CINXE.COM
| Jamaica Gleaner
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML+RDFa 1.1//EN"> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" version="HTML+RDFa 1.1" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:article="http://ogp.me/ns/article#" xmlns:book="http://ogp.me/ns/book#" xmlns:profile="http://ogp.me/ns/profile#" xmlns:video="http://ogp.me/ns/video#" xmlns:product="http://ogp.me/ns/product#" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <!--[if IE]><![endif]--> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <script type="text/javascript" data-cfasync="false" data-mrf-script="garda" data-mrf-dt="1" data-mrf-host="live.mrf.io" src="https://live.mrf.io/statics/marfeel/gardac-sync.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/sites/all/themes/gleaner/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2.5, minimum-scale=1, user-scalable=yes" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/library" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/library" /> <title>| Jamaica Gleaner</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__BJ6Ou6QsBRtnFTmxaakamOIS8n4QswDP2XnnZ1sxtaM__NBuvkP6eInGIkb1aJvUHx5PX79XApuxBDkk_77W5tYk__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__PIt3HezbW6iqoY06ZPe3hHzdkX-cJYeXJC6viMXJc4Y__8NVNRNT_1s-QS528BzCtrCzh-ESuo4uaq6xW-Ab__Uc__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__OllBExGfIbioa3Hj5hRp9Pyj4Fc45qVllQl1qbLzNqI__-HWuYGx3KZwX3soqGVGBLZ6aeRGabgPHggGL1D5mZK8__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.css" media="screen" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__t6uiMi_dXu-rQ5juavLgHl4FfufiJE8MLcin3M2lSdY__FrGq5mCMzOJhr531UCyYfWFyLoCae4XI3GBdYHvMnps__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__rFUKkHTLyb35gQxeZuvNuYZp9aBUCBedVq2UYKbECUE__Lxr8mIfVmNYm90J7og2LuwCfja3MrZIw6JIFK_gB0IM__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__Ves5Gi-8Mnas4HDGvfcXoXCOc619zGq9N4mFYd1M6Jo__8yywE_lNsTqC1-dM-Kg2z8Af4fWgVD8fB3gd4pUDIyM__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.css" media="all" /> <!--[if (lt IE 9)&(!IEMobile)]> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__Jgy-IVsiBWvt5McljBfZNif42iYAfm7X3sYBSA08tDQ__xj8MkBJGiZ0_SB8wje1C8ca9xQ6Jid3xtwq_9hngQi8__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.css" media="all" /> <![endif]--> <!--[if gte IE 9]><!--> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__5xSiAqKfLiQfOSTlWALTRICq9DHJDNxi96X2u2uU50I__Sk6SXIdx1ZA2fzTg6ub84llh3KKutn_hVJrrqsz0lEI__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.css" media="all" /> <!--<![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__9T-eTLfHT7ug0o7R5vEgNz3dTsmU8NNJlzoMpi2PuvQ___63YaHP6dKU5WAcK3dtYpWGG1DixHKHCeRV9vxSoBHA__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- ;var googletag=googletag||{};googletag.cmd=googletag.cmd||[];googletag.slots=googletag.slots||{}; //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__rUFjCC5vngSwT0mKqUfNFTzynny1AICC4mxSBz1C4qI__u2xV3YOW1dTDlPQAzrCABkoBPNsHNAVEkTy9SEv71uI__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- googletag.slots["glen_index_300x250_topright"] = googletag.defineSlot("/1005426/glen_index_300*250_topright", [300, 250], "dfp-ad-glen_index_300x250_topright") .addService(googletag.pubads()); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- googletag.slots["glen_index_120x600_skyscraper"] = googletag.defineSlot("/1005426/glen_index_120*600_skyscraper", [120, 600], "dfp-ad-glen_index_120x600_skyscraper") .addService(googletag.pubads()); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- googletag.slots["glen_index_300x250_bottomright"] = googletag.defineSlot("/1005426/glen_index_300*250_bottomright", [300, 250], "dfp-ad-glen_index_300x250_bottomright") .addService(googletag.pubads()); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__wS6WUeF11NLeJgCqxc-dMvjhALAMQG1jlaeWdG8yVZc__CPiombDS21ooaYdmqHXdcMoJwB2FMn18JzO97LewQxc__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([800, 600], [200, 800]) .build(); googletag.slots["gl_page_wrap_left"] = googletag.defineSlot("/1005426/gl_page_wrap_left", [200, 800], "dfp-ad-gl_page_wrap_left") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting("path", "library") .defineSizeMapping(mapping); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([800, 600], [200, 800]) .build(); googletag.slots["gl_page_wrap_right"] = googletag.defineSlot("/1005426/gl_page_wrap_right", [200, 800], "dfp-ad-gl_page_wrap_right") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting("path", "library") .defineSizeMapping(mapping); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__7wIH2AoE_dx3V7V03QM5yPSepx5ZQIozMnn59W_0Hog__y24CCQgjhEogrPUWIqo1nHYvvBEJsVrosYEb9jl3bww__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- ;googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering();googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad()});var cX=cX||{};cX.callQueue=cX.callQueue||[];cX.callQueue.push(['invoke',function(){cX.getUserSegmentIds({persistedQueryId:'05e2efec6df8e0426dfae9e43e4c234676675e4b',callback:googleAdSetup})}]);function googleAdSetup(e){googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting('CxSegments',e)});googletag.pubads().refresh()};googletag.enableServices(); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__PjpEoigYw2xV4Jf9J0vXdYH3jOf4EMVN3qwefdrurOE__ksoj5BmosuP1V62bqr7TwFsX_w4D4Hlt4pI6Ebx2IRU__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-7FT20VPKKP"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "G-7FT20VPKKP", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true}); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__x6MYGpGgcMQKws0ZowdqO5kjAWXAje70m_OEn6hsslk__dc47L2cLmfmSd6jNzjsjhFeFEMlrymldefZpWwmt1yE__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__xwwHDgHucp1vHPTj2iGNOMG7uqsvuF0SsoyIxHAXruI__i_gs8gEXrWYt0uRCYFTx-yjmm4fHZqny0s9TJ-Sx1AY__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__E2Ir3CSqO6klAWeuoN3z6T9U6EcvH3vVEaXoozkYnjA__r9jpWbsCf7nwJAlTj0SMD2RdJ5oMhoZuUMcSJW5YZKY__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"gleaner","theme_token":"zMNsPXSfqrx8Lw7vmVfO0fUKY2F0Aki_bNTrFMWJi0g","css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/simplenews\/simplenews.