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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Lydia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Lydia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kingdom of Lydia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Lydia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Candaules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candaules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Candaules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candaules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mermnad_Empire_(680-546_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mermnad_Empire_(680-546_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>The Mermnad Empire (680-546 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mermnad_Empire_(680-546_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gyges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gyges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Gyges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gyges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ardys_and_Sadyattes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ardys_and_Sadyattes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Ardys and Sadyattes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ardys_and_Sadyattes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alyattes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alyattes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.3</span> <span>Alyattes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alyattes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.4</span> <span>Croesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Persian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hellenistic Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_province_of_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_province_of_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Roman province of Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_province_of_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_province_of_Lydia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_province_of_Lydia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Roman province of Lydia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_province_of_Lydia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Roman_Empire_(and_Crusader)_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Roman_Empire_(and_Crusader)_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Eastern Roman Empire (and Crusader) age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Roman_Empire_(and_Crusader)_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Turkish_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Turkish_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Under Turkish rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Turkish_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>First coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Greek_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Greek_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.2</span> <span>In Greek mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Greek_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lydians,_the_Tyrrhenians_and_the_Etruscans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lydians,_the_Tyrrhenians_and_the_Etruscans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.3</span> <span>Lydians, the Tyrrhenians and the Etruscans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lydians,_the_Tyrrhenians_and_the_Etruscans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Lydian_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Lydian_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Early Lydian religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Lydian_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lydia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidi%C3%AB" title="Lidië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lidië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydien" title="Lydien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lydien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ልድያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ልድያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ليديا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լիտիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լիտիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia" title="Lidia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lidia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidiya" title="Lidiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lidiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лидия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лидия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лідыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лідыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лідыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лідыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лидия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лидия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lydia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADdia" title="Lídia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lídia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лидия – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лидия" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BDdie" title="Lýdie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lýdie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lydia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydien" title="Lydien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lydien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydien" title="Lydien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lydien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC%C3%BCdia" title="Lüüdia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lüüdia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λυδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λυδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia" title="Lidia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lidia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidio" title="Lidio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lidio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia" title="Lidia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lidia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87" title="لیدیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیدیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydie" title="Lydie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lydie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Lidia" title="Reino de Lidia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Lidia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ليديا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ليديا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%94%94%EC%95%84" title="리디아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리디아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լիդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लीडिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लीडिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidija" title="Lidija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lidija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia_(Anatolia)" title="Lidia (Anatolia) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lidia (Anatolia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BDd%C3%ADa" title="Lýdía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýdía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia" title="Lidia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lidia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="לידיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לידיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლიდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidya" title="Lidya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lidya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лидия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лидия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_(regnum)" title="Lydia (regnum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lydia (regnum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABdija" title="Līdija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Līdija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydija" title="Lydija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lydija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidie" title="Lidie – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lidie" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCdia" title="Lüdia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lüdia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лидија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лидија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia" title="Lidia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lidia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ലിഡിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിഡിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლიდია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიდია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیدیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لیدیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lydia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Лиди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лиди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydi%C3%AB" title="Lydië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lydië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="リュディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リュディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lydia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtidsriket_Lydia" title="Oldtidsriket Lydia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oldtidsriket Lydia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia" title="Lidia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lidia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidiya" title="Lidiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lidiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیڈیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیڈیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia_(kraina)" title="Lidia (kraina) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lidia (kraina)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADdia" title="Lídia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lídia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia_(stat)" title="Lidia (stat) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lidia (stat)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лидия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лидия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia" title="Lidia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lidia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lydia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BDdia_(Mal%C3%A1_%C3%81zia)" title="Lýdia (Malá Ázia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lýdia (Malá Ázia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidija" title="Lidija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lidija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیدیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیدیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лидија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лидија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidija" title="Lidija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lidija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyydia" title="Lyydia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyydia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydien" title="Lydien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lydien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lydia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="லிடியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லிடியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ลิเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidya" title="Lidya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lidya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лідія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лідія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیڈیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیڈیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lydia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%82%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E" title="呂底亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="呂底亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_(ginhadian)" title="Lydia (ginhadian) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lydia (ginhadian)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%95%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9A" title="吕底亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吕底亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E" title="利底亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利底亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%82%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="呂底亞王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="呂底亞王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q620765#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Maeonia" and "Maionia" redirect here. For the town of that name, see <a href="/wiki/Maionia_in_Lydia" title="Maionia in Lydia">Maionia in Lydia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lydia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lydia (disambiguation)">Lydia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Lydia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">?–546 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Lydia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Lydian Kingdom in its final period of sovereignty under Croesus, c. 547 BC."><img alt="Map of the Lydian Kingdom in its final period of sovereignty under Croesus, c. 547 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kingdom_of_Lydia.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Lydia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kingdom_of_Lydia.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Lydia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kingdom_of_Lydia.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Lydia.png 2x" data-file-width="5338" data-file-height="2979" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the Lydian Kingdom in its final period of sovereignty under <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 547 BC</span>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Lydia" title="List of kings of Lydia">Kings</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 680–644 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gyges_of_Lydia" title="Gyges of Lydia">Gyges</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 644–637 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ardys_of_Lydia" title="Ardys of Lydia">Ardys</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 637–635 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sadyattes" title="Sadyattes">Sadyattes</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 635–585 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alyattes" title="Alyattes">Alyattes</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 585–546 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Anatolia" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Before 800 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians#In_Anatolia" title="Cimmerians">Lydian-Cimmerian Wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">670–630s BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lydian%E2%80%93Milesian_War" title="Lydian–Milesian War">Lydian–Milesian War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">612–600 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eclipse" title="Battle of the Eclipse">Lydian-Median War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">590–585 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Fall to Persia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">546 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Croeseid" title="Croeseid">Croeseid</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif/20px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif/30px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif/40px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1-%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A8.gif 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="467" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Turkey_ancient_region_map_phrygia.gif/20px-Turkey_ancient_region_map_phrygia.