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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Sumeria" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Sumeria" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Sumeria" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Sumeria" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumeria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 123 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD" title="ሱመር – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱመር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سومر – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سومر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%AA" title="ܫܘܡܪ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܘܡܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سومريين – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سومريين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="সুমেৰ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সুমেৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eumer" title="Şumer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şumer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سومر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سومر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0omers" title="Šomers – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šomers" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Шумэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шумэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সুমেরীয় সভ্যতা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুমেরীয় সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1" title="سۆمەر – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سۆمەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swmer" title="Swmer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swmer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Σουμέριοι – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουμέριοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9r" title="Sumér – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sumér" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumero" title="Sumero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sumero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سومر – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سومر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%B5r" title="Sumõr – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sumõr" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBmearje" title="Sûmearje – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûmearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSuim%C3%A9ir" title="An tSuiméir – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSuiméir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E%E7%88%BE" title="蘇美爾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘇美爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Suméria" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="שומר – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שומר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="सुमेर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुमेर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շումեր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շումեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmer" title="Súmer – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súmer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="シュメール – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュメール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შუმერი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუმერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4" title="수메르 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수메르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soemer" title="Soemer – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Soemer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umeras" title="Šumeras – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šumeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umera" title="Šumera – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šumera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somera" title="Somera – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Somera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сумер – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сумер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സുമേറിയൻ സംസ്കാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുമേറിയൻ സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Suméria" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဆူမားရီးယန်းခေတ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူမားရီးယန်းခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="सुमेर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुमेर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="सुमेर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सुमेर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A8r" title="Sumèr – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sumèr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੂਮਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਮਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سمیری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمیری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سومریان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سومریان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suméria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="سمير – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سمير" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerija" title="Sumerija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sumerija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeer" title="Sumeer – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sumeer" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сумер – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сумер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dmer" title="Sōmer – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sōmer" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சுமேரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுமேரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="సుమేరు నాగరికత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సుమేరు నాగరికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ซูเมอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูเมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerliler" title="Sumerliler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sumerliler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerya" title="Sumerya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sumerya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmerler" title="Sümerler – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sümerler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سۇمېرلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇمېرلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سمیری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمیری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumer" title="Shumer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shumer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer%C3%A4n" title="Sumerän – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sumerän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerya" title="Sumerya – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sumerya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏美尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შუმერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შუმერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שומער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שומער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏美尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E" title="蘇美 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇美" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E%E7%88%BE" title="蘇美爾 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇美爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35355#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sumeria" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Sumeria" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sumeria"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sumeria"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Sumeria" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Sumeria" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&oldid=23673711" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Sumeria&id=23673711&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSumeria"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSumeria"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sumeria"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sumeria&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sumer" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35355" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sumeria<br /><small>(<abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr> 4500–2900 SM)</small></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18624177">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Near_East_non_political.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumeria di Near East"><img alt="Sumeria di Near East" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/300px-Near_East_non_political.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/450px-Near_East_non_political.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/600px-Near_East_non_political.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="842" /></a></span><div class="od" style="top:54.67%;left:56.753%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-28px;top:-28px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sumer"><img alt="Sumer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/U%2B2610.svg/55px-U%2B2610.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/U%2B2610.svg/83px-U%2B2610.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/U%2B2610.svg/110px-U%2B2610.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="30" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="font-size:80%;width:6em;top:29px;left:-3em"><div>Sumer</div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sumer_satellite_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sumer_satellite_map.jpg/300px-Sumer_satellite_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sumer_satellite_map.jpg/450px-Sumer_satellite_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sumer_satellite_map.jpg/600px-Sumer_satellite_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2549" data-file-height="1739" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lokasi umum di peta modern, dan kota-kota utama Sumeria dengan garis pantai kuno. Garis pantai hampir mencapai Ur di zaman kuno.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jangkauan<br />geografis</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Dekat" title="Timur Dekat">Timur Dekat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">Neolitik Akhir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Perunggu" title="Zaman Perunggu">Zaman Perunggu Tengah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tanggal</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa (kira-kira)">ca</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500</span>–ca<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900 SM</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Didahului oleh</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Periode_Ubaid" title="Periode Ubaid">Periode Ubaid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diikuti oleh</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Akkadia" title="Kekaisaran Akkadia">Kekaisaran Akkadia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sumeria</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> merupakan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Peradaban" title="Peradaban">peradaban</a> kuno di <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_Hilir" title="Mesopotamia Hilir">selatan</a>, pada masa kini di selatan <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, selama masa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalcolithic (halaman belum tersedia)">Chalcolithic</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abad_Perunggu_Awal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abad Perunggu Awal (halaman belum tersedia)">Abad Perunggu Awal</a>. Meskipun spesimen-spesimen terawal di daerah ini tidak lebih jauh dari sekitaran tahun 2500 SM, sejarawan-sejarawan modern berpendapat bahwa Sumer ditinggali secara permanen dari sekitaran tahun 5500 hingga 4000 SM oleh orang orang non <a href="/wiki/Semit" title="Semit">Semit</a> yang berkomunikasi menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sumeria" title="Bahasa Sumeria">Bahasa Sumeria</a> (yang menggunakan nama kota-kota, sungai-sungai, pekerjaan, dsb. sebagai bukti <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orang orang prasejarah yang penuh dugaan tersebut dewasa ini disebut sebagai "orang proto-<a href="/wiki/Efrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Efrat">Efrat</a>" atau "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_Ubaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa Ubaid (halaman belum tersedia)">Orang Ubaid</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang diduga berevolusi dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Samarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Samarra (halaman belum tersedia)">kebudayaan Samarra</a> dari Mesopotamia Utara (<a href="/wiki/Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orang-orang Ubaid ini (meskipun tidak pernah disebut oleh orang Sumeria sendiri) menurut asumsi cendekiawan modern adalah peradaban yang kokoh perdana di daerah Sumer, mengeringkan rawa-rawa untuk keperluan bercocok tanam, mengembangkan perdagangan, dan membangun industri, termasuk diantaranya tenunan, kerajinan kulit, besi, pertukangan batu dan kerajinan tembikar.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secara harfiah, berarti "tanah dari petuanan (lokal, bangsawan) asli". Stiebing (1994) mengartikannya sebagai "Tanah dari Petuanan Cahaya".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postgate (1994) menganggap <i>en</i> sebagai pengganti "bahasa" <i>eme</i>, yang menjadi "tanah di jantung Sumeria".(<cite class="citation book">John Nicholas Postgate (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlymesopotamia00post"><i>Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History</i></a>. Routledge (UK).