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_popup\/themes\/datepicker.1.7.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/logintoboggan\/logintoboggan.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/custom\/mobile_menu_toggle\/mobile_menu_toggle.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/poll\/poll.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/custom\/radio_dashboard\/radio_dashboard.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/notifications_team\/notifications_team.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/css\/panels.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/typogrify\/typogrify.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/features\/jg_article\/jg_article.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/panels-styles\/customsidebar.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/css\/eu_cookie_compliance.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/flexible\/flexible.css":1,"public:\/\/ctools\/css\/c26f384247dfd325e622d0ec0ea36559.css":1,"public:\/\/ctools\/css\/8695a9d3e23511e74e4cde79b7ae1666.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/alpha-reset.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/alpha-mobile.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/alpha-alpha.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/formalize.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-text.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-branding.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-menu.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-forms.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-visuals.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/fonts.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/global.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/custom-queries.css":1,"ie::normal::sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/gleaner-alpha-default.css":1,"ie::normal::sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/gleaner-alpha-default-normal.css":1,"ie::normal::sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/grid\/alpha_default\/normal\/alpha-default-normal-24.css":1,"ie::normal::sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/grid\/alpha_default\/normal\/alpha-default-normal-12.css":1,"narrow::sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/gleaner-alpha-default.css":1,"narrow::sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/gleaner-alpha-default-narrow.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/grid\/alpha_default\/narrow\/alpha-default-narrow-24.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/grid\/alpha_default\/narrow\/alpha-default-narrow-12.css":1,"normal::sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/gleaner-alpha-default.css":1,"normal::sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/css\/gleaner-alpha-default-normal.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/grid\/alpha_default\/normal\/alpha-default-normal-24.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/grid\/alpha_default\/normal\/alpha-default-normal-12.css":1},"js":{"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/eu_cookie_compliance.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.12\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"https:\/\/www.googletagservices.com\/tag\/js\/gpt.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_browser.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/custom\/jg_promo_code_config\/js\/jg_piano_user_update.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/notifications_team\/notifications_team.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/features\/jg_global\/js\/jquery.fitvids.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/features\/jg_global\/js\/jg_global.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/gtag\/js?id=G-7FT20VPKKP":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/custom\/mobile_menu_toggle\/mobile_menu_toggle.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/js\/retina.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/js\/jquery.masonry.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/gleaner\/js\/custom.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/custom\/responsive_ads\/responsive_ads.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/js\/jquery.formalize.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/js\/omega-mediaqueries.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/js\/omega-equalheights.js":1}},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px","file_public_path":"\/sites\/default\/files","specificPagesDefaultValue":"admin*\nimagebrowser*\nimg_assist*\nimce*\nnode\/add\/*\nnode\/*\/edit\nprint\/*\nprintpdf\/*\nsystem\/ajax\nsystem\/ajax\/*"},"responsive_ads":{"zone":"library"},"disqusComments":"jamaica-gleaner","jg_article":{"totalHeight":0},"better_exposed_filters":{"views":{"promo_blocks":{"displays":{"block_2":{"filters":[]}}},"cartoons":{"displays":{"block_2":{"filters":[]}}}}},"promoCodes":["PN3S5D573UZS"],"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":1,"popup_agreed_enabled":0,"popup_hide_agreed":0,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003E\tWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003E\tPremium Subscribers: Cookies are required for Premium subscribers\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\tBy clicking the Accept button, you agree to us doing so.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003ENo, give me more info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022 \u003ENo, thanks\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003E\tWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\tBy tapping the Accept button, you agree to us doing so.