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Turkey_ancient_region_map_phrygia.gif/30px-Turkey_ancient_region_map_phrygia.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Turkey_ancient_region_map_phrygia.gif/40px-Turkey_ancient_region_map_phrygia.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="643" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cimmerian_Migrations.jpg/20px-Cimmerian_Migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cimmerian_Migrations.jpg/30px-Cimmerian_Migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cimmerian_Migrations.jpg/40px-Cimmerian_Migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="948" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Peltaste.JPG/20px-Peltaste.JPG" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Peltaste.JPG/30px-Peltaste.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Peltaste.JPG/40px-Peltaste.JPG 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Treri" class="mw-redirect" title="Treri">Treri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Western_Asia_Minor_Greek_Colonization.svg/20px-Western_Asia_Minor_Greek_Colonization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Western_Asia_Minor_Greek_Colonization.svg/30px-Western_Asia_Minor_Greek_Colonization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Western_Asia_Minor_Greek_Colonization.svg/40px-Western_Asia_Minor_Greek_Colonization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg/20px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg/30px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg/40px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lydia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Λυδία</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ludía</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Lȳdia</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> situated in the west of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Later, it became an important province of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>. </p><p>At some point before 800 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Lydian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydian people">Lydian people</a> achieved some sort of political cohesion, and existed as an independent kingdom by the 600s BC. At its greatest extent, during the 7th century BC, it covered all of western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. In 546 BC, it became a <a href="/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">satrapy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, known as <i>Sparda</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>. In 133 BC, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">province of Asia</a>. </p><p>Lydian coins, made of <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>, are among the oldest in existence, dated to around the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Artemis_Sardis_Turkey4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Temple_of_Artemis_Sardis_Turkey4.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Artemis_Sardis_Turkey4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Temple_of_Artemis_Sardis_Turkey4.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Artemis_Sardis_Turkey4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Temple_of_Artemis_Sardis_Turkey4.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Artemis_Sardis_Turkey4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The temple of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, capital of Lydia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripolis_on_the_Meander,_Lydia,_Turkey_(19492900512).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tripolis_on_the_Meander%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819492900512%29.jpg/220px-Tripolis_on_the_Meander%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819492900512%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tripolis_on_the_Meander%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819492900512%29.jpg/330px-Tripolis_on_the_Meander%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819492900512%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tripolis_on_the_Meander%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819492900512%29.jpg/440px-Tripolis_on_the_Meander%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819492900512%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_on_the_Meander" title="Tripolis on the Meander">Tripolis on the Meander</a> is an ancient Lydian city in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_sur_la_plaine_alluviale_du_M%C3%A9andre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vue_sur_la_plaine_alluviale_du_M%C3%A9andre.JPG/220px-Vue_sur_la_plaine_alluviale_du_M%C3%A9andre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vue_sur_la_plaine_alluviale_du_M%C3%A9andre.JPG/330px-Vue_sur_la_plaine_alluviale_du_M%C3%A9andre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vue_sur_la_plaine_alluviale_du_M%C3%A9andre.JPG/440px-Vue_sur_la_plaine_alluviale_du_M%C3%A9andre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Büyük Menderes River">Büyük Menderes River</a> also known as Maeander is a river in Lydia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lydia is generally located east of ancient <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a> in the modern western <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a> and inland <a href="/wiki/Izmir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmir Province">Izmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rhodes_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhodes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boundaries of historical Lydia varied across the centuries. It was bounded first by <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>. Later, the military power of <a href="/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyattes of Lydia">Alyattes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> expanded Lydia, which, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, controlled all Asia Minor west of the River Halys, except <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>. After the Persian conquest the River <a href="/wiki/Maeander" class="mw-redirect" title="Maeander">Maeander</a> was regarded as its southern boundary, and during imperial Roman times Lydia comprised the country between Mysia and Caria on the one side and Phrygia and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> on the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian language</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian language family</a>, related to <a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>. Due to its fragmentary attestation, the meanings of many words are unknown but much of the grammar has been determined. Similar to other Anatolian languages, it featured extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">grammatical particles</a> to chain clauses together.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lydian had also undergone extensive <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">syncope</a>, leading to numerous consonant clusters atypical of most Indo-European languages. Lydian finally became <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> during the 1st century BC. </p><p>The Lydian language is usually not categorized as part of the <a href="/wiki/Luwic" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwic">Luwic</a> subgroup, unlike the other nearby Anatolian languages <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lydia's early history remains shrouded in obscurity. During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> (1600 BC-1200 BC), the territory that later became Lydia overlapped with two kingdoms called <a href="/wiki/Mira_(kingdom)" title="Mira (kingdom)">Mira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Šeḫa</a>, themselves part of a broader political entity called <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LydiaBefore_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydiaBefore-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the other Arzawa Lands, these kingdoms had tumultuous relations with the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>, acting both as allies, enemies, and vassals at various points in time.<sup id="cite_ref-steadman-bryce24_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steadman-bryce24-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By roughly 800 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Lydian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydian people">Lydian people</a> appear to have established their presence and achieved some degree of political cohesion. However, precise dates and events are impossible to determine due to the absence of contemporary written records. The only firm evidence for this early period comes from the archaeological excavations at Sardis. Although certain literary accounts purport the existence of two early Lydian dynasties, namely the house of <a href="/wiki/Atys_of_Lydia" title="Atys of Lydia">Atys</a> - after whose son <a href="/wiki/Lydus" title="Lydus">Lydus</a> the Lydians were supposedly named - and the Heraclids, who allegedly ruled for twenty-two generations before 685 BC, these sources are steeped in mythology and lack historical credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Lydia">Kingdom of Lydia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Lydia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Lydia">List of Kings of Lydia</a></div> <p>Lydia was an independent kingdom from an unknown time until 546 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Candaules">Candaules</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Candaules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Herodotus, one of Lydus's descendants was <a href="/wiki/Iardanus_(father_of_Omphale)" title="Iardanus (father of Omphale)">Iardanus</a>, with whom <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> was in service at one time. Heracles had an affair with one of Iardanus' slave-girls and their son <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_(mythology)" title="Alcaeus (mythology)">Alcaeus</a> was the first of the Heraclid Dynasty said to have ruled Lydia for 22 generations starting with <a href="/wiki/Agron_of_Lydia" title="Agron of Lydia">Agron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus197543_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus197543-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 8th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Meles_of_Lydia" title="Meles of Lydia">Meles</a> became the 21st and penultimate Heraclid king and the last was his son <a href="/wiki/Candaules" title="Candaules">Candaules</a> (died c. 687 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus197543–46_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus197543–46-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BM82_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM82-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Mermnad_Empire_(680-546_BC)"><span id="The_Mermnad_Empire_.28680-546_BC.29"></span>The Mermnad Empire (680-546 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Mermnad Empire (680-546 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyges_Tablet,_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gyges_Tablet%2C_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Gyges_Tablet%2C_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gyges_Tablet%2C_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Gyges_Tablet%2C_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Gyges_Tablet%2C_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Gyges tablet, British Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Gyges">Gyges</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gyges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gyges_of_Lydia" title="Gyges of Lydia">Gyges of Lydia</a></div> <p>Gyges is the first king whose existence is demonstrable from contemporary records.<sup id="cite_ref-LydiaBefore_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydiaBefore-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to semi-mythical accounts of his reign, he was the son of a man named <a href="/wiki/Dascylus" title="Dascylus">Dascylus</a> and came to power by overthrowing <a href="/wiki/Candaules" title="Candaules">King Candaules</a> with the assistance of a Carian prince from <a href="/wiki/Milas" title="Milas">Mylasa</a> named Arselis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun198236_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun198236-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMellink1991643–655,_663_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellink1991643–655,_663-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gyges's rise to power happened in the context of a period of turmoil following the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, a nomadic people from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic-Caspian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic-Caspian steppe">Pontic steppe</a> who had invaded <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, who around 675 BC destroyed the previous major power in Anatolia, the kingdom of Phrygia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1988196-197_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1988196-197-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gyges took advantage of the power vacuum created by the Cimmerian invasions to consolidate his kingdom and make it a military power, he contacted the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> court by sending diplomats to <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> to seek help against the Cimmerian invasions,<sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger1978_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he attacked the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> Greek cities of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1988196-197_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1988196-197-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gyges's extensive alliances with the Carian dynasts allowed him to recruit Carian and Ionian Greek soldiers to send overseas to assist the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> of the city of <a href="/wiki/Sais" class="mw-redirect" title="Sais">Sais</a>, with whom he had established contacts around 662 BC. With the help of these armed forces, Psamtik I united Egypt under his rule after eliminating the eleven other kinglets with whom he had been co-ruling <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun198236_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun198236-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger1976_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger1976-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger1978_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMellink1991663_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellink1991663-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 644 BC, Lydia faced a third attack by the Cimmerians, led by their king <a href="/wiki/Tugdamme" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugdamme">Lygdamis</a>. This time, the Lydians were defeated, Sardis was sacked, and Gyges was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger1976_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger1976-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger1978_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ardys_and_Sadyattes">Ardys and Sadyattes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ardys and Sadyattes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ardys_of_Lydia" title="Ardys of Lydia">Ardys of Lydia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadyattes" title="Sadyattes">Sadyattes</a></div> <p>Gyges was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Ardys_of_Lydia" title="Ardys of Lydia">Ardys</a>, who resumed diplomatic activity with Assyria and would also have to face the Cimmerians.<sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger1976_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger1976-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger1978_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ardys attacked the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> and succeeded in capturing the city of <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a>, after which Priene would remain under direct rule of the Lydian kingdom until its end.