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Mesopotamia%3A+Society+and+Economy+at+the+Dawn+of+History&rft.pub=Routledge+%28UK%29&rft.date=1994&rft.au=John+Nicholas+Postgate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlymesopotamia00post&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASumeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. </p><p>Meskipun begitu, beberapa peneliti menyangsikan ide mengenai sebuah bahasa Proto-Efrat atau satu subtrata bahasa. Mereka berpendapat, bahwa bahasa Sumeria awalnya merupakan bahasa para pemburu dan nelayan, yang hidup di rawa-rawa dan <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Timur" title="Arabia Timur">kawasan pantai Arabia Timur</a>, yang merupakan bagian dari kebudayaan <a href="/wiki/Periode_Ubaid" title="Periode Ubaid">bifasial Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukti-bukti sejarah yang lebih bisa diandalkan muncul jauh setelah masa ini; tidak ada satupun penanggalan di daerah Sumer sebelum masa <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> (c. Abad ke-26 SM). Profesor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juris_Zarins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juris Zarins (halaman belum tersedia)">Juris Zarins</a> meyakini bahwa bangsa Sumeria menetap di sekitar pantai <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Timur" title="Arabia Timur">Arabia Timur</a>, yang merupakan Teluk Persia pada masa kini, sebelum tergenang pada akhir Zaman Es.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mereka telah mengenal bercocok tanam dan sudah memiliki sistem pengairan. Bangunan-bangunan mereka dibuat dari lumpur. Mereka menganut <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a> <a href="/wiki/Politheisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Politheisme">politheisme</a>. </p><p>Bangsa Sumeria merupakan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa" title="Bangsa">bangsa</a> yang pertamakali mendiami kawasan Mesopotamia, sehingga bangsa Sumeria pantas disebut sebagai penduduk asli Mesopotamia. Bangsa Sumeria datang dari wilayah <a href="/wiki/Asia_Kecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Kecil">Asia Kecil</a> sekitar tahun 3.500 tahun SM. Pada awalnya, bangsa Sumeria mengolah lahan pertanian yang subur sebagai mata pencahariannya. Lama kelamaan, bangsa Sumeria dapat membangun sistem pengairan untuk menanggulangi <a href="/wiki/Banjir" title="Banjir">banjir</a> dan menyalurkan <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> ke lahan-lahan pertanian, seperti sistem <a href="/wiki/Irigasi" title="Irigasi">irigasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal">kanal</a>. Dengan hasil pertanian yang melimpah, bangsa Sumeria sekitar tahun 3.000 tahun SM membangun 12 kota-kota besar, di antaranya kota <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Nippur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>. </p><p>Pada awalnya, kota-kota tersebut merupakan kota-kota yang berdiri sendiri, sehingga disebut negara kota. Kemudian terjadilah peperangan di antara kota-kota tersebut dan yang kalah akan menjadi bawahan kota yang menang yang lama kelamaan memunculkan sistem pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan" class="mw-disambig" title="Kerajaan">kerajaan</a>. Bangsa Sumeria mencapai mansa kejayaannya saat dipimpin oleh Raja <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a>. Namun, sekitar tahun 2.300 SM, bangsa Sumeria dapat ditaklukkan oleh bangsa <a href="/wiki/Akkadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadia">Akkadia</a> di bawah pimpinan Raja <a href="/wiki/Sargon_dari_Akkadia" title="Sargon dari Akkadia">Sargon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Raja_Sumeria" title="Daftar Raja Sumeria">Daftar Raja Sumeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105200811/http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing.html">"Ancient Mesopotamia. Teaching materials"</a>. Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamia.+Teaching+materials&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+in+collaboration+with+Chicago+Web+Docent+and+eCUIP%2C+The+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2FOI%2FMUS%2FED%2FTRC%2FMESO%2Fwriting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASumeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ubai/hd_ubai.htm">"The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)" In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2003)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/u/ubaid_culture.aspx">"Ubaid Culture", The British Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321143949/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Beyond the Ubaid", (Carter, Rober A. and Graham, Philip, eds.), University of Durham, April 2006"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2014-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Beyond+the+Ubaid%22%2C+%28Carter%2C+Rober+A.+and+Graham%2C+Philip%2C+eds.%29%2C+University+of+Durham%2C+April+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fpdf%2Fsaoc63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASumeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573176/Sumer">"Sumer (ancient region, Iraq)"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Sumer+%28ancient+region%2C+Iraq%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F573176%2FSumer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASumeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kleniewski, Nancy; Thomas, Alexander R (2010-03-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=dWuQ70MtnIQC&pg=PA51&dq=samarra+culture#v=snippet&q=%22As%20the%20Samarra%20culture%20spread%20south%2C%20it%20evolved%20into%20the%20Ubaid%20culture%22&f=false">"Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-495-81222-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-495-81222-7">978-0-495-81222-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cities%2C+Change%2C+and+Conflict%3A+A+Political+Economy+of+Urban+Life&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft.isbn=978-0-495-81222-7&rft.aulast=Kleniewski&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Alexander+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DdWuQ70MtnIQC%26pg%3DPA51%26dq%3Dsamarra%2Bculture%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3D%2522As%2520the%2520Samarra%2520culture%2520spread%2520south%252C%2520it%2520evolved%2520into%2520the%2520Ubaid%2520culture%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASumeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maisels, Charles Keith (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=tupSM5y9yEkC&pg=PA139&dq=samarra+culture#v=onepage&q=%22cultural%20descendants%20of%20the%20originating%20Samarran%20culture%22&f=false">"The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-04742-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-04742-5">978-0-415-04742-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Near+East%3A+Archaeology+in+the+%22Cradle+of+Civilization%22&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04742-5&rft.aulast=Maisels&rft.aufirst=Charles+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DtupSM5y9yEkC%26pg%3DPA139%26dq%3Dsamarra%2Bculture%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522cultural%2520descendants%2520of%2520the%2520originating%2520Samarran%2520culture%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASumeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maisels, Charles