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003ENo, give me more info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022 \u003ENo, thanks\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","mobile_breakpoint":"768","popup_html_agreed":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content agreed\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003E\tThank you for accepting cookies\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\tYou can now hide this message or find out more about cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022hide-popup-button eu-cookie-compliance-hide-button\u0022\u003EHide\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button-thank-you\u0022 \u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/gleaner\/privacy.html","popup_link_new_window":1,"popup_position":null,"fixed_top_position":1,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":0,"reload_page":0,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":0,"popup_eu_only_js":0,"cookie_lifetime":"365","cookie_session":false,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":0,"method":"opt_in","allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003E\tWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\tYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button\u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","withdraw_enabled":false,"withdraw_button_on_info_popup":0,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":1,"cookie_name":"","cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","automatic_cookies_removal":1},"googleanalytics":{"account":["G-7FT20VPKKP"],"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackColorbox":1},"omega":{"layouts":{"primary":"normal","order":["narrow","normal"],"queries":{"narrow":"all and (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 980px)","normal":"all and (min-width: 980px) "}}},"jg_utm_source":"367017767778"}); //--><!]]> </script> <script>window.pubg||(window.pubg={queue:[]})</script> <script async src="//delivery.pubgenius.io/jamaica--ZB81msdu/wrapper.js"></script> <script src="https://dab.ding.com/sdk/ding-sdk.js"> </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script><![endif]--> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in page-library context-global static-page context-library"> <div class="bg-gradient"> </div> <div id="wallpaper_left" > <div class="block block-dfp block-gl-page-wrap-left block-dfp-gl-page-wrap-left odd block-without-title" id="block-dfp-gl-page-wrap-left"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div id="dfp-ad-gl_page_wrap_left-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-gl_page_wrap_left" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> cX.callQueue.push(['invoke', function() { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-gl_page_wrap_left"); }); }]); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="wallpaper_right" > <div class="block block-dfp block-gl-page-wrap-right block-dfp-gl-page-wrap-right odd block-without-title" id="block-dfp-gl-page-wrap-right"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div id="dfp-ad-gl_page_wrap_right-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-gl_page_wrap_right" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> cX.callQueue.push(['invoke', function() { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-gl_page_wrap_right"); }); }]); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div id="piano-hero-promo" class="container-12"></div> <div class="region region-page-top" id="region-page-top"> <div class="region-inner region-page-top-inner"> </div> </div> <div class="page clearfix" id="page"> <header id="section-header" class="section section-header"> <div id="zone-user-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-user-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-user" class="zone zone-user clearfix container-24"> <div class="grid-9 region region-user-first" id="region-user-first"> <div class="region-inner region-user-first-inner"> <section class="block block-menu block-menu-top-menu block-menu-menu-top-menu odd" id="block-menu-menu-top-menu"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Top Menu</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/content/getmobile.html">Mobile Apps</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://epaper.jamaica-gleaner.com/">eGleaner</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/premium/account" target="_blank">Login</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/premium">Subscribe Now</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div><div class="grid-8 region region-user-second alpha omega" id="region-user-second"> <div class="region-inner region-user-second-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-1 block-block-1 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-1"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> Wed | Apr 2, 2025 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-7 region region-user-third" id="region-user-third"> <div class="region-inner region-user-third-inner"> <section class="block block-jg-search block-jg-search block-jg-search-jg-search odd" id="block-jg-search-jg-search"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Search</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <form action="/search" id="cse-search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-4993191856924332:98b6e2-dgz1"> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="FORID:10"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1"> <input type="text" name="q_as" size="40" class="search-text""> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" class="search-btn"> <input name="siteurl" type="hidden" value="jamaica-gleaner.com/"> <input