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ardys's reign was short-lived,<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 637 BC, that is in Ardys's seventh regnal year, the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> <a href="/wiki/Treri" class="mw-redirect" title="Treri">Treres</a> tribe who had migrated across the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Thracian Bosporus</a> and invaded <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198594-55_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198594-55-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under their king Kobos, and in alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a>, attacked Lydia.<sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger1978_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They defeated the Lydians again and for a second time sacked the Lydian capital of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, except for its citadel. It is probable that Ardys was killed during this Cimmerian attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ardys was succeeded by his son, Sadyattes, who had an even more short-lived reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sadyattes died in 635 BC, and it is possible that, like his grandfather Gyges and maybe his father Ardys as well, he died fighting the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alyattes">Alyattes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alyattes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyattes of Lydia">Alyattes of Lydia</a></div> <p>Amidst extreme turmoil, Sadyattes was succeeded in 635 BC by his son <a href="/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyattes of Lydia">Alyattes</a>, who would transform Lydia into a powerful empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus197546_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus197546-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dale_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after Alyattes's ascension and early during his reign, with Assyrian approval<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in alliance with the Lydians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985126_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985126-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> under their king <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> entered Anatolia, expelled the Treres from Asia Minor, and defeated the Cimmerians so that they no longer constituted a threat again, following which the Scythians extended their domination to Central Anatolia<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until they were themselves expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> from Western Asia in the 590s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger1978_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes, whom <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> credits with expelling the Treres and Cimmerians from Asia Minor, and of Alyattes, whom <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a> claim finally defeated the Cimmerians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik199395-125_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik199395-125-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2006151_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik2006151-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alyattes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Alyattes.png/220px-Alyattes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Alyattes.png/330px-Alyattes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Alyattes.png/440px-Alyattes.png 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Alyattes.</figcaption></figure><p> Alyattes turned towards <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> in the east, where extended Lydian rule eastwards to Phrygia.<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alyattes continued his expansionist policy in the east, and of all the peoples to the west of the Halys River whom Herodotus claimed Alyattes's successor Croesus ruled over - the <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysians" title="Mysians">Mysians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariandyni" title="Mariandyni">Mariandyni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalybes" title="Chalybes">Chalybes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyni" title="Thyni">Thyni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bithyni" title="Bithyni">Bithyni</a> <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carians" title="Carians">Carians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Dorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylians</a> - it is very likely that a number of these populations had already been conquered under Alyattes, and it is not impossible that the Lydians might have subjected Lycia, given that the Lycian coast would have been important for the Lydians because it was close to a trade route connecting the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> region, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bin_Tepe,_funeral_mound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg/220px-Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg/330px-Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg/440px-Bin_Tepe%2C_funeral_mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Bin Tepe</a> royal funeral <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> (tomb of Alyattes, father of Croesus), Lydia, 6th century BC.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>Lydia's borders under the reign of Croesus</figcaption></figure> <p>Alyattes's eastern conquests brought the Lydian Empire in conflict in the 590s BC with the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a war broke out between the Median and Lydian Empires in 590 BC which was waged in eastern Anatolia lasted five years, until a <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_of_Thales" title="Eclipse of Thales">solar eclipse</a> occurred in 585 BC during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eclipse" title="Battle of the Eclipse">a battle</a> (hence called the Battle of the Eclipse) opposing the Lydian and Median armies, which both sides interpreted as an omen to end the war. The Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> and the king <a href="/wiki/Syennesis" title="Syennesis">Syennesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a> acted as mediators in the ensuing peace treaty, which was sealed by the marriage of the Median king Cyaxares's son <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> with Alyattes's daughter <a href="/wiki/Aryenis" title="Aryenis">Aryenis</a>, and the possible wedding of a daughter of Cyaxares with either Alyattes or with his son Croesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985125-126_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985125-126-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Battle_of_the_Eclipse_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Battle_of_the_Eclipse-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-2_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Croesus">Croesus</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Croesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croesus_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Croesus_portrait.jpg/220px-Croesus_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Croesus_portrait.jpg/330px-Croesus_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Croesus_portrait.jpg/440px-Croesus_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, last king of Lydia, Attic red-figure amphora, painted ca. 500–490 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alyattes died shortly after the Battle of the Eclipse, in 585 BC itself,<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following which Lydia faced a power struggle between his son Pantaleon, born from a Greek woman, and his other son <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, born from a Carian noblewoman, out of which the latter emerged successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMellink1991643-655_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellink1991643-655-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croesus brought <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a> under the direct control of the Lydian Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he subjugated all of mainland <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a>, but he abandoned his plans of annexing the Greek city-states on the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and he instead concluded treaties of friendship with them, which might have helped him participate in the lucrative trade the Aegean Greeks carried out with Egypt at <a href="/wiki/Naucratis" title="Naucratis">Naucratis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Herodotus, Croesus ruled over all the peoples to the west of the Halys River, although the actual border of his kingdom was further to the east of the Halys, at an undetermined point in eastern Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985125-126_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985125-126-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Battle_of_the_Eclipse_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Battle_of_the_Eclipse-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-2_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croesus continued the friendly relations with the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> concluded between his father Alyattes and the Median king <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a>, and he continued these good relations with the Medes after he succeeded Alyattes and Astyages succeeded Cyaxares.<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-2_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, under Croesus's rule, Lydia continued its good relations started by Gyges with the <a href="/wiki/Sais,_Egypt" title="Sais, Egypt">Saite</a> Egyptian kingdom, then ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-2_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croesus also established trade and diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-2_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he further increased his contacts with the Greeks on the European continent by establishing relations with the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 550 BC, Croesus's brother-in-law, the Median king Astyages, was overthrown by his own grandson, the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-2_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Croesus responded by attacking <a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Cappadocia)" title="Pteria (Cappadocia)">Pteria</a>, the capital of a Phrygian state vassal to the Lydians which might have attempted to declare its allegiance to the new Persian Empire of Cyrus. Cyrus retaliated by intervening in Cappadocia and defeated the Lydians at Pteria in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">battle</a>, and again <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">at Thymbra</a> before <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">besieging</a> and capturing the Lydian capital of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, thus bringing an end to the rule of the Mermnad dynasty and to the Lydian Empire. Lydia would never regain its independence and would remain a part of various successive empires.<sup id="cite_ref-Leloux-2_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leloux-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the dates for the battles of Pteria and Thymbra and of end of the Lydian empire have been traditionally fixed to 547 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more recent estimates suggest that Herodotus's account being unreliable chronologically concerning the fall of Lydia means that there are currently no ways of dating the end of the Lydian kingdom; theoretically, it may even have taken place after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in 539 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Empire">Persian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Persian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">Lydia (satrapy)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satrapy_of_Lydia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Satrapy_of_Lydia.jpg/220px-Satrapy_of_Lydia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Satrapy_of_Lydia.jpg/330px-Satrapy_of_Lydia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Satrapy_of_Lydia.jpg/440px-Satrapy_of_Lydia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Lydia, including Ionia, during the Achaemenid Empire.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_I_tomb_Lydian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerxes_I_tomb_Lydian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/150px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Lydian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerxes_I_tomb_Lydian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/225px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Lydian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerxes_I_tomb_Lydian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/300px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Lydian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> tomb, Lydian soldier of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid army">Achaemenid army</a>, circa 480 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In 547 BC, the Lydian king <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> besieged and captured the Persian city of <a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteria (Turkey)">Pteria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> and enslaved its inhabitants. The Persian king <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_The_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus The Great">Cyrus The Great</a> marched with his army against the Lydians. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a> resulted in a stalemate, forcing the Lydians to retreat to their capital city of Sardis. Some months later the Persian and Lydian kings met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a>. Cyrus won and captured the capital city of Sardis by 546 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lydia became a province (<a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a>) of the Persian Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Empire">Hellenistic Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lydia remained a satrapy after Persia's conquest by the Macedonian king <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> (the Great) of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. </p><p>When Alexander's empire ended after his death, Lydia was possessed by the major Asian diadoch dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a>, and when it was unable to maintain its territory in Asia Minor, Lydia was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Attalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid">Attalid</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>. Its last king avoided the spoils and ravage of a Roman war of conquest by leaving the realm by testament to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_province_of_Asia">Roman province of Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Roman province of Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roman_Empire_Asia.svg/220px-Roman_Empire_Asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roman_Empire_Asia.svg/330px-Roman_Empire_Asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roman_Empire_Asia.svg/440px-Roman_Empire_Asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Roman province of Asia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg/220px-15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg/330px-15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg/440px-15th_century_map_of_Turkey_region.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Photo of a 15th-century map showing Lydia</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Romans entered the capital Sardis in 133 BC, Lydia, as the other western parts of the Attalid legacy, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">province of Asia</a>, a very rich <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>, worthy of a governor with the high rank of <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a>. The whole west of Asia Minor had <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> colonies very early, and Christianity was also soon present there. <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> 16:14–15 mentions the baptism of a merchant woman called "Lydia" from <a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia of Thyatira</a>, in what had once been the satrapy of Lydia. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> spread rapidly during the 3rd century AD, based on the nearby Exarchate of Ephesus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_province_of_Lydia">Roman province of Lydia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Roman province of Lydia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydia_circa_50_AD_-_English_legend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lydia_circa_50_AD_-_English_legend.jpg/280px-Lydia_circa_50_AD_-_English_legend.