .582.187.696.471L10 10.731l1.304-3.26A.751.751 0 0 1 12 7h3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.742l-1.812 4.528a.751.751 0 0 1-1.392 0L6 4.77 4.696 8.03A.75.75 0 0 1 4 8.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.742l1.812-4.529A.751.751 0 0 1 6 2Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-muted">Activity</span></a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Stars</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/kianenigma/meltdown-spectre/stargazers" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star mr-2"> <path 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dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details> </template> <div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div> </div> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> </div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div> </body> </html>