name="ref" type="hidden" value="jamaica-gleaner.com"> <input name="ss" type="hidden" value=""> </form> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="zone-branding-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-branding-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-branding" class="zone zone-branding clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-3 region region-branding1" id="region-branding1"> <div class="region-inner region-branding1-inner"> </div> </div><div class="grid-6 region region-branding" id="region-branding"> <div class="region-inner region-branding-inner"> <div class="branding-data clearfix"> <hgroup class="site-name-slogan"> <h2 class="site-name"><a href="/" title="Home">Jamaica Gleaner</a></h2> </hgroup> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-3 region region-branding2" id="region-branding2"> <div class="region-inner region-branding2-inner"> <div class="block block-mobile-menu-toggle block-mobile-menu-toggle block-mobile-menu-toggle-mobile-menu-toggle odd block-without-title" id="block-mobile-menu-toggle-mobile-menu-toggle"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul> <li class="first"> <a id="toggle" href="#zone-menu">Menu</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="zone-menu-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-menu-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-menu" class="zone zone-menu clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-12 region region-menu" id="region-menu"> <div class="region-inner region-menu-inner"> <nav class="navigation"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul id="main-menu" class="links inline clearfix main-menu"><li class="menu-236 first"><a href="/">Home</a></li><li class="menu-577"><a href="/lead" title="">Lead Stories</a></li><li class="menu-578"><a href="/news" title="">News</a></li><li class="menu-579"><a href="/sports" title="">Sports</a></li><li class="menu-580"><a href="/ent" title="">Entertainment</a></li><li class="menu-581"><a href="/business" title="">Business</a></li><li class="menu-582"><a href="/letters" title="">Letters</a></li><li class="menu-583"><a href="/cleisure">Commentary</a></li><li class="menu-585"><a href="/health" title="">Health</a></li><li class="menu-44653 last"><a href="/lifestyle">Lifestyle</a></li></ul> </nav> <section class="block block-menu block-menu-secondary-menu block-menu-menu-secondary-menu odd" id="block-menu-menu-secondary-menu"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Secondary Menu</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/int" title="">World News</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/focus">In Focus</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/auto">Auto</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/cook">Food</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/arts">Art & Leisure</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://www.gleanerclassifieds.com/" class="menu-highlight">Classifieds</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://jamaica-elections.com/" class="menu-highlight">Elections</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://flairja.com" class="menu-highlight">Flair</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://gleanervacations.com" class="menu-highlight">Vacations</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://go-jamaica.com/jobsmart/" class="menu-highlight">Jobs</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://golservices.com/podcast/" class="menu-highlight">Podcast</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/puzzle" class="menu-highlight">Puzzles</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="zone-header-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-header-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-header" class="zone zone-header clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-2 region region-header-first" id="region-header-first"> <div class="region-inner region-header-first-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-3 block-block-3 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-3"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="mobile w-icon"> <a href="/rd/low?destination=library" class="themeswitch-link themeswitch-low">Mobile version</a></div> <div class="feed w-icon"> <a href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/rss.html" title="">Subscribe to this feed</a></div> <div class="facebook w-icon"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/gleanerjamaica" target="_blank" title="">Join us on Facebook</a></div> <div class="twitter w-icon"> <a href="http://twitter.com/jamaicagleaner" target="_blank" title="">Follow us on Twitter</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></header> <section id="section-content" class="section section-content"> <div id="zone-content-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-content-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-content" class="zone zone-content clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-8 region region-content" id="region-content"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="grid-8 region region-content-main" id="region-content-main"> <div class="region-inner region-content-main-inner"> <div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main odd block-without-title" id="block-system-main"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="panel-display panel-custom-sidebar clearfix" > <div class="panel-panel panel-col panel-custom-sidebar-left region-content" id="region-content"> <div class="inside"><div> <div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-1" > <div class="pane-inner"> <h2 class="pane-title">Library</h2> <div class="pane-content"> <p> <strong>Welcome!