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lydia_circa_50_AD_-_English_legend.jpg/420px-Lydia_circa_50_AD_-_English_legend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lydia_circa_50_AD_-_English_legend.jpg/560px-Lydia_circa_50_AD_-_English_legend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Lydia circa 50 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">tetrarchy</a> reform of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in 296 AD, Lydia was revived as the name of a separate Roman province, much smaller than the former satrapy, with its capital at Sardis. </p><p>Together with the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygia_prima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygia prima (page does not exist)">Phrygia prima</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygia_secunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygia secunda (page does not exist)">Phrygia secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a> (all in modern Turkey) and the Insulae (<a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a>, mostly in modern Greece), it formed the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> (under a <i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">vicarius</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asiana</a>, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefecture</a> of Oriens, together with the dioceses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontiana (page does not exist)">Pontiana</a> (most of the rest of Asia Minor), Oriens proper (mainly Syria), Aegyptus (Egypt) and <a href="/wiki/Thraciae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraciae">Thraciae</a> (on the Balkans, roughly Bulgaria). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(and_Crusader)_age"><span id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_.28and_Crusader.29_age"></span>Eastern Roman Empire (and Crusader) age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eastern Roman Empire (and Crusader) age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Eastern Roman emperor Heraclius (610–641), Lydia became part of <a href="/wiki/Anatolikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolikon">Anatolikon</a>, one of the original <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theme_(Eastern_Roman_administrative_unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theme (Eastern Roman administrative unit) (page does not exist)">themata</a></i>, and later of <a href="/wiki/Thrakesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrakesion">Thrakesion</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> conquered most of the rest of Anatolia, forming the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Ikonion">Sultanate of Ikonion</a> (Konya), Lydia remained part of the Byzantine Empire. While the Venetians occupied Constantinople and Greece as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, Lydia continued as a part of the Eastern Roman <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicene Empire</a> based at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">Nicaea</a> until 1261. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Turkish_rule">Under Turkish rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Under Turkish rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lydia was captured finally by Turkish <i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Turkish_Beyliks" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Turkish Beyliks">beyliks</a></i>, which were all absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> state in 1390. The area became part of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Aidin_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin Vilayet">Aidin Vilayet</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a></i>), and is now in the modern republic of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_coinage">First coinage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: First coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMC_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BMC_06.jpg/220px-BMC_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BMC_06.jpg/330px-BMC_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BMC_06.jpg/440px-BMC_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>Early 6th century BC Lydian electrum coin (one-third stater denomination).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Croeseid" title="Croeseid">Croeseid</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the Lydians were the first people to use gold and silver <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> and the first to establish retail shops in permanent locations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known, however, whether Herodotus meant that the Lydians were the first to use coins of pure gold and pure silver or the first precious metal coins in general.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this ambiguity, this statement of Herodotus is one of the pieces of evidence most often cited on behalf of the argument that Lydians invented coinage, at least in the West, although the first coins (under <a href="/wiki/Alyattes_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyattes I">Alyattes I</a>, reigned c.591–c.560 BC) were neither gold nor silver but an alloy of the two called <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dating of these first stamped coins is one of the most frequently debated topics of ancient numismatics,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with dates ranging from 700 BC to 550 BC, but the most common opinion is that they were minted at or near the beginning of the reign of King Alyattes (sometimes referred to incorrectly as Alyattes II).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first coins were made of <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of gold and silver that occurs naturally but that was further debased by the Lydians with added silver and copper.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Croeseids</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.73_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/220px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/330px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/440px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><small>Gold Croeseid, minted by king <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> circa 561–546 BC. (10.7 grams, <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> mint).</small></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg/220px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg/330px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg/440px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><small>Silver Croeseid, minted by king Croesus, circa 560–546 BC (10.7 grams, Sardis mint) </small></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The gold and silver Croeseids formed the world's first <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallic monetary system</a> circa 550 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The largest of these coins are commonly referred to as a 1/3 <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a> (<i>trite</i>) denomination, weighing around 4.7 grams, though no full staters of this type have ever been found, and the 1/3 stater probably should be referred to more correctly as a stater, after a type of a transversely held scale, the weights used in such a scale (from ancient Greek ίστημι=to stand), which also means "standard."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These coins were stamped with a lion's head adorned with what is likely a sunburst, which was the king's symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prolific mint for early electrum coins was Sardis which produced large quantities of the lion head thirds, sixths and twelfths along with lion paw fractions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To complement the largest denomination, fractions were made, including a <i>hekte</i> (sixth), <i>hemihekte</i> (twelfth), and so forth down to a 96th, with the 1/96 stater weighing only about 0.15 grams. There is disagreement, however, over whether the fractions below the twelfth are actually Lydian.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alyattes' son was <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> (Reigned c.560–c.546 BC), who became associated with great wealth. Croesus is credited with issuing the <i><a href="/wiki/Croeseid" title="Croeseid">Croeseid</a></i>, the first true <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coins</a> with a standardised purity for general circulation,<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the world's first <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallic monetary system</a> circa 550 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It took some time before ancient coins were used for commerce and trade. Even the smallest-denomination electrum coins, perhaps worth about a day's subsistence, would have been too valuable for buying a loaf of bread.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first coins to be used for retailing on a large-scale basis were likely small silver fractions, Hemiobol, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Ancient Greek coinage</a> minted in <a href="/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)" title="Cyme (Aeolis)">Cyme (Aeolis)</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hermodike_II" title="Hermodike II">Hermodike II</a> then by the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian Greeks</a> in the late sixth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sardis was renowned as a beautiful city. Around 550 BC, near the beginning of his reign, Croesus paid for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">temple of Artemis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, which became one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Wonders of the ancient world">Seven Wonders of the ancient world</a>. Croesus was defeated in battle by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">of Persia</a> in 546 BC, with the Lydian kingdom losing its autonomy and becoming a Persian <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Greek_mythology">In Greek mythology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Greek mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a> was a primordial ruler of mythic Lydia, and <a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a> his proud daughter; her husband <a href="/wiki/Amphion_and_Zethus" title="Amphion and Zethus">Amphion</a> associated Lydia with <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> in Greece, and through <a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a> the line of Tantalus was part of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>'s second dynasty. (In reference to the myth of <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a>, Karl Kerenyi remarked, in <i>The Heroes of The Greeks</i> 1959, p. 83. "As <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lykia</a> was thus connected with <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and as the person of <a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a>, the hero of Olympia, connected Lydia with the Peloponnesos, so Bellerophontes connected another Asian country, or rather two, Lykia and <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Karia</a>, with the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Argolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Argolid">Argos</a>".) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg/220px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pactolus" title="Pactolus">Pactolus</a> river, from which Lydia obtained <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>, a combination of silver and gold.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Greek myth, Lydia had also adopted the double-axe symbol, that also appears in the Mycenaean civilization, the <i><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Omphale" title="Omphale">Omphale</a>, daughter of the river Iardanos, was a ruler of Lydia, whom <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> was required to serve for a time. His adventures in Lydia are the adventures of a Greek hero in a peripheral and foreign land: during his stay, Heracles enslaved the Itones; killed Syleus, who forced passers-by to hoe his vineyard; slew the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (mythology)">serpent</a> of the river Sangarios (which appears in the heavens as the constellation <a href="/wiki/Ophiucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiucus">Ophiucus</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and captured the simian tricksters, the <a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a>. Accounts tell of at least one son of Heracles who was born to either Omphale or a slave-girl: Herodotus (<i>Histories</i> i. 7) says this was <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_(mythology)" title="Alcaeus (mythology)">Alcaeus</a> who began the line of Lydian <a href="/wiki/Heracleidae" title="Heracleidae">Heracleidae</a> which ended with the death of <a href="/wiki/Candaules" title="Candaules">Candaules</a> c. 687 BC. <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (4.31.8) and <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> (<i>Heroides</i> 9.54) mentions a son called Lamos, while pseudo-Apollodorus (<i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheke</a></i> 2.7.8) gives the name Agelaus and <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (2.21.3) names Tyrsenus as the son of Heracles by "the Lydian woman". All three heroic ancestors indicate a Lydian dynasty claiming Heracles as their ancestor. Herodotus (1.7) refers to a Heraclid dynasty of kings who ruled Lydia, yet were perhaps not descended from Omphale. He also mentions (1.94) the legend that the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> was founded by colonists from Lydia led by <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenus" title="Tyrrhenus">Tyrrhenus</a>, brother of Lydus. <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> was skeptical of this story, indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a> and customs were known to be totally dissimilar to those of the Lydians. In addition, the story of the "Lydian" origins of the Etruscans was not known to <a href="/wiki/Xanthus_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthus of Lydia">Xanthus of Lydia</a>, an authority on the history of the Lydians.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later chronologists ignored Herodotus' statement that <a href="/wiki/Agron_of_Lydia" title="Agron of Lydia">Agron</a> was the first Heraclid to be a king, and included his immediate forefathers Alcaeus, Belus, and Ninus in their list of kings of Lydia. Strabo (5.2.2) has Atys, father of Lydus and Tyrrhenus, as a descendant of Heracles and Omphale but that contradicts virtually all other accounts which name Atys, Lydus, and Tyrrhenus among the pre-Heraclid kings and princes of Lydia. The gold deposits in the river <a href="/wiki/Pactolus" title="Pactolus">Pactolus</a> that were the source of the proverbial wealth of <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> (Lydia's last king) were said to have been left there when the legendary king <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> washed away the "Midas touch" in its waters. In <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, while maintaining his human disguise, declares his country to be Lydia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lydians,_the_Tyrrhenians_and_the_Etruscans"><span id="Lydians.2C_the_Tyrrhenians_and_the_Etruscans"></span>Lydians, the Tyrrhenians and the Etruscans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lydians, the Tyrrhenians and the Etruscans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of the Etruscans">Origins of the Etruscans</a></div> <p>The relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> of northern and central Italy and the Lydians has long been a subject of conjecture. The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> believed they came from Lydia, but <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, a 1st-century BC historian, argued that the Etruscans were indigenous to Italy and unrelated to the Lydians.