Keith (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=i7_hcCxJd9AC&pg=PA147&dq=ubaid+samarra#v=snippet&q=%22Ubaid%200%20is%20thus%20clearly%20derived%20from%20the%20earliest%20culture%20to%20move%20into%20lower%20mesopotamia%2C%20the%20Samarra%22&f=false">"Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-10976-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-10976-5">978-0-415-10976-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+Civilizations+of+the+Old+World%3A+The+Formative+Histories+of+Egypt%2C+the+Levant%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+India+and+China&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10976-5&rft.aulast=Maisels&rft.aufirst=Charles+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Di7_hcCxJd9AC%26pg%3DPA147%26dq%3Dubaid%2Bsamarra%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3D%2522Ubaid%25200%2520is%2520thus%2520clearly%2520derived%2520from%2520the%2520earliest%2520culture%2520to%2520move%2520into%2520lower%2520mesopotamia%252C%2520the%2520Samarra%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASumeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA505&dq=samarra+culture#v=onepage&q=%22similar%20to%20those%20of%20the%20ubaid%20period%22&f=false">"A dictionary of archaeology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-631-23583-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-631-23583-5">978-0-631-23583-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+dictionary+of+archaeology&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23583-5&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Jameson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DzmvNogJO2ZgC%26pg%3DPA505%26dq%3Dsamarra%2Bculture%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522similar%2520to%2520those%2520of%2520the%2520ubaid%2520period%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASumeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(William Stiebing, Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margarethe Uepermann (2007), "Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia" (Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Volume 3, Issue 2, pages 65–109)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hamblin, Dora Jane (May 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109135715/http://www.theeffect.org/resources/articles/pdfsetc/Eden.pdf">"Has the Garden of Eden been located at last?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <b>18</b> (2). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theeffect.org/resources/articles/pdfsetc/Eden.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2014-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Has+the+Garden+of+Eden+been+located+at+last%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1987-05&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=Dora+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeffect.org%2Fresources%2Farticles%2Fpdfsetc%2FEden.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASumeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nama ini berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Akkadia" title="Bahasa Akkadia">Bahasa Akkadia</a> kuno <i><span lang="akk-Latn">Šumeru</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sumeria" title="Bahasa Sumeria">Bahasa Sumeria</a> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Akkadian', 'Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text">𒆠𒂗𒂠</span> <span lang="sux-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ki_(earth)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ki (earth) (halaman belum tersedia)">ki</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=EN_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EN (cuneiform) (halaman belum tersedia)">en</a>-ĝir<sub>15</sub></span>, artinya kira-kira "tanah raja-raja beradab" atau "tanah leluhur".<span lang="sux-Latn">ĝir<sub>15</sub></span> artinya "asal, lokal", dalam konteks tertentu berarti "bangsawan" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e2182.html">ĝir NATIVE (7x: Old Babylonian)</a> from The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary). Postgate mempercayai bahwa kata eme, 'lidah' menjadi 'tuan', melalui asimilasi konsonantal.)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeithmind.blogspot.com/2010/12/kisah-peradaban-mesopotamia.html">Kisah Peradaban Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Ancient Mesopotamia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Ancient_Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Ancient Mesopotamia (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ancient_Mesopotamia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mesopotamia_Kuno" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia Kuno</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geografi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Efrat" title="Sungai Efrat">Sungai Efrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia_Atas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesopotamia Atas (halaman belum tersedia)">Mesopotamia Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawa-rawa_Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rawa-rawa Mesopotamia (halaman belum tersedia)">Rawa-rawa Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Persia" title="Teluk Persia">Teluk Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurun_Suriah" title="Gurun Suriah">Gurun Suriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Taurus" title="Pegunungan Taurus">Pegunungan Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Tigris" title="Sungai Tigris">Sungai Tigris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Zagros" title="Pegunungan Zagros">Pegunungan Zagros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuno</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia">Babilonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasdim" title="Kasdim">Kasdim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niniwe" title="Niniwe">Niniwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Het" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Het">Het</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota-kota_di_Timur_Dekat_kuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota-kota di Timur Dekat kuno (halaman belum tersedia)">Kota-kota lain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stempel silinder Mesopotamia Kuno"><img alt="Stempel silinder Mesopotamia Kuno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167_n2.jpg/150px-Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167_n2.jpg/225px-Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167_n2.jpg/300px-Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sejarah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prasejarah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Acheulia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Acheulia (halaman belum tersedia)">Acheulia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Mousteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Mousteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Mousteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Trialetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Trialetia (halaman belum tersedia)">Trialetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Zarzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Zarzi (halaman belum tersedia)">Zarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Natuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Natuf (halaman belum tersedia)">Natuf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Nemriki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Nemriki (halaman belum tersedia)">Nemriki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Khiam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Khiam (halaman belum tersedia)">Khiam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Neolitikum_Pra-Tembikar_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Neolitikum Pra-Tembikar A (halaman belum tersedia)">Zaman Neolitikum Pra-Tembikar A (NPTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Neolitikum_Pra-Tembikar_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Neolitikum Pra-Tembikar B (halaman belum tersedia)">Zaman Neolitikum Pra-Tembikar B (NPTB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Hassuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Hassuna (halaman belum tersedia)">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Samarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Samarra (halaman belum tersedia)">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Halaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Halaf (halaman belum tersedia)">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periode_Ubaid" title="Periode Ubaid">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periode_Uruk" title="Periode Uruk">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periode_Jemdet_Nasr" title="Periode Jemdet Nasr">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peradaban_Kish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peradaban Kish (halaman belum tersedia)">Peradaban Kish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sejarah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periode_Dinasti_Awal_(Mesopotamia)" title="Periode Dinasti Awal (Mesopotamia)">Dinasti Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Akkadia" title="Kekaisaran Akkadia">Akkadia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinasti_ketiga_Ur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinasti ketiga Ur (halaman belum tersedia)">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Babilonia_Pertama" title="Dinasti Babilonia Pertama">Babilonia Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Amori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Amori">Bangsa Amori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Kass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Kass">Bangsa Kass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Asiria_Baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Asiria Baru">Asiria Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Babilonia_Baru" title="Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru">Babilonia Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_raja_Sumeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar raja Sumeria">Raja-Raja Sumeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Akhemeniyah" title="Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah">Akhemenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Seleukia" title="Kekaisaran Seleukia">Seleukia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(provinsi_Romawi)" title="Mesopotamia (provinsi Romawi)">Romawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Sasaniyah" title="Kekaisaran Sasaniyah">Sasania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Muslim_di_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaklukan Muslim di Persia">Penaklukan Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linimasa_Kekaisaran_Asiria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linimasa Kekaisaran Asiria (halaman belum tersedia)">Linimasa Kekaisaran Asiria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahasa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Akkadia" title="Bahasa Akkadia">Akkadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Amori" title="Bahasa Amori">Amori</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ugarit" title="Bahasa Ugarit">Ugarit</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram" title="Bahasa Aram">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ebla" title="Bahasa Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Elam" title="Bahasa Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Guti" title="Bahasa Guti">Guti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Het" title="Bahasa Het">Het</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hurri" title="Bahasa Hurri">Hurri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Luwia" title="Bahasa Luwia">Luwia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Persia_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Persia Pertengahan">Persia Pertengahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Persia_Kuno" title="Bahasa Persia Kuno">Persia Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Armenia" title="Bahasa Proto-Armenia">Proto-Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sumeria" title="Bahasa Sumeria">Sumeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Urartu" title="Bahasa Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Budaya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur Mesopotamia (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_Rupa_Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni Rupa Mesopotamia (halaman belum tersedia)">Seni Rupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuneiform">Huruf Paku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesusasteraan_Akkadia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesusasteraan Akkadia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesusasteraan Akkadia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesusasteraan_Sumeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesusasteraan Sumeria (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesusasteraan Sumeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik Mesopotamia (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Mesopotamia_Kuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama Mesopotamia Kuno (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Mesopotamia" title="Mitologi Mesopotamia">Mitologi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Elish" title="Enûma Elish">Enûma Elish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgames" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgames">Gilgames</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_dan_Penguasa_Aratta" title="Enmerkar dan Penguasa Aratta">Enmerkar dan Penguasa Aratta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arkeologi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjarahan_arkeologi_di_Irak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjarahan arkeologi di Irak (halaman belum tersedia)">Penjarahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghancuran_peninggalan_budaya_oleh_ISIL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghancuran peninggalan budaya oleh ISIL (halaman belum tersedia)">Penghancuran oleh ISIL/ISIS</a></li> <li><a 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