</strong> The Gleaner Company (Media) Limited has been publishing newspapers since 1834. The Library and Archive present a rich source of information and a valuable national treasure. Our goal is to preserve in electronic and paper form, a complete record of all Gleaner Company publications and to provide information and services in support of the Editors and Reporters of the Gleaner Company as well as other interested persons.</p> <p> <strong>OUR COLLECTION:</strong></p> <ul><li> Microfilms dating back to 1834</li> <li> Bound volumes of Gleaner publications (as far back as 1968)</li> <li> Photographs as far back as the 1940s.</li> <li> Cartoons (as far back as 1969 from our earliest Cartoonist, Urban Leandro)</li> <li> Books</li> </ul><p> 聽</p> <p> <strong>LIBRARY PRODUCTS & SERVICES</strong></p> <p> <em><strong>Research:</strong></em> Let us handle your research for you, for a basic fee of J$1000.00 per hour*. There is also additional cost for printing/photocopying and pdf articles/pages. <a href="mailto:library@gleanerjm.com">Email us</a> or call us on <a href="tel:876-932-6231">876-932-6231</a> or <a href="tel:876-932-6078">876-932-6078</a></p> <p> <em><strong>Back Issue Newspapers:</strong></em> Every day 15 copies of Gleaner newspapers are delivered to the Library just for you. These copies are provided on a first come first serve basis until all but the preservation copies are gone. You can purchase publications up to three months old at the current rate that is printed on the front page. A surcharge is added to copies over three months old.</p> <p> <em><strong>Download & Print Books On Amazon</strong></em><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CGYGHPCK" target="_blank">Order now.</a></p> <p> <em><strong>Purchase Hardcover Books</strong></em><br /><a href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/books">See our books here.</a></p> <p> <em><strong>Scrapbook:</strong></em> Capture great memories with a scrapbook compilation of articles and photos on your favourite personalities or events. Your scrapbook will be a letter sized glossy paper, hardback buckram bounded book which is a great keepsake. It's also a great gift idea for any occasion.</p> <p> <em><strong>Custom Birthday Book:</strong></em> Order your personalized letter size buckram-bounded book with Gleaner front pages starting with the day you were born, followed by every birthday in your lifetime. (Set up with a calendar for clients to select the year, month and day)</p> <p> <em><strong>Front Page Reprints:</strong></em> Give the unique gift of a Gleaner frontpage reprint. It's special your birthday or anniversary.</p> <p> <em><strong>Customized Front Pages:</strong></em> The Gleaner front pages can be personalized to add your photo and a greeting.</p> <p> <em><strong>Reproduction & Licensing Of Gleaner Content:</strong></em> If you wish to reproduce or published Gleaner materials; a written request must be submitted to The Information Systems Manager. Emails: <a href="mailto:library@gleanerjm.com">library@gleanerjm.com</a> and <a href="mailto:sheree.rhoden@gleanerjm.com">sheree.rhoden@gleanerjm.com</a> <em><font color:ff0000="">Copyright Reminder: Materials from The Gleaner publications may not be reproduced without with written permission from the Gleaner Company (Media) Limited.</font></em></p> <p> <em><strong>Photographs - Reprints & Digital:</strong></em> We have original photographs dating back to 1947. You can purchase copies in print and digital formats.</p> <ul><li> Print sizes: 4" x 6", 5" x 7", 8" x 10" and 11" x 14"</li> <li> Digital photographs are available in high resolution format</li> </ul><p> 聽</p> <p> <strong>SUBSCRIBE TO THE GLEANER ARCHIVES</strong><br /><a href="https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/" target="_blank">Subscribe here.</a><br /> Here's a great research tool for all your historic information needs. This database contains over one million newspaper pages of The Gleaner, dating back to 1834. It is searchable by keywords and can be browsed by date, making it easy for you to quickly explore historical content.<br /> Subscription options & rates</p> <ul><li> ONE DAY:聽US$9.95</li> <li> ONE WEEK:聽US$14.95</li> <li> ONE MONTH:聽US$19.95</li> <li> THREE MONTH:聽US$35.95</li> <li> SIX MONTHS:聽US$49.95</li> <li> ONE YEAR: US$79.95</li> </ul><p> 聽</p> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="panel-panel panel-col panel-custom-sidebar-right region-sidebar-first" id="region-sidebar-first"> <div class="inside"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><aside class="grid-4 region region-sidebar-first" id="region-sidebar-first"> <div class="region-inner region-sidebar-first-inner"> <div class="block block-panels-mini block-right-rail-static-page block-panels-mini-right-rail-static-page odd block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-right-rail-static-page"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="panel-flexible panels-flexible-sidebar_template clearfix" id="mini-panel-right_rail_static_page"> <div class="panel-flexible-inside panels-flexible-sidebar_template-inside"> <div class="panels-flexible-row panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-4 panels-flexible-row-first clearfix "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-row-inside panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-4-inside panels-flexible-row-inside-first clearfix"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_a1 panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_a1-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-dfp-glen-index-300x250-topright pane-dfp" > <div class="pane-inner"> <div class="pane-content"> <div id="dfp-ad-glen_index_300x250_topright-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-glen_index_300x250_topright" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> cX.callQueue.push(['invoke', function() { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-glen_index_300x250_topright"); }); }]); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panels-flexible-row panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-1 clearfix sidebar-full-width"> <div class="inside panels-flexible-row-inside panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-1-inside clearfix"> <div class="panels-flexible-column panels-flexible-column-sidebar_template-2 panels-flexible-column-first col-left"> <div class="inside panels-flexible-column-inside panels-flexible-column-sidebar_template-2-inside panels-flexible-column-inside-first"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_b1 panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_b1-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> <div class="panel-pane pane-views pane-promo-blocks" > <div class="pane-inner"> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first node-473331 promo-blocks block"> <div class="views-field views-field-ifelse promo-blocks-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/node/473331">Scholarship to go 2024</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-ifelse-1 promo-blocks-photo"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/node/473331"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/sites/default/files/styles/promo_blocks/public/promos/scholarshiptogo2021-small.jpg?itok=HgPp3dBm" width="130" height="121" alt="" /></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even node-473334 promo-blocks block"> <div class="views-field views-field-ifelse promo-blocks-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/content/gleaner-supplement">The Gleaner Supplement</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-ifelse-1 promo-blocks-photo"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/content/gleaner-supplement"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/sites/default/files/styles/promo_blocks/public/promos/supplement-20210601.jpg?itok=2v4_QWJo" width="130" height="121" alt="" /></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd node-473335 promo-blocks block"> <div class="views-field views-field-ifelse promo-blocks-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/content/gleaner-library">The Gleaner Library</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body promo-blocks-body"> <div class="field-content"><p> Your main source for news and information since 1834.</p> </div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-ifelse-1 promo-blocks-photo"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/content/gleaner-library"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/sites/default/files/styles/promo_blocks/public/promos/gleaner-archives-library-130x121.jpg?itok=V8WGfoKa" width="130" height="121" alt="" /></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even views-row-last node-475110 promo-blocks block"> <div class="views-field views-field-ifelse promo-blocks-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/content/weather-0">Weather</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-ifelse-1 promo-blocks-photo"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/content/weather-0"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/sites/default/files/styles/promo_blocks/public/promos/go-jamaica-weather.jpg?itok=S1SQ3YBV" width="130" height="121" alt="" /></a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panels-flexible-column panels-flexible-column-sidebar_template-3 panels-flexible-column-last col-right"> <div class="inside panels-flexible-column-inside panels-flexible-column-sidebar_template-3-inside panels-flexible-column-inside-last"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_b2 panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_b2-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-jg-blocks-jg-google-skyscraper pane-jg-blocks" > <div class="pane-inner"> <div class="pane-content"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- gleaner-section-120x600 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:120px;height:600px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4993191856924332" data-ad-slot="1537698336"> </ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div> <div class="panel-pane pane-views pane-cartoons" > <div class="pane-inner"> <h2 class="pane-title">Cartoons</h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="view view-cartoons view-id-cartoons view-display-id-block_2 promo-rail-block cartoon-small-image view-dom-id-eafe0926996b561f9f584da32eefe752"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-lead-image"> <div class="field-content"><a href="/cartoon/wednesday-april-2-2025"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/sites/default/files/styles/promo_blocks/public/wed2_6.jpg?itok=zJufIMhb" width="130" height="95" alt="" /></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-dfp-glen-index-120x600-skyscraper pane-dfp" > <div class="pane-inner"> <div class="pane-content"> <div id="dfp-ad-glen_index_120x600_skyscraper-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-glen_index_120x600_skyscraper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> cX.callQueue.push(['invoke', function() { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-glen_index_120x600_skyscraper"); }); }]); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panels-flexible-row panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-main-row clearfix"> <div class="inside panels-flexible-row-inside panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-main-row-inside clearfix"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_c1 panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_c1-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-dfp-glen-index-300x250-bottomright pane-dfp" > <div class="pane-inner"> <div class="pane-content"> <div