<sup id="cite_ref-Dionysius_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionysius-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dionysius pointed out that the 5th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Xanthus_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthus of Lydia">Xanthus of Lydia</a>, who was regarded as an important source and authority for the history of Lydia, never linked the Etruscans to Lydia or mentioned Tyrrhenus as a Lydian ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Dionysius_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionysius-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary scholarship, Etruscologists overwhelmingly support an indigenous origin for the Etruscans,<sup id="cite_ref-Turfa2017_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turfa2017-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeGrummond2014_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGrummond2014-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dismissing Herodotus' account as based on erroneous etymologies.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Michael Grant</a> argue that the Etruscans may have propagated this narrative to facilitate their trading in Asia Minor, when many cities in Asia Minor, and the Etruscans themselves, were at war with the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French scholar <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Briquel" title="Dominique Briquel">Dominique Briquel</a> contends that "the story of an exodus from Lydia to Italy was a deliberate political fabrication created in the Hellenized milieu of the court at Sardis in the early 6th century BC."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, these Greek-authored accounts of the Etruscan origins are only the expression of the image that Etruscans' allies or adversaries wanted to divulge and should not be considered historical.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence does not support the idea of Lydian migration to Etruria.<sup id="cite_ref-Turfa2017_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turfa2017-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeGrummond2014_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGrummond2014-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Etruscan civilization's earliest phase, the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a>, emerged around 900 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Neri_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neri-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bartolonivillanoviana_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolonivillanoviana-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torellicolonna2000_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torellicolonna2000-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torellibriquel2000_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torellibriquel2000-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torellibartoloni2000_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torellibartoloni2000-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which itself developed from the previous <a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a> of Italy in the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moser1996_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser1996-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culture has no ties to Asia Minor or the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartoloni2014_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartoloni2014-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguists have identified an <a href="/wiki/Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Etruscan-like language</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Lemnos_stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemnos stele">set of inscriptions</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> island, in the Aegean Sea. Since the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Paleo-European_languages#Paleo-European_languages_of_Italy" title="Paleo-European languages">Pre-Indo-European language</a> and neither Indo-European or Semitic,<sup id="cite_ref-Bonfante2002_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonfante2002-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Etruscan was not related to <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a>, which was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian language">Anatolian</a> branch of the Indo-European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonfante2002_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonfante2002-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Etruscan language is considered part of the pre-Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrrhenian language family">Tyrrhenian language family</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Lemnian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetian language">Rhaetian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rix2004_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rix2004-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 genetic study suggested that the maternal lineages of western Anatolians and modern Tuscans had been largely separate for 5,000 to 10,000 years, with Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> closely resembling modern Tuscans and Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> populations. This suggests Etruscans descended from the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-plosone.org_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tassi2013_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tassi2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating their indigenous roots, and a link between Etruria, modern Tuscany, and Lydia dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic period</a> during the migration of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> from Anatolia to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-plosone.org_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tassi2013_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tassi2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 genetic study revealed that Etruscans (900–600 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a> (900–500 BC) from <a href="/wiki/Latium_vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Latium vetus">Latium vetus</a> shared genetic similarities, with both groups having a mixture of two-thirds <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> ancestry and one-third <a href="/wiki/Steppe-related_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe-related ancestry">Steppe-related ancestry</a>. This study also suggested indigenous origins for the Etruscans, despite their pre-Indo-European language.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonio2019_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonio2019-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study confirmed these findings, showing that Etruscans and Latins in the Iron Age had similar genetic profiles and were part of the European cluster. The Etruscan DNA was completely absent a signal of recent admixture with Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean. Etruscans exhibited a blend of WHG, EEF, and Steppe ancestry, with 75% of males belonging to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b#R1b1a1b_(R-M269)" title="Haplogroup R1b">haplogroup R1b</a> and the most common mitochondrial DNA haplogroup being <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Posth2021_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posth2021-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Lydian_religion">Early Lydian religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Early Lydian religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian religion</a></div> <p>The Lydians in early Antiquity adhered to a religion which remains marginally attested due to the known sources covering it being largely of Greek origin, while Lydian inscriptions regarding religion are small in number<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no Lydian corpus of ritual texts like the Hittite ritual tablets have been recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the small size of the recorded Lydian corpus, the various inscriptions relating to religion date from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330-325 BC</span>, thus covering the period beginning with the establishment of the Mermnad dynasty under Gyges and ending with the aftermath of the Macedonian conquest under Alexander III and the beginning of the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231-231_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231-231-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on limited evidence, Lydian religious practices were centred around the fertility of nature, as was common among ancient societies which depended on the successful cultivation of land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Lydian religion exhibited strong connections to <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its pantheon was composed of native Lydian deities who were reflexes of earlier Aegean-Balkan ones, as well as <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian</a> deities, the latter of whom held lesser roles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021137_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021137-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Lydia had been conquered by the Achaemenid Empire in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 547 BC</span>, native Lydian traditions were not destroyed by Persian rule, and most Lydian inscriptions were written during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019232_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019232-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lydian religion was <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> in nature and was composed of a number of deities:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>unlike traditionally Anatolian pantheons but similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygian</a> one, the Lydian pantheon was headed by the goddess Artimus (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤦𐤪𐤰𐤮</span></span></span>), who was a deity of wild nature as well as the Lydian variant of an earlier Aegean-Balkan goddess whose other reflexes included the Greek <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αρτεμις</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Phrygian Artimis:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021154_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021154-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artimus is the most well-attested Lydian deities both in the Lydian corpus and archaeologically;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019240_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019240-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021156_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021156-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the identity of the figure of Qaλdãns or Qaλiyãns (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤲𐤷𐤣𐤵𐤫𐤮</span></span></span>) is still uncertain, and has been variously interpreted as the Lydian king of the gods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a Moon-god who was the main masculine deity of the Lydian pantheon and the consort of Artimus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Lydian equivalent of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Απολλων</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a high status or royal title;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Lydian equivalent of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ζευς</span></span>) and the Phrygian god Tiws was Lews (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤩𐤤𐤥𐤮</span></span></span>) or Lefs (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤩𐤤𐤱𐤮</span></span></span>):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Anatolian storm-god <a href="/wiki/Tar%E1%B8%ABunna" title="Tarḫunna">Tarḫuntas</a>, Lews held a less prominent role in the Lydian religion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although his role as the bringer of rain followed the tradition surrounding the Anatolian Tarḫuntas;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019243_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019243-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the goddess Lamẽtrus (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤩𐤠𐤪𐤶𐤯𐤭𐤰𐤮</span></span></span>) was the Lydian reflex of an earlier Aegean-Balkan goddess whose Greek iteration was <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Dēmētēr</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δημητηρ</span></span>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the frenzy god Pakiš (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤡𐤠𐤨𐤦𐤳</span></span></span>) to whom was performed an <a href="/wiki/Orgia" title="Orgia">orgiastic cult</a> was also a Lydian variant of an older Aegean-Balkan god whose Greek reflex was <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Bakkhos</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βακχος</span></span>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the goddess Kufaws (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤨𐤰𐤱𐤠𐤥𐤮</span></span></span>) or Kuwaws (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤨𐤰𐤥𐤠𐤥𐤮</span></span></span>), referred by the Greeks as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kubēbē</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κυβηβη</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021139_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021139-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021158_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021158-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a young<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021155-156_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021155-156-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> goddess of <a href="/wiki/Divine_madness" title="Divine madness">divine frenzy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021158-159_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021158-159-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a prominent Lydian deity possessing an important temple in Sardis;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990185_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1990185-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021153-154_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021153-154-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the existence of the goddess Korē (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κορη</span></span>) is attested only during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, when the festival of Khrysanthina (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χρυσανθινα</span></span>) was celebrated at Sardis in her honour,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she appears to have had some vegetative aspects;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the god Sãntas (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤮𐤵𐤫𐤯𐤠𐤮</span></span></span>), whose name corresponds to that of the Luwian <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0anta" title="Šanta">Šandas</a> (<span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language text"><span lang="hlu"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227579655">.mw-parser-output .script-Hluw{font-family:"Noto Sans Anatolian Hieroglyphs";font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-Hluw" style="font-size: 100%;">𔖶𔖖𔗎𔗏𔑶𔑯𔗔𔖶</span>‎</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-139_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-139-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> might have been the consort of Kufaws;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021154_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021154-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>accompanying Sãntas were several lesser demon-like figures called the Mariwdas (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤪𐤠𐤭𐤦𐤥𐤣𐤠𐤮</span></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were the Lydian equivalent of the deities attested in Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions as the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Gods_(Anatolian)" title="Dark Gods (Anatolian)">Marwainzi</a> (<span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language text"><span lang="hlu"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227579655"><span class="script-Hluw" style="font-size: 100%;">𔖖𔗎𔗏𔘅𔖱𔗬𔓯𔖩𔓯𔖶</span>‎</span></span>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutter2017118_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutter2017118-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>the goddess Maλiš (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld"><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤪𐤠𐤷𐤦𐤳</span></span></span>), who corresponded to the Anatolian goddess <a href="/wiki/Maliya" title="Maliya">Maliya</a>, attested in <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> as <span title="Hittite-language romanization"><i lang="hit-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>Māliya</i></span> (<span title="Hittite-language text"><span lang="hit"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:UllikummiA" lang="und-Xsux">𒀭𒈠𒀀𒇷𒅀</span></span></span>) and Lycian as <span title="Lycian-language romanization"><i lang="xlc-Latn">Maliya</i></span> (<span title="Lycian-language text"><span lang="xlc">𐊎𐊀𐊍𐊆𐊊𐊀</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021133_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021133-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019242_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019242-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possessed a vegetative aspect,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being a goddess of vegetation, especially of wine and corn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019242_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019242-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Because of a lack of evidence, little is known on the organisation of Lydian cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the meagre evidence for Lydian religious spaces, little is known about their shapes, sizes, administration, and location:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lydian cultic spaces ranged from small places of worship to prestigious temples of the state cult which also had a political role,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the evidence for them dates from after the end of Lydian independence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those from the Lydian empire are primarily known from Greek literature rather than from archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019232_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019232-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Lydian religion possessed at least three cultic officiants, consisting of:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019235_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019235-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Lydian-language romanization"><i lang="xld-Latn">kawes</i></span> (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld" dir="rtl">𐤨𐤠𐤥𐤤𐤮</span></span>), who were priests and priestesses;</li> <li>[šiwraλmi-] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 6) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld" dir="rtl">𐤳𐤦𐤥𐤭𐤠𐤷𐤪𐤦-</span></span>), who were involved in the cult of Artimus;</li> <li>[armτas] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 4) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span> (<span title="Lydian-language text"><span lang="xld" dir="rtl">𐤠𐤭𐤪𐤴𐤠𐤮</span></span>), who might have been prophets.</li></ul> <p>In addition to these clerical offices, the religious role of the kings among other Anatolian peoples suggests that Lydian <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a> were also <a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">religious high functionaries</a> who participated in the cult as a representative of divine power on earth and claimed their legitimacy to rule from the gods. Anatolian and Hellenistic Greek parallels also suggest that Lydian kings might have been deified after their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lydia later had numerous Christian communities and, after <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> became the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a> of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, Lydia became one of the provinces of the diocese of Asia in the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. </p><p>The ecclesiastical province of Lydia had a metropolitan diocese at <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> and suffragan dioceses for <a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Phrygia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolis (Phrygia)">Tripolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Settae" class="mw-redirect" title="Settae">Settae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordus_(Lydia)" title="Gordus (Lydia)">Gordus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tralles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tralles">Tralles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silandus" title="Silandus">Silandus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maeonia_(city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maeonia (city) (page does not exist)">Maeonia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonos_Hierum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollonos Hierum (page does not exist)">Apollonos Hierum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mostene" title="Mostene">Mostene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollonias" title="Apollonias">Apollonias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalia">Attalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanis_(Lydia)" title="Hyrcanis (Lydia)">Hyrcania</a>, Bage, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balandus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balandus (page does not exist)">Balandus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermocapella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermocapella (page does not exist)">Hermocapella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hierocaesarea" title="Hierocaesarea">Hierocaesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrassus" title="Acrassus">Acrassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalda" title="Dalda">Dalda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stratonicia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stratonicia (page does not exist)">Stratonicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerasa" title="Cerasa">Cerasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabala">Gabala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satala" title="Satala">Satala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aureliopolis">Aureliopolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenopolis" title="Hellenopolis">Hellenopolis</a>. Bishops from the various dioceses of Lydia were well represented at the Council of Nicaea in 325 and at the later ecumenical councils.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Ancient regions of Anatolia">Ancient regions of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digda" title="Digda">Digda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Lydia">List of Kings of Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satraps_of_Lydia" title="List of satraps of Lydia">List of satraps of Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludim" title="Ludim">Ludim</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">tūran</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lydia" in <i>Oxford Dictionary of English</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2010. Oxford Reference Online. 14 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coins-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coins_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051955/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/themes/money/the_origins_of_coinage.aspx">"The origins of coinage"</a>. britishmuseum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/themes/money/the_origins_of_coinage.aspx">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+coinage&rft.pub=britishmuseum.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fthemes%2Fmoney%2Fthe_origins_of_coinage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rhodes_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, P.J. <i>A History of the Classical Greek World 478–323 BC</i>. 2nd edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfanteBonfante1983" class="citation book cs1">Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (1983). <i>The Etruscan Language: An Introduction</i>. 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Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+West+%26+East&rft.atitle=The+Median+%27Empire%27%2C+the+End+of+Urartu+and+Cyrus+the+Great%27s+Campaign+in+547+BC&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=51-66&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FAWE.7.0.2033252&rft.aulast=Rollinger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F250139462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Testament Cities in Western Asia Minor: Light from Archaeology on Cities of Paul and the Seven Churches of Revelation</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59244-230-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59244-230-7">1-59244-230-7</a> p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus. <i>Histories</i>, I, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/coinage/">"Coinage"</a>. <i>worldhistory.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldhistory.org&rft.atitle=Coinage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fcoinage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carradice and Price, Coinage in the Greek World, Seaby, London, 1988, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=CROESUS+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcroesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Ramage, "Golden Sardis," King Croesus' Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining, edited by A. Ramage and P. Craddock, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2000, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Cowell and K. Hyne, "Scientific Examination of the Lydian Precious Metal Coinages," King Croesus' Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 169–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WM49-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WM49_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM49_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM49_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2016" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trkUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199372188" title="Special:BookSources/9780199372188"><bdi>9780199372188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199372188&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrkUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Breglia, "Il materiale proveniente dalla base centrale dell'Artemession di Efeso e le monete di Lidia", <i>Istituto Italiano di Numismatica Annali</i>, volumes 18–19 (1971/72), pp. 9–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1951" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, E. (1951). "The Coins from the Ephesian Artemision Reconsidered". <i>Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. <b>71</b>: 159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F628197">10.2307/628197</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/628197">628197</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163067302">163067302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Coins+from+the+Ephesian+Artemision+Reconsidered&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=159&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163067302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F628197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F628197&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKORAY_KONUK" class="citation web cs1">KORAY KONUK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achemenet.com/pdf/in-press/KONUK_Asia_Minor.pdf">"ASIA MINOR TO THE IONIAN REVOLT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Achemenet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Achemenet.com&rft.atitle=ASIA+MINOR+TO+THE+IONIAN+REVOLT&rft.au=KORAY+KONUK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achemenet.com%2Fpdf%2Fin-press%2FKONUK_Asia_Minor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Mitchiner, Ancient Trade and Early Coinage, Hawkins Publications, London, 2004, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hoards, Small Change, and the Origin of Coinage," Journal of the Hellenistic Studies 84 (1964), p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Mitchiner, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources noted in Karl Kerenyi, <i>The Heroes of the Greeks</i> 1959, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyginus, <i>Astronomica</i> ii.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Robert Drews</a>, <i>Herodotus 1.94, the Drought Ca. 1200 B.C., and the Origin of the Etruscans</i>, in <i>Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte</i>, vol. 41, no. 1, 1992, pp. 14–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Euripides. <i>The Complete Greek Tragedies Vol IV.</i>, Ed by Grene and Lattimore, line 463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dionysius-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dionysius_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dionysius_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionysius_of_Halicarnassus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>. <i>Roman Antiquities</i>. Book I, Chapters 30 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Antiquities&rft.pages=Book+I%2C+Chapters+30+1&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turfa2017-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turfa2017_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turfa2017_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurfa2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_MacIntosh_Turfa" title="Jean MacIntosh Turfa">Turfa, Jean MacIntosh</a> (2017). "The Etruscans". In Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Gary (eds.). <i>The Peoples of Ancient Italy</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 637–672. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614513001">10.1515/9781614513001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-520-3"><bdi>978-1-61451-520-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Etruscans&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Ancient+Italy&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=637-672&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781614513001&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-520-3&rft.aulast=Turfa&rft.aufirst=Jean+MacIntosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGrummond2014-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeGrummond2014_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeGrummond2014_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Grummond2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Thomson_de_Grummond" title="Nancy Thomson de Grummond">De Grummond, Nancy T.</a> (2014). "Ethnicity and the Etruscans". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.). <i>A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean</i>. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 405–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118834312">10.1002/9781118834312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444337341" title="Special:BookSources/9781444337341"><bdi>9781444337341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+the+Etruscans&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ethnicity+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=405-422&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118834312&rft.isbn=9781444337341&rft.aulast=De+Grummond&rft.aufirst=Nancy+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1987" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jeVYyDQqQD8C&q=Michael+Grant,+Lydians+origins+Etruscans&pg=PT181"><i>The Rise of the Greeks</i></a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18536-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18536-1"><bdi>978-0-684-18536-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Greeks&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-684-18536-1&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjeVYyDQqQD8C%26q%3DMichael%2BGrant%2C%2BLydians%2Borigins%2BEtruscans%26pg%3DPT181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1980" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1980). <i>The Etruscans</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9650356-8-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9650356-8-2"><bdi>978-0-9650356-8-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-9650356-8-2&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2014" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0awiBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</i></a>. Oxford Companions (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 291–292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191016752" title="Special:BookSources/9780191016752"><bdi>9780191016752</bdi></a>. <q>Briquel's convincing demonstration that the famous story of an exodus, led by Tyrrhenus from Lydia to Italy, was a deliberate political fabrication created in the Hellenized milieu of the court at Sardis in the early 6th cent. bce..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Companions&rft.pages=291-292&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191016752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0awiBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriquel2013" class="citation book cs1">Briquel, Dominique (2013). "Etruscan Origins and the Ancient Authors". In Turfa, Jean (ed.). <i>The Etruscan World</i>. London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 36–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67308-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67308-2"><bdi>978-0-415-67308-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Etruscan+Origins+and+the+Ancient+Authors&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+World&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=36-56&rft.pub=Routledge+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67308-2&rft.aulast=Briquel&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Briquel" title="Dominique Briquel">Dominique Briquel</a>, <i>Le origini degli Etruschi: una questione dibattuta sin dall’antichità</i>, in M. Torelli (ed.), <i>Gli Etruschi</i> [Catalogo della mostra, Venezia, 2000], Bompiani, Milan, 2000, p. 43–51 (Italian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neri-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neri_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Neri2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diana Neri (2012). "1.1 Il periodo villanoviano nell'Emilia occidentale". <i>Gli etruschi tra VIII e VII secolo a.C. nel territorio di Castelfranco Emilia (MO)</i> (in Italian). Florence: All'Insegna del Giglio. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8878145337" title="Special:BookSources/978-8878145337"><bdi>978-8878145337</bdi></a>. <q>Il termine "Villanoviano" è entrato nella letteratura archeologica quando, a metà dell '800, il conte Gozzadini mise in luce le prime tombe ad incinerazione nella sua proprietà di Villanova di Castenaso, in località Caselle (BO). La cultura villanoviana coincide con il periodo più antico della civiltà etrusca, in particolare durante i secoli IX e VIII a.C. e i termini di Villanoviano I, II e III, utilizzati dagli archeologi per scandire le fasi evolutive, costituiscono partizioni convenzionali della prima età del Ferro</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1+Il+periodo+villanoviano+nell%E2%80%99Emilia+occidentale&rft.btitle=Gli+etruschi+tra+VIII+e+VII+secolo+a.C.+nel+territorio+di+Castelfranco+Emilia+%28MO%29&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=All%27Insegna+del+Giglio&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8878145337&rft.au=Diana+Neri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartolonivillanoviana-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartolonivillanoviana_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilda_Bartoloni2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gilda Bartoloni (2012) [2002]. <i>La cultura villanoviana. All'inizio della storia etrusca</i> (in Italian) (III ed.). Rome: Carocci editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788843022618" title="Special:BookSources/9788843022618"><bdi>9788843022618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+cultura+villanoviana.+All%27inizio+della+storia+etrusca&rft.place=Rome&rft.edition=III&rft.pub=Carocci+editore&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788843022618&rft.au=Gilda+Bartoloni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torellicolonna2000-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torellicolonna2000_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_Colonna2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Colonna_(archaeologist)" title="Giovanni Colonna (archaeologist)">Giovanni Colonna</a> (2000). "I caratteri originali della civiltà Etrusca". In Mario Torelli (ed.). <i>Gi Etruschi</i> (in Italian). Milan: Bompiani. pp. 25–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+caratteri+originali+della+civilt%C3%A0+Etrusca&rft.btitle=Gi+Etruschi&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=25-41&rft.pub=Bompiani&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Giovanni+Colonna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torellibriquel2000-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torellibriquel2000_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominique_Briquel2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Briquel" title="Dominique Briquel">Dominique Briquel</a> (2000). "Le origini degli Etruschi: una questione dibattuta fin dall'antichità". In Mario Torelli (ed.). <i>Gi Etruschi</i> (in Italian). Milan: Bompiani. pp. 43–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+origini+degli+Etruschi%3A+una+questione+dibattuta+fin+dall%27antichit%C3%A0&rft.btitle=Gi+Etruschi&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=43-51&rft.pub=Bompiani&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Dominique+Briquel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torellibartoloni2000-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torellibartoloni2000_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilda_Bartoloni2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gilda Bartoloni (2000). "Le origini e la diffusione della cultura villanoviana". In Mario Torelli (ed.). <i>Gi Etruschi</i> (in Italian). Milan: Bompiani. pp. 53–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+origini+e+la+diffusione+della+cultura+villanoviana&rft.btitle=Gi+Etruschi&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=53-71&rft.pub=Bompiani&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Gilda+Bartoloni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moser1996-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moser1996_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser1996" class="citation book cs1">Moser, Mary E. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etruscanitaly00john/page/29">"The origins of the Etruscans: new evidence for an old question"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/John_F._Hall" title="John F. Hall">Hall, John Franklin</a> (ed.). <i>Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era</i>. Provo, Utah: Museum of Art, Brigham Young University. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etruscanitaly00john/page/29">29- 43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0842523340" title="Special:BookSources/0842523340"><bdi>0842523340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+the+Etruscans%3A+new+evidence+for+an+old+question&rft.btitle=Etruscan+Italy%3A+Etruscan+Influences+on+the+Civilizations+of+Italy+from+Antiquity+to+the+Modern+Era&rft.place=Provo%2C+Utah&rft.pages=29-+43&rft.pub=Museum+of+Art%2C+Brigham+Young+University&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0842523340&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetruscanitaly00john%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartoloni2014-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartoloni2014_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartoloni2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartoloni, Gilda (2014). "Gli artigiani metallurghi e il processo formativo nelle « Origini » degli Etruschi". <i>" Origines " : percorsi di ricerca sulle identità etniche nell'Italia antica</i>. Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité (in Italian). Vol. 126–2. Rome: École française de Rome. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7283-1138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7283-1138-5"><bdi>978-2-7283-1138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gli+artigiani+metallurghi+e+il+processo+formativo+nelle+%C2%AB+Origini+%C2%BB+degli+Etruschi&rft.btitle=%22+Origines+%22+%3A+percorsi+di+ricerca+sulle+identit%C3%A0+etniche+nell%27Italia+antica&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=M%C3%A9langes+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome%3A+Antiquit%C3%A9&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-7283-1138-5&rft.aulast=Bartoloni&rft.aufirst=Gilda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonfante2002-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonfante2002_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonfante2002_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfanteBonfante2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Bonfante" title="Giuliano Bonfante">Bonfante, Giuliano</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Bonfante, Larissa</a> (2002). <i>The Etruscan language: an introduction</i> (2nd ed.). Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+language%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Giuliano&rft.au=Bonfante%2C+Larissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rix2004-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rix2004_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRix2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Rix" title="Helmut Rix">Rix, Helmut</a> (2004). "Etruscan". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 943–966. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521562560" title="Special:BookSources/9780521562560"><bdi>9780521562560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Etruscan&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Ancient+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=943-966&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521562560&rft.aulast=Rix&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plosone.org-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plosone.org_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plosone.org_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_GhirottoFrancesca_TassiErica_FumagalliVincenza_Colonna2013" class="citation journal cs1">Silvia Ghirotto; Francesca Tassi; Erica Fumagalli; Vincenza Colonna; Anna Sandionigi; Martina Lari; Stefania Vai; Emmanuele Petiti; Giorgio Corti; Ermanno Rizzi; Gianluca De Bellis; David Caramelli; Guido Barbujani (6 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566088">"Origins and Evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (2): e55519. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...855519G">2013PLoSO...855519G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0055519">10.1371/journal.pone.0055519</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566088">3566088</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23405165">23405165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Evolution+of+the+Etruscans%27+mtDNA&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e55519&rft.date=2013-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3566088%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23405165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0055519&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...855519G&rft.au=Silvia+Ghirotto&rft.au=Francesca+Tassi&rft.au=Erica+Fumagalli&rft.au=Vincenza+Colonna&rft.au=Anna+Sandionigi&rft.au=Martina+Lari&rft.au=Stefania+Vai&rft.au=Emmanuele+Petiti&rft.au=Giorgio+Corti&rft.au=Ermanno+Rizzi&rft.au=Gianluca+De+Bellis&rft.au=David+Caramelli&rft.au=Guido+Barbujani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3566088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tassi2013-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tassi2013_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tassi2013_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesca_TassiSilvia_GhirottoDavid_CaramelliGuido_Barbujani2013" class="citation journal cs1">Francesca Tassi; Silvia Ghirotto; David Caramelli; Guido Barbujani; et al. (2013). "Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>152</b> (1): 11–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.22319">10.1002/ajpa.22319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23900768">23900768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+does+not+support+an+Etruscan+origin+in+Anatolia.&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-18&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.22319&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23900768&rft.au=Francesca+Tassi&rft.au=Silvia+Ghirotto&rft.au=David+Caramelli&rft.au=Guido+Barbujani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonio2019-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antonio2019_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonioGaoM._Moots2019" class="citation journal cs1">Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; M. Moots, Hannah (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>366</b> (6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published 8 November 2019): 708–714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...366..708A">2019Sci...366..708A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826">10.1126/science.aay6826</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1715466">2318/1715466</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">7093155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31699931">31699931</a>. <q>Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+genetic+crossroads+of+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6466&rft.pages=708-714&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...366..708A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31699931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F1715466&rft.aulast=Antonio&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rft.au=Gao%2C+Ziyue&rft.au=M.+Moots%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Posth2021-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Posth2021_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosthZaroSpyrou2021" class="citation journal cs1">Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (24 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8462907">"The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>7</b> (39). Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: eabi7673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.7673P">2021SciA....7.7673P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abi7673">10.1126/sciadv.abi7673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8462907">8462907</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34559560">34559560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+legacy+of+the+Etruscans+through+a+2000-year+archeogenomic+time+transect&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=eabi7673&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8462907%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34559560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abi7673&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.7673P&rft.aulast=Posth&rft.aufirst=Cosimo&rft.au=Zaro%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Spyrou%2C+Maria+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8462907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019236_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231-231-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019231-231_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 231-231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021137-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021137_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019232-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019232_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019232_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990186_88-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeumann1990">Neumann 1990</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021154-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021154_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021154_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019240-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019240_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021156-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021156_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138_92-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019237_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019243-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019243_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021139-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021139_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021158-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021158_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021155-156-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021155-156_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 155-156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021158-159-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021158-159_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 158-159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1990185-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1990185_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeumann1990">Neumann 1990</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021153-154-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021153-154_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 153-154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-139-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021138-139_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 138-139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutter2017118-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutter2017118_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutter2017">Hutter 2017</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021133-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko2021133_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2021">Oreshko 2021</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019242-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019242_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019242_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019244_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2019235-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2019235_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2019">Payne 2019</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Quien, <i>Oriens Christianus</i>, i. 859–98</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun1982" class="citation book cs1">Braun, T. F. R. G. (1982). "The Greeks in Egypt". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 32–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23447-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23447-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23447-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greeks+in+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=32-56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23447-4&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=T.+F.+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuryMeiggs1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, J. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russell_Meiggs" title="Russell Meiggs">Meiggs, Russell</a> (1975) [first published 1900]. <i>A History of Greece</i> (Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-15492-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-15492-4"><bdi>0-333-15492-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greece&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=MacMillan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-333-15492-4&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=Meiggs%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Manuel_Cook" title="John Manuel Cook">Cook, J. M.</a> (1988). "The Eastern Greeks". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 196–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23447-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23447-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23447-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Eastern+Greeks&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=196-221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23447-4&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Igor_M._Diakonoff" title="Igor M. Diakonoff">Diakonoff, I. M.</a> (1985). "Media". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, Ilya</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 36-148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2"><bdi>978-0-521-20091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Media&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=36-148&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20091-2&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1988" class="citation book cs1">Graham, A. J. (1988). "The Colonial Expansion of Greece". 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Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 83–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23447-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23447-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23447-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Colonial+Expansion+of+Greece&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=83-162&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23447-4&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/8">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (1975) [first published 1954]. Burn, A. R.; de Sélincourt, Aubrey (eds.). <i>The Histories</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051260-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051260-8"><bdi>0-14-051260-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-14-051260-8&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutter2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Hutter" title="Manfred Hutter">Hutter, Manfred</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/3498?lang=en">"Kubaba in the Hittite Empire and the Consequences for her Expansion to Western Anatolia"</a>. <i>L'hittitologie aujourd'hui : Études sur l'Anatolie hittite et néo-hittite à l'occasion du centenaire de la naissance d'Emmanuel Laroche</i> [<i>Hittitology today: Studies on Hittite and Neo-Hittite Anatolia in Honor of Emmanuel Laroche’s 100th Birthday</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27%C3%A9tudes_anatoliennes" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut français d'études anatoliennes">Institut français d'études anatoliennes</a>. pp. 113–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-362-45083-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-362-45083-9"><bdi>978-2-362-45083-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kubaba+in+the+Hittite+Empire+and+the+Consequences+for+her+Expansion+to+Western+Anatolia&rft.btitle=L%27hittitologie+aujourd%27hui+%3A+%C3%89tudes+sur+l%27Anatolie+hittite+et+n%C3%A9o-hittite+%C3%A0+l%27occasion+du+centenaire+de+la+naissance+d%27Emmanuel+Laroche&rft.place=Istanbul%2C+Turkey&rft.pages=113-122&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%A9tudes+anatoliennes&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-362-45083-9&rft.aulast=Hutter&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifeagd%2F3498%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvantchik1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Askold_Ivantchik" title="Askold Ivantchik">Ivantchik, Askold</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/151019/1/Ivantchik_1993_Les_Cimmerians_au_Proche-Orient.pdf"><i>Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient</i></a> [<i>The Cimmerians in the Near East</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, Switzerland; <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland); <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a> (Germany). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-727-80876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-727-80876-0"><bdi>978-3-727-80876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cimm%C3%A9riens+au+Proche-Orient&rft.place=Fribourg%2C+Switzerland%3B+G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Editions+Universitaires+%28Switzerland%29%3B+Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht+%28Germany%29&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-727-80876-0&rft.aulast=Ivantchik&rft.aufirst=Askold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F151019%2F1%2FIvantchik_1993_Les_Cimmerians_au_Proche-Orient.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvantchik2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Askold_Ivantchik" title="Askold Ivantchik">Ivantchik, Askold</a> (2006). Aruz, Joan; Farkas, Ann; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (eds.). <i>The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 146-153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-588-39205-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-588-39205-3"><bdi>978-1-588-39205-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Deer+of+Eurasia%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Steppe+Nomads+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut%2C+United+States%3B+New+York+City%2C+United+States%3B+London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=146-153&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%3B+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-588-39205-3&rft.aulast=Ivantchik&rft.aufirst=Askold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellink1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Machteld_Mellink" title="Machteld Mellink">Mellink, M.</a> (1991). "The Native Kingdoms of Anatolia". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Sollberger" title="Edmond Sollberger">Sollberger, E.</a>; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 619–665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4"><bdi>978-1-139-05429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Native+Kingdoms+of+Anatolia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=619-665&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05429-4&rft.aulast=Mellink&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Neumann_(Philologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Günter Neumann (Philologe)">Neumann, G.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1990). "Lydien" [Lydia]. In <a href="/wiki/Dietz-Otto_Edzard" title="Dietz-Otto Edzard">Edzard, Dietz-Otto</a>; Calmeyer, P.; Postgate, J. N.; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_R%C3%B6llig" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Röllig">Röllig, W.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_von_Schuler" class="extiw" title="de:Einar von Schuler">von Schuler, E.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden" title="Wolfram von Soden">von Soden, W.</a>; Stol, M.; Wilhelm, G. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatischen_Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a></i> [<i>Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. <a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Germany">Berlin, Germany</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. pp. 184–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-10437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-10437-0"><bdi>978-3-110-10437-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lydien&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie+und+Vorderasiatischen+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany%3B+New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pages=184-186&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-110-10437-0&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2019" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Annick (2019). "Native Religious Traditions from a Lydian Perspective". In Blakely, Sandra; Collins, Billie Jean (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36815060"><i>Religious Convergence in the Ancient Mediterranean</i></a>. Studies in Ancient Mediterranean Religions. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: Lockwood Press. pp. 231–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948-48816-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948-48816-7"><bdi>978-1-948-48816-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Native+Religious+Traditions+from+a+Lydian+Perspective&rft.btitle=Religious+Convergence+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+United+States&rft.series=Studies+in+Ancient+Mediterranean+Religions&rft.pages=231-248&rft.pub=Lockwood+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-948-48816-7&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Annick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36815060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreshko2021" class="citation book cs1">Oreshko, Rostyslav (2021). "In Search of the Holy Cube Roots: Kubaba—Kubeleya—Κύβεβος—Kufaws and the Problem of Ethnocultural Contact in Early Iron Age Anatolia". In Bianconi, Michele (ed.). <i>Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia: In Search of the Golden Fleece</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 131–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-46159-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-46159-8"><bdi>978-9-004-46159-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+Holy+Cube+Roots%3A+Kubaba%E2%80%94Kubeleya%E2%80%94%CE%9A%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82%E2%80%94Kufaws+and+the+Problem+of+Ethnocultural+Contact+in+Early+Iron+Age+Anatolia&rft.btitle=Linguistic+and+Cultural+Interactions+between+Greece+and+Anatolia%3A+In+Search+of+the+Golden+Fleece&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=131-166&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9-004-46159-8&rft.aulast=Oreshko&rft.aufirst=Rostyslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html">Reid Goldsborough. "World's First Coin".</a></li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/croesus">Iranicaonline.org</a> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lydia-ancient-region-Anatolia">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/sardes/">Sardes - Livius.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/people/phrygians/">[Phrygians - Livius.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/misc/the-end-of-lydia-547/">547 BC - Livius.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/gyges/">Gyges - Livius.org</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lydia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lydia">Lydia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/lydia/">Livius.org: Lydia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Template:Historical regions of Anatolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Template talk:Historical regions of Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical regions of Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Anatolia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Turkey_timeline" title="Template:History of Turkey timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Turkey_timeline" title="Template talk:History of Turkey timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Turkey_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Turkey timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Anatolia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Modern_Europe" coords="722,372,831,393" title="Modern Europe" alt="Modern Europe" /><area shape="rect" 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template talk:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bronze Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)#Hittite_documents" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Ahhiyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapalla" title="Hapalla">Hapalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isuwa" title="Isuwa">Isuwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma" title="Kalašma">Kalašma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_(kingdom)" title="Mira (kingdom)">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunna">Atuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lydia&params=40_N_30_E_type:country_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°N</span> <span class="longitude">30°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40°N 30°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40; 30</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620765#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036743-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83201727">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lýdie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge442627&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562109705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550701">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lydia&oldid=1259998830">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lydia&oldid=1259998830</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lydia" title="Category:Lydia">Lydia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_12th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 12th century BC">States and territories established in the 12th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_6th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC">States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Category:Historical regions of Anatolia">Historical regions of Anatolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age_Anatolia" title="Category:Iron Age Anatolia">Iron Age Anatolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manisa_Province" title="Category:Manisa Province">Manisa Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="Category:History of İzmir Province">History of İzmir Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Category:Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture of the East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Category:Asia (Roman province)">Asia (Roman province)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age_countries_in_Asia" title="Category:Iron Age countries in Asia">Iron Age countries in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_West_Asia" title="Category:Former 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