id="dfp-ad-glen_index_300x250_bottomright-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-glen_index_300x250_bottomright" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> cX.callQueue.push(['invoke', function() { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-glen_index_300x250_bottomright"); }); }]); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panels-flexible-row panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-7 clearfix "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-row-inside panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-7-inside clearfix"> <div class="panels-flexible-column panels-flexible-column-sidebar_template-8 panels-flexible-column-first "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-column-inside panels-flexible-column-sidebar_template-8-inside panels-flexible-column-inside-first"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_d1 panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_d1-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panels-flexible-column panels-flexible-column-sidebar_template-9 panels-flexible-column-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-column-inside panels-flexible-column-sidebar_template-9-inside panels-flexible-column-inside-last"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_d2 panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_d2-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panels-flexible-row panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-12 panels-flexible-row-last clearfix "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-row-inside panels-flexible-row-sidebar_template-12-inside panels-flexible-row-inside-last clearfix"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_e1 panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-sidebar_template-sidebar_e1-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div></section> <footer id="section-footer" class="section section-footer"> <div id="zone-footer-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-footer-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-footer" class="zone zone-footer clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-12 region region-footer-first" id="region-footer-first"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-first-inner"> <section class="block block-menu block-menu-table-of-contents block-menu-menu-table-of-contents odd" id="block-menu-menu-table-of-contents"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Table of Contents</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded active-trail"><span class="footer-header active-trail nolink">The Gleaner Archives</span><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="https://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/search3.htm">Digital Archives: Online editions 2006-Now</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail"><a href="/library" class="active-trail active">Library: Research and Assistance</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/default.aspx">Print Archives: Editions 1834-Present</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><span class="footer-header nolink">Gleaner Your Way</span><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/content/getmobile.html">Mobile: Get the Gleaner on your mobile</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://member.jamaica-gleaner.com/subscription/">Newsletter: Get headline news</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/rss.html">RSS Feeds</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://gallery.jamaica-gleaner.com/gallery/" target="_blank">Gallery</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/games">Games</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="https://videos.jamaica-gleaner.com/videos/" target="_blank">Videos</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><span class="footer-header nolink">GCML Websites</span><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="https://jamaica-star.com/">The Star</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://www.gleanerclassifieds.com/">Gleaner Classifieds</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://go-jamaica.com/">Go Jamaica</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://na.jamaica-gleaner.com/">Gleaner - North America</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://www.youthlinkjamaica.com/">Youthlink</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://www.voice-online.co.uk/">Voice UK</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="http://flairja.com">Flair</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><span class="footer-header nolink">GCML Websites</span><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="http://go-jamaica.com/rw/">Restaurant Week</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://discoverjamaica.com/">Discover Jamaica</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://gojamaica-host.com/">Go Jamaica Hosting</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://www.gofirstlook.com/">First Look</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="http://go-jamaica.com/weather/">Weather</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="http://go-jamaica.com/nagleanerbrandededition/" class="footer-header">Gleaner Links</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/our-products.php">Our Products </a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/gleaner/advertise.html">Advertise with us</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/about">About Us</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/content/contact.html">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/content/suggestions.html">Suggestion</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://member.jamaica-gleaner.com/subscription/">Subscription</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/content/disclaimer.html">Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="mailto:letters@gleanerjm.com">Submit a Letter</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/gleaner/privacy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/rjrgleanermerger">RJRGLEANER Merger Q&A</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="zone-copyright" class="zone zone-copyright clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-12 region region-copyright-first" id="region-copyright-first"> <div class="region-inner region-copyright-first-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-4 block-block-4 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-4"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> Copyright © 2025 The Gleaner Company (Media) Limited. A member of the <a href="https://rjrgleanergroup.com" target="_blank" style="color:#89cff0; text-decoration:none">RJRGLEANER Communications Group</a>. All Rights Reserved. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div class="region region-page-bottom" id="region-page-bottom"> <div class="region-inner region-page-bottom-inner"> </div> </div><script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- window.eu_cookie_compliance_cookie_name = ""; //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__WcTpt-w0y1FyXrxZNriX8Ts1KjsFTDpdvZaw9yhRn24__VUs2gJxak1y81kUpE3WqLc39quIP947zxBXlR7fnhjE__W8O97HZE6tw2I-3HT7fIyxfF9YLd2HJqzUTKnP9wOYU.js" defer="defer"></script> <script> (function(src) { var a = document.createElement("script"); a.type = "text/javascript"; a.async = true; a.src = src; var b = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; b.parentNode.insertBefore(a, b) })("//experience.tinypass.com/xbuilder/experience/load?aid=W5MObKDBpu"); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ;!function(){ window.PianoESPConfig = { id: 557 } var e=document.createElement("script");e.setAttribute("id","pnesplucidsdksel"),e.type="text/javascript",e.src="//api-esp.piano.io/public/sdk/v04/sdk.js?v="+(localStorage&&localStorage.lucidsdkver||"xxx"),e.async=!0,document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0].parentNode.appendChild(e); }(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onload = () =>{ window.DingInABox.init(window, "Gleaner") } </script> <style> @keyframes slideInLeft { from { transform: translate3d(-100%, 0, 0); visibility: visible; } to { transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0); } } button.chatLauncher { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 2s ease-in-out; -moz-transition: opacity 2s ease-in-out; -webkit-transition: opacity 2s ease-in-out; animation-duration: 0.5s; transition-duration: 0.5s; position: fixed; bottom: 32px; left: 32px; z-index: 9999; padding: 1em; border-radius: 8px; margin: 0; text-decoration: none; background: #215ba5; color: #fff; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; cursor: pointer; text-align: left; -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; width: 264px; opacity: 0; } button.chatLauncher.open { animation-name: slideInLeft; opacity: 1; } button.chatLauncher:hover, button.chatLauncher:focus { background-color: #215ba5; } button.chatLauncher:focus { outline: 1px solid #215ba5; outline-offset: -4px; } #piano-bottom-banner { position: fixed; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -2.5%); bottom: 2.5%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 638px; width: 100%; box-shadow: 0px 5px 25px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); z-index: 26; } #WACWidget { --WatsonAssistantChat-BASE-left-position: 32px; --WatsonAssistantChat-BASE-right-position: auto; } </style> <div id="piano-bottom-banner"></div> <button type="button" class="chatLauncher" style="display:none;"> <div> <strong>Have questions or concerns?</strong> Chat with our virtual assistant. </div> </button> <button aria-label="Open the chat window" class="button3 chatLauncher" id="WACLauncher__Button" type="button" style="width: auto;"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="WACLauncher__svg"> <path style="fill: #fff;" d="M17.74,30,16,29l4-7h6a2,2,0,0,0,2-2V8a2,2,0,0,0-2-2H6A2,2,0,0,0,4,8V20a2,2,0,0,0,2,2h9v2H6a4,4,0,0,1-4-4V8A4,4,0,0,1,6,4H26a4,4,0,0,1,4,4V20a4,4,0,0,1-4,4H21.16Z"></path> <rect style="fill: #fff;" width="16" height="2" x="8" y="10"></rect> <rect style="fill: #fff;" width="10" height="2" x="8" y="16"></rect> </svg></button> <script> window.watsonAssistantChatOptions = { integrationID: "e5da6a4a-f92f-4d40-aa9e-e2c9805fe78d", // The ID of this integration. region: "us-east", // The region your integration is hosted in. serviceInstanceID: "c34f6c2e-37a7-42a6-aa20-b0daf42c3ca3", showLauncher: false, onLoad: function(instance) { // Select the button element from the page. const button = document.querySelector('.chatLauncher'); const button1 = document.querySelector('.button3'); // Add the event listener to open your Web Chat. button.addEventListener('click', function clickListener() { instance.openWindow(); }); button1.addEventListener('click', function clickListener() { instance.openWindow(); }); // Render the Web Chat. Nothing appears on the page, because the launcher is // hidden and the Web Chat window is closed by default. instance.render().then(function() { // Now that Web Chat has been rendered (but is still closed), we make the // custom launcher button visible. button.style.display = 'block'; button.classList.add('open'); }); } }; setTimeout(function() { const button2 = document.querySelector('.chatLauncher'); const button3 = document.querySelector('.button3'); button2.style.opacity = '0'; button3.style.opacity = '1'; // window.watsonAssistantChatOptions = { // showLauncher:true // } }, 10000); setTimeout(function() { const button2 = document.querySelector('.chatLauncher'); button2.style.display = 'none'; }, 11000); setTimeout(function() { const t = document.createElement('script'); t.src = 'https://web-chat.global.assistant.watson.appdomain.cloud/loadWatsonAssistantChat.js'; document.head.appendChild(t); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({flush: true}); </script> </body> </html>